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1
Abdullah, Mohd Fikri Azli, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, and Mazrah Salleh. "Edge computing for Vehicle to Everything: a short review." F1000Research 10 (July 7, 2022): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73269.2.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications and services have sparked considerable interest as a potential component of future Intelligent Transportation Systems. V2X serves to organise communication and interaction between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to pedestrians (V2P), and vehicle to networks (V2N). However, having multiple communication channels can generate a vast amount of data for processing and distribution. In addition, V2X services may be subject to performance requirements relating to dynamic handover and low latency communication channels. Good throughput, lower delay, and reliable packet delivery are the core requirements for V2X services. Edge Computing (EC) may be a feasible option to address the challenge of dynamic handover and low latency to allow V2X information to be transmitted across vehicles. Currently, existing comparative studies do not cover the applicability of EC for V2X. This review explores EC approaches to determine the relevance for V2X communication and services. EC allows devices to carry out part or all of the data processing at the point where data is collected. The emphasis of this review is on several methods identified in the literature for implementing effective EC. We describe each method individually and compare them according to their applicability. The findings of this work indicate that most methods can simulate the EC positioning under predefined scenarios. These include the use of Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog Computing. However, since most studies are carried out using simulation tools, there is a potential limitation in that crucial data in the search for EC positioning may be overlooked and ignored for bandwidth reduction. The EC approaches considered in this work are limited to the literature on the successful implementation of V2X communication and services. The outcome of this work could considerably help other researchers better characterise EC applicability for V2X communications and services.
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Abdullah, Mohd Fikri Azli, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, and Mazrah Salleh. "Edge computing for Vehicle to Everything: a short review." F1000Research 10 (November 1, 2021): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73269.1.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications and services have sparked considerable interest as a potential component of future Intelligent Transportation Systems. V2X serves to organise communication and interaction between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to pedestrians (V2P), and vehicle to networks (V2N). However, having multiple communication channels can generate a vast amount of data for processing and distribution. In addition, V2X services may be subject to performance requirements relating to dynamic handover and low latency communication channels. Good throughput, lower delay, and reliable packet delivery are the core requirements for V2X services. Edge Computing (EC) may be a feasible option to address the challenge of dynamic handover and low latency to allow V2X information to be transmitted across vehicles. Currently, existing comparative studies do not cover the applicability of EC for V2X. This review explores EC approaches to determine the relevance for V2X communication and services. EC allows devices to carry out part or all of the data processing at the point where data is collected. The emphasis of this review is on several methods identified in the literature for implementing effective EC. We describe each method individually and compare them according to their applicability. The findings of this work indicate that most methods can simulate the EC positioning under predefined scenarios. These include the use of Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog Computing. However, since most studies are carried out using simulation tools, there is a potential limitation in that crucial data in the search for EC positioning may be overlooked and ignored for bandwidth reduction. The EC approaches considered in this work are limited to the literature on the successful implementation of V2X communication and services. The outcome of this work could considerably help other researchers better characterise EC applicability for V2X communications and services.
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Abdullah, Mohd Fikri Azli, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, and Mazrah Salleh. "Edge computing for Vehicle to Everything: a short review." F1000Research 10 (May 11, 2023): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73269.3.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications and services have sparked considerable interest as a potential component of future Intelligent Transportation Systems. V2X serves to organise communication and interaction between vehicle to vehicle (V2V), vehicle to infrastructure (V2I), vehicle to pedestrians (V2P), and vehicle to networks (V2N). However, having multiple communication channels can generate a vast amount of data for processing and distribution. In addition, V2X services may be subject to performance requirements relating to dynamic handover and low latency communication channels. Good throughput, lower delay, and reliable packet delivery are the core requirements for V2X services. Edge Computing (EC) may be a feasible option to address the challenge of dynamic handover and low latency to allow V2X information to be transmitted across vehicles. Currently, existing comparative studies do not cover the applicability of EC for V2X. This review explores EC approaches to determine the relevance for V2X communication and services. EC allows devices to carry out part or all of the data processing at the point where data is collected. The emphasis of this review is on several methods identified in the literature for implementing effective EC. We describe each method individually and compare them according to their applicability. The findings of this work indicate that most methods can simulate the EC positioning under predefined scenarios. These include the use of Mobile Edge Computing, Cloudlet, and Fog Computing. However, since most studies are carried out using simulation tools, there is a potential limitation in that crucial data in the search for EC positioning may be overlooked and ignored for bandwidth reduction. The EC approaches considered in this work are limited to the literature on the successful implementation of V2X communication and services. The outcome of this work could considerably help other researchers better characterise EC applicability for V2X communications and services.
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Khan, Usman Ali, and Sang Sun Lee. "Distance-Based Resource Allocation for Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Safety Communication." Electronics 9, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9101640.
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Cellular Vehicle to Everything (V2X) has redefined the vehicular communication architecture as something that needs an ultra-reliable link, high capacity, and fast message delivery in vehicular networks. The V2X scenarios are broadly categorized as Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle to Pedestrians (V2P), and Vehicle to Network (V2N). Vulnerable pedestrians belong to the V2P category and hence require an ultra-reliable link and a fast message delivery in case the moving vehicle is in the close proximity of the pedestrian. However, congestion in the network calls for an optimized resource allocation that would allow a fast and secure connection between a vehicle and the pedestrian. In this paper, we have proposed a distance-based resource allocation that classifies the pedestrians in different categories, performs a one-to-many weighted bipartite matching, and finally a reinforcement learning based power allocation.
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Yogarayan, Sumendra, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, and Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah. "VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING (V2X) COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART MOBILITY IN MALAYSIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 534–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.47.
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Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication technology assesses the potential as the new phenomenon for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the context of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-network (V2N). Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is the conventional vehicular communication standard for ITS. The cellular network based on 4G/5G for ITS deployment has become a competitor to DSRC. Recent advancements in technologies have motivated the research community to develop a hybrid DSRC, and cellular networks approach to support reliable ITS applications. Nevertheless, as new techniques come forward, the technical and regulatory challenges may also vary across countries. Given that the existing comparative studies have not been covered as a whole, we evaluated the V2X communication technology to classify the adaptability of DSRC, cellular networks, and hybrid methods. The study also includes available V2X technology platforms and products. In addition, the challenges of deployments are also depicted in this study. The outcome indicates that many automotive industries and telecommunication providers recognize V2X substantial effect on ITS. The work is underway to decide which capabilities will be added since this is a long-term benefit for our future transportation.
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Yogarayan, Sumendra, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, and Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah. "VEHICLE TO EVERYTHING (V2X) COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY FOR SMART MOBILITY IN MALAYSIA: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 534–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.4.47.
Full textAbstract:
Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication technology assesses the potential as the new phenomenon for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in the context of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P), and vehicle-to-network (V2N). Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) is the conventional vehicular communication standard for ITS. The cellular network based on 4G/5G for ITS deployment has become a competitor to DSRC. Recent advancements in technologies have motivated the research community to develop a hybrid DSRC, and cellular networks approach to support reliable ITS applications. Nevertheless, as new techniques come forward, the technical and regulatory challenges may also vary across countries. Given that the existing comparative studies have not been covered as a whole, we evaluated the V2X communication technology to classify the adaptability of DSRC, cellular networks, and hybrid methods. The study also includes available V2X technology platforms and products. In addition, the challenges of deployments are also depicted in this study. The outcome indicates that many automotive industries and telecommunication providers recognize V2X substantial effect on ITS. The work is underway to decide which capabilities will be added since this is a long-term benefit for our future transportation.
