Academic literature on the topic 'Vegetation (S.E.Australia)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Vegetation (S.E.Australia)"
1
Edwards, G. C., and D. A. Howard. "Air-surface exchange measurements of gaseous elemental mercury over naturally enriched and background terrestrial landscapes in Australia." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 10 (May 27, 2013): 5325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5325-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. This paper presents the first gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) air-surface exchange measurements obtained over naturally enriched and background (<0.1 μg g−1 Hg) terrestrial landscapes in Australia. Two pilot field studies were carried out during the Australian autumn and winter periods at a copper-gold-cobalt-arsenic-mercury mineral field near Pulganbar, NSW. GEM fluxes using a dynamic flux chamber approach were measured, along with controlling environmental parameters over three naturally enriched and three background substrates. The enriched sites results showed net emission to the atmosphere and a strong correlation between flux and substrate Hg concentration, with average fluxes ranging from 14 ± 1 ng m−2 h−1 to 113 ± 6 ng m−2 h−1. Measurements at background sites showed both emission and deposition. The average Hg flux from all background sites showed an overall net emission of 0.36 ± 0.06 ng m−2 h−1. Fluxes show strong relationships with temperature, radiation, and substrate parameters. A compensation point of 2.48, representative of bare soils was determined. For periods of deposition, dry deposition velocities ranged from 0.00025 cm s−1 to 0.0083 cm s−1 with an average of 0.0041 ± 0.00018 cm s−1, representing bare soil, nighttime conditions. Comparison of the Australian data to North American data suggests the need for Australian-specific mercury air-surface exchange data representative of Australia's unique climatic conditions, vegetation types, land use patterns and soils.
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Hewitt, Mark. "The Vegetation of the Australian Tropical Savannas." Pacific Conservation Biology 8, no. 3 (2002): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc020217.
Full textAbstract:
THE publication is a CD containing 1:2 000 000 scale maps in three sheets and an accompanying technical report produced by members of the Queensland Herbarium. It is the result of a collaboration of State, Territory and Federal agencies and researchers. The full list of authors include Fox, I. D., Neldner, V. J., Wilson, G. W., Bannink, P. J., Wilson, B. A., Brocklehurst, P. S., Clark, M. J., Dickinson, K. J. M., Beard, P. S., Hopkins, A. J. M., Beeston, G. R., Harvey, J. M., Thompson, E. J., Ryan, T. S., Thompson, S. L., Butler, S. w., Cartan, H., Addicott, E. P., Bailey, L. P., Cumming, R. J., Johnson, S. C., Schmeider, M., Stephens, K. M. and Bean, A. R.
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Monamy, Vaughan, and Barry J. Fox. "Differential habitat use by a local population of subadult common dunnarts, Sminthopsis murina, following wildfire in coastal wet heath, New South Wales, Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 7 (2005): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04105.
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Little has been published about Sminthopsis murina, a small insectivorous marsupial encountered infrequently during trapping studies. Individuals favour vegetation associations found in recently burnt heathlands and forests; however, individuals rarely remain in such areas long enough for repeated capture. We report an unusual occurrence of habitat fidelity by a dense population of subadult S. murina in coastal wet heath, New South Wales, Australia. Individuals were captured repeatedly in the first 16 months following wildfire (30 subadults trapped 154 times: recapture rate = 80%). Densities peaked 10 months after fire at 3.75 individuals ha–1. More males than females were captured (23 males, 7 females). Habitat analyses revealed differential use of regenerating coastal wet heathland by S. murina. Significantly more captures were made in areas of high soil moisture in the first six months following fire. Captures then decreased in these areas but increased where soil moisture had been lower and where vegetation had been growing more slowly. Beyond the 1995/96 breeding season, regenerating vegetation became increasingly dense and less patchy and captures of S. murina ultimately declined to zero. This paper records a rare opportunity to examine habitat preferences of a single cohort of subadult S. murina. Habitat use may have been determined by the presence of a narrow range of vegetation structure.
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Huurdeman, E. P., J. Frieling, T. Reichgelt, P. K. Bijl, S. M. Bohaty, G. R. Holdgate, S. J. Gallagher, F. Peterse, D. R. Greenwood, and J. Pross. "Rapid expansion of meso-megathermal rain forests into the southern high latitudes at the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum." Geology 49, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47343.1.
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Abstract Current knowledge of terrestrial ecosystem response to the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ca. 56 Ma) is largely based on the midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. To more fully reconstruct global terrestrial ecosystem response to the PETM, we generated vegetation and biomarker proxy records from an outcrop section on the southern coast of Australia (∼60°S paleolatitude). We documented a rapid, massive, and sustained vegetation turnover as a response to regional PETM warming of ∼1–4 °C, abruptly transitioning from a warm temperate to a meso-megathermal rain forest similar to that of present-day northeastern Queensland, Australia. The onset of this vegetation change preceded the characteristic PETM carbon-isotope excursion (CIE) by several thousand years. The reconstructed ecosystem change is much stronger than in other Southern Hemisphere records, highlighting the need for consideration of regional paleoceanographic, paleogeographic, and biogeographic characteristics to fully understand the global terrestrial ecosystem response to PETM climate forcing.
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Berry, Sandra L., and Michael L. Roderick. "CO2 and land-use effects on Australian vegetation over the last two centuries." Australian Journal of Botany 50, no. 4 (2002): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01019.
Full textAbstract:
Coincident with major changes in land use and management in Australia over the past 200 years, there has been a 20% increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide ([CO2]) in the atmosphere. We investigate the way in which these two factors have modified the natural vegetation at the continental scale. We describe landscapes in terms of the abundance of three leaf functional types, 'turgor' (T), 'mesic' (M) and 'sclerophyll' (S). We have previously shown that continental-scale estimates of the TMS composition can be made from climatic and satellite data. In this study, we extend those results by estimating the TMS composition for the 'natural' vegetation (i.e. the present vegetation if there had been no change in land use and management). By comparing those estimates with the existing vegetation, we show that changes in land use have resulted in a large increase in the abundance of T leaves (seasonally green leaves of annual and ephemeral herbaceous plants) and there is a corresponding decline in plants with M and S leaves (evergreen trees, shrubs and perennial grasses). We then use a water use efficiency model to estimate the natural vegetation cover 200 years ago when the [CO2] was about 280 μmol mol–1. According to the model, 200 years ago the seasonally green (T) vegetation cover was similar to that at the present (excluding cultural vegetation cover), but there was lower evergreen cover. The increase in evergreen cover with increasing [CO2] could have been expressed as an increase in trees, shrubs or grasses having M and S leaf forms, depending on soil moisture and nutrient availability. According to our model, while 'woody vegetation thickening' may have been exacerbated by the increase in [CO2], other changes associated with European settlement are also important.
