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1
Du, Jin Sheng, Pui Lam Ng, Jia Jian Chen, and Wilson Wai Sin Fung. "Enhancing the Built Environment by Green Roofs." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.267.
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Green roof systems are living vegetation integrated on top of roofs. They could enhance the built environment in a number of ways. Herein, different types of green roof and their structural arrangement and materials design are introduced. Various benefits offered by green roof to the urban habitat are discussed. Finally, examples of applications of green roofs are presented.
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Heim, Amy, and Jeremy Lundholm. "Cladonia lichens on extensive green roofs: evapotranspiration, substrate temperature, and albedo." F1000Research 2 (December 16, 2013): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-274.v1.
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Green roofs are constructed ecosystems that provide ecosystem services in urban environments. Shallow substrate green roofs subject the vegetation layer to desiccation and other environmental extremes, so researchers have evaluated a variety of stress-tolerant vegetation types for green roof applications. Lichens can be found in most terrestrial habitats. They are able to survive extremely harsh conditions, including frequent cycles of desiccation and rehydration, nutrient-poor soil, fluctuating temperatures, and high UV intensities. Extensive green roofs (substrate depth <20cm) exhibit these harsh conditions, making lichens possible candidates for incorporation into the vegetation layer on extensive green roofs. In a modular green roof system, we tested the effect ofCladonialichens on substrate temperature, water loss, and albedo compared to a substrate-only control. Overall, theCladoniamodules had significantly cooler substrate temperatures during the summer and significantly warmer temperatures during the fall. Additionally, theCladoniamodules lost significantly less water than the substrate-only control. This implies that they may be able to benefit neighboring vascular plant species by reducing water loss and maintaining favorable substrate temperatures.
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Heim, Amy, and Jeremy Lundholm. "Cladonia lichens on extensive green roofs: evapotranspiration, substrate temperature, and albedo." F1000Research 2 (January 23, 2014): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.2-274.v2.
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Green roofs are constructed ecosystems that provide ecosystem services in urban environments. Shallow substrate green roofs subject the vegetation layer to desiccation and other environmental extremes, so researchers have evaluated a variety of stress-tolerant vegetation types for green roof applications. Lichens can be found in most terrestrial habitats. They are able to survive extremely harsh conditions, including frequent cycles of desiccation and rehydration, nutrient-poor soil, fluctuating temperatures, and high UV intensities. Extensive green roofs (substrate depth <20cm) exhibit these harsh conditions, making lichens possible candidates for incorporation into the vegetation layer on extensive green roofs. In a modular green roof system, we tested the effect ofCladonialichens on substrate temperature, water loss, and albedo compared to a substrate-only control. Overall, theCladoniamodules had significantly cooler substrate temperatures during the summer and significantly warmer temperatures during the fall. Additionally, theCladoniamodules lost significantly less water than the substrate-only control. This implies that they may be able to benefit neighboring vascular plant species by reducing water loss and maintaining favorable substrate temperatures.
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Wiecko, Greg. "Green Roofs in the Tropics Conserve Energy." Open Atmospheric Science Journal 10, no. 1 (February 24, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874282301610010001.
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Background: Concrete buildings on Guam are exceptionally strong but also accumulate large amounts of heat. In the tropical environment of Guam, where 24 h average temperature ranges from 28 to 29°C year round, air conditioning is used every day and continuously. Concrete roofs are often painted light colors, which make them more reflective and accumulate less heat. They are also suitable for establishment of vegetation, which results in a large decrease in roof temperature and therefore decreases the need for cooling. Objective: The objective was to determine the magnitude of temperature reductions resulting from light color and from vegetation covering roof tops and to use this information to estimate energy savings. Method: Temperature was measured on the undersides of concrete model roofs in both sunny and rainy weather. Results: The temperatures on the undersides of light-colored concrete model roofs rose up to 3°C less in the course of the day than did those of dark-colored ones. The temperatures of "green" (vegetation-covered) model roofs rose up to 12°C less than did those of either of the bare concrete models. Conclusion: The differences were so large that use of green roofs on the tropical island of Guam, where most buildings are concrete and air-conditioning is needed year round, could cut a typical household's electric consumption in half.
