Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Véhicules spatiaux – Propulsion – Performances'
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Cavalere, Pierre. "Synthèse et réactivité de nouvelles azimines, précurseurs de triaziridines pour la propulsion spatiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10191.
Full textSince the begining of space propulsion, launchers used low-power, polluting, and highly toxic technologies such as hydrazine and its derivatives. New, more powerful propellant mixtures have emerged. Cryogenic propellants like LOX/LH2, LOX/kerosene, or LOX/methane show significantly higher performance. Dense solid propellants also offer high thrust but cannot be reignited or throttled. This is the case with boosters (aluminum, ammonium perchlorate, and PBHT for Araine 5's EAP). The current goal is to find new propellants that possess the performance of cryogenics, the storability of hydrazines, and the density of solids. A class of new molecules offers all these advantages : High Energy Density Materials (HEDMs). These new high-value-added energetic molecules currently have theoretically calculated properties such as specific impulse and density, which are very interesting and in total technological breakthrought. They form gases with low molar weight at very high speeds through decomposition rather than combustion, aligning with the current trend of reducing costs, pollution, and toxicity, as well as the launcher’s size (Ariane Ultimate). This also allows for an increase the payload by using a smaller amount of propellant. The desired target of this thesis is triaziridine N3H3. This thesis work fits exactly within this dynamic and focuses on accessing a cyclic trinitrogenated molecules for space propulsion: triaziridine. To do this, the reactivity of azimines under photochemical conditions was studied. Initially, it was decided to build upon previous work conducted in the laboratory and to proceed with a complete optimization of the cyclization reaction to increase yields of triaziridine. Solvents, catalysts, and additives screenings were considered, and continuous flow transposition. Still aiming to obtain deprotectable triaziridines, a new one-pot method for azimine synthesis was developed, based on the electrophilic amination of functionalized hydrazine by an oxaziridine, leading to the corresponding triazane. This triazane will subsequently be oxidized by a hypervalent iodine derivative, allowing access to brand new aziminic skeletons. Finally, a theoretical DFT modeling study of the azimine photocyclization reaction was explored. This study shows the differents transition states that allow the cyclization of azimine into triaziridine. It also been initiated the development of a predictive model, which will guide the choice of cleavable substituents to introduce on the azimine to promote the photocyclization reaction
Forquet, Valérian. "Composés polyazotés dérivés d’hydrazines : synthèse, caractérisation et modélisation quantique des performances énergétiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10328/document.
Full textHigh nitrogen content energetic compounds, envisioned as a first step towards High EnergyDensity Materials (HEDM) for space propulsion, were prepared from hydrazine derivatives. Indeed,the formation of nitrogen gas (N−−−N) from an N−−N bond yields a lot of energy and even morefrom an N−N bond. Hence, an amination reaction on unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)yielded a 2,2-dimethyltriazanium salt, containing three consecutive single-bonded nitrogen atoms.The initial inorganic anion was then exchanged with the following nitrogen-rich anions in order toyield energetic salts: 5-aminotetrazolate, 5-nitrotetrazolate, 5,5’-azobistetrazolate, azide, nitroformateand dinitramide. For safety reasons, the ion metathesis of the azide salt was conductedby electrodialysis and the sensitivities of all compounds towards both impact and friction wereevaluated in accordance with standard procedures. Reliable heats of formation of the compoundswith the highest nitrogen content were obtained by oxygen bomb calorimetry. These values werethen computed with quantum mechanical methods and compared with known procedures reportedin the literature, whose theoretical backgrounds have been discussed. Consequently, theprocedure resulting in the best match between calculated and experimental heats of formation wasidentified. The precision of the method used herein exceeds that of recent results from renownedresearch groups in this field. Thus, the various techniques introduced during the course of thiswork will enable our laboratory to progress more efficiently in this area of research
Quinsac, Gary. "From commercials off-the-shelf to expected propulsion in nanosatellites." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEO004.