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Khezri, Rahmat, David Steen, and Le Anh Tuan. "Willingness to Participate in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) in Sweden, 2022—Using an Electric Vehicle’s Battery for More Than Transport." Sustainability 16, no. 5 (February 22, 2024): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16051792.
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Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) refers to the technology that enables electric vehicles (EVs) to push their battery energy back to the grid. The system’s V2X integration includes key functions like V2G, V2H, V2B, etc. This paper explores the preferences of Swedish EV drivers in contributing to V2X programs through an online questionnaire. Respondents were asked to answer questions in three contexts: (1) claims related to their EV charging, (2) V2G application by EV, and (3) V2H application by EV. The respondents were questioned about the importance of control, pricing, energy sustainability and climate issues, impact on the battery, the acceptability of V2X, range anxiety, financial compensation, as well as how and where they prefer to charge the EV. The results of the survey indicate that Swedish EV drivers are more interested in the V2H application than in V2G. Additionally, they express more concern about range anxiety than battery degradation due to the V2X application.
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Pan, Bin, and Hao Wu. "Success Probability Analysis of C-V2X Communications on Irregular Manhattan Grids." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (August 19, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2746038.
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To overcome the shortcomings of Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC), cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communications have been proposed recently, which has a variety of advantages over traditional DSRC, including longer communication range, broader coverage, greater reliability, and smooth evolution path towards 5G. In this paper, we consider an LTE-based C-V2X communications network in irregular Manhattan grids. We model the macrobase stations (MBSs) as a 2D Poisson point process (PPP) and model the roads as a Manhattan Poisson line process (MPLP), with the roadside units (RSUs) modeled as a 1D PPP on each road. As an enhancement architecture to DSRC, C-V2X communications include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) communication, and vehicle-to-network (V2N) communication. Since the spectrum for PC5 interface in 5.9 GHz is quite limited, cellular networks could share some channels to V2I links to improve spectral efficiency. Thus, according to Maximum Power-based Scheme, we adopt the stochastic geometry approach to compute the signal-to-interference ratio- (SIR-) based success probability of a typical vehicle that connects to an RSU or an MBS and the area spectral efficiency of the whole network over shared V2I and V2N downlink channels. In addition, we study the asymptotic characteristics of success probability and provide some design insights according to the impact of several key parameters on success probability.
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Miao, Lili, John Jethro Virtusio, and Kai-Lung Hua. "PC5-Based Cellular-V2X Evolution and Deployment." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030843.
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C-V2X (Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything) is a state-of-the-art wireless technology used in autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems (ITS). This technology has extended the coverage and blind-spot detection of autonomous driving vehicles. Economically, C-V2X is much more cost-effective than the traditional sensors that are commonly used by autonomous driving vehicles. This cost-benefit makes it more practical in a large scale deployment. PC5-based C-V2X uses an RF (Radio Frequency) sidelink direct communication for low latency mission-critical vehicle sensor connectivity. Over the C-V2X radio communications, the autonomous driving vehicle’s sensor ability can now be largely enhanced to the distances as far as the network covers. In 2020, 5G is commercialized worldwide, and Taiwan is at the forefront. Operators and governments are keen to see its implications in people’s daily life brought by its low latency, high reliability, and high throughput. Autonomous driving class L3 (Conditional Automation) or L4 (Highly Automation) are good examples of 5G’s advanced applications. In these applications, the mobile networks with URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication) are perfectly demonstrated. Therefore, C-V2X evolution and 5G NR (New Radio) deployment coincide and form a new ecosystem. This ecosystem will change how people will drive and how transportation will be managed in the future. In this paper, the following topics are covered. Firstly, the benefits of C-V2X communication technology. Secondly, the standards of C-V2X and C-V2X applications for automotive road safety system which includes V2P/V2I/V2V/V2N, and artificial intelligence in VRU (Vulnerable Road User) detection, object recognition and movement prediction for collision warning and prevention. Thirdly, PC5-based C-V2X deployment status in global, especially in Taiwan. Lastly, current challenges and conclusions of C-V2X development.
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Han, Donghee, and Jaewoo So. "Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation Based on Deep Q-Network in V2V Communications." Sensors 23, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23031295.
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Recently, with the development of autonomous driving technology, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technology that provides a wireless connection between vehicles, pedestrians, and roadside base stations has gained significant attention. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication should provide low-latency and highly reliable services through direct communication between vehicles, improving safety. In particular, as the number of vehicles increases, efficient radio resource management becomes more important. In this paper, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based decentralized resource allocation scheme in the V2X communication network in which the radio resources are shared between the V2V and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) networks. Here, a deep Q-network (DQN) is utilized to find the resource blocks and transmit power of vehicles in the V2V network to maximize the sum rate of the V2I and V2V links while reducing the power consumption and latency of V2V links. The DQN also uses the channel state information, the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of V2I and V2V links, and the latency constraints of vehicles to find the optimal resource allocation scheme. The proposed DQN-based resource allocation scheme ensures energy-efficient transmissions that satisfy the latency constraints for V2V links while reducing the interference of the V2V network to the V2I network. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of the sum rate of the V2X network, the average power consumption of V2V links, and the average outage probability of V2V links using a case study in Manhattan with nine blocks of 3GPP TR 36.885. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme greatly reduces the transmit power of V2V links when compared to the conventional reinforcement learning-based resource allocation scheme without sacrificing the sum rate of the V2X network or the outage probability of V2V links.
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Ahsan, Syed Muhammad, Hassan Abbas Khan, Sarmad Sohaib, and Anas M. Hashmi. "Optimized Power Dispatch for Smart Building and Electric Vehicles with V2V, V2B and V2G Operations." Energies 16, no. 13 (June 22, 2023): 4884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16134884.
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The operation of smart buildings (with solar, storage and suitable power routing infrastructure) can be optimized with the addition of parking stations for electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle-to-everything (V2X) operations including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-building (V2B) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization framework is proposed for the smart charging and discharging of EVs along with the maximization of revenue and savings of smart building (prosumers with solar power, a battery storage system and a parking station) and non-primary/ordinary buildings (consumers of electricity without solar power, a battery storage system and parking station). A mixed-integer linear program is developed to maximize the profits of smart buildings that have bilateral contracts with non-primary buildings. The optimized charging and discharging (V2X) of EVs at affordable rates utilizing solar power and a battery storage system in the smart building helps to manage the EV load during on-peak hours and prevent utility congestion. The results indicate that in addition to the 4–9% daily electricity cost reductions for non-primary buildings, a smart building can achieve up to 60% of the daily profits. Further, EVs can save 50–69% in charging costs while performing V2X operations.