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Zhang, Ning, Yan Chen, Ling Luo, and Yongwei Wang. "Effectiveness of Different Urban Heat Island Mitigation Methods and Their Regional Impacts." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 2991–3012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-17-0049.1.
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Abstract Cool roofs and green roofs are two popular methods to mitigate the urban heat island and improve urban climates. The effectiveness of different urban heat island mitigation strategies in the summer of 2013 in the Yangtze River delta, China, is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled with a physically based single-layer urban canopy model. The modifications to the roof surface changed the urban surface radiation balance and then modified the local surface energy budget. Both cool roofs and green roofs led to a lower surface skin temperature and near-surface air temperature. Increasing the roof albedo to 0.5 caused a similar effectiveness as covering 25% of urban roofs with vegetation; increasing the roof albedo to 0.7 caused a similar near-surface air temperature decrease as 50% green roof coverage. The near-surface relative humidity increased in both cool roof and green roof experiments because of the combination of the impacts of increases in specific humidity and decreases in air temperature. The regional impacts of cool roofs and green roofs were evaluated using a regional effect index. A regional impact was found for near-surface air temperature and specific/relative humidity when the percentage of roofs covered with high-albedo materials or green roofs reached a higher fraction (greater than 50%). The changes in the vertical profiles of temperature cause a more stable atmospheric boundary layer over the urban area; at the same time, the crossover phenomena occurred above the boundary layer due to the decrease in vertical wind speed.
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Salman, Ibrahim, and Leon Blaustein. "Vegetation Cover Drives Arthropod Communities in Mediterranean/Subtropical Green Roof Habitats." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 4209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114209.
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Worldwide, urban areas are expanding both in size and number, which results in a decline in habitats suitable for urban flora and fauna. The construction of urban green features, such as green roofs, may provide suitable habitat patches for many species in urban areas. On green roofs, two approaches have been used to select plants—i.e., matching similar habitat to green roofs (habitat template approach) or identifying plants with suitable traits (plant trait approach). While both approaches may result in suitable habitats for arthropods, how arthropods respond to different combinations of plants is an open question. The aim of this study was to investigate how the structural complexity of different plant forms can affect the abundance and richness of arthropods on green roofs. The experimental design crossed the presence and absence of annuals with three Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau (common name: stonecrops) treatments—i.e., uniformly disrupted Sedum, clumped disrupted Sedum, and no Sedum. We hypothesized that an increased structural diversity due to the coexistence of different life forms of plants on roofs is positively related to the abundance and richness of arthropods. We found that arthropod abundance and richness were positively associated with the percent of vegetation cover and negatively associated with substrate temperature. Neither arthropod abundance nor richness was influenced by the relative moisture of substrate. We also found that arthropod abundance and richness varied by green roof setups (treatments) and by seasonality. Arthropod abundance on green roofs was the highest in treatments with annuals only, while species richness was slightly similar between treatments containing annuals but varied between sampling periods. This study suggests that adding annuals to traditional Sedum roofs has positive effects on arthropods. This finding can support the development of biodiverse cities because most extensive green roofs are inaccessible to the public and can provide undisturbed habitat for several plant and arthropod species.
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Rocha, Bernardo, Teresa A. Paço, Ana Catarina Luz, Paulo Palha, Sarah Milliken, Benzion Kotzen, Cristina Branquinho, Pedro Pinho, and Ricardo Cruz de Carvalho. "Are Biocrusts and Xerophytic Vegetation a Viable Green Roof Typology in a Mediterranean Climate? A Comparison between Differently Vegetated Green Roofs in Water Runoff and Water Quality." Water 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010094.