Full textThe domain of nano/microsatellites has been irreversibly modified by the apparition of the CubeSat standard. The exponential growth of CubeSat launches during the past 20 years, combined with the growing interest of private companies and space agencies has confirmed the sustainability of a new approach to space missions: standardization, short release cycle and shared launches. This standard has paved the way to the democratization of subsystems available as "commercial off-the-shelf" (COTS). However, because of the drastic constraints imposed by the standard in terms of mass, volume and power, most CubeSats to date were launched in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Among the limitations that this class of satellites still faces is the orbit control. It is expected to allow more flexibility to LEO missions and pave the way to interplanetary trajectories.This thesis aims to highlight the remaining discrepancies between the CubeSat philosophy and the complexity of the Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS), and tackle some of them. Current "commercial off-the-shelf" (COTS) approach tends to consider each subsystem individually, making it difficult to ensure performances at system level. For our concern, the distinction between the attitude control and the orbit control (ADCS/GNC) hides inherent mutual impacts. This work proposes a high-level approach based on identified representative cases, such as deorbiting from LEO, escaping Earth orbit or proximity operations. Thanks to a functional analysis, the fundamental links between the required subsystems for a successful orbital maneuver are emphasized. We show that the conventional approach tends to neglect the attitude control required to ensure the expected pointing during the maneuver, usually considered to be within the limits of the non-dedicated ADCS. Classical performance indexes for propulsion systems are proved to be deficient, for instance focusing on the propellant mass at the expense of the dry mass of the system. They also omit the effects of the power and thermal requirements in terms of added mass, which sometimes result in unrealistic solutions at the CubeSat scale.The thrusters' impact on the design of the ADCS is quantified through the development of an AOCS simulation environment. Important increases in maneuver duration and propellant consumption, even mission loss, are observed. As a results, we propose solutions to ensure the success of expected orbital maneuvers. COTS propulsion systems’ classical description is revisited with an enhanced system performance index, taking into account the multiple implications of a thruster integration
Gascon, Nicolas. "Etude de propulseurs plasmiques à effet Hall pour systèmes spatiaux : performances, propriétés des décharges et modélisation hydrodynamique." Aix-Marseille 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX11059.
Full textDahbi, Mohamed. "Contribution à l'amélioration des performances des actionneurs dans un véhicule électrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AMIE0007.
Full textThis thesis concerns the improvement of brushless DC motor performance, called Brushless motor (BLDC), and of an electric vehicle using this type of motor (BLDC) for its propulsion. The aim of this thesis is to provide new methods dedicated to the reduction of problems concerning this type of engine and thus increase its efficiency to achieve a lower electric vehicle energy consumption. This is done while taking into account the different parameters that come into consideration when rolling a vehicle, namely the resistive forces such as aerodynamic forces, rolling, slope, and acceleration. An experimental platform was thus implemented and on which the elaborated methods were implemented and proved after the analysis of the analytical and simulation results. These were developed on the MATLAB / Simulink environment. The proposed methods deal with problems related to current ripple, current peaks, and also the appropriate control mode for increased efficiency
Guerrini, Gilles. "Etude expérimentale des phénomènes de décharge et propagation d'ondes dans les propulseurs ioniques à dérive d'électrons en cycle fermé." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11021.
Full textNiang, Samuel. "Optimisation of positron accumulation in the GBAR experiment and study of space propulsion based on antimatter." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASP075.
Full textThe goal of the GBAR experiment is to determine the effect of gravity on antihydrogen atoms. The antihydrogen atoms are created by neutralising antihydrogen ions using laser pulses. The antihydrogen ions are produced after two positrons captures by antiprotons flying through a positronium cloud. In this scheme to produce one single antihydrogen atom 10 x 10¹⁰ positrons have to be beamed on a nanoporous silica to yield the positronium cloud. The positrons are produced by a 9 MeV LINAC accelerating electrons into a tungsten target equipped with a mesh moderator. In this thesis we have studied and optimised the accumulation and trapping of positrons in two subsequent trapping devices.The LINAC based source providing 3 x 10⁷ positrons per second, the particles have to be accumulated. They are first accumulated into a Buffer Gas Trap (BGT), a Penning trap, divided in 3 stages, with N₂ and CO₂, leading to inelastic collisions which insure the trapping and the cooling of the positrons. The positrons are then slowed in the first stage and accumulated in the second stage for 100 ms with a trapping rate of about 1,7 x 10⁶ positrons per second, then they are transferred into the BGT's third stage. This accumulation and transfer procedure is repeated 10 times to finally provide a bunch of 1.5 x 10⁷ positrons every 1.1s (a loss happens during