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Nordin, David. "Design and Evaluatoin of a Carbon Fibre Bus Body." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69230.
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The automotive industry is in constant development and in recent years the environmental legislations have been getting tougher. The need for lighter and stronger materials has increased according to these changes and composite materials such as carbon fibre reinforced polymers is showing potential of being a solution due to their high specific properties. This thesis is an investigation and design proposal for one way of making a carbon fibre bus body wall structure by the use of pultruded beam elements and a certain number of standardised node elements. This is done to increase the possibility of mass production and possibly lower the manufacturing cost for a carbon fibre structure. The methodology is based on a product development process where a market research as well as a literary study was conducted initially to see what work had been done in the area. Needs were investigated and formulated to a product specification from which concepts was generated using brainstorming methods as well as discussions with bus design engineers at Scania. A number of materials and manufacturing methods was analysed for the node elements and after comparing and scoring different concepts, a carbon fibre node element was chosen. Dimensioning calculations were made based on standardised tests which simulates different driving scenarios. The concept was then designed in 3D-cad and the final weight of the concept was measured to 194 kg. A comparison of the concept with a steel bus was made by the use of the life cycle analysis tool in CES Edupack 2017 which resulted in a difference of 47 tonnes carbon dioxide released for a diesel driven light goods vehicle during the first six years of the lifetime. The overall results show that a carbon fibre bus body might be economically beneficial during the entire lifetime of a bus even though the purchase price is higher.
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Lövgren, Sebastian, and Emil Norberg. "Topology Optimization of Vehicle Body Structure for Improved Ride & Handling." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Maskinkonstruktion, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-71009.
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Ride and handling are important areas for safety and improved vehicle control during driving. To meet the demands on ride and handling a number of measures can be taken. This master thesis work has focused on the early design phase. At the early phases of design, the level of details is low and the design freedom is big. By introducing a tool to support the early vehicle body design, the potential of finding more efficient structures increases. In this study, topology optimization of a vehicle front structure has been performed using OptiStruct by Altair Engineering. The objective has been to find the optimal topology of beams and rods to achieve high stiffness of the front structure for improved ride and handling. Based on topology optimization a proposal for a beam layout in the front structure area has been identified. A vital part of the project has been to describe how to use topology optimization as a tool in the design process. During the project different approaches has been studied to come from a large design space to a low weight architecture based on a beam-like structure. The different approaches will be described and our experience and recommendations will be presented. Also the general result of a topology-optimized architecture for vehicle body stiffness will be presented.
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Cameron, Christopher John. "Design of Multifunctional Body Panels for Conflicting Structural and Acoustic Requirements in Automotive Applications." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Lättkonstruktioner, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-31112.
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Over the past century, the automobile has become an integral part of society, with vastincreases in safety, refinement, and complexity, but most unfortunately in mass. Thetrend of increasing mass cannot be maintained in the face of increasingly stringentregulations on fuel consumption and emissions.The body of work within this thesis exists to help the vehicle industry to take a stepforward in producing vehicles for the future in a sustainable manner in terms of botheconomic and ecological costs. In particular, the fundamentally conflicting requirementsof low weight and high stiffness in a structure which should have good acousticperformance is addressed.An iterative five step design method based on the concepts of multifunctionality andmultidisciplinary engineering is proposed to address the problem, and explained witha case study.In the first step of the process, the necessary functional requirements of the systemare evaluated. Focus is placed on the overall system behavior and diverted from subproblems.For the case study presented, the functional requirements included: structuralstiffness for various loading scenarios, mass efficiency, acoustic absorption, vibrationaldamping, protecting from the elements, durability of the external surfaces,and elements of styling.In the second step of the process, the performance requirements of the system wereestablished. This involved a thorough literature survey to establish the state of theart, a rigorous testing program, and an assessment of numerical models and tools toevaluate the performance metrics.In the third step of the process, a concept to fulfil requirements is proposed. Here, amulti-layered, multi-functional panel using composite materials, and polymer foamswith varying structural and acoustic properties was proposed.In the fourth step of the process, a method of refinement of the concept is proposed.Numerical tools and parameterized models were used to optimize the three dimensionaltopology of the panel,material properties, and dimensions of the layers in a stepwisemanner to simultaneously address the structural and acoustic performance.In the fifth and final step of the process, the final result and effectiveness of the methodused to achieve it is examined. Both the tools used and the final result in itself shouldbe examined. In the case study the process is repeated several times with increasingdegrees of complexity and success in achieving the overall design objectives.In addition to the design method, the concept of a multifunctional body panel is definedand developed and a considerable body of knowledge and understanding is presented.Variations in core topology, materials used, stacking sequence of layers, effects ofperforations, and air gaps within the structure are examined and their effects on performanceare explored and discussed. The concept shows promise in reducing vehicleweight while maintaining the structural and acoustic performance necessary in the contextof sustainable vehicle development.QC 20110311
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Cameron, Christopher John. "Design of Multifunctional Body Panels in Automotive Applications : Reducing the Ecological and Economical footprint of the vehicle industry." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för teknikvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10661.