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Green roofs can be an innovative and effective way of mitigating the environmental impact of urbanization by providing several important ecosystem services. However, it is known that the performance of green roofs varies depending on the type of vegetation and, in drier climates, without resorting to irrigation, these are limited to xerophytic plant species and biocrusts. The aim of this research was therefore to compare differently vegetated green roofs planted with this type of vegetation. A particular focus was their ability to hold water during intense stormwater events and also the quality of the harvested rainwater. Six test beds with different vegetation compositions were used on the roof of a building in Lisbon. Regarding stormwater retention, the results varied depending on the composition of the vegetation and the season. As for water quality, almost all the parameters tested were higher than the Drinking Water Directive from the European Union (EU) and Word Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking-water quality standards for potable water. Based on our results, biocrusts and xerophytic vegetation are a viable green roof typology for slowing runoff during stormwater events.
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Schindler, Bracha Y., Amiel Vasl, Leon Blaustein, David Gurevich, Gyongyver J. Kadas, and Merav Seifan. "Fine-scale substrate heterogeneity does not affect arthropod communities on green roofs." PeerJ 7 (March 19, 2019): e6445. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6445.
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Green roofs, which are roofs with growing substrate and vegetation, can provide habitat for arthropods in cities. Maintaining a diversity of arthropods in an urban environment can enhance the functions they fill, such as pest control and soil development. Theory suggests that the creation of a heterogeneous environment on green roofs would enhance arthropod diversity. Several studies have examined how arthropod diversity can be enhanced on green roofs, and particularly whether substrate properties affect the arthropod community, but a gap remains in identifying the effect of substrate heterogeneity within a green roof on the arthropod community. In this paper, it is hypothesized that creating heterogeneity in the substrate would directly affect the diversity and abundance of some arthropod taxa, and indirectly increase arthropod diversity through increased plant diversity. These hypotheses were tested using green roof plots in four treatments of substrate heterogeneity: (1) homogeneous dispersion; (2) mineral heterogeneity—with increased tuff concentration in subplots; (3) organic heterogeneity—with decreased compost concentrations in subplots; (4) both mineral and organic heterogeneity. Each of the four treatments was replicated twice on each of three roofs (six replicates per treatment) in a Mediterranean region. There was no effect of substrate heterogeneity on arthropod diversity, abundance, or community composition, but there were differences in arthropod communities among roofs. This suggests that the location of a green roof, which can differ in local climatic conditions, can have a strong effect on the composition of the arthropod community. Thus, arthropod diversity may be promoted by building green roofs in a variety of locations throughout a city, even if the roof construction is similar on all roofs.
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de Munck, C. S., A. Lemonsu, R. Bouzouidja, V. Masson, and R. Claverie. "The GREENROOF module (v7.3) for modelling green roof hydrological and energetic performances within TEB." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 1127–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-1127-2013.
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Abstract. The need to prepare cities for climate change adaptation requests the urban modeller community to implement within their models sustainable adaptation strategies to be tested against specific city morphologies and scenarios. Greening city roofs is part of these strategies. In this context, a GREENROOF module for TEB (Town Energy Balance) has been developed to model the interactions between buildings and green roof systems at the scale of the city. This module allows one to describe an extensive green roof composed of four functional layers (vegetation – grasses or sedums, substrate, retention/drainage layers and artificial roof layers) and to model vegetation-atmosphere fluxes of heat, water and momentum, as well as the hydrological and thermal fluxes throughout the substrate and the drainage layers, and the thermal coupling with the structural building envelope. TEB-GREENROOF (v7.3) is therefore able to represent the impact of climate forcings on the functioning of the green roof vegetation and, conversely, the influence of the green roof on the local climate. A calibration exercise to adjust the model to the peculiar hydrological characteristics of the substrates and drainage layers commonly found on green roofs is performed for a case study located in Nancy (France) which consists of an extensive green roof with sedums. Model results for the optimum hydrological calibration show a good dynamics for the substrate water content which is nevertheless under-estimated but without impacting too much the green roof temperatures since they present a good agreement with observations. These results are encouraging with regard to modelling the impact of green roofs on thermal indoor comfort and energy consumption at the scale of cities, for which GREENROOF will be running with the building energy version of TEB, TEB-BEM. Moreover, the green roof studied for GREENROOF evaluation being a city-widespread type of extensive green roof, the hydrological characteristics derived through the evaluation exercise will be used as the standard configuration to model extensive green roofs at the scale of cities.