this stacking operation and 100 ms are added for a final radial compression using the Rotating Wall technique, the trapping efficiency is then 5%). This new bunch is then ready to be sent and re-trapped into the High Field Trap.The High Field Trap is a 5 T multi-ring Penning trap allowing to trap large amounts of charged particle for hours. We first tested this trap with electrons by trapping about 5 x 10⁹ of them. The experiments on the electrons lead to the conclusion that a better alignment of the electrodes with respect to the magnetic field still needs to be performed. However, an acceptable situation has been found allowing to re-trap the positrons with 66% efficiency. Then, accumulating the positrons bunches coming from the BGT, it was possible to accumulate 1 x 10⁹ positrons in 1100. This is a really promising result for the GBAR experiment. For the future, it is about to do 10 times more, 10 times faster to collect the desired amount of positrons each time the ELENA decelerator provides a bunch of antiprotons (every 100 s).We also studied how it could be possible to use antimatter to propel a rocket. Indeed, the energy resulting from the antimatter-matter annihilation reaction has properties defying any other propellant. In our study, we focused on the proton-antiproton annihilation reaction in a high magnetic field in order to have the annihilation products aligned with the direction of the thrust. The theoretical model is named the beam cored engine. A simulator has been developed using GEANT4 to evaluate some parameters such the intensity of the field. According to our simulation, it is then possible to get a rocket with a specific impulse of about 0.5 c/g i.e., 1.5 x 10⁷ s (with c the speed of light and g the earth's gravitational acceleration), which is outsized if it is compared to the most modern rocket (434 s for Vulcain, propelling Ariane 5). However, this model assumes the capability to produce and store a macroscopic number of antiprotons, which might be an insurmountable showstopper. Also, with this model, a large amount of gamma rays are produced and a solution to evacuate their energy has to be found
Braconnier, Alexandre. "Étude expérimentale de la combustion d’une particule d’aluminium isolée : influence de la pression et de la composition de l’atmosphère oxydante." Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3140.
Full textAluminum powders have interesting energy properties and are currently integrated in some solid propellants to improve the performances of propulsion systems. However, the effects induced by the presence of dispersed particles within the propellant flow can alter the stability of the solid rocket motors (SRM) and the use of the energy potential of the aluminum particles can be optimized to further enhance engine efficiency. Therefore, modeling of the aluminum reaction process is a major issue to improve the predictive numerical tools used for SRM development. However, the understanding of the aluminum combustion is still limited and available experimental data are scarce, especially for SRM applications. Thus, based on a specific setup allowing to levitate a single aluminum particle in a controlled environment, this study has led to interesting results. Essential lines of research were introduced on the reaction phenomenology, mainly on the effects resulting from the accumulation of condensed products on the droplet surface during combustion. Different assumptions have also been discussed concerning the mechanisms involved in this process. In addition, a large amount of data was reported on characteristic combustion parameters, allowing the contribution of the parameters of the reactive environment to be defined. The oxidizing efficiency of O₂, CO₂ and CO has been quantified and carbon monoxide seems to act as an inert gas, as well as N₂. The effect of pressure on the burning time has also been determined and is almost limited. Finally, a new empirical law has been established to estimate the burning time of aluminum droplets according to their initial diameter and ambient conditions, suggesting that the aluminum reaction process cannot be described by the theoretical D² law
Simoes, Marine. "Modélisation eulérienne de la phase dispersée dans les moteurs à propergol solide, avec prise en compte de la pression particulaire." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7473/1/simoes.pdf.
Full textGlowacki, Aurore. "Synthèse de nouveaux dérivés d’hydrazine pour la propulsion spatiale." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1187.
Full textAnglais This work is dedicated to the synthesis of linear (N-N)2 and cyclic (N N)3 polynitrogen compounds, not well studied, for applications in the field of space propulsion. The high toxicity of hydrazines, currently used in storable bipropellant systems and threatened by the REACH regulation, imposes industrial businesses to replace them by new green propellants, with high or better propulsion performances, but also with low impact towards human health and the environment.To this day, no candidate has been identified to replace space-use hydrazines. However, one candidate has been proposed by the French Space Agency CNES, due to the theorical performances, namely ***. The main objective of this thesis is to converge as much as possible to the synthesis of this target molecule. The aim is to study the stability of the polynitrogen compounds synthesized and to extend the understanding of the nitrogen chemistry. The different pathways for the synthesis of precursors, the triazanes and the azimines, are developed as well as their reactivity especially the oxidation of triazanes and the photochemistry of azimines
Cautain, Satia. "Etude des mécanismes d'usure en oxygène liquide." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECAP0012/document.