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Nguyen, Matthew P. "Investigation of the Under-Body Flow Field of a Prototype Long-Range Electric Vehicle." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2060.
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This thesis presents changes to the design of the Prototype Vehicles Laboratory (PROVE Lab) Endurance Car, an electric car intended to break the Guinness World Record for the single-charge range of an electric vehicle. The design range is 1609.34 km, however at the design velocity of 104.6 kph, the drag is 196 N; which requires more battery capacity than the 100 kWh maximum of the baseline model. With a fixed frontal area, drag reduction can come from lowered velocity or reduced CD. CD reduction is attempted in four ways: side skirts between the fenders, a raised ride height, an elongated diffuser, and a widened rear. Side skirts were added to move pressure recovery from the front ducts to the diffuser by lowering the pressure between the side skirts; this had the intended effect but increased the tendency of the flow to separation in the already-separated areas. There was no significant change in pressure drag, but the shear drag and downforce increased. The ride height was increased to reduce drag and downforce; this change did not have a significant effect on the resultant forces and the separation on the underbody was largely unchanged. The diffuser was extended by 12.7 cm without modifying the aspect ratio, to lower the divergence angle. The pressure and shear drag reduced by 8 N and 1.1 N, respectively, and downforce decreased by 80 N, but separation in the diffuser was not eliminated. Finally, the fourth strategy reduced the divergence angle to approximately zero degrees by widening the center of the vehicle. This decreased pressure drag by 13 N and downforce by 188 N. Additionally, this strategy allows a larger 180 kWh battery, which permits 1609.34 km of range at 104.6 kph.
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Wennberg, David. "Multi-Functional Composite Design Concepts for Rail Vehicle Car Bodies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Järnvägsgruppen, JVG, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-122391.
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Structures and material combinations, tailored for multiple purposes, are within the reach of vehicle manufacturers. Besides reducing the environmental impact of the transportation sector these multi-functional structures can reduce costs, such as development, manufacturing and maintenance, and at the same time offer improved comfort to the passengers. This thesis sets out to develop multi-functional design algorithms and evaluate concepts for future composite high speed train car bodies with the objective of optimising the amount of mass needed to fulfil all functions of the structure. In a first step complete composite car bodies were developed, optimised and evaluated based on global stiffness requirements and load cases. The knowledge gained in this step was used as requirements for the strength and stiffness of panels during the continued development of the multi-functional optimisation which, besides strength and stiffness, later also considers sound transmission, thermal insulation, geometric restrictions, manufacturability and fire safety. To be able to include fire safety in the analysis, a method for simulating the high temperature response of layered composite structures was needed, and developed. Significant weight reductions are proven when utilising carbon fibre in the load carrying structure of the vehicle, on component level as high as 60%. Structures can be made significantly thinner when using the algorithms developed in this thesis and wall thickness is reduced by 5-6 cm. Analysis carried out and extensive literature surveys also suggest significant cost savings in manufacturing, maintenance and use-phase, even thou the raw material cost can be significantly higher as compared to the conventional steel or aluminium alternatives. Results from drive cycle simulations showed that the benefit, with respect to reduced energy consumption, is in the range of 0.5-0.8% per reduced weight percentage, comparable to both automotive and air applications. The algorithms and methods established in this thesis can be directly applied for the development and analysis of future high speed train car bodies.QC 20130521
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Rehnberg, Adam. "Suspension design for off-road construction machines." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33883.
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Construction machines, also referred to as engineering vehicles or earth movers, are used in a variety of tasks related to infrastructure development and material handling. While modern construction machines represent a high level of sophistication in several areas, their suspension systems are generally rudimentary or even nonexistent. This leads to unacceptably high vibration levels for the operator, particularly when considering front loaders and dump trucks, which regularly traverse longer distances at reasonably high velocities. To meet future demands on operator comfort and high speed capacity, more refined wheel suspensions will have to be developed. The aim of this thesis is therefore to investigate which factors need to be considered in the fundamental design of suspension systems for wheeled construction machines. The ride dynamics of wheeled construction machines are affected by a number of particular properties specific to this type of vehicle. The pitch inertia is typically high in relation to the mass and wheelbase, which leads to pronounced pitching. The axle loads differ considerably between the loaded and the unloaded condition, necessitating ride height control, and hence the suspension properties may be altered as the vehicle is loaded. Furthermore, the low vertical stiffness of off-road tyres means that changes in the tyre properties will have a large impact on the dynamics of the suspended mass. The impact of these factors has been investigated using analytical models and parameters for a typical wheel loader. Multibody dynamic simulations have also been used to study the effects of suspended axles on the vehicle ride vibrations in more detail. The simulation model has also been compared to measurements performed on a prototype wheel loader with suspended axles. For reasons of manoeuvrability and robustness, many construction machines use articulated frame steering. The dynamic behaviour of articulated vehicles has therefore been examined here, focusing on lateral instabilities in the form of “snaking” and “folding”. A multibody dynamics model has been used to investigate how suspended axles influence the snaking stability of an articulated wheel loader. A remote-controlled, articulated test vehicle in model-scale has also been developed to enable safe and inexpensive practical experiments. The test vehicle is used to study the influence of several vehicle parameters on snaking stability, including suspension, drive configuration and mass distribution. Comparisons are also made with predictions using a simplified linear model. Off-road tyres represent a further complication of construction machine dynamics, since the tyres’ behaviour is typically highly nonlinear and difficult to evaluate in testing due to the size of the tyres. A rolling test rig for large tyres has here been evaluated, showing that the test rig is capable of producing useful data for validating tyre simulation models of varying complexity. The theoretical and experimental studies presented in this thesis contribute to the deeper understanding of a number of aspects of the dynamic behaviour of construction machines. This work therefore provides a basis for the continued development of wheel suspensions for such vehicles.QC 20110531
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Czechowicz, Maciej P. "Analysis of vehicle rollover using a high fidelity multi-body model and statistical methods." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18106.