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Sysoeva, Elena, and Margarita Gelmanova. "Analysis of roof greening technology impact on rain and meltwater retention." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 11023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017511023.
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Over the past 20 years, a large number of studies have been published on reducing storm runoff by various types of green roofs. This article analyzes the results of experimental studies presented in 39 publications on green roof runoff reduction in a climate similar to the climate of Russia: in Canada, the USA, Finland, Norway, France. An analytical review found that the ability of green roofs to retain rainfall varies from 20 to 99.5% depending on climatic conditions (duration and intensity of rains, duration of dry periods, solar radiation, temperature and humidity, wind conditions), the properties of green roof layers (moisture capacity of the substrate and a drainage layer, the substrate thickness), the type of vegetation, the geometry of a green roof (slope and orientation). Green roofs can be a useful tool for reducing urban storm water runoff. However, in order to ensure high efficiency, it is necessary to use green roof technology with other measures to reduce runoff.
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Sutton, Richard K., John A. Harrington, Lee Skabelund, Peter MacDonagh, Reid R. Coffman, and Gord Koch. "PRAIRIE-BASED GREEN ROOFS: LITERATURE, TEMPLATES, AND ANALOGS." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 143–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.1.143.
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Native prairie species have been both promoted and questioned in their ability to serve as vegetative covers for green roofs. The green roof environment with its exposure to intense sun and wind and limited moisture restricts the capacity for a large diversity of species. The result has been, in many cases, a standard, low-diversity mix of Sedum species often focused on ornament and minimizes the potential for wider environmental benefits. We reviewed the ecological literature on prairie and grassland communities with specific reference to habitat templates from stressed environmental conditions and examined analogs of prairie-based vegetation on twenty-one existing green roofs. We found that many, but not all prairie and grassland species will survive and thrive on green roofs, especially when irrigated as needed or given adequate growing medium depth. We raise several important questions about media, irrigation, temperature, biodiversity and their interactions needing more study.
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Baryła, Anna, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, Agnieszka Bus, and Edyta Hewelke. "Influence of environmental factors on retention of extensive green roofs with different substrate composition." E3S Web of Conferences 86 (2019): 00026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198600026.
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Increasing recognition is being given to the adaption of green roofs in urban areas to enhance the local ecosystem. Green roofs may bring several benefits to urban areas including flood mitigation Analysis of environmental factors affecting the outflow of green roofs is the subject of many studies. The work assessed how environmental factors moisture of structural layers and antecedent dry weather period influence the retention on two types of green roof substrates. The monitoring of environmental factors and amount of runoff was carried out on two models of green roofs covered by extensive vegetation (mosssedum-herbs) with substrates of an organic-mineral and mineral composition for 8 months. A statistical regression approach identified potential antecedent meteorological factors and moisture indicators of extensive green-roof retention. Continuous field monitoring data revealed the combined effects of rainfall depth and antecedent dry weather period to explain the measured stormwater retention under a moderate climate conditions regime. It is important to incorporate site-specific planning and assessment prior to green infrastructure design.
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Poorova, Zuzana, and Zuzana Vranayova. "Modeling Košice Green Roofs Maps." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2017-0012.
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Abstract The need to house population in urban areas is expected to rise to 66% in 2050, according to United Nations. The replacement of natural permeable green areas with concrete constructions and hard surfaces will be noticed. The densification of existing built-up areas is responsible for the decreasing vegetation, which results in the lack of evapotranspiration cooling the air. Such decreasing vegetation causes urban heat islands. Since roofs and pavements have a very low albedo, they absorb a lot of sunlight. Several studies have shown that natural and permeable surfaces, as in the case of green roofs, can play crucial role in mitigating this negative climate phenomenon and providing higher efficiency for the building, leading to savings. Such as water saving, what is the main idea of this research.
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Nurmi, Väinö, Athanasios Votsis, Adriaan Perrels, and Susanna Lehvävirta. "Green Roof Cost-Benefit Analysis: Special Emphasis on Scenic Benefits." Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis 7, no. 3 (2016): 488–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bca.2016.18.