Full textLiquid oxygen is mainly used for space propulsion. The knowledge of the wear mechanisms in this environment is therefore essential for the development of the engines. Wear mechanisms in liquid oxygen are not well known because liquid oxygen is one of the few fluids combining three tribological properties that can influence contact mechanisms. These three specific tribological properties are the liquid state, the reactivity and the cryogenic temperature. A test campaign was performed in the frame of the European project In Space Propulsion-1 (ISP-1) to identify the influence of each one of these properties on the PCTFE/metal contact. Several behaviors have been explained. First, boundary lubrication has been demonstrated for contactin liquid nitrogen. Then, we confirmed that disk roughness was greatly affecting wear, friction and PCTFE transfer film formation on the disk. This PCTFE transfer film has a great influence on the contact properties. Its thickness and its regularity directly influence contact mechanisms, especially wear. Finally, the transfer film is easily formed and the thickness increases with the sliding distance, thereby changing the wear rate. All these mechanisms are highly dependent on the surface temperature at the contact interface, which can modify the materials parameters.The study was completed by comparing a theoretical evaluation of the surface temperature with an extrapolation of this same temperature from the measured data in the pin during the experiments
Gerst, Jan Dennis. "Investigation of magnetized radio frequency plasma sources for electric space propulsion." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00977801.
Full textGrimaud, Lou. "Magnetic shielding topology applied to low power Hall thrusters." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2046/document.
Full textHall thrusters are one of the most used rocket electric propulsion technology. They combine moderate specific impulse with high thrust to power ratio which makes them ideal for a wide range of practical commercial and scientific applications. One of their limitations is the erosion of the thruster walls which reduces their lifespan.The magnetic shielding topology is a proposed solution to prolong the lifespan. It is implemented on a small200W Hall thruster.In this thesis the scaling of classical unshielded Hall thrusters down to 200 and 100W is discussed. A 200W low power magnetically shielded Hall thruster is compared with an identically sized unshielded one. The ion behavior inside the thruster is measured and significant differences are found across the discharge channel.Both thrusters are tested with classical BN-SiO2 and graphite walls. The magnetically shielded thruster is not sensitive to the material change while the discharge current increase by 25% in the unshielded one. The result is a maximum efficiency of 38% for boron nitride in the unshielded thruster but only 31% with graphite.The shielded thruster achieves a significantly lower efficiency with only 25% efficiency with both materials.Analysis of the experimental results as well as simulations of the thrusters reveal that the performance difference is mostly caused by low propellant utilization. This low propellant utilization comes from the fact that the ionization region doesn’t cover all of the discharge channel. A new magnetically shielded thruster is designed to solve this issue
Indiana, Clément. "Caractérisation expérimentale de la pulvérisation, de l'allumage et de la combustion de bi-ergols. Application à la propulsion spatiale par ergols stockables." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESMA0025.
Full textThe physical processes involved in spraying are the first step towards a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of rocket engines using storable propellants. The first part of this work identifies, through visualizations and particle sizing, the important parameters driving the formation of spray by impinging liquid jets. Then, injectors dedicated to spray storable green-propellants are designed. The second part of this thesis aims at studying the combustion of ethanol with hydrogen peroxide, which are regarded as green-storable propellants. But the use of this innovative bi-propellant association required a detailed analysis of their ignition compatibility, as well as their combustion performance within the range of 0,4 – 2,0 in overall equivalence ratio. Specific optical and physical diagnostics helped to achieve these goals. Combustion efficiency reached between 87 and 98 %, pressure fluctuations did not exceed 10 %, but the slight differences obtained allowed to select the best injection configurations promoting efficient combustion and stability
Noubel, Hugo. "Etude expérimentale du comportement aérodynamique et optimisation des performances des planeurs hypersoniques dans des écoulements supersoniques et hypersoniques raréfiés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ORLE1001.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis work is to experimentally characterize the impact of viscous effects on the aerodynamic performance of hypersonic gliders. The study includes six low-pressure flows (ranging from 0.068 Pa to 71.11 Pa) from the MARHy wind tunnel, four supersonic flows (Mach 2 and Mach 4), and two hypersonic flows (Mach 20). A total of 6 models were tested, aiming to study geometries with different degrees of optimization and to understand the impact of viscous effects one ach of them. Various diagnostics were used to carry out this study : Firstly, an aerodynamic balance was developed to measure the drag and lift forces of the different configurations. Next, shock waves were visualized using glow discharge imaging. Finally, a parietal pressure study was carried out on two hypersonic gliders. This thesis work establishes a broad experimental database on hypersonic gliders in the rarefied regime. Force studies have enabled us to quantify the evolution of glide ratio during atmospheric re-entry as a function of the degree of rarefaction (Tsien parameter). As far as angles of attack are concerned, formulations taking viscous effects into account have been established and can be used in the optimization of high-altitude waveriders. A hypersonic glider incorporating these data has been tested and shows promise at high altitude. Throughout this thesis, results have highlighted the impact of viscous effects on the aerodynamic performance of hypersonic gliders
Silva, Costa Raphaël. "Nouvelles approches pour la synthèse de systèmes polyazotés de type HEDM." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1300/document.