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Butcher, R., and K. R. Thiele. "An investigation of taxon boundaries in rare and range-restricted Synaphea (Proteaceae: Conosperminae) species from south-west Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 27, no. 2 (2014): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb14015.
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The Swan Coastal Plain of south-west Western Australia has been extensively cleared since European settlement, with the fertile Pinjarra Plain land system preferentially cleared for grazing; what remains of the native vegetation is of high conservation value despite being highly fragmented and often degraded. The following six taxa of Synaphea R.Br. (Proteaceae), with conservation status corresponding to IUCN Red List categories Threatened and Data Deficient, are restricted to vegetation remnants in this region: S. stenoloba A.S.George, S. odocoileops A.S.George, S. sp. Pinjarra (R. Davis 6578), S. sp. Fairbridge Farm (D. Papenfus 696), S. sp. Pinjarra Plain (A.S. George 17182) and S. sp. Serpentine (G.R. Brand 103). Taxonomic boundaries among these morphologically similar taxa of Synaphea were investigated using morphometric analyses based on characters of leaves, inflorescences, flowers and fruits. Results allow the circumscription of the four informally named taxa from this complex, which will enable their formal description in a subsequent publication. They also provide support for several morphologically closely related taxa, including the provisional distinction of S. sp. Udumung (A.S. George 17058) from close ally S. decorticans Lindl. Two described species (S. odocoileops and S. stenoloba) and several anomalous specimens could not be adequately resolved in these analyses, and further investigation of their boundaries using molecular markers is required.
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Howell, Jocelyn, Doug Benson, and Lyn McDougall. "Developing a strategy for rehabilitating riparian vegetation of the Hawkesbury-Nepean River, Sydney, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 3 (1994): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940257.
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Situated on the southeastern coast at 34�S 151�E, Sydney was established in 1788 as Australia's first permanent European settlement. Clearing of natural vegetation and environmental degradation associated with the country's largest population concentration over the past 200 years have severely affected the nearby Hawkesbury-Nepean River. A strategy for rehabilitation of the riparian vegetation to conserve and enhance the natural conditions remaining along the river, with particular emphasis on habitat and natural biodiversity, has been developed. The study area encompassed the most modified part of the river, where it passes alternately through 80 km of sandstone terrain, where the natural vegetation of waterside scrub backed by open-forest remains largely unchanged, and 135 km of floodplain terrain, where most of the indigenous tall open-forest has been cleared and associated wetlands have been greatly modified. Indigenous riparian zone vegetation was recognized as critical to the maintenance of river health, providing a reservoir of biodiversity as a major value, upon which other values, including enhancement of water quality, bank stablility and erosion control, depend. As 47 per cent of study area riverbank was found to have less than 25 per cent tree cover, the strategy recommended that all remnant native vegetation and remnant native trees along the river be protected and that a substantial long-term aim should be the establishment of a 50-metre wide strip of native riparian forest vegetation on each bank along the full length of the river, to be linked ultimately with other areas of natural vegetation on the floodplain. To provide practical resources for revegetation, the strategy assembled a botanical database, including maps showing present tree cover and the past extent of floodplain vegetation types, descriptions and locations of sites where significant native riparian vegetation remains, ecological information on approximately 300 locally indigenous riparian and wetland plant species, guidelines on selection of appropriate species, replanting methods and determination of priorities at both site and landscape scale.
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Broich, M., and M. G. Tulbure. "RESPONSE OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION IN AUSTRALIA"S LARGEST RIVER BASIN TO INTER AND INTRA-ANNUAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND FLOODING AS QUANTIFIED WITH LANDSAT AND MODIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-577-2016.
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Australia is a continent subject to high rainfall variability, which has major influences on runoff and vegetation dynamics. However, the resulting spatial-temporal pattern of flooding and its influence on riparian vegetation has not been quantified in a spatially explicit way. Here we focused on the floodplains of the entire Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), an area that covers over 1M km<sup>2</sup>, as a case study. The MDB is the country’s primary agricultural area with scarce water resources subject to competing demands and impacted by climate change and more recently by the Millennium Drought (1999–2009). Riparian vegetation in the MDB floodplain suffered extensive decline providing a dramatic degradation of riparian vegetation. <br><br> We quantified the spatial-temporal impact of rainfall, temperature and flooding patters on vegetation dynamics at the subcontinental to local scales and across inter to intra-annual time scales based on three decades of Landsat (25k images), Bureau of Meteorology data and one decade of MODIS data. <br><br> Vegetation response varied in space and time and with vegetation types, densities and location relative to areas frequently flooded. Vegetation degradation trends were observed over riparian forests and woodlands in areas where flooding regimes have changed to less frequent and smaller inundation extents. Conversely, herbaceous vegetation phenology followed primarily a ‘boom’ and ‘bust’ cycle, related to inter-annual rainfall variability. Spatial patters of vegetation degradation changed along the N-S rainfall gradient but flooding regimes and vegetation degradation patterns also varied at finer scale, highlighting the importance of a spatially explicit, internally consistent analysis and setting the stage for investigating further cross-scale relationships. <br><br> Results are of interest for land and water management decisions. The approach developed here can be applied to other areas globally such as the Nile river basin and Okavango River delta in Africa or the Mekong River Basin in Southeast Asia.