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This article presents a green roof cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Green roofs are roofs which are partially or completely covered by vegetation. We discuss the benefits and costs of light self-sustaining vegetated roofs. The benefits of the ecosystem services (ES) provided by green roofs can be classified into private and public benefits. We apply the selected valuation methods first in Helsinki, Finland and subsequently explain how results can be transferred to other urban locations. Past research and this study show that private benefits are usually not high enough to justify the expensive investment for a private decision maker. However, when the public benefits are added to the private benefits, social benefits are higher than the costs of green roofs in most cases.Past research quantified most types of the benefits, excluding scenic and biodiversity benefits. Scenic benefits denote the intangible benefits that people derive from the presence of green space, including at least aesthetic and psychological ones. In this article, special emphasis is placed on the valuation of the scenic benefits; these are among the most challenging benefits to valuate in monetary terms. We employ hedonic pricing theory, implemented via spatial regression models, and green roof implementation scenarios in order to estimate the aggregate willingness to pay for a “unit” of green roof. The results show that the scenic benefits can be a significant attribute in cost-benefit calculations. Yet, the amount of benefits strongly depends on the green roof design.
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Köhler, Manfred, and Daniel Kaiser. "Green Roof Enhancement on Buildings of the University of Applied Sciences in Neubrandenburg (Germany) in Times of Climate Change." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2021): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030382.
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The reduction in evaporative surfaces in cities is one driver for longer and hotter summers. Greening building surfaces can help to mitigate the loss of vegetated cover. Typical extensive green roof structures, such as sedum-based solutions, survive in dry periods, but how can green roofs be made to be more effective for the longer hot and dry periods to come? The research findings are based on continuous vegetation analytics of typical extensive green roofs over the past 20 years. -Survival of longer dry periods by fully adapted plants species with a focus on the fittest and best adapted species. -Additional technical and treatment solutions to support greater water storage in the media in dry periods and to support greater plant biomass/high biodiversity on the roofs by optimizing growing media with fertilizer to achieve higher evapotranspiration (short: ET) values. The main findings of this research: -The climate benefits of green roofs are associated with the quantity of phytomass. Selecting the right growing media is critical. -Typical extensive green roof substrates have poor nutrition levels. Fertilizer can significantly boost the ecological effects on CO2 fixation. -If the goal of the green roof is a highly biodiverse green roof, micro-structures are the right solution.
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Xing, Yangang, and Phil Jones. "In-situ monitoring of energetic and hydrological performance of a semi-intensive green roof and a white roof during a heatwave event in the UK." Indoor and Built Environment 30, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x19887218.
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Due to the increasing magnitude and high frequency of urban heatwaves, recently, there has been a surge of interest in the reflective roofs and the vegetative green roofs. Along with the rising temperature, there are also more frequent droughts and rainfall which have led to wider changes in weather conditions subsequently affecting the performance of green roofs and white roofs. However, there is still a lack of research in comparing dynamic energetic and hydrological performance of green roof and white roofs during heatwave events. This paper introduces a newly constructed outdoor test rig (installed with a semi-intensive green roof and an aluminium white roof) and a few initial monitoring results. The hydrological performance monitoring results showed that, although a noticeable peak runoff reduction of the white roof was observed, more significant water retention of green roofs had been established. The energetic performance monitoring results indicated that the green roof performed better than the white roof during the heatwave event reducing solar heat gains by 76% during day time, improving U-value by 28% and reducing indoor air temperature by 2.5°C. The peak indoor air temperature reduction in the green roof space occurred during late afternoons (around 7 pm).
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Vacari, Thaisa Camila, Jocilan Rodrigues Lara, Zoraidy Marques de Lima Lima, and Eduardo Beraldo de Morais. "Water quantity investigation of simulated green roofs in a tropical climate: influence of vegetation composition." E&S Engineering and Science 8, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18607/es201988046.
