Academic literature on the topic 'Veiga Valle'

Este artigo tem como proposta analisar a importância de João José Rescala para o descobrimento e reconhecimento de José Joaquim da Veiga Valle, o santeiro goiano, no contexto das primeiras propostas de tombamentos da Cidade de Goiás como Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico e o uso do artista para o fortalecimento da ideia de a cidade ser o berço da cultura goiana no processo de transferência da capital. Em 1940, José Rescala realiza a primeira exposição das obras de Veiga Valle apresentando-o aos vilaboenses. Sendo assim, as obras de Veiga Valle se tornam imprescindíveis para o projeto de colocar a Cidade de Goiás como berço da cultura goiana.

A Cidade de Goiás, fundada em 1727, foi capital do Estado por mais de 200 anos. Durante toda a história – e, em especial, no processo de sua patrimonialização –, sua relação com a religião católica esteve presente, e, já no século XVII, foram construídas oito igrejas. Eram nelas que os vilaboenses tinham contato com a arte, principalmente, a partir do século XIX, com as obras de Veiga Valle. A possibilidade de transferência da Capital sempre foi um assunto recorrente pelos governantes, fato que acabou ocorrendo em 1937. Com receio de que a cidade desaparecesse, os vilaboenses apegaram-se ao que mais se orgulhavam: sua história, criando a narrativa da cidade de Goiás ser o berço da cultura goiana. Para isso, usaram o tombamento da cidade, fato que iria afirmar a identidade vilaboense como berço cultural goiano. Dessa maneira, o destaque foi para suas igrejas coloniais e arte sacra, que foram os primeiros bens tombados na cidade.

Background: Functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is usually caused by leaflet tethering, and annuloplasty is usually recommended to repair annulus dilatation. This work aimed to evaluate the impact of the degree of the tricuspid valve (TV) tethering on the early outcome of tricuspid valve repair with the De-Vega technique. Methods: This prospective study included 50 patients with De-Vega tricuspid valve repair. Patients were divided into two groups; Group A (n= 25) included patients with tricuspid valve tethering of 8 mm or less, and Group B (n= 25) included patients with tricuspid valve tethering distance of more than 8 mm. Results: The mean age of Group A was 46.1 ±3.5 years compared to 49.6 ±7 years in Group B. There were significant differences in postoperative ejection fraction (48.7 ±12.5 vs. 39.1 ±9.4 %, P= 0.003), TV tethering distance (0.6 ±0.2 vs. 1.1 ±0.4 cm, P <0.001), and area (1.1 ±0.5 vs. 2.6 ±0.9 cm2; P<0.001), and right ventricle fractional area (32.2± 7.9 vs. 25.4 ±9.7 cm2, P= 0.008) in Group A vs. B, respectively. There were no differences in postoperative complications, ICU, and hospital stay between groups. Conclusion: Residual tricuspid regurgitation after De-Vega annuloplasty could be related to TV tethering distance. Increased TV tethering distance could be associated with reduced postoperative ejection fraction.

Relato de caso de paciente submetido a implante de marcapasso com diagnóstico tardio de persistência da veia cava superior esquerda (PLSVC). Retrata e contribui com a literatura ao evidenciar a dificuldade diagnóstica do caso e a associação das duas patologias no mesmo paciente.

Purpose Previous research has documented that high vega CEOs increase R&D investment (Coles et al., 2006) and liquidity (Liu and Mauer, 2011), but provided little clue about how those CEOs get the necessary resources to support those choices. Frankel et al. (2016) highlight firms’ compensation incentives to manipulate working capital components, the authors use accounts receivable as an example to illustrate. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ sorting, and various regression methods and adjust the Faulkender and Wang (2006) model to test two hypotheses. Findings The authors find a negative relation between managerial risk-taking incentives (vega) and accounts receivable and a negative relation between vega and the market value of accounts receivable to shareholders. Research limitations/implications The authors do not compare PPE investment, external financing with accounts receivable to figure out whether accounts receivable is better and more efficient to adjust. Practical implications The evidence primarily supports the internal allocation hypothesis that high vega managers reduce the accounts receivable investment and that the equity market discounts the value of accounts receivable for high vega firms. Social implications Equity holders should consider the internal allocation effect when setting CEO compensation incentives, also they should be cautious when CEOs change their accounts receivable management policy. The equity market discounts the value of accounts receivable for high vega firms. Originality/value This study provides important information about the CEO compensation incentives, a new explanation about the formation of accounts receivable management policy, and the market value implication of accounts receivable.