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The work presented in this thesis is dedicated to the study of vehicle rollover and the tyre and suspension characteristics influencing it. Recent data shows that 35.4% of recorded fatal crashes in Sports Utility Vehicles (SUVs) included vehicle rollover. The effect of rollover on an SUV tends to be more severe than for other types of passenger vehicle. Additionally, the number of SUVs on the roads is rising. Therefore, a thorough understanding of factors affecting the rollover resistance of SUVs is needed. The majority of previous research work on rollover dynamics has been based on low fidelity models. However, vehicle rollover is a highly non-linear event due to the large angles in vehicle body motion, extreme suspension travel, tyre non-linearities and large forces acting on the wheel, resulting in suspension spring-aids, rebound stops and bushings operating in the non-linear region. This work investigates vehicle rollover using a complex and highly non-linear multi-body validated model with 165 degrees of freedom. The vehicle model is complemented by a Magic Formula tyre model. Design of experiment methodology is used to identify tyre properties affecting vehicle rollover. A novel, statistical approach is used to systematically identify the sensitivity of rollover propensity to suspension kinematic and compliance characteristics. In this process, several rollover metrics are examined together with stability considerations and an appropriate rollover metric is devised. Research so far reveals that the tyre properties having the greatest influence on vehicle rollover are friction coefficient, friction variation with load, camber stiffness, and tyre vertical stiffness. Key kinematic and compliance characteristics affecting rollover propensity are front and rear suspension rate, front roll stiffness, front camber gain, front and rear camber compliance and rear jacking force. The study of suspension and tyre parameters affecting rollover is supplemented by an investigation of a novel anti-rollover control scheme based on a reaction wheel actuator. The simulations performed so far show promising results. Even with a very simple and conservative control scheme the reaction wheel, with actuator torque limited to 100Nm, power limited to 5kW and total energy consumption of less than 3kJ, increases the critical manoeuvre velocity by over 9%. The main advantage of the proposed control scheme, as opposed to other known anti-rollover control schemes, is that it prevents rollover whilst allowing the driver to maintain the desired vehicle path.
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de, Fluiter Travis. "Design of lightweigh electric vehicles." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2438.
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The design and manufacture of lightweight electric vehicles is becoming increasingly important with the rising cost of petrol, and the effects emissions from petrol powered vehicles are having on our environment. The University of Waikato and HybridAuto's Ultracommuter electric vehicle was designed, manufactured, and tested. The vehicle has been driven over 1800km with only a small reliability issue, indicating that the Ultracommuter was well designed and could potentially be manufactured as a solution to ongoing transportation issues. The use of titanium aluminide components in the automotive industry was researched. While it only has half the density of alloy steel, titanium aluminides have the same strength and stiffness as steel, along with good corrosion resistance, making them suitable as a lightweight replacement for steel components. Automotive applications identified that could benefit from the use of TiAl include brake callipers, brake rotors and electric motor components.
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Kratochvíl, Jaroslav. "Návrh designu vozu Mitsuoka Kit Car." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-233971.
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A dissertation deals with small single-placed car body design (so-called microcar cathegory). The new design is based on the undercart and the engine of serial Mitsuoka Kit Car. Therefore the aim belongs to re-design tasks. Analytical part of the dissertation deals with two basic questions influencing the final draft. The Corporate identity at first and a problematic of the target group level of aesthetical perception linked to preferred design. On grounds of analysis the core values for new design have been set down. The particular values have been presented with the help of existing reference objects from the field of automotive design. This part also includes a questionnairy, which had been focused on prefered design conception. Due to low microcars topic awareness in Czech Republic, the questionnairy had informational character and the final design conception has been chosen on the base of functional aspects analysis. The final design development, shown on sketches and basic software renderings, is based on gradual steps that lead to the core values expression with regards to input parameters and basic design rules as well. The final design is introduced together with description of its technical solution and detailed design. The solution respects the mentioned target group and the institution Corporate Identity.
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Xu, Tongyi. "Design and Analysis of a Shock Absorber with a Variable Moment of Inertia Flywheel for Passive Vehicle Suspension." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26293.