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Asano, Masashi, and Masahiro Fujii. "A Packet Collision Reduction Based on Reselection for LTE V2X Mode 4." Applied Sciences 12, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 8733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12178733.
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Vehicle to Everything (V2X) is a technology that includes communication between the vehicles and everything such as Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P). Long Term Evolution (LTE) V2X based on LTE supports a sidelink communication in which User Equipment (UE) communicates with each other. In Mode 4 of the sidelink communication, the UE autonomously selects a radio resource that is not expected to be used by other UEs based on sensing information. However, a resource can be selected by simultaneous UEs and packet collisions occur because of the periodic resource reselection. In this paper, we propose two resource selection methods for the reselection using information originally included in the control information. Through computer simulations, we show that the proposed methods can improve the packet reception rate without requiring restrictions such as additional information. The main strength of this method is that it effectively utilizes the information contained in Resource Reservation Interval (RRI), which is used in the Semi-Persistent Scheduling wireless resource allocation algorithm. In this research, the value of RRI, which has been used in standards, is utilized to improve performance while maintaining compatibility. Since our method is designed under conditions that maintain compatibility with existing standards, it may or may not have a significant effect, but it does not degrade performance.
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Wang, Jian, Yameng Shao, Yuming Ge, and Rundong Yu. "A Survey of Vehicle to Everything (V2X) Testing." Sensors 19, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020334.
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Vehicle to everything (V2X) is a new generation of information and communication technologies that connect vehicles to everything. It not only creates a more comfortable and safer transportation environment, but also has much significance for improving traffic efficiency, and reducing pollution and accident rates. At present, the technology is still in the exploratory stage, and the problems of traffic safety and information security brought about by V2X applications have not yet been fully evaluated. Prior to marketization, we must ensure the reliability and maturity of the technology, which must be rigorously tested and verified. Therefore, testing is an important part of V2X technology. This article focuses on the V2X application requirements and its challenges, the need of testing. Then we also investigate and summarize the testing methods for V2X in the communication process and describe them in detail from the architectural perspective. In addition, we have proposed an end-to-end testing system combining virtual and real environments which can undertake the test task of the full protocol stack.
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Li, Qiang. "A V2V Identity Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme Based on Identity-Based Cryptograph." Future Internet 15, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15010025.
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Cellular vehicle to everything (C-V2X) is a technology to achieve vehicle networking, which can improve traffic efficiency and traffic safety. As a special network, the C-V2X system faces many security risks. The vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication transmits traffic condition data, driving path data, user driving habits data, and so on. It is necessary to ensure the opposite equipment is registered C-V2X equipment (installed in the vehicle), and the data transmitted between the equipment is secure. This paper proposes a V2V identity authentication and key agreement scheme based on identity-based cryptograph (IBC). The C-V2X equipment use its vehicle identification (VID) as its public key. The key management center (KMC) generates a private key for the C-V2X equipment according to its VID. The C-V2X equipment transmit secret data encrypted with the opposite equipment public key to the other equipment, they authenticate each other through a challenge response protocol based on identity-based cryptography, and they negotiate the working key used to encrypt the communication data. The scheme can secure the V2V communication with low computational cost and simple architecture and meet the lightweight and efficient communication requirements of the C-V2X system.
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Abdullah, Mohd Fikri Azli, Sumendra Yogarayan, Siti Fatimah Abdul Razak, Afizan Azman, Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, and Mazrah Salleh. "Edge computing for Vehicle to Everything: a short review." F1000Research 10 (November 10, 2023): 1104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73269.4.
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Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications and services have sparked considerable interest as a potential component of future Intelligent Transportation Systems. However, the large amount of data generated by V2X communications can pose challenges for processing and distribution. Edge computing (EC) is a promising solution to these challenges, as it allows part or all of the data processing to be performed at the edge of the network, closer to the data sources. This paper reviews the existing literature on EC for V2X communications and services. We focus on several methods for implementing EC, including mobile edge computing, cloudlet, and fog computing. We compare them according to their applicability to V2X. The findings of this work indicate that EC can be a feasible solution for V2X communications and services. However, there are still some challenges that need to be addressed, such as the need for more efficient data processing algorithms and the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the trade-offs between EC and other solutions. The outcome of this work could considerably help other researchers better characterize EC applicability for V2X communications and services.
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Sempere García, Daniel. "Redes 5G V2X Multi-modo y Escalables." Revista Doctorado UMH 4, no. 2 (April 2, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/doctumh.v4i2.1640.
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Dentro de la tecnología 5G, las comunicaciones vehiculares V2X (Vehicle to Everything) han experimentado una importante evolución durante los últimos años. La tecnología planteada como punto de partida es la basada en el estándar IEEE 802.11p. Sin embargo, recientemente el 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) ha estado trabajando en el desarrollo de la tecnología LTEV2X o 5G V2X, planteada como un estándar basado en LTE para comunicaciones V2X. Este estándar, cuya primera versión ya se encuentra cerrada (Release 14), define los mecanismos necesarios para llevar a cabo comunicaciones vehiculares como V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) y V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure). No obstante, ante el futuro despliegue de la tecnología del vehículo autónomo, que marca unos requisitos muy elevados en cuanto a factores como la latencia o la fiabilidad de las comunicaciones, el 3GPP se encuentra actualmente en fase de estudio y estandarización del Release 15, con el objetivo de dar soporte a los requisitos y servicios críticos de las comunicaciones del vehículo conectado y autónomo. En este trabajo se pretende revisar el estado del arte actual de las comunicaciones 5G V2X, así como de las mejoras que actualmente se encuentran en fase de investigación.
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Farran, Hassan, and László Bokor. "A survey on efforts to apply IPv6 in V2X communication networks." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 16, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00693.
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This survey focuses on the application possibilities of using Internet Protocol (version 6) in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networking architectures by analyzing existing standards and related papers in this field. The article explains the terminology used in IP-based V2X networks, introduces the considered use cases, and gives an overview of the three standardized options applying IPv6 in vehicular environments: IEEE WAVE provides networking services to applications in vehicular networks through IPv6, IPv6 over 802.11-OCB can be implemented in Wi-Fi-based ad hoc vehicular networks for both V2V and V2I, and the Geo Networking IPv6 adaption sub-layer (GN6ASL) for IPv6 support in the ETSI ITS protocol family. The paper also highlights non-standardized solutions and available techniques designed for IPv6-based V2X infrastructures, summarizes wireless connection requirements, and mobility management needs, together with the newest research efforts aiming at the applications of IPv6 in V2X communications.
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Yuan, Dizhe, Denghua Hu, and Xihong Chen. "Resource Allocation in C-V2X Mode 3 Based on the Exchanged Preference Profiles." Electronics 12, no. 5 (February 21, 2023): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12051071.
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In this paper, we investigate the resource block (RB) allocation problem in cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) networks mode 3, where the cellular networks schedule the RBs for direct vehicular communications. First, we establish the communication model and introduce the effective capacity and queuing theory to describe the reliability of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) links. Then, we introduce the α-fair function and formulate the joint power control and RB allocation problem considering the allocation fairness and the different quality-of-service (QoS) requirements for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and V2V links. Our objective is to maximize the sum capacity of all V2I links with the α-fair function while guaranteeing the allocation fairness among V2I links and the transmission reliability for each V2V pair. To achieve this objective, we propose a novel matching game theory algorithm based on the exchanged preference profiles between the two participant sets, i.e., V2V and V2I links. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm is adaptive to the dynamic vehicular network and achieves better efficiency and fairness trade-offs, outperforming the classic allocation method.