We use CEO pay sensitivity to stock performance (delta) and stock volatility (vega) to provide empirical evidence that CEO compensation structure influences firm Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) performance. We find that delta has no significant effect on CSR, while vega has a strong, causal relationship with CSR. Our findings suggest that CEOs do not view CSR as value enhancing, but as a way to increase their own compensation through vega. Firms that want to improve their social performance should consider vega as an important compensation incentive for executives.

Sensitivity analysis can be used to carry out hedging strategies. The sensitivity value measures how much the price change of the option influenced by some parameters. The aim of this study is to determine the sensitivity analysis of the buying price of European option by using the Greek method on Black Scholes Formula. From this study we get the values of delta, gamma, theta, vega, and rho. The values of deltas, gamma, vega, and rho are positive, which means that the value of the option is more sensitive than the corresponding parameter. The most sensitive value of gamma is obtained when the stock price approaches the strike price and approaches the expiry date. The value of theta obtained is negative and hence the most sensitive theta value is when the value is getting smaller. While, the most sensitive value of vega is obtained when the stock price is close to the strike price and is far from the expiry date. The most sensitive value of rho is obtained when the stock price gets bigger and farther from the expiry date.

We study the effect of CEOs’ risk-taking incentives (vega), derived from their stock options, on earnings management (EMGT) by banks. Prior research finds an inconsistent relationship between vega and EMGT in non-financial firms. In the banking industry, the effect of vega on EMGT is further complicated by the strict regulatory environment. To establish causality, we exploit the exogenous reduction in vega resulting from Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 123R in 2005 that mandates a fair-value-based method to expense stock options and increases costs of granting option compensation. Using the difference-in-differences approach, we find that banks with a larger drop in CEO vega due to FAS 123R significantly reduce EMGT. The findings suggest that CEO vega has a positive and causal effect on bank EMGT. Our results are robust enough to employ in different research designs and specifications. Furthermore, we find that the negative effect of FAS 123R on EMGT is weaker in banks subject to a higher possibility of regulatory intervention.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
This Master's Thesis, entitled “The Sacred Art in Goiás: the recognition of the work of Veiga Valle and the other anonymous saint makers (1820-1940)”, presents the results of the field research and the literature review about the saint makers from the state of Goiás, Brazil, that remained under the shadow of José Joaquim da Veiga (1806-1874) during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Hence, the considered period of the artistic production starts in 1820 and ends in 1940. In spite of not including a secular historical study, this work deals with the biographies of the artists and their art works. Regarding the religious iconographic representations, only those that are relevant to the role of saint makers, related to the considered period, are analyzed. Basically, the text discuss the saint makers role as creators of either original or non-original art works that represent not only their own subjectiveness but also the collective spirit of their time. In addition, the aim is to determine the relations between history and art history in terms of saint makers art and to understand the language associated to the images and their potential for the comparative analyses of the works. Initially, the objective was to develop a comparative study between the works by Veiga Valle and his son Henrique Ernesto da Veiga Jardim (1849-1933). However, the conducted research revealed other saint makers from the state of Goiás that deserve recognition as well. Hence, the goal was slightly modified into the discoveries of their works, their location and the authorship corroborating documents. In the cities of Goiás, Pirenópolis, Goiânia, Jaraguá and Cuiabá, the empirical research and interviews