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Green roofs are recognized as a sustainable infrastructure to improve the environmental quality of cities. Among many benefits, green roofs reduce the rate and volume of runoff helping to improve rainwater management. This study investigated the runoff retention capacity of three pilot extensive green roof assemblies with different vegetation (grass, shrub and intercropping of the two plants). Rainwater runoff data were collected for 18 rainfall events that ranged from a minimum of 1.6 mm to a maximum of 157.9 mm. Average precipitation event retention efficiencies were 46.7, 59.7 and 61.6% for intercropped, shrub and grass green roofs, respectively, while the annual runoff retention rates were 43.8, 57.3 and 59.7%. The difference in retention rates for the green roofs with different vegetation was not statistically significant. The rainfall intensity influenced the retention rates, with the highest retentions for small events (<10.0 mm) followed by medium (10.0-24.9 mm). Retention was found to correspond significantly to rainfall depths. On the other hand, regression analysis failed to provide a relationship between retention and antecedent dry weather period (ADWP). The organic soil used as substrate appears to be the deciding factor for rainwater retention.
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Sun, Chen Yi, Kuei Peng Lee, Tzu Ping Lin, and Soen Han Lee. "Vegetation as a Material of Roof and City to Cool down the Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 461 (February 2012): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.461.552.
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A large amount of research has been published in Taiwan on the reduction of the urban temperature for different strategies. The most important strategy for reducing ambient temperature is increasing green roofs or green spaces in city. For analyzing the effect of the vegetation on the thermal environment, this paper collects temperature and humidity data from two building roofs, one park and two streets which are located within same area and tries to analyze the thermal influence of vegetation in study area. The result of this research shows that the maximum cool effect of green roof was -1.60 °C and the maximum temperature difference between park and street was -2.00 °C. Therefore, it can also provide useful data to governments for calculating the environmental benefit if they carry out a green space and green roof policy.
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Zhang, Gaochuan, Bao-Jie He, Zongzhou Zhu, and Bart Julien Dewancker. "Impact of Morphological Characteristics of Green Roofs on Pedestrian Cooling in Subtropical Climates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020179.
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Growing and densifying cities set a challenge for preserving and enhancing green spaces to cool urban spaces. Green roofs, involving the planting of vegetation on rooftops, are regarded as an alternative approach to enhancing urban greenery and urban cooling. For better cooling performances, it is essential to reasonably configure green roofs, especially in real and complex neighborhoods. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of morphological characteristics of green roofs on pedestrian cooling in real and complex neighborhoods. In specific, based on an ENVI-met model, we studied the effect of greening layout, coverage ratio, vegetation height, and building height on pedestrian air temperature reduction in the tropical city of Hangzhou, China. Results indicate green roofs could generate moderate effects on pedestrian air temperature reduction (around 0.10–0.30 °C), while achieving a cooling performance of 0.82 °C. Green roofs in upwind zones were able to generate the most favorable cooling performance, while green roofs in downwind zones made slight differences to pedestrian thermal environments. Green roofs with a low coverage ratio were not useful for lowering pedestrian temperature, and a greening coverage ratio of 25–75% in upwind zones was cost-effective in real neighborhoods. Locations that were horizontally close to green roofs enjoyed better cooling performances. Increasing vegetation height could strengthen cooling effects of green roofs, while an increase in building height weakened the cooling performance. Nevertheless, higher building height could enhance pedestrian cooling performances because of building shading effects. In addition, because of wind effects and building shading, building height limits for the cooling performance of green roofs could be higher than 60 m.
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Raimondi, Anita, Mariana Marchioni, Umberto Sanfilippo, and Gianfranco Becciu. "Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation." Water 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020136.
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The implementation of green roofs as sustainable urban drainage systems provides benefits for stormwater control and the environment and is more and more encouraged. A model for the estimation of the probability of vegetation survival without irrigation is proposed. The model, developed through a probabilistic analytical derivation procedure, can also consider the effects of chained rainfall events, without the need of continuous simulation of hydrological processes. The model equations can be useful in the design of green roofs, allowing to determine the growing medium thickness in terms of an assumed risk of vegetation withering in dry periods. The proposed model is also able to identify the optimal thickness of the growing medium, over which the survival performances can be increased only with irrigation. Model performances were tested by the application to two case studies in Italy. Comparison between the probabilities and the cumulative frequencies from a continuous simulation of water content in the growing medium shows a good agreement and provide a first confirmation of reliability.