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Conventional vehicle suspensions consist of a spring and a damper, while mass is rarely used. A mass, if properly used, can also create a damping-like effect. However, a mass has only one terminal which makes it difficult to be incorporated into a suspension. In order to use a mass to achieve the damping-like effect, a two-terminal mass (TTM) has to be designed. However, most of the reported TTMs are of fixed moment of inertia (TTM-CMI), which limits the further improvement of the suspension performance and responsiveness to changes in environment and driving conditions.
In this study, a TTM-based vibration absorber with variable moment of inertia (TTM-VMI) is proposed. The main component of the proposed TTM absorber contains a hydraulic-driven flywheel with sliders. The moment of inertia changes with the positions of the sliders in response to the driving conditions. The performance of the proposed TTM-VMI absorber has been analyzed via dynamics modeling and simulation and further examined by experiments. The analysis results indicate that the TTM-VMI absorber outperforms the TTM-CMI design in terms of body displacement; and ride comfort, tire grip and suspension deflection for zero and impulse inputs with comparable performance for sinusoidal input.
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Šimkus, Darius. "Lengvojo automobilio kėbulo elementų stiprumo charakteristikų tyrimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100622_150402-33694.
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Baigiamajame magistro darbe tiriamos lengvojo automobilio kėbulo elementų stiprumo charakteristikos. Išanalizuoti literatūros šaltiniai, automobilių kėbulų konstrukcijos, dinaminis modeliavimas, kompiuterinė technika, naudojama saugumo elementų tobulinimui. Sija, daugiausiai kinetinės energijos sugeriantis automobilio elementas, projektuota priekinio susidūrimo atvejui. Atlikus teorinius skaičiavimus, rezultatai palyginti su modeliavimo. Pateikta išsami išilginės priekinės sijos tobulinimo metodika, modeliavimo rezultatų analizė ir apibendrinimas. Sumodeliavus priekinę išilginę siją, jos geometrinius parametrus, pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados, literatūros šaltiniai. Darbą sudaro 9 dalys: įvadas, mokslinės literatūros apžvalga, automobilių kėbulų konstrukciniai ypatumai saugumui užtikrinti, dinaminiai automobilio modeliavimo bandymai, kompiuterinė technika, naudojama tobulinant saugumo komponentus, priekinės išilginės sijos konstrukcijos modeliavimas, taikant skaitinį metodą, išvados ir pasiūlymai, literatūros sąrašas, priedai.The stiffness behaviour of the passenger vehicle body elements is investigated in the Master thesis. The analyzed literature, automotive body design, dynamic simulations, computer equipment used for safety development is investigated too. This beam absorbs majority of kinetic energy, it is designed for the frontal impact. Theoretical calculations are compared with simulation results. The deep development methodology of the beam are described, the analysis of the simulation results and discussion are described also. The thesis conclusion, literature is presented after the simulation of the front longitudinal beam geometrical specifications. The thesis is divided to 9 sections: an introduction, review of a scientific literature, automotive body design safety features, dynamic simulation tests of a vehicle, a computer equipment, used for the development of safety components, design simulation of the front longitudinal beam by numerical method, conclusion and suggestions, literature, appendix.
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Hansson, Anders Stolt Andreas. "Safety belts in lifeboats : evaluation and dynamic tests for improved launch safety /." [Linköping, Sweden] : Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, 2002. http://www.vti.se/PDF/reports/S352.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Kungl. Tekniska högskolan, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-126). Also available online via the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute web site (www.vti.se).
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Behar-Cany, Linda. "Méthodes d'aide à la conception optimale des systèmes multicorps." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DENS0017.
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L'objet de ce travail est d'élargir les applications de l'optimisation structurale au cas des systèmes composés de corps déformables articulés, en vue de l'amélioration du comportement cinématique et dynamique de ces systèmes multi corps. Nous travaillons sur la formulation discrétisée du problème. Puis l'on résout le problème d'optimisation en combinant les concepts d'approximation et les méthodes de programmation mathématique. Une première analyse des méthodes d'optimisation structurale nous conduit à adopter l'algorithme de programmation récursive quadratique développé par Powell (1977). Nous montrons alors la nécessité d'utiliser une méthode directe d'analyse de sensibilité qui permet de résoudre simultanément les problèmes dynamique et de sensibilité. Par rapport à une méthode classique d'approximation par différences finies, il ne se pose pas de problème de differentiabilité, les résultats sont plus fiables et le cout de calcul est nettement réduit. Ces résultats sont rendus possibles par l'avancement des méthodes d'analyse dynamique du type mécano. Elles se basent sur une formulation de type dynamique non linéaire des structures, avec prise en compte des grandes rotations dans la matrice d'itération à l'aide du vecteur rotation. Les problèmes de conception traites introduisent des variables de conception géométriques (coordonnées de nœuds) et une dépendance temporelle des fonctions de contrainte et/ou objectif. Nous avons donc dégagé l'ensemble des précautions à prendre pour formuler le bon problème d'optimisation. L'ensemble de ces méthodes sont illustrées par l'application à l'optimisation de l'épure cinématique du train arrière de la Peugeot 406, ce qui contribue à l'amélioration du comportement routier du véhicule.