were developed based on the methodology of the oral history. Among the most relevant saint makers from the state of Goiás, one can mention Antonio de Sá (1879- 1905) and Francisco Ignácio da Luz (1821-1878), both from the city of Pirenópolis, Henrique Ernesto Veiga Jardim and Sebastião da Silva Jesus, this one known as Sebastião Epifânio (1869-1937) from the city of Vilas Boas. In order to understand the sacred art in Goiás, it is important to define a group of images for the iconographic study, namely, the sculptures of God Boy, that were chosen not only due to their presence during religious celebrations, but also because they were made in significant numbers by Veiga Valle and the other studied saint makers. Only Francisco Ignácio has never carved or even there is no sign about such event. The aim of this research is to focus on some concepts related to the art history and to demonstrate the interpretation about the found discoveries, once the history itself shows distinct versions and seeks an approximation with the truth, the verisimilitude. Through the collection of documents and iconographic analysis, the research was conducted towards to reveal anonymous saint makers, to valorize their art works, a heritage of the cultural patrimony from the state of Goiás. Additionally, these sacred art works have great devotional meaning and nowadays they are also considered as artistic objects. Most of these works can be found in either private collections or even are exposed in museums and churches.
Nesta dissertação, intitulada “A imaginária religiosa de Goiás: o reconhecimento de Veiga Valle e o anonimato dos santeiros goianos (1820-1940)”, procuro divulgar os resultados da pesquisa de campo e bibliográfica sobre os santeiros goianos que ficaram à sombra de José Joaquim da Veiga Valle (1806-1874) no século XIX e início do século XX. O período dessa produção artística abrange de 1820 a 1940. Não apresento, contudo, um estudo histórico secular, e sim a biografia dos artistas e suas obras. O que pretendo é, por meio das fontes e imagens, analisar as representações iconográficas religiosas desse tempo histórico, no qual se destaca o papel dos artistas santeiros responsáveis por sua produção, interpretando-os como artistas criadores, originais ou não, que representaram a sua subjetividade ou o espírito da coletividade da época. Busco estabelecer as relações entre história e história da arte no que se refere à arte santeira e entendo ser necessária uma compreensão da linguagem imagética e seu potencial de leitura para uma análise comparativa entre as obras. O objetivo, a princípio, era realizar um estudo comparativo entre as obras de Veiga Valle e de seu filho Henrique Ernesto da Veiga Jardim (1849-1933). No entanto, no decorrer da pesquisa, descobri que havia outros santeiros goianos que mereciam ser reconhecidos, isto é, sair de sua condição de quase anonimato. O intuito passou a ser a descoberta dessas obras, buscar sua localização e algum documento que comprovasse a autoria. Nas cidades de Goiás, Pirenópolis, Goiânia, Jaraguá e Cuiabá, fiz a pesquisa empírica e as entrevistas, para as quais utilizei a metodologia da história oral. Entre os santeiros goianos destacados estão os pirenopolinos Antônio de Sá (1879-1905) e Francisco Ignácio da Luz (1821-1878); os vilaboenses Henrique Ernesto da Veiga Jardim e Sebastião da Silva de Jesus, este conhecido como Sebastião Epifânio (1869-1937). Para entender a imaginária religiosa em Goiás, considero pertinente a definição de um grupo de imagens para o estudo iconográfico: as esculturas do Menino Deus, que foram escolhidas por sua presença nas festas religiosas goianas e por terem sido realizadas, em boa quantidade, por Veiga Valle e, entre os santeiros estudados, somente o padre Francisco Ignácio não o esculpiu ou não se teve notícia a esse respeito. Nesta pesquisa, abordo alguns conceitos relacionados à história e à história da arte e interpreto o que foi encontrado, uma vez que a história apresenta versões e busca uma aproximação com a verdade, uma verossimilhança. Por meio de documentos e análise iconográfica, busco tirar alguns santeiros do anonimato, valorizar a sua arte, herança ao patrimônio cultural goiano, destacar que essa imaginária religiosa possui grande significado devocional e hoje é vista também como objeto artístico. Muitas dessas obras se encontram em acervos particulares ou estão expostas em museus e outras ainda estão em igrejas.