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Raimondi, Anita, Mariana Marchioni, Umberto Sanfilippo, and Gianfranco Becciu. "Vegetation Survival in Green Roofs without Irrigation." Water 13, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13020136.
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The implementation of green roofs as sustainable urban drainage systems provides benefits for stormwater control and the environment and is more and more encouraged. A model for the estimation of the probability of vegetation survival without irrigation is proposed. The model, developed through a probabilistic analytical derivation procedure, can also consider the effects of chained rainfall events, without the need of continuous simulation of hydrological processes. The model equations can be useful in the design of green roofs, allowing to determine the growing medium thickness in terms of an assumed risk of vegetation withering in dry periods. The proposed model is also able to identify the optimal thickness of the growing medium, over which the survival performances can be increased only with irrigation. Model performances were tested by the application to two case studies in Italy. Comparison between the probabilities and the cumulative frequencies from a continuous simulation of water content in the growing medium shows a good agreement and provide a first confirmation of reliability.
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Madhumathi, A., S. Radhakrishnan, and R. Shanthipriya. "Thermal Performance Evaluation of Green Roofs in Warm Humid Climates: A Case of Residential Buildings in Madurai, India." Key Engineering Materials 692 (May 2016): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.692.82.
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Green roof application on real residential buildings in Tamilnadu, India is very limited and mostly concentrated in major cities mainly for visual purposes. There is not enough research has been conducted to boost up the benefits of green roof system in Warm and Humid weather in India. Green roofs have the potential to improve the thermal performance of a roofing system through shading, insulation, evapotranspiration and thermal mass, thus reducing a building’s energy demand for space conditioning. To quantify the thermal performance and energy efficiency of green roofs an experimental investigation was done in residential buildings of Madurai, Tamilnadu, India. This paper refers to the analysis of the thermal properties and indoor thermal performance study of the green roof. The investigation were implemented in two phases: during the first phase, extended surface, air temperature and relative humidity measurements were taken at the indoor and outdoor environment of the buildings where the green roof had installed and during the second phase of the study, the thermal properties of the green roof, as well as, the cooling potential were examined. Results showed vegetative roofs reduced heat gain compared to the white reflective roofs and conventional reinforced cement concrete due to the thermal mass, extra insulation, and evapo-transpiration associated with the vegetative roofing systems. The results also proved that green roofs provide acceptable indoor thermal performance with respect to the other conventional roofs while re-establishing the relationship between human and environment, which have been destroyed due to the rapid urbanization.
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Burszta-Adamiak, Ewa, Ewa Fudali, Karolina Kolasińska, and Janusz Łomotowski. "A pilot study on improve the functioning of extensive green roofs in city centers using mosses." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 28, no. 1 (April 27, 2019): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2019.28.1.11.
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Most of environmental benefits of green roofs results from the presence of a vegetation layer. However vascular plants quickly die in harsh urban conditions. This paper presents research involving moss species appearing spontaneously on green roofs in cities to test whether we can create a vegetation layer with simplifi ed structure introducing that moss. It was checked using two transplant methods and three models of such roofs. Research evidenced that moss Ceratodon purpureus Hedw. is able to survive on green roofs in cities with high efficiency and can develop after transplant on roofs with a simple structure. Maximum weight of the moss layer during the year did not exceed 7.0 kg·m–2.
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Vesuviano, Gianni, Fred Sonnenwald, and Virginia Stovin. "A two-stage storage routing model for green roof runoff detention." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 6 (December 28, 2013): 1191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.808.