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Huang, Hsun-Hsuan. "Controller Design for Stability and Rollover Prevention of Multi-body Ground Vehicles with Uncertain Dynamics and Faults." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253631414.
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Silva, Ricardo Henrique da. "Integração de ferramentas do Design Thinking e da metodologia TRIZ na fase conceitual de um processo de desenvolvimento de um novo produto na indústria automotiva." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3149/tde-23052018-101451/.
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O que se desejou investigar é se a metodologia do Design Thinking (DT) e da Teoria de Resolução de Problemas Inventivos (TRIZ) podem ser utilizadas em conjunto de maneira sinérgica na fase conceitual de um processo de desenvolvimento de produto (PDP) automotivo do tipo APQP (Advanced Product Quality Planning) com a finalidade de alavancar a criatividade na geração de ideias e, ao mesmo tempo, selecionar o melhor conceito para levar às demais fases do PDP. A presente pesquisa busca entender dentro da literatura os pontos fortes e limitações de cada uma das metodologias e, ao mesmo tempo, propõe uma forma de combiná-las à metodologia APQP. O processo proposto é então testado dentro de um projeto de redução de massa de guarnição de carroceria na região da porta de um veículo automotivo de passeio. Como ficará demonstrado, o PDP automotivo do tipo APQP, utilizando a melhoria proposta, se mostra mais eficaz ao alavancar a criatividade ao mesmo tempo que consolida uma fase de conceito dentro do APQP automotivo tradicional. Através desta pesquisa, concluiu-se que ambas as metodologias são sinérgicas e que, portanto, podem trazer melhorias para o atual processo APQP, alavancando a qualidade e assertividade da geração de ideias, bem como apoiando a seleção do melhor conceito a ser levado para as próximas fases.This research aimed to verify whether the methodology of Design Thinking (DT) and the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) could be used together synergistically in the conceptual phase of a new product development project (NPD) in the automotive industry through the also know APQP (Advanced Product Quality Planning) process. The main purpose was to leverage the creativity by generating ideas that are more qualified and, at the same time, select the best product concepts to be taken to the next phases of the NPD. This research seeks to understand within the literature the strengths and limitations of each of the methodologies and, at the same time, a proposal is made on how to integrate them into the APQP methodology. The proposed process is then tested in a project of mass reduction of the door body seal of an automotive vehicle. As shall be demonstrated, the automotive NPD, by using the improvement proposal, will become more effective by leveraging the creativity while consolidates a conceptual stage within the APQP. Through this research, it is concluded that both methodologies are synergistic and, therefore, can bring improvements for the current APQP process by leveraging the quality and assertiveness of the generation of ideas, as well as supporting to select the best concept to be taken to the next phases.
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Loh, Francis. "Multi-Body Vehicle Dynamics Modeling for Drift Analysis." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/7824.
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One area of vehicle handling performance that has been the focus of an OEM{'}s (Original Equipment Manufacturer) engineering effort is within the realm of vehicle straight-line performance. As the name implies, straight-line performance is determinant on the vehicle{'}s tendency to resist vehicle lateral drift when being driven straight. Vehicle lateral drift is a condition where the driver must apply a constant correctional torque to the steering wheel in order to maintain a straight line course.
A full vehicle model was developed to simulate the influences of suspension parameters on vehicle drift. Adams 2010 was chosen as the multi-body dynamics (MBD) software for this research for its ability to develop a full vehicle high fidelity model without the need for physical test data. The model was created from standard Adams/Car suspension templates modified to accommodate the subject vehicle. The front suspension sub-assembly model was built upon the front MacPherson strut suspension template. Likewise, the rear suspension sub-assembly model was created from the rear multi-link suspension template.
The tire model used in the full vehicle model was based on the Pacejka 2002 formulation. A model of a similar tire was generated using a custom spreadsheet based on the PAC2002, a slightly modified version of the Pacejka 2002 formulation found within Adams/Car. A virtual tire test rig and a 6/7-DoF model were created to understand and verify the behaviour of the generated tire models. The virtual tire test rig was used to compare the outputs of the PAC2002 tire model to the calculated values from a custom tire property spreadsheet. The 6/7-DoF model was used to test and verify the effect of the tire{’}s residual lateral forces.
The full-vehicle model was verified using the parallel wheel travel and opposite wheel travel suspension analyses. The parallel wheel travel analysis was used to tease out binding issues within the designed travel of the suspension. The opposite wheel travel analysis was used similarly for anti-roll bar systems.
Simulations based on the industry standard vehicle drift tests were run to understand the effect of certain vehicle suspension geometry on vehicle drift, namely the vehicle{’}s front and rear camber and toe angles. The full-vehicle model was also subjected to straight-line performance simulations with various road bank or crown angles. The results were compared with industry-standard vehicle drift test data gathered by the OEM on their own test track. The results indicate that the direction of vehicle pull matches with the OEM test data, but the magnitudes differ in both the positively and negatively banked road simulation results. It is likely that the difference in vehicle drift is due to the lack of steering data obtained for the full-vehicle model.