L'objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre le processus d'incorporation de l'artisan de Goiás, José Joaquim da Veiga Valle (1806-1874), ainsi que la production qui lui est attribuée, dans l'histoire de l'art, du patrimoine et des dispositifs muséaux et l’univers de collection. Ce processus s'observe dans ses aspects conceptuels – la cartographie et l'analyse de la proposition de nouvelles significations sur le personnage et la production qui lui est attribuée – et dans ses développements concrets – le changement du statut initial des objets et la création de nouvelles formes de relations avec eux, qui se traduisent souvent par des expropriations et des déplacements, modifiant leurs trajectoires et créant des détours vers leurs origines. On suppose que les objets attribués à Veiga Valle – images de saints catholiques sculptés dans le bois et incarnés avec des pigments – ancrent des significations socialement construites. Cette construction de sens a une histoire et c’est ce que nous voulons observer, comprendre, interpréter et raconter. Dans cette tâche, des moments spécifiques ont été choisis dans lesquels de nouvelles propositions d'attribution de significations aux objets sont perçues, des moments où des conflits surgissent entre des individus ou des groupes sociaux qui entendent voir en eux des choses différentes et souvent antagonistes
The objective of this research is to understand the process of incorporation of the artisan from Goiás, José Joaquim da Veiga Valle (1806-1874), as well as the production attributed to him, into the history of art, heritage and museum devices and the universe of collecting. This process is observed in its conceptual aspects – the mapping and analysis of the proposition of new meanings about the character and the production attributed to it – and in its concrete developments – the change in the initial status of objects and the creation of new forms of relationships with them, which often results in expropriations and displacements, altering their trajectories and creating detours in their origins. It is assumed that the objects attributed to Veiga Valle – images of Catholic saints carved in wood and covered with pigments – anchor meanings that are socially constructed. This construction of meanings has a history and that is what we want to observe, understand, interpret and narrate. In this task, specific moments were chosen in which new proposals for attributing meanings to objects are perceived, moments in which disputes arise between individuals or social groups who intend to see different and often antagonistic things in them
O objetivo dessa pesquisa é compreender o processo de incorporação do artífice goiano José Joaquim da Veiga Valle (1806-1874), bem como da produção atribuída a ele, à história da arte, aos dispositivos patrimoniais e museológicos e ao universo do colecionismo. Esse processo é observado em seus aspectos conceituais – o mapeamento e análise da proposição de novos significados sobre a personagem e sobre a produção atribuída a ela – e em seus desdobramentos concretos – a alteração do estatuto inicial dos objetos e a criação de novas formas de relacionamento com eles, o que resulta muitas vezes em desapropriações e deslocamentos, alterando suas trajetórias e imprimindo desvios de rota em suas proveniências. Parte-se do pressuposto de que os objetos atribuídos a Veiga Valle – imagens de santos católicos esculpidas em madeira e encarnadas com pigmentos – ancoram significados que são socialmente construídos. Essa construção de significados tem uma história e é ela se deseja observar, compreender, interpretar e narrar. Nessa tarefa, foram eleitos momentos específicos em que se percebem novas propostas de atribuição de significados aos objetos, momentos em que surgem disputas entre indivíduos ou grupos sociais que pretendem enxergar neles coisas diferentes e muitas vezes antagônicas

A internacionalização é um fenómeno frequente nas empresas, impulsionado pela globalização e pela necessidade de crescimento e competência, face a um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. No entanto, as estratégias adotadas no processo de internacionalização variam bastante, tendo em conta o tipo de empresa, a sua atividade, os recursos disponíveis e o país ou países para onde se pretende internacionalizar. Este é um procedimento demorado, na medida em que é necessário calcular os custos e os riscos associados à internacionalização, implicando um estudo aprofundado sobre o país (ou países) e o mercado (ou mercados) de destino, para que a internacionalização se efetue com sucesso. O presente projeto aplicado tem como objetivo descrever o processo de internacionalização e as estratégias adotadas por uma empresa portuguesa, a Vale da Veiga – Sociedade Agrícola Lda, para os mercados. Para o efeito foi utilizada a tipologia de investigação de estudo de caso. Neste estudo foi feita a caraterização da empresa, dos mercados e também analisada a escolha dos países, as motivações, os modos de entrada e os obstáculos associados à expansão internacional. Foram analisados também os objetivos internacionais do caso em estudo e realizado um contraponto sobre a relação entre algumas das linhas mestras sobre internacionalização, tendo em conta a necessidade de adaptação local e a pressão sobre os custos.
Internationalization is a frequent phenomenon in companies, driven by globalization and the need for growth and competence in the face of an increasingly competitive market. However, the strategies adopted in the internationalization process vary widely, taking into account the type of company, its activity, the resources available and the country or countries to which it intends to internationalize. This is a lengthy procedure, as it is necessary to calculate the costs and risks associated with internationalization, involving a thorough study of the country (or countries) and the destination market (or markets) for internationalization to take place success. The present project aims to describe the internationalization process and the strategies adopted by a Portuguese company, Vale da Veiga - Sociedade Agrícola Lda, for the markets. For this purpose the case study research typology was used. In this study the characterization of the company, the markets and the choice of countries, the motivations, the modes of entry and the obstacles associated with international expansion were analyzed. The international objectives of the case study were also analyzed and a counterpoint was made about the relationship between some of the guidelines on internationalization, taking into account the need for local adaptation and the pressure on costs.