Full textThe research carried during this PhD aims to synthesis new compounds with polynitrogen-backbone suitable for spacecraft or military propulsion. Indeed, the actual spacecraft uses a technology which is reliable, but with some limitation with their energetic efficiency and to satisfy the REACH regulation. It is necessary, for the Europeans launcher to stay at the first position in public or private satellites launch world wild, to find new and more efficient propellant. So, this work was focused on the synthesis of “HEDM” (High Energetic Density Material) compounds, which possess much higher propulsive features than the actual propellants. This could lead to a breakthrough in spacecraft propulsion in the next 30 years.For this PhD work two compounds of interest were identified: the pentazolate anion, which is an all nitrogen aromatic compound with a formula of N5-, and the cyclopentazan, which is an original polynitrogen compound with a formula of N5H5. First, we focused our work on the synthesis of various arylpentazoles followed by oxidative or reductive ways which lead to the pentazolate anion. Secondly, we synthesised and the studied the stability of polynitrogen-based compound, triazanes and azimines. Those compounds were then used in trials of cycloadditions which will lead to the cyclopentazan. Finally, we studied various way of complexing our polynitrogen-compound with various metallic complexes
Renault-Dhenain, Anne. "Nouveaux composés énergétiques polyazotés pour la propulsion spatiale : modélisation, synthèse, caractérisation et procédé." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1252.
Full textThis work aims at the development of polynitrogen-based compounds of the tetrazene family for space propulsion applications. Due to the high toxicity of hydrazines used currently in stockable bipropellant systems, there is a need to replace them by new green propellants with high propulsion performance and low impact towards human health and the environment.So far, the ideal candidate to replace space-use hydrazines has not been identified. However, the French Space Agency (CNES) proposed a first candidate, namely, 1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-2-tetrazene (TMTZ), which has a high theoretical performance and exhibits lower toxicity. In this work the latter compound was fully characterized in order to validate its interest as a propellant. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies allowed to propose a continuous synthesis process for pure TMTZ, which involves a synthesis, an extraction and a purification steps. In this context, new polynitrogen-based target molecules were identified in order to achieve higher performances than TMTZ and tetrazene derivatives with a higher nitrogen content were synthesized. Herein, the different synthesis pathways of these tetrazene derivatives with higher density as well as the reactivity of their potential building blocks are presented. To complete the above research, theoretical and experimental methods for the prediction and measurement of the energetic performance of the polynitrogen-based compounds are also presented
Mangeot, Alexandre. "Etude expérimentale et développement numérique d'une modélisation des phénomènes physicochimiques dans un propulseur hybride spatial." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00835074.
Full textPotet, Ludovic. "Synthèse, propriétés et utilisations d'hydrures métalliques (alane AlH3) comme additifs pour la propulsion spatiale." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2310.