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Alanoly, James. "Computerized analysis and design of vehicle multi-body systems /." Thesis, 1989. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/11/1/NL51327.pdf.
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This thesis deals with computer-aided modelling analysis and design of vehicle systems for ride and handling studies. Characteristics of vehicle multi-body models are identified and formalisms are developed for automatic computerized equation generation and solution. These are implemented using interactive graphics and applied to several vehicle dynamics studies. The method of velocity coefficients is proposed as a versatile tool to model and analyze suspension linkages for ride and handling. The velocity coefficients can be evaluated from a kinematic analysis and then used to characterize a linkage suspension as a linkage-free suspension of equivalent isolation and handling properties. Dynamic analysis can then be carried out without solving for the kinematics at each integration step, leading to efficient solution. When the suspensions are represented as force-generating elements, most vehicle models can be represented by free-multi-body systems or multi-body systems in tree configuration. For these systems, a computer-based modelling strategy is formulated which parallels the intuitive and customary techniques used by vehicle system dynamicists. In this scheme, each rigid body may have any number of degrees of freedom between 1 and 6. The implicit constraints are automatically taken care of in the formulation so that a minimal set of differential equations are generated. General purpose formulations are presented for the velocity coefficient and design sensitivity analysis of suspensions. A general analytical method has been derived to determine the vehicle roll stiffness and roll centre location, which has hitherto been done graphically. Some prevalent misconceptions regarding roll centre arising from the geographical construction, and compounded by an official SAE definition, have been clarified. Implementation of the formalisms developed is presented in the form of two pieces of software--GENKAD and CAMSYD. GENKAD is a comprehensive set of programs for the kinematic analysis and design of planar mechanisms, featuring automatic symbolic equation derivation. GENKAD can compute positions and velocity coefficients and determine their sensitivities to any of the system parameters, to be used for optimal design. CAMSYD is used for modelling and dynamic analysis of planar, lumped parameter mechanical systems. The system equations are generated symbolically and can be solved for a variety of analysis options. CAMSYD has interface to GENKAD to represent linkage suspensions. The theory as well as the software have been verified and validated through comparison with results from published literature. The software was also used for the modelling and dynamic analysis of a snowmobile. Displacement and acceleration time histories of the vehicle going over a bump obtained from simulation are compared with measurements made on an instrumented snowmobile
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Huang, Yu-bai, and 黃宇白. "Active Suspension Design for a Vehicle with Human Body Model." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76634307706999946251.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
97
This thesis cites the human body mechanical model as the basis of the design of active suspension system using the 1/4 vehicle model and 1/2 vehicle model. The study considers the root mean square value of vertical acceleration of the passenger head as indicators of comfort referred to the whole-body vibration limit of ISO 2631-1(1985) to specify the human-body exposure to vibration environment. The design of active suspension systems combines the genetic algorithm with fuzzy control theory. The genetic algorithm is used to adjust the control parameters of fuzzy controller. The fuzzy controller uses the vertical acceleration of passenger head, and its rate of change as feedback to reduce the mean square value of the vertical acceleration of passenger head. The numerical results show that although the active suspension system of vehicle is designed mainly to reduce the passenger head acceleration at a specified speed travelling on an irregular road, it also provides the same improvement level for the other parts of body and different travelling speeds. And the active suspension systems have obvious improvements on the comfort of passengers regardless of the irregular road or the step road.
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陳健福. "Vibration Isolation Design of Automotive Seating System with Elastic Vehicle Body." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10613854926714935037.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
92
This thesis presents a vibration isolation optimum design of automotive seating system based upon a half-car model. The vehicle body is simulated as an elastic beam equipped with an active suspension system which possesses a fuzzy controller using the vertical accelerations of front and rear seats, and their rates of change as feedbacks. The mean square values of the vertical accelerations of front and rear seats are chosen to be the fitness function, and the constrained conditions of suspension travels and tire deflections are added as a penalty function. In the study, the vehicle is simulated to travel on an irregular road surface. The proposed genetic algorithms are then applied to adjust both the membership functions and the fuzzy rules so as to reduce the vertical acceleration levels of front and rear seats. The simulating results indicate that compared to the passive suspension system, the improvements on the vertical acceleration of front seat is about 30%, on the vertical acceleration of rear seat is about 40%. This optimal system is also testified on the step road surface and found that the maximum accelerations of front and rear seats are still smaller than those obtained by the passive system. Also, the front and rear suspension travels, and tire deflections are all within the tolerant range to ensure that the suspension system works normally and the wheel provides enough road holding. It is concluded that the fuzzy controller designed by the proposed genetic algorithms can efficiently reduce the vertical accelerations of front and rear seats to improve the passenger ride comfort without influencing the ride safety.