Abstract The origin of modern stock exchanges that specialize in creating and sustaining secondary mar kets in corporate securities goes back to the formation of the Dutch East India Company in the year 1602. In March of that year, the States General of the United Provinces of the Netherlands adopted a charter that created the Verenigde Nederlandsche Geoctroy eerde Oostindische Compagnie (United Netherlands Chartered East India Company, thereafter referred to as the VOC). There can be no doubt this was a political de cision designed to aid the finances of the Netherlands in the midst of what turned out to the Eighty Years War against Spain, an ongoing military and naval effort that spawned many other financial innovations as well over the period of that conflict, 1572-1648. By 1688, when the Dutch joined forces with the English under the lead ership of William III, Prince of Orange, there was an active, sophisticated trade in the shares of the VOC carried on within the precincts of the Amsterdam Exchange by a specialized group of brokers, dealers, and speculators. Joseph Penso de la Vega, one of the Sephardic Jewish elite of Amsterdam that were to be so useful to William of Orange in helping to finance his ever more expensive military campaigns, described eloquently in Confusion de confusiones the operations of the Amsterdam stock ex change in 1688.

Diversos estudios realizados en Latinoamérica demuestran que la violencia, como fenómeno que incide negativamente en las interacciones cotidianas, acompañó al establecimiento de la escuela primaria como institución moderna (Rodney y García, 2014), pues fue parte de los métodos punitivos mediante los cuales se buscaba disciplinar al alumnado e integrarlo a la cultura escolar (Roldán, 2011; Valle, Flores, Vega y Muñoz, 2014). Si bien no ha sido sino hasta fechas recientes que la violencia escolar se ha de nido como un problema, hacer una historia de la disciplina y del castigo en la escuela permite conocer las transformaciones de este fenómeno, de su regulación, así como de los discursos que llegaron a legitimarlo.

Ha sido verdaderamente impactante en el ambiente histórico y etnológico el planteamiento que hace John V. Murra respecto al desplazamiento humano andino hacia diferentes pisos ecológicos, que es lo que se conoce con el nombre de «verticalidad», en el campo de la especialidad historiográfica. Claro es que no han faltado los epígonos que, extremando la nota de lo expuesto por el norteamericano, han llevado la verticalidad a extremos de quererla granear, parametrar, esquematizar geométricamente, y hasta ponerla como modelo de eficiencia de planificación. Son estos últimos investigadores los que, llevados por un marcado espíritu snobista, contribuyeron más que nadie al desprestigio del concepto propuesto por Murra, concepto que, por lo demás, había sido expuesto ya en el siglo XVI (sin mencionar la palabra verticalidad) por cronistas de la talla de Pedro Cieza de León, y por Garcilaso de la Vega, con posterioridad, para mencionar solamente a los más esclarecidos. Los detractores del verticalismo se han agrupado, igualmente, para negar de plano la esencia misma del planteamiento verticalista; pero esta también resulta una posición meramente contradictoria, por el deseo simple de no aceptar nada. Pero sin dar razones, ni aportes, ni causas por las que se opta en esa negación. Hay mucho de egoísmo en la postura.