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Los, S. O., J. A. B. Rosette, N. Kljun, P. R. J. North, J. C. Suárez, C. Hopkinson, R. A. Hill, et al. "Vegetation height products between 60° S and 60° N from ICESat GLAS data." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 4, no. 3 (September 19, 2011): 2327–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-2327-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. We present a new method to obtain coarse resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) vegetation height and vegetation-cover fraction data sets between 60° S and 60° N for use in climate models and ecological models. The data sets are derived from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which is the only LiDAR instrument that provides close to global coverage when all data collected for 2003–2009 are combined. Filters are applied to the GLAS data to identify and eliminate spurious observations, e.g. data that are affected by clouds, atmosphere and terrain and as such result in erroneous estimates of vegetation height or vegetation cover. GLAS vegetation height estimates are aggregated in histograms from 0 to 70 m in 0.5 m intervals. The GLAS vegetation height product is evaluated in four ways. First, unfiltered and filtered individual GLAS vegetation height measurements are compared with aircraft LiDAR measurements of the same from seven sites in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Application of filters increases the correlation with aircraft data from r = 0.36 to r = 0.67 and decreases the root-mean-square error by a factor 3. Second, the global aggregated GLAS vegetation height product is tested for sensitivity towards the choice of data quality filters; areas with frequent cloud cover and areas with steep terrain are the most sensitive to the choice of thresholds for the filters. Thirdly, the GLAS global vegetation height product is compared with two other global vegetation height products and is believed to produce more realistic characteristics: dominant vegetation height for tropical forests between 30 and 60 m versus 20 and 40 m in existing products. Finally, the GLAS bare soil cover fraction is compared globally with the MODIS bare soil fraction (r = 0.55) and with the FASIR bare soil cover fraction estimates (r = 0.58); the correlation between GLAS and MODIS tree-cover fraction was (r = 0.76). The evaluation indicates that filters applied to the GLAS data are conservative and eliminate a large proportion of spurious data, while only in a minority of cases at the cost of removing reliable data as well. The present GLAS vegetation height product appears more realistic than previous data sets used for input to climate models and ecological models and hence should significantly improve simulations that involve the land surface.
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Broich, M., and M. G. Tulbure. "RESPONSE OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION IN AUSTRALIA"S LARGEST RIVER BASIN TO INTER AND INTRA-ANNUAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND FLOODING AS QUANTIFIED WITH LANDSAT AND MODIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (June 23, 2016): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-577-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Australia is a continent subject to high rainfall variability, which has major influences on runoff and vegetation dynamics. However, the resulting spatial-temporal pattern of flooding and its influence on riparian vegetation has not been quantified in a spatially explicit way. Here we focused on the floodplains of the entire Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), an area that covers over 1M km<sup>2</sup>, as a case study. The MDB is the country’s primary agricultural area with scarce water resources subject to competing demands and impacted by climate change and more recently by the Millennium Drought (1999–2009). Riparian vegetation in the MDB floodplain suffered extensive decline providing a dramatic degradation of riparian vegetation. <br><br> We quantified the spatial-temporal impact of rainfall, temperature and flooding patters on vegetation dynamics at the subcontinental to local scales and across inter to intra-annual time scales based on three decades of Landsat (25k images), Bureau of Meteorology data and one decade of MODIS data. <br><br> Vegetation response varied in space and time and with vegetation types, densities and location relative to areas frequently flooded. Vegetation degradation trends were observed over riparian forests and woodlands in areas where flooding regimes have changed to less frequent and smaller inundation extents. Conversely, herbaceous vegetation phenology followed primarily a ‘boom’ and ‘bust’ cycle, related to inter-annual rainfall variability. Spatial patters of vegetation degradation changed along the N-S rainfall gradient but flooding regimes and vegetation degradation patterns also varied at finer scale, highlighting the importance of a spatially explicit, internally consistent analysis and setting the stage for investigating further cross-scale relationships. <br><br> Results are of interest for land and water management decisions. The approach developed here can be applied to other areas globally such as the Nile river basin and Okavango River delta in Africa or the Mekong River Basin in Southeast Asia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vegetation (S.E.Australia)"
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Roderick, Michael L. "Satellite derived vegetation indices for monitoring seasonal vegetation conditions in Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/518.
Full textAbstract:
The monitoring of continental and global scale net primary production remains a major focus of satellite-based remote sensing. Potential benefits which follow are diverse and include contributions to, and improved scientific understanding of, ecological systems, rangeland management, famine warning, agricultural commodity trading, and the study of global climate change.A NOAA-AVHRR data set containing monthly observations of green vegetation cover over a ten year period was acquired and analysed, to extract information on seasonal conditions. The data were supplied as a vegetation index, commonly known as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with a spatial resolution of approximately five km. The data set was acquired from three different satellites, and calibration problems were known to exist. A new technique was developed to estimate, and subsequently remove, the calibration bias present in the data.Monthly rainfall measurements were used as surrogate ground truth to validate the NDVI data. For regions of native vegetation, linear models relating NDVI to previous rainfall were derived, using transfer function techniques in common use in systems engineering. The models demonstrate that, in mid-latitude regions, the NDVI is a linear function of rainfall recorded over the preceding seven or eight months.Annual summaries of the image data were developed to highlight the amount and timing of plant growth. Three fundamental questions were posed as an aid to the development of the summary technique: where, when and how much? These summaries highlight the extraordinary spatial and temporal variations in plant growth, and hence rainfall, over much of Western Australia each year.Standard analysis techniques used in time series analysis, such as classical decomposition, were successfully applied to the analysis of NDVI time series. These techniques highlighted structural differences in the image data, due to land use, climatic factors and vegetation type.Overall, the results of the research undertaken in this study, using NOAA-AVHRR data in Western Australia, demonstrate that vegetation indices acquired from satellite platforms can be used to monitor continental scale seasonal conditions in an effective manner. As a consequence of these results, further research using this type of data is proposed in rangeland management and climate change modelling.
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Roderick, Michael L. "Satellite derived vegetation indices for monitoring seasonal vegetation conditions in Western Australia." Curtin University of Technology, School of Surveying and Land Information, 1994. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14815.
Full textAbstract:
The monitoring of continental and global scale net primary production remains a major focus of satellite-based remote sensing. Potential benefits which follow are diverse and include contributions to, and improved scientific understanding of, ecological systems, rangeland management, famine warning, agricultural commodity trading, and the study of global climate change.A NOAA-AVHRR data set containing monthly observations of green vegetation cover over a ten year period was acquired and analysed, to extract information on seasonal conditions. The data were supplied as a vegetation index, commonly known as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with a spatial resolution of approximately five km. The data set was acquired from three different satellites, and calibration problems were known to exist. A new technique was developed to estimate, and subsequently remove, the calibration bias present in the data.Monthly rainfall measurements were used as surrogate ground truth to validate the NDVI data. For regions of native vegetation, linear models relating NDVI to previous rainfall were derived, using transfer function techniques in common use in systems engineering. The models demonstrate that, in mid-latitude regions, the NDVI is a linear function of rainfall recorded over the preceding seven or eight months.Annual summaries of the image data were developed to highlight the amount and timing of plant growth. Three fundamental questions were posed as an aid to the development of the summary technique: where, when and how much? These summaries highlight the extraordinary spatial and temporal variations in plant growth, and hence rainfall, over much of Western Australia each year.Standard analysis techniques used in time series analysis, such as classical decomposition, were successfully applied to the analysis of NDVI time series. These techniques highlighted ++structural differences in the image data, due to land use, climatic factors and vegetation type.Overall, the results of the research undertaken in this study, using NOAA-AVHRR data in Western Australia, demonstrate that vegetation indices acquired from satellite platforms can be used to monitor continental scale seasonal conditions in an effective manner. As a consequence of these results, further research using this type of data is proposed in rangeland management and climate change modelling.