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Hasan, Monowar, Sibin Mohan, Takayuki Shimizu, and Hongsheng Lu. "Securing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication Platforms." IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 693–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2020.2987430.
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He, YouLin, Xu Huang, ZhiHang Hu, XingYuan Tao, Che Su, and YuChengQing Yu. "Handover mechanisms in VMC systems: Evaluating the reliability of V2X as an alternative to fiber networks in handover areas." Theoretical and Natural Science 28, no. 1 (December 26, 2023): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/28/20230470.
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Despite advances in communication ways in autonomous driving, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V), Vehicle-to-Everything Communication (V2X) and Vehicular Micro-clouds (VMC). In this paper, the potential of V2X as a substitution for the artificial connections (mainly optical-fiber cables) between base stations and edge servers are discussed. The quality and latency of communication in Handshake--referring to the scenario of cars moving from one stations operation scope to another ones, is mainly concerned, within the frame of VMC. Additionally, the communication performance, referring to latency performance and data rate performance, for both pure V2X and a combination of LTE and V2X are simulated and analyzed using a Python simulator. Finally, the test results showed that the performance of pure V2X Communication is always superior compared with any combination in every categories as the density of cars gradually increase, which confirms that replace physical inter-station-cables as V2X communication is serious possibility.
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Petrov, Tibor, Peter Pocta, and Tatiana Kovacikova. "Benchmarking 4G and 5G-Based Cellular-V2X for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication and Urban Scenarios in Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems." Applied Sciences 12, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 9677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12199677.
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Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication is expected to bring tremendous benefits in terms of increased road safety, improved traffic efficiency and decreased environmental impact. In 2017, The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) released 3GPP Release 14, which introduced Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything communication (C-V2X), bringing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication capabilities to cellular networks, hence creating an alternative to Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) technology. Since then, every new 3GPP Release including Release 15, a first full set of 5G standards, offered V2X capabilities. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study, which benchmarks the performance of LTE-based and 5G-based C-V2X technologies deployed for V2I communication in an urban setting. The study compares LTE and 5G deployed both in the Device-to-Device in mode 3 and in infrastructural mode. Target performance indicators used for comparison are average end-to-end (E2E) latency and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). The performance of those technologies is studied under varying communication conditions realized by a variation of vehicle traffic intensity, communication perimeter and message generation frequency. Furthermore, the effects of infrastructure deployment density on the performance of selected C-V2X communication technologies are explored by comparing the performance of the investigated technologies for three infrastructure density scenarios, i.e., involving two, four and eight base stations (BSs). The performance results are put into a context of the connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I communication services. The results indicate that both C-V2X technologies can support all the considered V2I services without any limitations in terms of the communication perimeter, traffic intensity and message generation frequency. When it comes to the infrastructure density deployment, the results show that increasing the density of the infrastructure deployment from two BSs to four BSs offers a remarkable performance improvement for all the considered V2I services as well as investigated technologies and their modes. Further infrastructure density increase (from four BSs to eight BSs) does not yield any practical benefits in the investigated urban scenario.
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Ostojić, Milica. "ANALIZA PERFORMANSI I DEMONSTRACIJA 4G I 5G C-V2X TEHNOLOGIJE UPO-TREBOM EKSPERIMENTALNE PLATFORME I PRIMENA U PAMETNIM VOZILIMA." Zbornik radova Fakulteta tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu 38, no. 09 (September 5, 2023): 1097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/24be01ostojic.
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U ovom radu opisana je V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) tehnologija i primena ove tehnologije u autonomnoj vožnji. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) je komunikacioni sistem koji podržava prenos informacija od vozila do pokretnih delova saobraćajnog sistema, koji mogu da utiču na vozilo. Osnovna svrha V2X tehnologije jeste poboljšanje bezbednosti na putevima, ušteda energije i efikasnost saobraćaja. Cilj ovog master rada jeste da se korišćenjem eksperimentalne platforme pokaže primena 4G i 5G mreža u V2X tehnologiji.
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Ebert, Jonathan, Ohad Newton, Jeffery O’Rear, Scott Riley, Jaehong Park, and Maanak Gupta. "Leveraging Aviation Risk Models to Combat Cybersecurity Threats in Vehicular Networks." Information 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12100390.
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The rapidly developing technology and lack of standards in the transportation industry for the proposed Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networks, which all vehicles will operate under, drives concern about information validity and authenticity due to the risk of erroneous or malicious information being injected into a vehicular network (VN). In this paper, we apply a risk management process to a vehicular network that will identify hazards and possible controls that can lower their risk. After researching and reviewing various technologies along with several risk models, we have developed a basic framework for assessing and assigning risk through a phased method that leads to input for our developed model.
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Ding, Yuanfeng, Yan Huang, Li Tang, Xizhong Qin, and Zhenhong Jia. "Resource Allocation in V2X Communications Based on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning with Attention Mechanism." Mathematics 10, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10193415.
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In this paper, we study the joint optimization problem of the spectrum and power allocation for multiple vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) users in cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication, aiming to maximize the sum rate of V2I links while satisfying the low latency requirements of V2V links. However, channel state information (CSI) is hard to obtain accurately due to the mobility of vehicles. In addition, the effective sensing of state information among vehicles becomes difficult in an environment with complex and diverse information, which is detrimental to vehicles collaborating for resource allocation. Thus, we propose a framework of multi-agent deep reinforcement learning based on attention mechanism (AMARL) to improve the V2X communication performance. Specifically, for vehicle mobility, we model the problem as a multi-agent reinforcement learning process, where each V2V link is regarded an agent and all agents jointly intercommunicate with the environment. Each agent allocates spectrum and power through its deep Q network (DQN). To enhance effective intercommunication and the sense of collaboration among vehicles, we introduce an attention mechanism to focus on more relevant information, which in turn reduces the signaling overhead and optimizes their communication performance more explicitly. Experimental results show that the proposed AMARL-based approach can satisfy the requirements of a high rate for V2I links and low latency for V2V links. It also has an excellent adaptability to environmental change.
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Farag, Mohamed M. G., and Hesham A. Rakha. "Development and Evaluation of a Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Enabled Energy-Efficient Dynamic Routing Application." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 19, 2023): 2314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042314.