Full textAluminium hydride or alane (AlH3) is a very important and fascinating material that draws increasing attention due to its potential uses: (i) as an energetic component in rocket propellants, (ii) as a reducing agent in alkali batteries and (iii) as a possible hydrogen source for low temperature fuel cells. It exhibits a density of 1,48 g cm-3, a volumetric hydrogen capacity of 0,148 g mL-1, that is more than twice as much as that of liquid hydrogen (0,07 g mL-1). Its hydrogen mass capacity slightly exceeds 10 wt.-%. Unfortunately, production of alane suffers from a high cost that hinders its opportunity to be an excellent candidate for propulsion. Moreover, only the α phase of alane is known to be stable enough to be stored and used. This work aims at developing cheaper methods for alane production while keeping a maximum selectivity towards the formation of α phase. Preparation using a classical organometallic synthesis in ether was implemented. An etherate complex was formed, the ether was removed under vacuum and finally an adequate thermal treatment led to pure α phase of alane as identified by powder X-ray diffraction. A toluene free synthesis method was implemented and resulted in a cost reduction of 25 %. The stability of the material was characterized through thermal analysis (DTA-TGA). The morphology and purity of the alane were characterized using TEM, SEM and ICP-OES. Alane was synthesized using doping compounds and resulted in a significant increase in the decomposition temperature from ca. 160 °C to ca. 174 °C. Syntheses without solvent were studied using a homemade reactor and following a design of experiment to identify the key parameter towards the highest yield in α-AlH3. The synthesis method in ether was transferred to our industrial partners
Anthoine, Jérôme P. L. R. "Experimental and numerical study of aeroacoustic phenomena in large solid propellant boosters." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211712.
Full textLarge SRM are composed of a submerged nozzle and segmented propellant grains separated by inhibitors. During propellant combustion, a cavity appears around the nozzle. Vortical flow structures may be formed from the inhibitor (Obstacle Vortex Shedding OVS) or from natural instability of the radial flow resulting from the propellant combustion (Surface Vortex Shedding SVS). Such hydrodynamic manifestations drive pressure oscillations in the confined flow established in the motor. When the vortex shedding frequency synchronizes acoustic modes of the motor chamber, resonance may occur and sound pressure can be amplified by vortex nozzle interaction.
Original analytical models, in particular based on vortex sound theory, point out the parameters controlling the flow-acoustic coupling and the effect of the nozzle design on sound production. They allow the appropriate definition of experimental tests.
The experiments are conducted on axisymmetric cold flow models respecting the Mach number similarity with the Ariane 5 SRM. The test section includes only one inhibitor and a submerged nozzle. The flow is either created by an axial air injection at the forward end or by a radial injection uniformly distributed along chamber porous walls. The internal Mach number can be varied continuously by means of a movable needle placed in the nozzle throat. Acoustic pressure measurements are taken by means of PCB piezoelectric transducers. A particle image velocimetry technique (PIV) is used to analyse the effect of the acoustic resonance on the mean flow field and vortex properties. An active control loop is exploited to obtain resonant and non resonant conditions for the same operating point.
Finally, numerical simulations are performed using a time dependent Navier Stokes solver. The analysis of the unsteady simulations provides pressure spectra, sequence of vorticity fields and average flow field. Comparison to experimental data is conducted.
The OVS and SVS instabilities are identified. The inhibitor parameters, the chamber Mach number and length, and the nozzle geometry are varied to analyse their effect on the flow acoustic coupling.
The conclusions state that flow acoustic coupling is mainly observed for nozzles including cavity. The nozzle geometry has an effect on the pressure oscillations through a coupling between the acoustic fluctuations induced by the cavity volume and the vortices travelling in front of the cavity entrance. When resonance occurs, the sound pressure level increases linearly with the chamber Mach number, the frequency and the cavity volume. In absence of cavity, the pressure fluctuations are damped.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Renaud, Denis. "Caractérisation du propulseur PEGASES : diagnostics du filtre magnétique et du faisceau : optimisation de la géométrie." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2018/document.
Full textThe PEGASES ion thruster differs from standard electric propulsion technologies through its use of electronegative gases, such as SF₆, as a propellant. Its operation relies on the trapping of electrons using a magnetic field and the creation of a plasma dominated by positive and negative ions. These ions are alternately accelerated to produce thrust, and later undergo a recombination to ensure beam neutrality. This thruster eliminates the need for an electron-producing neutralizer, which is a standard feature in other sources such as the Hall thruster. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first describes the development and implementation of a new EXB probe for the study of the ion beam properties, the identification of the beam chemical composition and the verification of the presence of negative and positive ion species. The second part concerns the design and application of a new laser photodetachment diagnostic for the measurement of the negative ion fraction. Lastly, a new ion-ion thruster with a circular geometry, known as AIPE, has been designed, constructed and successfully tested. This prototype eliminates the plasma asymmetry present in PEGASES and reveals the importance of the magnetic filter to source operation
Lestrade, Jean-Yves. "Modélisation de la régression des combustibles liquéfiables dans un moteur hybride." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ESAE0039/document.