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Scherrer, Pascal, and n/a. "Monitoring Vegetation Change in the Kosciuszko Alpine Zone, Australia." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040715.125310.
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This thesis examined vegetation change over the last 43 years in Australia's largest contiguous alpine area, the Kosciuszko alpine zone in south-eastern Australia. Using historical and current data about the state of the most common vegetation community, tall alpine herbfield, this thesis addressed the questions: (1) what were the patterns of change at the species/genera and life form levels during this time period; (2) what were the patterns of recovery, if recovery occurred, from anthropogenic disturbances such as livestock grazing or trampling by tourists; (3) what impacts did natural disturbances such as drought have on the vegetation and how does it compare to anthropogenic disturbances; and (4) What are the benefits, limitations and management considerations when using long-term data for assessing vegetation changes at the species/genera, life form and community levels? The Kosciuszko alpine zone has important economic, cultural and ecological values. It is of great scientific and biological importance, maintaining an assemblage of vegetation communities found nowhere else in the world. It is one of the few alpine regions in the world with deep loamy soils, and contains endemic flora and fauna and some of the few periglacial and glacial features in Australia. The area also forms the core of the Australian mainland's most important water catchment and is a popular tourist destination, offering a range of recreational opportunities. The vegetation of the Kosciuszko alpine zone is recovering from impacts of livestock grazing and is increasingly exposed to pressures from tourism and anthropogenic climate change. At the same time, natural disturbances such as drought and fire can influence the distribution, composition and diversity of plants. Thus, there is a need for detailed environmental data on this area in order to: (1) better understand ecological relationships; (2) understand existing and potential effects of recreational and management pressures on the region; (3) provide data against which future changes can be assessed; and (4) provide better information on many features of this area, including vegetation, for interpretation, education and management. The research in this thesis utilised three types of ecological information: (1) scientific long-term datasets; (2) photographic records; and (3) a comparison of disturbed and undisturbed vegetation. This research analysed data from one of the longest ongoing monitoring programs in the Australian Alps established by Alec Costin and Dane Wimbush in 1959. Permanent plots (6 transects and 30 photoquadrats) were established at two locations that differed in the time since grazing and have been repeatedly surveyed. Plots near Mt Kosciuszko had not been grazed for 15 years and had nearly complete vegetation cover in 1959, while plots near Mt Gungartan showed extensive impacts of grazing and associated activities which only ceased in 1958. Some transect data from 1959 to 1978 have been analysed by the original researchers. The research presented in this thesis extends this monitoring program with data from additional surveys in 1990, 1999 and 2002 and applies current methods of statistical evaluation, such as ordination techniques, to the whole data set for the first time. Results indicated that the recovery from livestock grazing and the effects of drought have been the main factors affecting vegetation. Recovery from livestock grazing at the three transects at Gungartan was slow and involved: (1) increasing genera diversity; (2) increasing vegetation cover; (3) decreasing amounts of bare ground; and (4) a directional change over time in species composition. Patterns of colonisation and species succession were also documented. In 2002, 44 years after the cessation of grazing, transects near Mt Gungartan had similar vegetation cover and genera diversity to the transects near Mt Kosciuszko, but cover by exposed rock remained higher. A drought in the 1960s resulted in a temporary increase of litter and a shift in the proportional cover of life forms, as grasses died and herb cover increased at both locations. Proportions of cover for life forms reverted to pre-drought levels within a few years. The results also highlighted the spatial variability of tall alpine herbfield. The photoquadrats were surveyed in the years 1959, 1964, 1968, 1978 and 2001 and are analysed for the first time in this thesis. After comparing a range of methods, visual assessment using a 130 point grid was found to be the most suitable technique to measure vegetation cover and genera diversity. At the 18 quadrats near Mt Gungartan, there was a pattern of increasing vegetation cover as bare areas were colonised by native cudweeds and the naturalized herb Acetosella vulgaris. Revegetation from within bare areas largely occurred by herb species, while graminoids and shrub species predominately colonised bare ground by lateral expansion from the edges, eventually replacing the colonising herbs. At the 12 quadrats near Mt Kosciuszko, vegetation cover was almost complete in all years surveyed except 1968, which was at the end of a six year drought. Similar to the results from the transect study, the drought caused an increase in litter at both locations as graminoid cover declined. Initially herb cover increased, potentially as a result of decreased competition from the graminoids and a nutrient spike from decaying litter, but as the drought became more severe, herb cover also declined. Graminoid cover rapidly recovered after the drought, reaching pre-drought levels by 1978, and was at similar levels in 2001. Herb cover continued to decline after peaking in 1964. The photoquadrat study also documented the longevity and growth rates of several species indicating that many taxa may persist for several decades. It further provided insights into replacement patterns amongst life forms. In addition to assessing vegetation change following livestock grazing and drought at the long-term plots, recovery from tourism impacts was examined by comparing vegetation and soils on a closed walking track, with that of adjacent undisturbed tall alpine herbfield at a series of 22 paired quadrats. Fifteen years after the track was closed there was limited success in restoration. Over a quarter of the closed track was still bare ground with non-native species the dominant vegetation. Plant species composition differed and vegetation height, soil nutrients and soil moisture were lower on the track which had a higher compaction level than adjacent natural vegetation. The results presented in this thesis highlight that tall alpine herbfield is characterised by nearly entire vegetation cover which is dominated by graminoids, followed by herbs and shrubs in the absence of disturbance by livestock grazing, trampling or drought. The studies also showed that under quot;average" conditions, the relative cover of herbs and graminoids remained fairly stable even though there can be considerable cycling between them. Spatial variability in terms of taxa composition was high. The only common introduced species in unrehabilitated sites was Acetosella vulgaris, which was effective at colonising bare ground but was eventually replaced by other native species. However, in areas actively rehabilitated, such as on the closed track, non-native species introduced during revegetation efforts still persist with high cover 15 years after their introduction. Monitoring of vegetation change is also important at the landscape scale. This thesis provides a review of the potential use, the limitations and the benefits of aerial photography to examine vegetation change in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. Numerous aerial photography runs have been flown over the area since the 1930s for government agencies, industry and the military. Some of these records have been used to map vegetation communities and eroding areas at a point in time. Other studies compared different types and scales of photographs, highlighting in particular the benefits and potential of large scale colour aerial photography to map alpine vegetation. However, despite their potential to assess vegetation change over time, a temporal comparison of vegetation in the Kosciuszko alpine zone from aerial photographs has not been completed to this date. Historical photographs may not be easy to locate or access and difficulties with vegetation classification may restrict the practicality of using historical aerial photographs to assess vegetation change. Despite these issues, aerial photography may provide a very useful and efficient tool to assess changes over time when applied appropriately, even in alpine environments. The development of digital classification techniques, the application of statistical measures of error to both methodology and data, and the application of geographic information systems are likely to further improve the practicality of historical aerial photographs for the detection of vegetation change and assist in overcoming some of the limitations. The results presented in this thesis highlight the need for limiting disturbance, for ongoing rehabilitation of disturbed areas and for long-term monitoring in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. The results contribute to our understanding of how vegetation may change in the future and may be affected by new land use activities and climate change. This type of information, which otherwise would require the establishment of long-term studies and years of monitoring, can assist land managers of this and other important protected areas. The study highlights how the use and expansion of already existing datasets to gather ecological information can save considerable money and time, providing valuable data for current and emerging issues.