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Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) is a communication technology that supports various safety, mobility, and environmental applications, given its higher reliability properties compared to other communication technologies. The performance of these C-V2X-enabled intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications is affected by the performance of the C-V2X communication technology (mainly packet loss). Similarly, the performance of the C-V2X communication is dependent on the vehicular traffic density which is affected by the traffic mobility patterns and vehicle routing strategies. Consequently, it is critical to develop a tool that can simulate, analyze, and evaluate the mutual interactions of the transportation and communication systems at the application level to quantify the benefits of C-V2X-enabled ITS applications realistically. In this paper, we demonstrate the benefits gained when using C-V2X Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication technology in an energy-efficient dynamic routing application. Specifically, we develop a Connected Energy-Efficient Dynamic Routing (C-EEDR) application using C-V2X as a communication medium in an integrated vehicular traffic and communication simulator (INTEGRATION). The results demonstrate that the C-EEDR application achieves fuel savings of up to 16.6% and 14.7% in the IDEAL and C-V2X communication cases, respectively, for a peak hour demand on the downtown Los Angeles network considering a 50% level of market penetration of connected vehicles. The results demonstrate that the fuel savings increase with increasing levels of market penetration at lower traffic demand levels (25% and 50% the peak demand). At higher traffic demand levels (75% and 100%), the fuel savings increase with increasing levels of market penetration with maximum benefits at a 50% market penetration rate. Although the communication system is affected by the high density of vehicles at the high traffic demand levels (75% and 100% the peak demand), the C-EEDR application manages to perform reliably, producing system-wide fuel consumption savings.The C-EEDR application achieves fuel savings of 15.2% and 11.7% for the IDEAL communication and 14% and 9% for the C-V2X communication at the 75% and 100% market penetration rates, respectively. Finally, the paper demonstrates that the C-V2X communication constraints only affect the performance of the C-EEDR application at the full demand level when the market penetration of the connected vehicles exceeds 25%. This degradation, however, is minimal (less than a 2.5% reduction in fuel savings).
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L., Thulasimani, and A. Antinita Shilpha Daly. "Power Optimization for Spectrum Sharing in Vehicular Networks." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 6 (April 30, 2021): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f8703.0410621.
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The main goal of vehicular communication is to provide a more safe and efficient vehicular operation. The challenge in a Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) network is to provide reliable connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) links and high data rate connectivity for the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) links at the same time. This requirement leads to spectrum sharing in vehicular communication. As the vehicular systems increases, the transmit power levels increases in the environment which in turn causes harmful effects on the atmosphere. The objective of this paper is to analyze the graph-based spectrum sharing algorithms that are available for vehicular communication and to develop a power optimization algorithm based on Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and to incorporate it into these algorithms in such a way to achieve better sum capacity for the V2I links along with a guaranteed reliability for the V2V links.
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Teng, Rui, and Kenya Sato. "A Fundamental Study of Reliable Vehicle-to-Cloud Communication Using Multiple Paths with Redundancy Mitigation." Applied Sciences 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2024): 2841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072841.
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The reliability of V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication is important for safe automated driving. With the advances in wireless communication and multipath transport protocols, a vehicle can employ multiple wireless interfaces and carry out multipath communication. Although there has been extensive research into increasing the Quality of Service (QoS) performance, such as throughput and delay in V2X communication, few studies have addressed explicit ways of improving the reliability of vehicle-to-cloud (V2C) communication through multipath-based redundancy. This paper addresses the issue of improving V2C reliably via multipath-based packet duplication, with particular consideration given to redundancy mitigation. We propose a method that employs dynamic adjustment of multipath redundancy to maintain packet-delivery reliability in V2C communication while enabling redundancy mitigation. The evaluation results show that the proposed method allows the vehicle to maintain the desired reliability in terms of successful packet transmission while reducing redundancy caused by packet duplication in a multipath connection.
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Nkenyereye, Lionel, Ramavath Prasad Naik, Jong-Wook Jang, and Wan-Young Chung. "Software-Defined Small Cell-Linked Vehicular Networks: Architecture and Evaluation." Electronics 12, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020304.
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Vehicle-to-everything services are in the implementation phase, and automakers agree that V2X would improve the safety-critical applications already deployed. 3GPP Release 12 introduces LTE-V for V2V and V2I services. The LTE-V is extended to C-V2X to support V2N. Because of the challenge of high mobility in the V2X system, cutting-edge technologies, such as SDN and small cell in 5G networks, pave the way to the next generation of vehicular networks. SDN is a network technology concept that divides the data and control planes. The OpenFlow protocol is used for communication between the control layer and the network layer in SDN. Different from wireless traditional cellular base stations, small cells are lower-power cell sites that are deployed every few blocks. Small cells can transmit data using mid- and high-band spectrums. Small cell-linked road side unit (RSU) is considered a key enabling technology because it has the capability to create a logical cluster platform residing at the edge of the network, which provides high computation performance. Accordingly, we consider a novel distributed software-defined small cell-linked road side unit vehicular network architecture (diSRsVN). Based on diSRsVN, logical software-defined on-board wireless vehicle, and topology discovery over diSRsVN are presented. The proposed architecture is evaluated under an omnet++ network simulator. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed architecture, which improves the packet delivery ratio and minimizes end-to-end delay.
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He, Anxiang. "Features and differences between Desay SV and Ford in the solution of C-V2X Technology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2029, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2029/1/012114.
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Abstract C-V2X (means cellular vehicle to everything) is a vehicle wireless communication technology based on cellular network. In the early days of V2X, it was mainly based on DSRC. Its full name is dedicated short range communication, a dedicated short-range communication technology. C-V2X technology supports various vehicle networking applications including vehicle, vehicle road, vehicle person and vehicle network through device to device and cellular communication. C-V2X is a global standard formulated by 3GPP organization, including lte-V2X and 5g-V2X. Among them, LTE-V2X mainly carries basic traffic safety business. The standard has been formulated since 2015 and R14 version has been released in 2017; 5g-V2X, based on 5g NR technology, is mainly aimed at carrying automatic driving business, and will be released in 3GPP R16 at the end of 2019. This paper will compare the characteristics of C-V2X technology solutions of Ford and Desay SV, and explore the differences between Desay SV and Ford in C-V2X technology solutions [1].
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Haque, Khandaker Foysal, Ahmed Abdelgawad, Venkata Prasanth Yanambaka, and Kumar Yelamarthi. "LoRa Architecture for V2X Communication: An Experimental Evaluation with Vehicles on the Move." Sensors 20, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 6876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236876.
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The industrial development of the last few decades has prompted an increase in the number of vehicles by multiple folds. With the increased number of vehicles on the road, safety has become one of the primary concerns. Inter vehicular communication, specially Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication can address these pressing issues including autonomous traffic systems and autonomous driving. The reliability and effectiveness of V2X communication greatly depends on communication architecture and the associated wireless technology. Addressing this challenge, a device-to-device (D2D)-based reliable, robust, and energy-efficient V2X communication architecture is proposed with LoRa wireless technology. The proposed system takes a D2D communication approach to reduce the latency by offering direct vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, rather than routing the data via the LoRa WAN server. Additionally, the proposed architecture offers modularity and compact design, making it ideal for legacy systems without requiring any additional hardware. Testing and analysis suggest the proposed system can communicate reliably with roadside infrastructures and other vehicles at speeds ranging from 15–50 km per hour (kmph). The data packet consists of 12 bytes of metadata and 28 bytes of payload. At 15 kmph, a vehicle sends one data packet every 25.9 m, and at 50 kmph, it sends the same data packet every 53.34 m with reliable transitions.