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Syu, Fong-Jie, and 許峰玠. "Body Structure Design and Fabrication of a Five-seat Electric Vehicle." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03283566479303225355.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立屏東科技大學
車輛工程系所
104
In this thesis, the lightweight design analysis process for an electric vehicle body structure with five seats is proposed. The lightweight analysis process combines topology optimization analysis and finite element model analysis. The design weight of the body structure is set to be less than 200 kg.The bending stiffness and the torsional stiffness of the body structure are design to be greater than 4000 N/mm and 2000 N.m/deg, respectively. In this research, the Hyperwork topology optimization software is used for the lightweight analysis of the body structure. Three dimensional finite element models are proposed for modal analysis,stiffness,strength,collision, and fatigue life analyses of the body structure using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS. The results indicate that the weight of the proposed body structure is 180 kg according to the lightweight design analysis process. The first bending frequency of the body structure is 26.5 Hz. The bending stiffness and the torsional stiffness of the body structure are 4310 N/mm and 2198 N.m/deg, respectively. A collision simulation has been made at the speed of 40km/hr. The results show that the vehicle longitudinal shrinkage deformation of the body structure is 451 mm. The shrinkage deformation of footwell area is 95mm. The results obtained from the collision analyses also show that the proposed body structure can satisfy the required specifications of European Union ECE R94 and ECE R95. The simulation results show that the fatigue life of the body structure is reduced as the road roughness level increases. In this study, the fatigue lives of the proposed body structure are 6.76×1010,1.31×107,1.21×103and1.5×101 under the conditions of the road level A,B,C and D, respectively.
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Srinivas, Gunti Ranga. "Applications of Advanced CAE Methodologies to Orthopaedic Implant and Vehicle Occupant cum Pedestrian Safety Countermeasure Design." Thesis, 2017. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/4270.
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In the present work, experimental and numerical investigations into the load-displacement responses of a human lumbar Truncated Vertebral Unit (TVU) under quasi-static and impact loading conditions have been carried out for aiding in the design of orthopaedic implants and countermeasures for vehicle occupant and pedestrian safety. TVU samples obtained from the lumbar spinal column of an adult human male cadaver were initially subjected to quasi-static compressive tests. Impact tests were then conducted on a similar TVU sample in a drop-weight testing device instrumented with a piezoelectric load cell and a high-speed data acquisition system. An explicit nonlinear finite element model of the TVU was developed for predicting the experimental quasi-static and impact dynamic responses. Using the validated modelling approach mentioned, insights have been generated on adjoining vertebral stresses due to disc arthroplasty, and single and multi-level disc fusions as well as posterior fusions with and without posterior instrumentation. The numerical study is further extended to another crucial orthopaedic domain i.e. the assessment of the performance of variants of TKR (Total Knee Replacement) implants under ISO-specified dynamic gait cycle. In the latter investigation, a detailed and realistic finite element model of a representative human knee complex was developed by capturing relevant tissues such as femoral and tibial bones, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, and the components of a typical TKR implant including femoral component, tibial tray and UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) insert. Substantive contribution has been made in the current research work towards assessment of vehicle occupant and pedestrian safety by applying the previously mentioned advanced finite element modelling approaches for representing complex vehicle structures, anthropomorphic test devices (commonly called as “dummies”), and pedestrian leg-forms. To this end, keeping in mind computational efficiency and need for optimization, a truncated finite element modelling approach capable of predicting the occupant response for a passenger car subject to a full-frontal US-NCAP test has been developed. Using the modelling tools mentioned and a nonlinear explicit LS-DYNA solver, it has been shown that meeting pedestrian safety standards need not be an isolated exercise of designing the front bumper of a vehicle only but can be combined with meeting NCAP occupant safety requirements leading to weight reduction of the front structure of a vehicle with gages of parts such as front rails in addition to bumper parts being included as design variables. For the first time, with the help of a comparative study carried out with a Hybrid 3 dummy and detailed biomechanical models of human lower extremity, the susceptibility of knees with TKR implants to periprosthetic injuries during frontal collisions has been demonstrated pointing out to a need for higher knee-protection countermeasures in vehicles.
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(11014071), Vivek Muralidharan. "Stretching Directions in Cislunar Space: Stationkeeping and an application to Transfer Trajectory Design." Thesis, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
The orbits of interest for potential missions are stable or nearly stable to maintain long term presence for conducting scientific studies and to reduce the possibility of rapid departure. Near Rectilinear Halo Orbits (NRHOs) offer such stable or nearly stable orbits that are defined as part of the L1 and L2 halo orbit families in the circular restricted three-body problem. Within the Earth-Moon regime, the L1 and L2 NRHOs are proposed as long horizon trajectories for cislunar exploration missions, including NASA's upcoming Gateway mission. These stable or nearly stable orbits do not possess well-distinguished unstable and stable manifold structures. As a consequence, existing tools for stationkeeping and transfer trajectory design that exploit such underlying manifold structures are not reliable for orbits that are linearly stable. The current investigation focuses on leveraging stretching direction as an alternative for visualizing the flow of perturbations in the neighborhood of a reference trajectory. The information supplemented by the stretching directions are utilized to investigate the impact of maneuvers for two contrasting applications; the stationkeeping problem, where the goal is to maintain a spacecraft near a reference trajectory for a long period of time, and the transfer trajectory design application, where rapid departure and/or insertion is of concern.