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Scherrer, Pascal. "Monitoring Vegetation Change in the Kosciuszko Alpine Zone, Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366283.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examined vegetation change over the last 43 years in Australia's largest contiguous alpine area, the Kosciuszko alpine zone in south-eastern Australia. Using historical and current data about the state of the most common vegetation community, tall alpine herbfield, this thesis addressed the questions: (1) what were the patterns of change at the species/genera and life form levels during this time period; (2) what were the patterns of recovery, if recovery occurred, from anthropogenic disturbances such as livestock grazing or trampling by tourists; (3) what impacts did natural disturbances such as drought have on the vegetation and how does it compare to anthropogenic disturbances; and (4) What are the benefits, limitations and management considerations when using long-term data for assessing vegetation changes at the species/genera, life form and community levels?
The Kosciuszko alpine zone has important economic, cultural and ecological values. It is of great scientific and biological importance, maintaining an assemblage of vegetation communities found nowhere else in the world. It is one of the few alpine regions in the world with deep loamy soils, and contains endemic flora and fauna and some of the few periglacial and glacial features in Australia. The area also forms the core of the Australian mainland's most important water catchment and is a popular tourist destination, offering a range of recreational opportunities. The vegetation of the Kosciuszko alpine zone is recovering from impacts of livestock grazing and is increasingly exposed to pressures from tourism and anthropogenic climate change. At the same time, natural disturbances such as drought and fire can influence the distribution, composition and diversity of plants. Thus, there is a need for detailed environmental data on this area in order to: (1) better understand ecological relationships; (2) understand existing and potential effects of recreational and management pressures on the region; (3) provide data against which future changes can be assessed; and (4) provide better information on many features of this area, including vegetation, for interpretation, education and management. The research in this thesis utilised three types of ecological information: (1) scientific long-term datasets; (2) photographic records; and (3) a comparison of disturbed and undisturbed vegetation. This research analysed data from one of the longest ongoing monitoring programs in the Australian Alps established by Alec Costin and Dane Wimbush in 1959. Permanent plots (6 transects and 30 photoquadrats) were established at two locations that differed in the time since grazing and have been repeatedly surveyed. Plots near Mt Kosciuszko had not been grazed for 15 years and had nearly complete vegetation cover in 1959, while plots near Mt Gungartan showed extensive impacts of grazing and associated activities which only ceased in 1958. Some transect data from 1959 to 1978 have been analysed by the original researchers. The research presented in this thesis extends this monitoring program with data from additional surveys in 1990, 1999 and 2002 and applies current methods of statistical evaluation, such as ordination techniques, to the whole data set for the first time. Results indicated that the recovery from livestock grazing and the effects of drought have been the main factors affecting vegetation. Recovery from livestock grazing at the three transects at Gungartan was slow and involved: (1) increasing genera diversity; (2) increasing vegetation cover; (3) decreasing amounts of bare ground; and (4) a directional change over time in species composition. Patterns of colonisation and species succession were also documented. In 2002, 44 years after the cessation of grazing, transects near Mt Gungartan had similar vegetation cover and genera diversity to the transects near Mt Kosciuszko, but cover by exposed rock remained higher. A drought in the 1960s resulted in a temporary increase of litter and a shift in the proportional cover of life forms, as grasses died and herb cover increased at both locations. Proportions of cover for life forms reverted to pre-drought levels within a few years. The results also highlighted the spatial variability of tall alpine herbfield. The photoquadrats were surveyed in the years 1959, 1964, 1968, 1978 and 2001 and are analysed for the first time in this thesis. After comparing a range of methods, visual assessment using a 130 point grid was found to be the most suitable technique to measure vegetation cover and genera diversity. At the 18 quadrats near Mt Gungartan, there was a pattern of increasing vegetation cover as bare areas were colonised by native cudweeds and the naturalized herb Acetosella vulgaris. Revegetation from within bare areas largely occurred by herb species, while graminoids and shrub species predominately colonised bare ground by lateral expansion from the edges, eventually replacing the colonising herbs. At the 12 quadrats near Mt Kosciuszko, vegetation cover was almost complete in all years surveyed except 1968, which was at the end of a six year drought. Similar to the results from the transect study, the drought caused an increase in litter at both locations as graminoid cover declined. Initially herb cover increased, potentially as a result of decreased competition from the graminoids and a nutrient spike from decaying litter, but as the drought became more severe, herb cover also declined. Graminoid cover rapidly recovered after the drought, reaching pre-drought levels by 1978, and was at similar levels in 2001. Herb cover continued to decline after peaking in 1964. The photoquadrat study also documented the longevity and growth rates of several species indicating that many taxa may persist for several decades. It further provided insights into replacement patterns amongst life forms. In addition to assessing vegetation change following livestock grazing and drought at the long-term plots, recovery from tourism impacts was examined by comparing vegetation and soils on a closed walking track, with that of adjacent undisturbed tall alpine herbfield at a series of 22 paired quadrats. Fifteen years after the track was closed there was limited success in restoration. Over a quarter of the closed track was still bare ground with non-native species the dominant vegetation. Plant species composition differed and vegetation height, soil nutrients and soil moisture were lower on the track which had a higher compaction level than adjacent natural vegetation. The results presented in this thesis highlight that tall alpine herbfield is characterised by nearly entire vegetation cover which is dominated by graminoids, followed by herbs and shrubs in the absence of disturbance by livestock grazing, trampling or drought. The studies also showed that under quot;average" conditions, the relative cover of herbs and graminoids remained fairly stable even though there can be considerable cycling between them. Spatial variability in terms of taxa composition was high. The only common introduced species in unrehabilitated sites was Acetosella vulgaris, which was effective at colonising bare ground but was eventually replaced by other native species. However, in areas actively rehabilitated, such as on the closed track, non-native species introduced during revegetation efforts still persist with high cover 15 years after their introduction. Monitoring of vegetation change is also important at the landscape scale. This thesis provides a review of the potential use, the limitations and the benefits of aerial photography to examine vegetation change in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. Numerous aerial photography runs have been flown over the area since the 1930s for government agencies, industry and the military. Some of these records have been used to map vegetation communities and eroding areas at a point in time. Other studies compared different types and scales of photographs, highlighting in particular the benefits and potential of large scale colour aerial photography to map alpine vegetation. However, despite their potential to assess vegetation change over time, a temporal comparison of vegetation in the Kosciuszko alpine zone from aerial photographs has not been completed to this date. Historical photographs may not be easy to locate or access and difficulties with vegetation classification may restrict the