Full textThe preliminary design of a hybrid rocket engine requires lab-scale tests to characterize the regression law of the oxidizer/fuel pair intended to fulfil the mission needs in terms of performances, etc. To limit these costly and potentialy delaying experimental campaigns, it is necessary to develop reliable numerical tools to quickly predict the regression law of the oxidiser/fuel pair under different operating conditions and with different combustion chamber geometries. The objective of the thesis is to develop a one-dimensional model of the regression mechanism of liquefying fuels. These particular fuels offer regression rates three to five times higher than those found with classic polymers used in hybrid propulsion (eg. HTPB). The model is based on the transportof the gaseous flow and the liquid film which is developing along the solid fuel grain. The regression rate depends on mass and energy transfers between these three phases. To validate this approach and the Hydres numerical tool, specifically designed to solve this model and forecast the performances of a hybrid engine, experimental tests were performed with the Hycarre and Hycom facilities. These tests also allowed for the development of a technique to measure the instantaneous regression rate of the solid fuel, providing directly the instantaneous regression law of the oxidizer/fuel pair
Pérez, Roca Sergio. "Model-based robust transient control of reusable liquid-propellant rocket engines." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS017.
Full textThe current trend towards a more affordable access to space is materialising in reusable launchers and engines. From the control perspective, these reusable liquid-propellant rocket engines (LPRE) imply more demanding robustness requirements than expendable ones, mainly due to their multi-restart and thrust-modulation capabilities. Classically, the control system handles LPRE operation at a finite set of predefined points. That approach reduces their throttability domain to a narrow interval in which they are designed to be safe. Moreover, transient phases, which have a great impact on engine life, are not robustly operated. Hence, the goal of this work is to develop a control loop which is adapted to the whole set of operating phases, transient and steady-state, and which is robust to internal parametric variations. Several blocks have been developed to constitute the control loop: engine simulation, reference generation and controllers. First, simulators representative of the gas-generator-cycle engines were built. The purely thermo-fluid-dynamic modelling of the cycle was subsequently adapted to control, obtaining nonlinear state-space models. In these models, the influence of continuous control inputs (valve openings) and of discrete ones (igniters and starter activations) is considered within a simplified hybrid approach. The continuous sub-phase of the start-up transient is feedback controlled to track pre-computed reference trajectories. Beyond the start-up, throttling scenarios also present an end-state-tracking algorithm. A model-based control method, Model Predictive Control, has been applied in a linearised manner with robustness considerations to all these scenarios, in which a set of hard constraints must be respected. Tracking of pressure (thrust) and mixture-ratio operating points within the design envelope is achieved in simulation while respecting constraints. Robustness to variations in the parameters, which are checked to be predominant according to analyses, is also demonstrated. This framework paves the way to experimental validation via hardware-in-the-loop simulations or in test benches
Poubeau, Adèle. "Simulation des émissions d'un moteur à propergol solide : vers une modélisation multi-échelle de l'impact atmosphérique des lanceurs." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30039/document.
Full textRockets have an impact on the chemical composition of the atmosphere, and particularly on stratospheric ozone. Among all types of propulsion, Solid-Rocket Motors (SRMs) have given rise to concerns since their emissions are responsible for a severe decrease in ozone concentration in the rocket plume during the first hours after a launch. The main source of ozone depletion is due to the conversion of hydrogen chloride, a chemical compound emitted in large quantities by ammonium perchlorate based propellants, into active chlorine compounds, which then react with ozone in a destructive catalytic cycle, similar to those responsible for the Antartic "Ozone hole". This conversion occurs in the hot, supersonic exhaust plume, as part of a strong second combustion between chemical species of the plume and air. The objective of this study is to evaluate the active chlorine concentration in the far-field plume of a solid-rocket motor using large-eddy simulations (LES). The gas is injected through the entire nozzle of the SRM and a local time-stepping method based on coupling multi-instances of the fluid solver is used to extend the computational domain up to 400 nozzle exit diameters downstream of the nozzle exit. The methodology is validated for a non-reactive case by analyzing the flow characteristics of the resulting supersonic co-flowing under-expanded jet. Then the chemistry of chlorine is studied off-line using a complex chemistry solver applied on trajectories extracted from the LES time-averaged flow-field. Finally, the online chemistry is analyzed by means of the multi-species version of the LES solver using a reduced chemical scheme. To the best of our knowledge, this represents one of the first LES of a reactive supersonic jet, including nozzle geometry, performed over such a long computational domain. By capturing the effect of mixing of the exhaust plume with ambient air and the interactions between turbulence and combustion, LES offers an evaluation of chemical species distribution in the SRM plume with an unprecedented accuracy. These results can be used to initialize atmospheric simulations on larger domains, in order to model the chemical reactions between active chlorine and ozone and to quantify the ozone loss in SRM plumes
Vaudolon, Julien. "Electric field determination and magnetic topology optimization in Hall thrusters." Thesis, Orléans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ORLE2026/document.