Particularly, for the stationkeeping problem, a spacecraft incurs continuous deviations due to unmodeled forces and orbit determination errors in the complex multi-body dynamical regime. The flow dynamics in the region, using stretching directions, are utilized to identify appropriate maneuver and target locations to support a long lasting presence for the spacecraft near the desired path. The investigation reflects the impact of various factors on maneuver cost and boundedness. For orbits that are particularly sensitive to epoch time and possess distinct characteristics in the higher-fidelity ephemeris model compared to their CR3BP counterpart, an additional feedback control is applied for appropriate phasing. The effect of constraining maneuvers in a particular direction is also investigated for the 9:2 synodic resonant southern L2 NRHO, the current baseline for the Gateway mission. The stationkeeping strategy is applied to a range of L1 and L2 NRHOs, and validated in the higher-fidelity ephemeris model.
For missions with potential human presence, a rapid transfer between orbits of interest is a priority. The magnitude of the state variations along the maximum stretching direction is expected to grow rapidly and, therefore, offers information to depart from the orbit. Similarly, the maximum stretching in reverse time, enables arrival with a minimal maneuver magnitude. The impact of maneuvers in such sensitive directions is investigated. Further, enabling transfer design options to connect between two stable orbits. The transfer design strategy developed in this investigation is not restricted to a particular orbit but applicable to a broad range of stable and nearly stable orbits in the cislunar space, including the Distant Retrograde Orbit (DROs) and the Low Lunar Orbits (LLO) that are considered for potential missions. Examples for transfers linking a southern and a northern NRHO, a southern NRHO to a planar DRO, and a southern NRHO to a planar LLO are demonstrated.
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Lee, Ming-Cheng, and 李明晟. "Creative Design of Body-tilt Bogies for Railway Vehicles." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31244970904123542429.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
製造科技研究所
90
The main objective of this research is to perform the mechanism design of a body-tilt bogie from the viewpoint of kinematics. This research collects all kinds of body-tilt bogies for railway vehicles from academic journals and patent publications. The collected literatures are systematically studied and classified. All body-tilt bogies are classified according to the driving modes or the types of mechanisms. The driving modes include active- and passive-type, while the types of mechanisms include linkage-, roller-, bearing-guide-, anti-roll-bar-, lever-, and direct-input-type. Some of the body-tilt systems have been successfully commercialized; while some of them are developed to resolve problems found in the current body-tilt bogie systems, such as the positions of the vehicle mass center and the tilt center, as well as the static and dynamic enveloping surfaces and the tilt control of the bogie system. It can be seen that the improvement of the body-tilt bogie must restrain the position of the vehicle mass center, reduce the shift of weight between inner and outer wheels, and comply the static and dynamic enveloping surfaces provided by Tai-Railway. The new design is synthesized by using dyad- and triad-synthesis technique. A four-bar and an eight-bar tilting mechanism are synthesized to improve the performance and to comply Tai-Railway’s regulations. The resultant eight-bar linkage has better kinematic characteristics compared to the four-bar tilting system. Computer aided dynamic simulations and analysis are conducted, by using Pro/ENGINEER and Pro/MECHANISM to verify the kinematic properties of the new body-tilt bogies. This research has also performed detailed kinematic analysis and static-force analysis of the new designs.
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Ворухайлов, И. С., and I. S. Vorukhailov. "Технология производства кузова вездехода, предназначенного для эксплуатации в условиях Крайнего Севера : магистерская диссертация." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/60286.
Full textAbstract:
В данной магистерской диссертации произведен обзор и анализ наземных транспортных средств, в частности колесных вездеходов на шинах сверхнизкого давления, получивших наиболее широкое распространение на территориях Крайнего Севера. Выявлены характерные особенности и условия эксплуатации автомобильного транспорта в арктической части РФ. На основании полученной информации разработана концепция вездехода на шинах сверхнизкого давления, наиболее адаптированного для использования в северных широтах. Исходя из предложенной конструкции, составлен технологический процесс изготовления и последующей сборки кузова данной колесной машины. Определены необходимые конструкционные материалы, используемые при производстве кузова вездехода.In this master's dissertation, a survey and analysis of land vehicles, in particular wheeled all-terrain vehicles on ultra-low pressure tires, which have been most widely used in the Far North. The characteristic features and conditions of operation of motor transport in the Arctic part of the Russian Federation are revealed. Based on the information received, was developed the concept of an all-terrain vehicle on ultra-low pressure tires, most adapted for use in the northern latitudes. Proceeding from the proposed design, was compiled the technological process of manufacturing and subsequent assembly of the body of this wheeled vehicle. The necessary structural materials used in the manufacture of the body of an all-terrain vehicle are determined.