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Kannappan, Lekha, Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy, Lulu Wang, Malathi Kanagasabai, Sachin Kumar, Mohammed Gulam Nabi Alsath, and Thipparaju Rama Rao. "Quad-Port Multiservice Diversity Antenna for Automotive Applications." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 9, 2021): 8238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248238.
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A quad-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) performance is presented in this paper. The MIMO antenna consists of four orthogonally arranged microstrip line-fed hexagonal monopole radiators and a modified ground plane. In addition, E-shaped and G-shaped stubs are added to the radiator to achieve additional resonances at 1.5 GHz and 2.45 GHz. The reliability of the antenna in the automotive environment is investigated, with housing effects taken into account. The housing effects show that the antenna performs consistently even in the presence of a large metal object. The proposed MIMO antenna has potential for various automotive applications, including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), intelligent transport system (ITS), automatic vehicle identifier, and RFID-based electronic toll collection.
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You, Young-Hwan, and Yong-An Jung. "Complexity-Efficient Sidelink Synchronization Signal Detection Scheme for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Communication Systems." Mathematics 11, no. 18 (September 20, 2023): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11184003.
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Synchronization is a challenging issue in vehicle-to-everything (V2X) cellular communication, especially when V2X devices need to directly communicate with each other outside the network coverage area. By adopting the maximum likelihood principle, we propose joint detection of the sidelink secondary synchronization signal (SL-SSS) and carrier frequency offset (CFO) in a V2X system using 5G new radio sidelink. We formulate an effective joint coherent synchronization scheme for cellular V2X applications by decoupling the estimation of the sidelink identity and CFO, which requires a priori knowledge of channel state information. To verify the feasibility of the proposed detection scheme, we derive a simplified implementation of the proposed SL-SSS detector and a closed-form expression for the detection probability. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SL-SSS detector exhibits either comparable performance in terms of detection probability or reduced complexity when compared with conventional SL-SSS detectors. Using the proposed method in the cellular V2X system enables V2X devices to achieve robust synchronization with reduced power consumption during the initial synchronization procedure, while also offering valuable insights for designing a simple, efficient sidelink synchronization receiver.
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An, SangHoon, and KyungHi Chang. "Resource Management for Collaborative 5G-NR-V2X RSUs to Enhance V2I/N Link Reliability." Sensors 23, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 3989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083989.
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In the development of autonomous driving technology, 5G-NR vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technology is a key technology that enhances safety and enables effective management of traffic information. Road-side units (RSUs) in 5G-NR V2X provide nearby vehicles with information and exchange traffic, and safety information with future autonomous vehicles, enhancing traffic safety and efficiency. This paper proposes a communication system for vehicle networks based on a 5G cellular network with RSUs consisting of the base station (BS) and user equipment (UE), and validates the system performance when providing services from different RSUs. The proposed approach maximizes the utilization of the entire network and ensures the reliability of V2I/V2N links between vehicles and each RSU. It also minimizes the shadowing area in the 5G-NR V2X environment, and maximizes the average throughput of vehicles through collaborative access between BS- and UE-type RSUs. The paper applies various resource management techniques, such as dynamic inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC), coordinated scheduling coordinated multi-point (CS-CoMP), cell range extension (CRE), and 3D beamforming, to achieve high reliability requirements. Simulation results demonstrate improved performance in outage probability, reduced shadowing area, and increased reliability through decreased interference and increased average throughput when collaborating with BS- and UE-type RSUs simultaneously.
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Manale, Boughanja, and Tomader Mazri. "Security of communication 5G-V2X: A proposed approach based on securing 5G-V2X based on Blockchain." ITM Web of Conferences 43 (2022): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224301025.
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With the rapid evolution of wireless communication and autonomous vehicles, vehicle to Everything (V2X) communications provides driving safety, traffic efficiency, and real-time traffic information in-vehicle networks. V2X has evolved by integrating 5G cellular access technology and New Radio (NR) into V2X communications (i.e., 5G NR V2X). Since the security issue in 5G-V2X remains a crucial point, we conducted a literature review approach and identified the 5G-V2X communication levels in this paper. The main objective of this study was to develop an approach to secure 5G-V2X. The proposed methodology is based on Blockchain to ensure the 5G-V2X architecture levels.
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Pauwels, Alex, Nadia Pourmohammad-Zia, and Frederik Schulte. "Safety and Sustainable Development of Automated Driving in Mixed-Traffic Urban Areas—Considering Vulnerable Road Users and Network Efficiency." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 13486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013486.
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Next to environmental aspects, establishing areas for safe and economically viable automated driving in mixed-traffic settings is one major challenge for sustainable development of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). This work investigates safety in the interactions between AVs, human-driven vehicles, and vulnerable road users, including cyclists and pedestrians, within a simulated urban environment in the Dutch city of Rotterdam. New junction and pedestrian models are introduced, and virtual AVs with an occlusion-aware driving system are deployed to deliver cargo autonomously. The safety of applying this autonomous cargo delivery service is assessed using a large set of Surrogate Safety Indicators (SSIs). Furthermore, Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams (MFDs) and travel time loss are incorporated to evaluate the network efficiency. By assessing the impact of various measures involving Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications, infrastructure modifications, and driving behavior, we show that traffic safety and network efficiency can be achieved in a living lab setting for the considered case. Our findings further suggest that V2X gets implemented, new buildings are not placed close to intersections, and the speed limit of non-arterial roads is lowered.
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Rainer, Benjamin, and Stefan Petscharnig. "Challenges and Opportunities of Named Data Networking in Vehicle-To-Everything Communication: A Review." Information 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info9110264.
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Many car manufacturers have recently proposed to release autonomous self-driving cars within the next few years. Information gathered by sensors (e.g., cameras, GPS, lidar, radar, ultrasonic) enable cars to drive autonomously on roads. However, in urban or high-speed traffic scenarios the information gathered by mounted sensors may not be sufficient to guarantee a smooth and safe traffic flow. Thus, information received from infrastructure and other cars or vehicles on the road is vital. Key aspects in Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) communication are security, authenticity, and integrity which are inherently provided by Information Centric Networking (ICN). In this paper, we identify advantages and drawbacks of ICN for V2X communication. We specifically review forwarding, caching, as well as simulation aspects for V2X communication with a focus on ICN. Furthermore, we investigate existing solutions for V2X and discuss their applicability. Based on these investigations, we suggest directions for further work in context of ICN (in particular Named Data Networking) to enable V2X communication providing a secure and efficient transport platform.
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Rodwell, Sean. "V2X Safety at Risk?" Traffic Technology International 2020, no. 4 (December 2020): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s1356-9252(23)40437-6.
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Following the FCC vote to give away over half the 5.9GHz connected vehicle safety band to unlicensed wi-fi – and phase out DSRC for good – there are serious concerns about the ongoing reliability of V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication in the USA. But the fight isn’t over yet, as Tom Stone reports
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Hua, Qiaozhi, Keping Yu, Zheng Wen, and Takuro Sato. "A Novel Base-Station Selection Strategy for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Communications." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 8, 2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030556.