practicality of using historical aerial photographs to assess vegetation change. Despite these issues, aerial photography may provide a very useful and efficient tool to assess changes over time when applied appropriately, even in alpine environments. The development of digital classification techniques, the application of statistical measures of error to both methodology and data, and the application of geographic information systems are likely to further improve the practicality of historical aerial photographs for the detection of vegetation change and assist in overcoming some of the limitations. The results presented in this thesis highlight the need for limiting disturbance, for ongoing rehabilitation of disturbed areas and for long-term monitoring in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. The results contribute to our understanding of how vegetation may change in the future and may be affected by new land use activities and climate change. This type of information, which otherwise would require the establishment of long-term studies and years of monitoring, can assist land managers of this and other important protected areas. The study highlights how the use and expansion of already existing datasets to gather ecological information can save considerable money and time, providing valuable data for current and emerging issues.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Sadler, Rohan. "Image-based modelling of pattern dynamics in a semiarid grassland of the Pilbara, Australia /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0155.
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Tiver, Fleur. "The vegetation patterns of north-western Eyre Peninsula, South Australia /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.B/09s.bt623.pdf.
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Sparrow, Ashley. "A geobotanical study of the remnant natural vegetation of temperate South Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs7368.pdf.
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Brownlow, Marcus D. "Water regime and the aquatic vegetation of Bool Lagoon, South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb8852.pdf.
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Webb, Ashley Adrian. "Episodic erosion, riparian vegetation colonisation and the late holocene stability of sand-bed, forest streams in southeastern Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2002. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28458.
Full textAbstract:
Natural interactions between riparian vegetation, large woody debris (LWD) and the fluvial
geomorphology of forest streams in North America and Europe have been well researched. In
southeastern Australia, where rainfall and runoff are highly variable, where riparian
vegetation species are unique and where many streams have been altered since European
settlement, there is a paucity of research on such biogeomorphic interactions. This thesis
aimed to partly address this knowledge gap by undertaking detailed case studies of four
undisturbed streams that varied in their degree of lateral confinement by materials of limited
erodibility, i.e. differences in the size and nature of the valley floor trough. These included a
laterally and vertically bedrock-confined channel flanked by a series of discontinuous inchannel
benches but with no floodplain (Mogo Creek); a laterally bedrock-confined channel
flanked by a discontinuous high vertically accreted floodplain and a series of discontinuous
in-channel benches (Wheeny Creek); a partially bedrock- and terrace-confined channel
discontinuously flanked by pockets of floodplain (Bruces Creek); and a slightly terraceconfined
channel continuously flanked by floodplain (Tonghi Creek). Extensive radiocarbon
dating of floodplain charcoal at each site highlighted the fact that episodic, rainfall-generated
cataclysmic floods have occurred during the late Holocene. These floods totally removed
alluvial landforms, including the floodplain forest, from within the valley floor trough.
Riparian vegetation communities that have colonised the landforms that redeveloped in the
erosional void exhibit a distinct lateral and vertical zonation of species that is determined by
the degree of resistance of different species to natural flood disturbance. More flood-resistant
tree species, such as Tristaniopsis laurina, are able to grow and survive within the channel
and on the channel banks and in—channel benches; possess the ability to reshoot from
epicormic buds following high-energy flood disturbance; and can rapidly colonise recently
formed alluvial landforms. Less flood—resistant species, such as the Eucalyptus species, grow
on higher parts of the floodplain or on remnant Pleistocene river terraces where flood flows
are of lower energy and occur less frequently.
Measured LWD loadings ranged from 47 m3ha‘I at Mogo Creek to 751 m3ha‘l at Bruces
Creek and varied in relation to specific stream power, the relaxation period between
cataclysmic floods and the age-structure of the riparian vegetation community from which the
LWD was recruited. Large woody debris recruitment processes varied in relation to the
geomorphic setting and zonation of riparian vegetation. Episodic bank erosion, undercutting
and senescence were identified as the dominant LWD recruitment processes from T. laurina
trees growing along the banks of Tonghi and Bruces Creeks, while episodic windthrow was
identified as the LWD recruitment process from Eucalyptus trees growing on the floodplains
and terraces at these sites. At Mogo and Wheeny Creeks, destruction of in—channel benches by
catastrophic floods was identified as the dominant LWD recruitment process from T. laurina
and Leptospermum polygalifolium shrubs, while episodic windthrow was the dominant LWD
recruitment process from the Eucalyptus trees growing on the high floodplains, where present,
and adjacent hillslopes. The longitudinal distribution, orientation and hydraulic impacts of
LWD pieces, and the development of log-steps were strongly influenced by the energy of
flows experienced and the ratio of tree and LWD size to channel size. Due to high timber
densities LWD tends to sink and become partially or completely buried by bedload. It is only
in streams with high LWD loadings, low to medium energy bankfull flows and high LWD
size to channel size ratios, such as Bruces Creek, that interlocking, wedged pieces of LWD
form closely spaced debris dams. The maximum residence time for LWD identified by
radiocarbon dating was 980 years on Eucalyptus timber in Wheeny Creek and was interpreted
as representing the relaxation period following the most recent cataclysmic flood.