Stucco was an art considered, for many years, as a “minor art”. According to Cotrim (Cotrim, 2004), the depreciation of this decorative art resulted in the reduced number of works produced, influencing the state of degradation in which the plastered elements in old buildings are found. Still according to the same author, not long ago, adaptations of old buildings were made to accommodate offices that, for reasons of “modernization”, could not boast old decorations, so that these ceilings were hidden or, in many cases, simply destroyed. “The execution of plastered elements, following traditional techniques, constituted an artistic branch of the construction industry, whose loss of information currently makes pathological diagnosis and the choice of conservation or repair solutions difficult”. (Silveira, Veiga & Brito, 2001, p. 2) This communication aims to present the case study of the atrium ceiling at the entrance of the São Bento train station in Porto, Portugal. Built during the end of the 19th century and opened in the beginning of the 20th century, when the value of stucco was already in decline. However, in this case, fortunately, what we find is not a technique that shows signs of depreciation, quite the contrary, the building in particular was built mixing new techniques and materials characteristic of the new century with the traditional techniques and materials of the production of the previous century , combining wood and iron, composing a mixed structure. The investigation seeks to understand and present the constructive solutions of this ceiling, with unique characteristics, in order to disseminate them and encourage the appreciation and preservation of stuccoes and their old structures. This study is essential to understand the evolution of the structural system of stucco ceilings from the 19th to the 20th century. (Kings, 2021). Thus, it is expected that the present work will contribute to the deepening of knowledge about these structures, of which we still lack information to properly come to preserve them, reaffirming their relevance in academic discussions. This study is part of an ongoing doctoral project at the Catholic University of Porto. Escola das Artes and CITAR, entitled Structural Typologies of Portuguese Stucco Ceilings from the 17th to the 20th Centuries.

Abstract Electrical heat tracing technologies for flowline applications have been in development phase for some time. Yet in recent years, the efforts to deploy this technology on real life applications have intensified, leading to several projects in the industry simultaneously adopting this solution. As often seen with technology development, implementing the serial number 1 of a technology requires one project with favorable conditions and parameters, but also the stakeholders willingness to face the challenge associated to being first, and having to cross the final gap between the qualification program and this real life application. This paper presents how a specific project met all the conditions to be the first to select and implement a deepwater EHTF® (Electrically Heat-Traced Flowline) solution. This paper presents the Project from the concept selection phase, to the execution and offshore installation of the final product. This provides an overview of why this technology was selected, and how the Project was executed, with a focus on the main challenges encountered and the associated solutions. The concept selection phase for this two-well development consisted of comparing subsea tie-in architectures to tieback architectures using one or several new risers. The EHTF® emerged as the highest value solution, offering the best compromise between technical, economical, risk and schedule criterion, as it enabled single line tieback, while significantly reducing the operational risks associated to such architecture. A FEED was launched to further define and accurately estimate the concept, in order to reach FID. Close collaboration between the Operator and the Contractor at every step of the process allowed the solution to be selected and developed in a fast track manner while enabling the Contractor to provide an optimized, tailor-made solution. The project execution involved many work sites, including the Vigra spoolbase in Norway for EHTF® fabrication, as well as the Seven Vega, which was a brand-new addition to the pipelay vessels fleet at the time of the Project. Many challenges arose during the project execution, as the qualification program was being completed, but adequate solutions were developed, allowing the Project to continue its course. Obviously, there were many lessons learned along the way, which will feed into further product development plans, in order to improve its technical performance and competitivity. Heat tracing solutions offer great opportunities for single line long tieback development which often come with elevated operating risk profile due to complex wax and hydrate management. Enhanced thermal performance of resistive heating systems makes it possible to operate with low power consumption, which is a key in today's world of energetic efficiency.