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Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication facilitates the improved safety, comfort, and efficiency of vehicles and mobility by exchanging information between vehicles and other entities. In general, only the macrocell or only the femtocell is the communication infrastructure for C-V2X. Currently, a macro-femtocell network is used as the new C-V2X networking architecture. However, there are two unresolved problems for C-V2X in macro-femtocell networks. Firstly, vehicle mobility requires the frequent switching of connections between different base stations; invalid switching results in worse communication quality. Secondly, unintelligent base station selections cause network congestion and network-load imbalance. To address the above challenges, this paper proposes a base station selection strategy based on a Markov decision policy for a vehicle in a macro-femtocell system. Firstly, we present a mechanism to predict received signal strength (RSS) for base station selection. Secondly, a comparing Markov decision policy algorithm is presented in C-V2X. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to achieve predicted RSS based on a Markov decision policy in C-V2X technology. To validate the proposed mechanism, we simulated the traditional base station selection and our proposal when the vehicle moved at different speeds. This demonstrates that the effectiveness of a traditional base station selection policy is obvious only at high speeds, and this weakness can be resolved by our proposal. Then, we compare our solution with the traditional base station selection policy. The simulation results show that our solution is effective at switching connections between base stations, and it can effectively prevent the overloading of network resources.
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Kiela, Karolis, Vaidotas Barzdenas, Marijan Jurgo, Vytautas Macaitis, Justas Rafanavicius, Aleksandr Vasjanov, Leonid Kladovscikov, and Romualdas Navickas. "Review of V2X–IoT Standards and Frameworks for ITS Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124314.
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The intelligent transport system (ITS) has become one of the most globally researched topics with a lot of investment and development resources being dedicated into it due to its foreseen impact on the economic growth of the transport sector. Currently there are two main vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies, whose primary application is focused on ITS, backed up by the key players of various automotive, telecommunication and transport industries: dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X), respectively based on IEEE 802.11p and 3GPP LTE/5G NR. While DSRC already has deployments, C-V2X is expected to see larger scale trails and deployments in 2020. In this work, the authors provide insight and review into two main V2X technologies, DSRC and C-V2X, their core parameters, shortcomings and limitations, and explore the need for integration of IoT-based technologies into modern ITS solutions. A comprehensive overview and analysis of currently commercially available V2X products, their sub-blocks and features is provided.
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Alnasser, Aljawharah, Hongjian Sun, and Jing Jiang. "Recommendation-Based Trust Model for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2019.2950083.
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Wu, Yueyue, and Juan Zhang. "Performance comparison based on priority between 802.11p and C-V2X." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2670, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2670/1/012014.
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Abstract With the increasing number of vehicles, the issue of traffic safety has become more and more prominent. There is a growing demand for real-time vehicle monitoring and vehicle-to-vehicle communication, which has led to the rapid development of connected car technology. Currently, the two mainstream wireless access technologies that support vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication are Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) and Cellular-V2X (C-V2X) or LTE-V2X. This paper aims to compare the performance of these two technologies by studying two types of information, Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENM), as well as the prioritization defined for C-V2X. Additionally, this paper compares the prioritization of 802.11p with different priority levels of C-V2X. Through simulation experiments, it is ultimately proven that 802.11p outperforms C-V2X in terms of latency but is inferior to C-V2X in terms of collision probability.
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Ali, G. G. Md Nawaz, Mohammad Nazmus Sadat, Md Suruz Miah, Sameer Ahmed Sharief, and Yun Wang. "A Comprehensive Study and Analysis of the Third Generation Partnership Project’s 5G New Radio for Vehicle-to-Everything Communication." Future Internet 16, no. 1 (January 6, 2024): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi16010021.
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Recently, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) introduced new radio (NR) technology for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication to enable delay-sensitive and bandwidth-hungry applications in vehicular communication. The NR system is strategically crafted to complement the existing long-term evolution (LTE) cellular-vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) infrastructure, particularly to support advanced services such as the operation of automated vehicles. It is widely anticipated that the fifth-generation (5G) NR system will surpass LTE C-V2X in terms of achieving superior performance in scenarios characterized by high throughput, low latency, and enhanced reliability, especially in the context of congested traffic conditions and a diverse range of vehicular applications. This article will provide a comprehensive literature review on vehicular communications from dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) to NR V2X. Subsequently, it delves into a detailed examination of the challenges and opportunities inherent in NR V2X technology. Finally, we proceed to elucidate the process of creating and analyzing an open-source 5G NR V2X module in network simulation-3 (ns-3) and then demonstrate the NR V2X performance in terms of different key performance indicators implemented through diverse operational scenarios.
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Weerasinghe, Nuwan, Muhammad Arslan Usman, Chaminda Hewage, Eckhard Pfluegel, and Christos Politis. "Threshold Cryptography-Based Secure Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) Communication in 5G-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems." Future Internet 15, no. 5 (April 23, 2023): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15050157.
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Implementing 5G-enabled Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) intelligent transportation systems presents a promising opportunity to enhance road safety and traffic flow while facilitating the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions. Yet, security and privacy concerns pose significant challenges that must be addressed. Therefore, researchers have focused on improving the security and integrity of vehicle data sharing, with a particular emphasis on V2X application layer security and privacy requirements. This is crucial given that V2X networks can consist of vehicles manufactured by different companies and registered in various jurisdictions, which may only be within communication range for a few seconds. Thus, it is necessary to establish a trusting relationship between vehicles quickly. The article proposes a threshold cryptography-based key exchange protocol that meets the key requirements for V2X data sharing and privacy, including the rapid establishment of trust, the maintenance of vehicle anonymity, and the provision of secure messages. To evaluate the feasibility and performance of the proposed protocol, a tailored testbed that leverages the NS-3 network simulator, a commercial 5G network, and public cloud infrastructure is used. Overall, the proposed protocol provides a potential solution for addressing security and privacy concerns in V2X networks, which is essential for successfully implementing and adopting this technology.
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Bi, Jie, Xizhong Qin, and Zhenhong Jia. "Energy-Efficient Resource Allocation for D2D-V2V Communication with Load Balancing." Mathematics 11, no. 13 (June 25, 2023): 2848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11132848.
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The significance of vehicle-to everything (V2X) communication in ensuring road safety is undeniable. In addition, real-time vehicle communication requires an ample amount of spectrum resources. However, the existing spectrum resources are seriously scarce, and the utilization rate is not high, leading to high delays in V2X communication and other unfavorable factors in the case of fast-moving vehicles, bringing great safety risks to driving. Load balancing is one of the most effective methods to improve spectrum utilization. However, the existing load balancing schemes merely focus on static conditions, with a lack of joint scheduling schemes, which cannot support the communication framework of dynamic V2X. To address both of these issues, in this paper, a new communication method is proposed. In addition, this paper studies a joint load balancing scheme of mobility vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and user association under incomplete channel state information (CSI) and realizes the load balancing management of a cross-cell V2X network. An algorithm combining power control and resource allocation mode selection is proposed. In particular, according to different coverage areas, different allocation algorithms are adopted to maximize the overall system efficiency. The simulation results show that this strategy can maintain low latency and effectively improve the system energy efficiency of vehicle users.