Full textElectric propulsion is facing new challenges. Recently, the launch of "all-electric" satellites has marked the debut of a new era. Going all-electric now appears as an interesting alternative to conventional systems for telecom operators. A laser spectroscopy technique was used during this research to investigate the ion velocity distribution dynamics. The different methods for determining the electric field in Hall thrusters were exposed. Two unstable ion regimes were identified and examined. Measurement uncertainties using electrostatic probes were assessed. Planar probed have been designed and tested. A thorough investigation of the influence of the magnetic field parameters on the performance of Hall thrusters was performed. The wall-less Hall thruster design was presented, and preliminary experiments have revealed its interest for the electric propulsion community
Pautrizel, Jean-Baptiste. "Etude du couplage absorption-diffusion pour le rayonnement infrarouge de jets de propulseurs composites aluminisés." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECAP0036/document.
Full textPrediction of infrared emission of exhaust plumes from aluminized composite rocket, follows mainly three steps : calculating aero-thermo-chemical values in the plume, converting those valuesto optical properties (absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient and phase function) and resolving the radiative transfer equation. This thesis is mostly devoted to this third step, and proposes new ways to use band models on two-phases and scattering media.Firstly, we extended band models to cases with thermic non equilibrium between gas and particles. Secondly, we proposed a method consisting in splitting radiance in two parts, one called un-scattered and the other scattered, from an original idea of Liu et al. The un-scattered part is solution of the radiative transfer equation obtained by ignoring scattering. As a result, the unscattered radiance can be found by using band models. By this approach, errors on spectral correlations are only present on the scattered radiance.We show the interest of thoses approches by comparing them with a line by line resolutionof the radiative transfer equation, on media representative of remote sensing cases of rocket exhaust plumes
Sarotte, Camille. "Improvement of monitoring and reconfiguration processes for liquid propellant rocket engine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS348/document.
Full textMonitoring and improving the operating modes of launcher propulsion systems are major challenges in the aerospace industry. A failure or malfunction of the propulsion system can have a significant impact for institutional or private customers and results in environmental or human catastrophes. Health Management Systems (HMS) for liquid propellant rocket engines (LPREs), have been developed to take into account the current challenges by addressing safety and reliability issues. Their objective was initially to detect failures or malfunctions, isolate them and take a decision using Redlines and Expert Systems. However, those methods can induce false alarms or undetected failures that can be critical for the operation safety and reliability. Hence, current works aim at eliminating some catastrophic failures but also to mitigate benign shutdowns to non-shutdown actions. Since databases are not always sufficient to use efficiently data-based analysis methods, model-based methods are essentially used. The first task is to detect component and / or instrument failures with Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) approaches. If the failure is minor, non-shutdown actions must be defined to maintain the overall system current performances close to the desirable ones and preserve stability conditions. For this reason, it is required to perform a robust (uncertainties, unknown disturbances) reconfiguration of the engine. Input saturation should also be considered in the control law design since unlimited control signals are not available due to physical actuators characteristics or performances. The three objectives of this thesis are therefore: the modeling of the different main subsystems of a LPRE, the development of FDI algorithms from the previously developed models and the definition of a real-time engine reconfiguration system to compensate for certain types of failures. The developed FDI and Reconfiguration (FDIR) scheme based on those three objectives has then been validated with the help of simulations with CARINS (CNES) and the MASCOTTE test bench (CNES/ONERA)