The role of historical green spaces in the identity and image of today’s cities: The case of Madrid Eva J. Rodríguez Romero¹, Carlota Sáenz de Tejada Granados², Rocío Santo-Tomás Muro3 1, 2, 3 Departamento de Arquitectura y Diseño. Universidad CEU San Pablo. Escuela Politécnica Superior, Campus de Montepríncipe. 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid. E-mail: rodrom@ceu.es, carlota.saenztejada@ceu.es, rocio.santotomasmuro@beca.ceu.es Keywords: landscape history, proximity landscape, city iconography, sense of place, Madrid Conference topics and scale: Urban green space The image that a city offers when approaching it, depending on its topographical situation, the drawing of its borders or its urban form, generates a perceptive construction, for both locals and tourists, with the potential to become an iconic image and therefore play a part in the collective imagery. The character and value of those landscapes is largely determined by their green spaces, preserved in most European cities for their ecological or historical significance. Being able to recognize the worthiness of these proximity visions, in the context of today’s growing cities, is of fundamental relevance in order to enhance the sense of place, amongst other community values. In this communication we study the above-mentioned aspects in the image of the city of Madrid, within the framework of the project ‘Proximity landscapes of the city of Madrid. From the 19thC to the present’ currently in process. Through a landscape analysis of a selection of iconographic representations of the surroundings of the city, we draw special attention to the presence of historical green spaces throughout time, and its relation with architectural landmarks in the progressive construction of an iconic image of the city. From here, we can deduce the relevance that these elements have in the generation of a recognizable character and the decisive role of protection mechanisms in order to preserve it. References Lasso de la Vega, M. (2007) Quintas de recreo. Las casas de campo de la aristocracia alrededor de Madrid, 2Vol. (Madrid City Council, Madrid) Martínez, A. (2008). El entorno urbano del Palacio Real de Madrid entre 1735 y 1885 (Madrid City Council, Madrid). Ortega, J., Martínez, A. &amp; Martín, F.J. (2008) Entre los Puentes del Rey y de Segovia. Secuencias gráficas del río Manzanares (Madrid City Council, Madrid). Ramón-Laca, L., Tardío, F.J. (2005) ‘Vegetal products used in Madrid between the 14th and 19thC, Asclepio (LVII-2, 25-44. Wester-Heber, M. (2004) ‘Underlying concerns in land-use conflicts-the role of place identity in risk perception’, Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 7, 109-116.