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Zhao, Nan, Jiaye Wang, Bo Jin, Ru Wang, Minghu Wu, Yu Liu, and Lufeng Zheng. "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning-Based Resource Management for V2X Communication." International Journal of Mobile Computing and Multimedia Communications 14, no. 1 (March 22, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmcmc.320190.
Full textAbstract:
Cellular vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is essential to support future diverse vehicular applications. However, due to the dynamic characteristics of vehicles, resource management faces huge challenges in V2X communication. In this paper, the optimization problem of the comprehensive efficiency for V2X communication network is established. Considering the non-convexity of the optimization problem, this paper ulitizes the markov decision process (MDP) to solve the optimization problem. The MDP is formulated with the design of state, action, and reward function for vehicle-to-vehicle links. Then, a multiagent deep Q network (MADQN) method is proposed to improve the comprehensive efficiency of V2X communication network. Simulation results show that the MADQN method outperforms other methods on performance with the higher comprehensive efficiency of V2X communication network.
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Han, Biao, Sirui Peng, Celimuge Wu, Xiaoyan Wang, and Baosheng Wang. "LoRa-Based Physical Layer Key Generation for Secure V2V/V2I Communications." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030682.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication brings more and more attention from industry (e.g., Google and Uber) and government (e.g., United States Department of Transportation). These Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technologies are widely adopted in future autonomous vehicles. However, security issues have not been fully addressed in V2V and V2I systems, especially in key distribution and key management. The physical layer key generation, which exploits wireless channel reciprocity and randomness to generate secure keys, provides a feasible solution for secure V2V/V2I communication. It is lightweight, flexible, and dynamic. In this paper, the physical layer key generation is brought to the V2I and V2V scenarios. A LoRa-based physical key generation scheme is designed for securing V2V/V2I communications. The communication is based on Long Range (LoRa) protocol, which is able to measure Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in long-distance as consensus information to generate secure keys. The multi-bit quantization algorithm, with an improved Cascade key agreement protocol, generates secure binary bit keys. The proposed schemes improved the key generation rate, as well as to avoid information leakage during transmission. The proposed physical layer key generation scheme was implemented in a V2V/V2I network system prototype. The extensive experiments in V2I and V2V environments evaluate the efficiency of the proposed key generation scheme. The experiments in real outdoor environments have been conducted. Its key generation rate could exceed 10 bit/s on our V2V/V2I network system prototype and achieve 20 bit/s in some of our experiments. For binary key sequences, all of them pass the suite of statistical tests from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
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Storck, Carlos, and Fátima Duarte-Figueiredo. "A 5G V2X Ecosystem Providing Internet of Vehicles." Sensors 19, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030550.
Full textAbstract:
The Fifth Generation (5G) cellular network can be considered the way to the ubiquitous Internet and pervasive paradigm.The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) uses the network infrastructure to allow cars to be connected to new radio technologies, and can be supported by 5G networks. In this way, the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) integration needs 5G connections unavoidably. This paper presents a 5G V2X ecosystem to provide IoV. The proposed ecosystem is based on the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) concept. Considering vehicles as entertainment consumer points, the network infrastructure must be huge enough to guarantee delivery and quality. For this purpose, this paper evaluates vehicular Internet-based video services traffic and Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications in urban and rural scenarios. Simulations were performed through the Network Simulator ns-3, employing millimeter Wave (mmWave) communications. Three metrics, data transfer rate, transmission delay, and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), were analyzed and compared for rural and urban IoV scenarios. The results have shown satisfactory performance to the IoV communications requirements when adopting the 5G network with V2X communications.
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Jabbar, Rateb, Mohamed Kharbeche, Khalifa Al-Khalifa, Moez Krichen, and Kamel Barkaoui. "Blockchain for the Internet of Vehicles: A Decentralized IoT Solution for Vehicles Communication Using Ethereum." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143928.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of smart cities has become prominent in modern metropolises due to the emergence of embedded and connected smart devices, systems, and technologies. They have enabled the connection of every “thing” to the Internet. Therefore, in the upcoming era of the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) will play a crucial role in newly developed smart cities. The IoV has the potential to solve various traffic and road safety problems effectively in order to prevent fatal crashes. However, a particular challenge in the IoV, especially in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communications, is to ensure fast, secure transmission and accurate recording of the data. In order to overcome these challenges, this work is adapting Blockchain technology for real time application (RTA) to solve Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications problems. Therefore, the main novelty of this paper is to develop a Blockchain-based IoT system in order to establish secure communication and create an entirely decentralized cloud computing platform. Moreover, the authors qualitatively tested the performance and resilience of the proposed system against common security attacks. Computational tests showed that the proposed solution solved the main challenges of Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communications such as security, centralization, and lack of privacy. In addition, it guaranteed an easy data exchange between different actors of intelligent transportation systems.
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Ficzere, Dániel, Pál Varga, András Wippelhauser, Hamdan Hejazi, Olivér Csernyava, Adorján Kovács, and Csaba Hegedűs. "Large-Scale Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Deployments Based on 5G—Critical Challenges, Solutions, and Vision towards 6G: A Survey." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 8, 2023): 7031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167031.
Full textAbstract:
The proliferation of fifth-generation (5G) networks has opened up new opportunities for the deployment of cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) systems. However, the large-scale implementation of 5G-based C-V2X poses critical challenges requiring thorough investigation and resolution for successful deployment. This paper aims to identify and analyze the key challenges associated with the large-scale deployment of 5G-based C-V2X systems. In addition, we address obstacles and possible contradictions in the C-V2X standards caused by the special requirements. Moreover, we have introduced some quite influential C-V2X projects, which have influenced the widespread adoption of C-V2X technology in recent years. As the primary goal, this survey aims to provide valuable insights and summarize the current state of the field for researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers involved in the advancement of C-V2X. Furthermore, this paper presents relevant standardization aspects and visions for advanced 5G and 6G approaches to address some of the upcoming issues in mid-term timelines.
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Padmavathi*, T., Dr Kusma Kumari Cheepurupalli, and Dr R. Madhu. "Optimal Power Allocation and Capacity Analysis for D2D-Enabled Vehicular Communications." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2019): 4110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.d873141.118419.
Full textAbstract:
Wireless Communication is important to recover transmitted information by accommodating reliable Information flow to allow safety, mobility and environmental applications. In cellular communication resources are shared with the users to improve spectral reuse and enhance channel capacity. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has become a promising technology for wireless engineers to optimize the network performance. In vehicular environment, the design of resource allocation schemes for D2D-enabled networks need to be properly addressed because of the fast channel variations due to high mobility. In this work, Radio Resource Management (RRM) for D2D-based V2X (Vehicle to Everything) communications including both vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication are implemented. Power is allocated based on slowly varying large-scale fading information of wireless channels of LTE standard The objective is to maximize the ergodic capacity of V2I connections by ensuring reliability for each V2V link. Sum ergodic capacity of all V2I links is first taken as the optimization goal to maximize the general V2I link throughput. Minimum ergodic capacity maximization is then taken into consideration to offer a more uniform capacity performance throughout all V2I links. Various algorithms that gives optimal power allocation are proposed and compared. Here, the capacity maximization between highway areas and urban areas are compared and concluded that capacity maximization will be higher in urban areas then on highways.