Biogeomorphic evidence indicates that riparian vegetation and large woody debris can exert a
significant influence on the fluvial geomorphology of sand-bed, forest streams in southeastern
Australia by contributing to processes such as pool formation, stream energy dissipation, bank
strength, sediment storage patterns, bed stability, oblique bank accretion, in—channel bench
and mid-channel bar formation. However, rainfall—generated cataclysmic floods, capable of
totally obliterating all landforms within the valley floor trough, including the floodplain
forest, have occurred during the late Holocene. Cataclysmic floods exceed vegetationcontrolled
thresholds of channel and floodplain stability and resultant specific stream powers
of at least 2500 Wm‘2 enable the flood to erode the channel and floodplain to bedrock. Such
floods occur more frequently in flood variable regions on high energy streams in narrow
valley floor troughs. The width and nature of the valley floor trough, specific stream power
and the relaxation period between floods are identified as important factors determining the
subsequent influence of riparian vegetation and LWD on the stability of the landforms that
redevelop in the erosional void.
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Hawke, Bruce. "Vegetation analysis with biogeographic implications in North-East Eyre Peninsula, South Australia /." Title page, summary and contents only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbh392.pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Vegetation (S.E.Australia)"
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Australia in the 1930's. Sydney, NSW, Australia: Trocadero Pub., 1985.
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Finlayson, C. Max, and Isabell Von Oertzen, eds. Landscape and Vegetation Ecology of the Kakadu Region, Northern Australia. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0133-9.
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Bir, S. S. Forest vegetation characteristics of Indian hills: Palni Hills, S. India. New Delhi, India: Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers, 1988.
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Kirkpatrick, J. B. A continent transformed: Human impact on the natural vegetation of Australia. 2nd ed. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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A continent transformed: Human impact on the natural vegetation of Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994.
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Strelein, G. J. Site classification in the southern jarrah forest of Western Australia. Como, W.A: Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, 1988.
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Ecohydrology: Darwinian expression of vegetation form and function : Peter S. Eagleson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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Zbiegniewski, Andre R. Australia 1942-1945 =: Air war over Australia 1942-1945. Warszawa: Militaria, 1999.
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Noble, J. C. The delicate and noxious scrub: CSIRO studies on native tree and shrub proliferation in the semi-arid woodlands of Eastern Australia. Lyneham, ACT: CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology, 1997.
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Kirkpatrick, J. B. Alpine Tasmania: An illustrated guide to the flora and vegetation. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Vegetation (S.E.Australia)"
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Wilson, Bruce A., Jeremy Russell-Smith, and Richard Williams. "Terrestrial vegetation." In Landscape and Vegetation Ecology of the Kakadu Region, Northern Australia, 57–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0133-9_4.
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Finlayson, C. Max, and Colin D. Woodroffe. "Wetland vegetation." In Landscape and Vegetation Ecology of the Kakadu Region, Northern Australia, 81–112. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0133-9_5.
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Lamont, Byron B. "Triangular trophic relationships in Mediterranean-climate Western Australia." In Tasks for vegetation science, 83–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0908-6_8.
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Finlayson, C. Max, Ian D. Cowie, and Bruce J. Bailey. "Characteristics of a Seasonally Flooded Freshwater System in Monsoonal Australia." In Tasks for vegetation science, 141–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2115-3_18.
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Bell, David T. "Plant community structure in southwestern Australia and aspects of herbivory, seed dispersal and pollination." In Tasks for vegetation science, 63–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0908-6_6.
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Glikson-Simpson, Miryam. "General Review of Permian Sediments in Western Australia." In Coal—A Window to Past Climate and Vegetation, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44472-3_1.
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Dodson, John R., and A. Peter Kershaw. "Evolution and History of Mediterranean Vegetation Types in Australia." In Ecological Studies, 21–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2490-7_2.
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Cole, M. M. "The vegetation of the greenstone belts of Western Australia." In The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks, 343–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3722-5_14.
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Ellis, Murray, Michael Drielsma, Liz Mazzer, and Erica Baigent. "Clearing, grazing and reservation: assessing regional impacts of vegetation management on the fauna of south western New South Wales." In Animals of Arid Australia, 102–31. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/fs.2007.045.
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Suni, Tanja, Hannele Hakola, Jaana Bäck, Richard Hurley, Eva van Gorsel, Taina M. Ruuskanen, Markku Kulmala, et al. "Effect of Vegetation on Aerosol Formation in South-east Australia." In Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 1018–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6475-3_202.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Vegetation (S.E.Australia)"
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Gdulova, Marketa. "FFLORIST AND VEGETATION SURVERY AT POLANKA?S PONDS." In 15th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2015/b51/s20.047.
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Herve, Dominique, G. Coste, G. Corlay, G. Plaisant, S. Schroer, Christian Henry, Xavier Hugon, and Jean-Francois Reulet. "SPOT 4's HRVIR and Vegetation SWIR cameras." In SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Bjorn F. Andresen and Marija Strojnik. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.218284.
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Wang, Xin, Xiaojing Li, and Linlin Ge. "Combining ENVISAT ASAR and spectral vegetation indices to evaluate grass properties in Otway, Australia." In IGARSS 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2013.6723515.
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Tin, Hoang C., Michael O'Leary, Ravi Fotedar, and Rodrigo Garcia. "Spectral response of marine submerged aquatic vegetation: A case study in Western Australia coast." In OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2015.7404388.
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Parker, Amy, Catherine Ticehurst, Zheng-Shu Zhou, and Tristan Ward. "Application of S-Band Novasar-1 to Bushfires in Australia." In IGARSS 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss47720.2021.9554209.
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Varlamova, E. V. "Peculiarities of the trend of the vegetation index NDVI of the vegetation cover forest-tundra of Yakutia." In XX Anniversary All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists, Postgraduates and Students. Technical Institute (BRANCH) of NEFU, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/s-2019-528.
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Moo, T. J., and M. W. Tweedy. "Planning and Drilling Australia's First Medium-Radius Horizontal Wells." In SPE Asia-Pacific Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23013-ms.