The controlled atmospheric re-entry associated with the precision soft-landing of Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) on Earth is very challenging as it depends on multiple parameters [1]. Over the last decade, the cost-effectiveness of such a technology has been finally demonstrated with the successful recoveries of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 first-stage rocket first [2], then followed by other companies such as the Rocket Lab’s Electron micro-launcher [3]. This breakthrough has been made possible by the development of advanced and robust computational methods able to generate in real time the flight conditions and to command the optimal vehicle's deflections accordingly to achieve a safe pinpoint landing. Indeed, during an Earth atmospheric re-entry, the vehicle is subjected to fast system dynamics changes partly induced by external loads associated with the terrestrial environment (e.g., lift, drag, wind and gusts), but also by the actuation commands to answer the landing constraints satisfaction and the vehicle integrity preservation. All those involve uncertainties and nonlinearities, which lead to vehicle’s instability and therefore give reason why for a highly performant Guidance, Navigation and Control system implementation [4]. More particularly, one of the critical aspects is the design of a robust control strategy capable of counteracting the previously defined disturbances and uncertainties while satisfying the strict accuracy requirements associated with the pinpoint landing [5]. As demonstrated by the current state-of-the-art on control design for launchers [6-7], the classical linear control theory represents a rich heritage with a lot of applications. This choice was motivated by its relative easiness of implementation and the possibility to use gain-scheduling techniques to adapt to nonlinear systems. Nevertheless, these techniques are well-adapted to the control system design of single-input single-output systems, such as for example a reusable rocket using a Thrust Vector Control (TVC) system as the unique actuator. The implementation of multiple-input multiple-output control systems becomes then complex since every channel is addressed in a single-loop fashion. This capability is however required for the future generation of reusable rocket, using also aerodynamic steering based on fins in addition to the TVC system for enhancing control authorities. Moreover, model uncertainties are not accurately considered in the design process, developed only with nominal conditions and stability margin requirements. For all these reasons, it results in an extensive (both in terms of time and cost) Verification and Validation campaign with many iterations and Monte-Carlo analyses to assess the performance and robustness of the control system. To overcome these drawbacks, the H-infinity family of methods, introduced a few years ago [8], provides with a powerful solution for robust control design. It relies on defining the control requirements in the frequency domain in terms of weighting functions and minimising the maximum gain of the resulting weighted system from the exogenous inputs to the outputs to be controlled. Moreover, the control-plant interaction is modelled through a Linear Fractional Transformation (LFT) representing the feedback action. Finally, the structured H-infinity method [9] allows to directly impose a specific control structure – like a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), enabling the re-use of gain-scheduling techniques – and to consider parametric uncertainties for enhanced robustness. This paper studies the synthesis of a robust control system via structured H-infinity for the RLV atmospheric re-entry problem. First, the nonlinear 6-Degree-of-Freedom (6-DoF) RLV re-entry dynamics are simplified into a linear model and then linearised along a reference trajectory to get the nominal LFT of the system, then augmented with parametric uncertainties. The model covers the atmospheric re-entry and vertical landing of a first-stage rocket equipped with a TVC system and steerable planar fins. The controllers are built at different points of the re-entry trajectory, using the structured H-infinity framework through PID-like structures. Weighting functions considering the control objectives and requirements of a realistic RLV re-entry scenario are implemented. A robust stability analysis of the obtained system is performed via classical stability margins and structured singular value. Finally, the controllers are gain-scheduled and validated via Monte-Carlo analyses, using a nonlinear 6-DoF RLV re-entry dynamics simulator equipped with successive convex optimisation guidance. The performance of the resulting guidance and control architecture is compared with the baseline developed in previous works [10], using a TVC system only and classical linear feedback control through gain-scheduled PID controllers. This study lies within the ASCenSIon (Advancing Space Access Capabilities - Reusability and Multiple Satellite Injection) project, an innovative training network funded within H2020. References: [1] L. Blackmore, “Autonomous Precision Landing of Space Rockets”, The Bridge on Frontiers of Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 46, pp. 15–20 (2016). [2] M. Wall, “Wow! SpaceX Lands Orbital Rocket Successfully in Historic First”, SPACE.com (2015). Retrieval Date: 20-Jan-2022. URL: https://www.space.com/31420-spacex-rocket-landing-success.html [3] Rocket Lab (2017). “Rocket Lab Electron 'Its a Test' flight successfully makes it to space”. Retrieval Date: 20-Jan-2022. URL: https://www.rocketlabusa.com/updates/rocket-lab-successfully-makes-it-to-space-2/ [4] P. Simplício, A. Marcos, and S. Bennani. “Reusable Launchers: Development of a Coupled Flight Mechanics, Guidance, and Control Benchmark", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 74-89 (2020). [5] Marco Sagliano et al. “Robust Control for Reusable Rockets via Structured H-infinity Synthesis”. In: Proceedings of the 11th International ESA Conference on Guidance, Navigation & Control Systems. Virtual Event, 22-25 June 2021. [6] C. Roux and I. Cruciani, “Scheduling Schemes and Control Law Robustness in Atmospheric Flight of VEGA”. In: Proceedings of the 7th International ESA Conference on Guidance, Navigation and Control Systems. Tralee, County Kerry, Ireland 2-5 June 2008. [7] Erwin Mooij. Linear Quadratic Regulator Design for an Unpowered, Winged Re-entry Vehicle (Series 08 - Astrodynamics and Satellite Systems, No 3). Delft University Press, 1998. ISBN: 9040715971. [8] J. C. Doyle, K. Glover, P. P. Khargonekar, and B. A. Francis, “State-space Solutions to Standard H2 and H∞ Control Problems,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 34, no. 8, pp. 831–847, 1989. [9] P. Apkarian and D. Noll, “Nonsmooth H∞ Synthesis,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 71–86, 2006. [10] Alice De Oliveira and Michèle Lavagna. “Reusable Launchers Re-entry Controlled Dynamics Simulator”. In: Proceedings of the 9th European Conference for Aeronautics and Aerospace Sciences. Lille, France, 27th June - 1st July 2022.