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Donghai Wu, Xiang Zhao, Wenqian Zhao, Bijian Tang, and Wenfang Xu. "Response of vegetation to temperature, precipitation and solar radiation time-scales: A case study over mainland Australia." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6946559.
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Lei, Yang, Paul Siqueira, Daniel Clewley, and Richard Lucas. "Observation of vegetation vertical structure and disturbance using L-band InSAR over the Injune region in Australia." In IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6351214.
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Greenland, Joanne, Celeste Salter, Gabrielle Brodie, David Levy, Shilpa Bhouraskar, Ann Manning, Lorena Mattiolo, and Linlee Jordan. "Understanding the Extent and Diversity of Homeopathic Practice in Australia." In HRI London 2019—Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: Presentation Abstracts. The Faculty of Homeopathy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702110.
Full textReports on the topic "Vegetation (S.E.Australia)"
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Dassanayake, Wajira, Xiaoming Li, and Klaus Buhr. A Revisit of Price Discovery Dynamics Across Australia and New Zealand. Unitec ePress, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/rsrp.039.
Full textAbstract:
This study re-investigates the price discovery dynamics of selected stocks cross-listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) and the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) during a bear trading phase from January 2008 to December 2011. A differing price discovery dynamic in a bear market versus a bull market may occur because of variations in investor sentiments and disparities in the role of the stock prices. Using intraday data, we employ the vector error correction mechanism, Hasbrouck’s (1995) information share and Grammig et al.’s (2005) conditional information share methods. Consistent with previous research, we find that price discovery takes place mostly on the home market for the Australian firms and for all but one of the New Zealand firms. However, not seen in existing studies, we show that the NZX has grown in importance for both the Australian and New Zealand firms. This suggests that the NZX is deviating from being a pure satellite market.
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Dassanayake, Wajira, Xiaoming Li, and Klaus Buhr. A Revisit of Price Discovery Dynamics Across Australia and New Zealand. Unitec ePress, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/rsrp.039.
Full textAbstract:
This study re-investigates the price discovery dynamics of selected stocks cross-listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) and the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) during a bear trading phase from January 2008 to December 2011. A differing price discovery dynamic in a bear market versus a bull market may occur because of variations in investor sentiments and disparities in the role of the stock prices. Using intraday data, we employ the vector error correction mechanism, Hasbrouck’s (1995) information share and Grammig et al.’s (2005) conditional information share methods. Consistent with previous research, we find that price discovery takes place mostly on the home market for the Australian firms and for all but one of the New Zealand firms. However, not seen in existing studies, we show that the NZX has grown in importance for both the Australian and New Zealand firms. This suggests that the NZX is deviating from being a pure satellite market.
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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson, and Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.
Full textAbstract:
Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.
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Rine, Kristin, Roger Christopherson, and Jason Ransom. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) occurrence and habitat selection in North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293127.
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Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) are sea ducks that migrate inland each spring to nest along fast-flowing mountain streams. They are considered one of the most imperiled duck species in North America and occur in two distinct populations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Pacific coast population includes Washington State, where harlequin ducks breed in the Olympic, Cascade, and Selkirk Mountains. This species is designated as a Management Priority Species by the National Park Service within North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA). This report summarizes harlequin duck surveys conducted during 15 years across a 27-year period (1990 and 2017) on major streams within NOCA, and incidental observations collected from 1968–2021. The primary objectives of these surveys were to 1) document the distribution and abundance of harlequin duck observations within NOCA boundaries, 2) describe productivity (number of broods and brood size), 3) describe breeding chronology of harlequin ducks, and 4) describe habitat characteristics of breeding streams. Sixty-eight stream surveys over 15 years resulted in observations of 623 individual harlequin ducks comprising various demographics, including single adults, pairs, and broods. In addition, we collected 184 incidental observations of harlequin ducks from visitors and staff between 1968–2021. Harlequin ducks were observed on 22 separate second- to sixth-order streams throughout NOCA across the entire 53-year span of data, both incidentally and during harlequin duck surveys by Park staff. Harlequin ducks were detected on 8 of the 13 streams that were actively surveyed. Excluding recounts, 88.7% (n = 330) of individual harlequin duck observations during surveys occurred in the Stehekin River drainage. Between all surveys and incidental observations, 135 unpaired females without broods were sighted across all NOCA waterways. Thirty-nine broods were recorded between NOCA surveys and incidental observations, with a mean brood size of 3.61 (± 1.44 SD; range = 2–10). Breeding pairs were recorded as early as April 5 and were seen on streams until June 15, a period of less than seven weeks (median: May 2), but most pairs were observed within a 3-week span, between April 26 and May 17. Single females (unpaired with a male, with (an)other female(s), or with a brood) were observed on streams between April 26 and August 25 (median: July 3), though most observations were made within a 5-week period between June 12 and July 19. Habitat data collected at adult harlequin duck observation sites indicate that the birds often used stream reaches with features that are characteristic of high-energy running water. While adults occupied all instream habitat types identified, non-braided rapids and riffles were used most frequently, followed by pools and backwaters. Larger instream substrate sizes (cobbles and boulders) were present at most observation sites. Adult harlequin ducks were more often found at locations that lacked visible drifting or lodged woody debris, but drift debris was a slightly more abundant debris type. The presence of gravel bars and at least one loafing site was common. Adult harlequin ducks were more often observed in association with vegetation that offered some cover over the channel, but not where banks were undercut. The average channel width at adult observation sites was 34.0 m (range: 6-80 m; n = 114) and 27.6 m (± 15.7 m; range: 10-60 m; n = 12) at brood observation sites. Compared to adult harlequin duck sites, broods were observed more frequently in low velocity habitat (pools, backwaters), but rarely in rapids. Cobble and boulder substrates were still the most dominant substrate type. Contrary to adult ducks, broods were observed most often observed in meandering stream channels, a morphology indicative of low gradient, low velocity stream reaches. Most broods were observed in stream reaches with gravel bars, loafing sites, and...
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Commonwealth Bank of Australia - Premises - Toowoomba - Exterior - c.1950's. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-000510.
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Commonwealth Bank of Australia - Premises - Wangaratta - Interior - c. 1920's. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-000559.
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Premises - Commonwealth Bank of Australia - Melbourne Branch - Exterior - Architect's drawing of building at time of completion - c. early 1900's. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-016819.
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Commonwealth Bank of Australia - Staff - Social functions - Visitors - Dr HC Coombs with thespian visitors to the Bank - c. mid 1950's. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-002798.
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