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Green roofs have been adopted in urban drainage systems to control the total quantity and volumetric flow rate of runoff. Modern green roof designs are multi-layered, their main components being vegetation, substrate and, in almost all cases, a separate drainage layer. Most current hydrological models of green roofs combine the modelling of the separate layers into a single process; these models have limited predictive capability for roofs not sharing the same design. An adaptable, generic, two-stage model for a system consisting of a granular substrate over a hard plastic ‘egg box’-style drainage layer and fibrous protection mat is presented. The substrate and drainage layer/protection mat are modelled separately by previously verified sub-models. Controlled storm events are applied to a green roof system in a rainfall simulator. The time-series modelled runoff is compared to the monitored runoff for each storm event. The modelled runoff profiles are accurate (mean Rt2 = 0.971), but further characterization of the substrate component is required for the model to be generically applicable to other roof configurations with different substrate.
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Bass, Brad. "Should You Put Your Energy Into Green Roofs to Reduce Energy Consumption in Your Building." Journal of Green Building 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.3.2.26.
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Green roofs are touted as an environmental technology for urban areas due to their many benefits (Lundholm et al. 2008). Although the design and the benefits have been reported in many reports and articles, they are reviewed here for those who are unfamiliar with this technology. Green roofs, or more formally, green roof infrastructure, is a technology that allows for the growth of vegetation on a roof while protecting the building envelope from leakage and root penetration. A green roof is more than a layer of soil piled on the roof, planted in the way that you might plant a garden. The technology consists of multiple layers that include the plants and growing medium or substrate, but also a drainage layer for storing water that was not used by the plants and a waterproof, root-repellent membrane (Figure 1).
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van der Kolk, Henk-Jan, Petra van den Berg, Gerard Korthals, and T. Martijn Bezemer. "Shading enhances plant species richness and diversity on an extensive green roof." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 5 (March 21, 2020): 935–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00980-w.
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Abstract Green roofs can promote biodiversity in urban areas. The extent to which green roofs stimulate plant diversity can depend on roof characteristics such as roof age, substrate depth and shading. We exploratively studied the vegetation on a Dutch green roof in 50 permanent plots (1 m2) over eight years (2012–2019) following roof construction. Plots were situated either on low substrate depth (6 cm light-weight extensive substrate) or high substrate depth (6 cm light-weight extensive substrate topped with 14 cm native soil) and differed in the amount of shading received from a higher building floor. Increased substrate depth and shading additively increased plant species richness and plant diversity, with high shaded plots supporting on average 6.4 more plant species than low unshaded plots. Shading likely acts via reducing drought stress, whereas increasing substrate depth with native soil may also enhance plant diversity via addition of nutrients and native seeds. The vegetation composition on the roof was dynamic and changed over the years. Sedum acre was initially dominant but disappeared within the first years, whereas Sedum kamtschaticum increased and became dominant in the last years. Trifolium arvense was the most abundant forb species and was especially dominant three years after roof construction. We conclude that increased substrate depth and shading can promote plant species richness and diversity and recommend that both aspects are considered when green roofs are designed. Shading can be achieved by a stepped building architecture and by placing structures on the roof itself, such as solar panels on standards.
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Iffland, Ronja, Kristian Förster, Daniel Westerholt, María Herminia Pesci, and Gilbert Lösken. "Robust Vegetation Parameterization for Green Roofs in the EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM)." Hydrology 8, no. 1 (January 20, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010012.
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In increasingly expanding cities, roofs are still largely unused areas to counteract the negative impacts of urbanization on the water balance and to reduce flooding. To estimate the effect of green roofs as a sustainable low impact development (LID) technique on the building scale, different approaches to predict the runoff are carried out. In hydrological modelling, representing vegetation feedback on evapotranspiration (ET) is still considered challenging. In this research article, the focus is on improving the representation of the coupled soil–vegetation system of green roofs. Relevant data to calibrate and validate model representations were obtained from an existing field campaign comprising several green roof test plots with different characteristics. A coupled model, utilizing both the Penman–Monteith equation to estimate ET and the software EPA stormwater management model (SWMM) to calculate the runoff, was set up. Through the application of an automatic calibration procedure, we demonstrate that this coupled modelling approach (Kling–Gupta efficiency KGE = 0.88) outperforms the standard ET representation in EPA SWMM (KGE = −0.35), whilst providing a consistent and robust parameter set across all green roof configurations. Moreover, through a global sensitivity analysis, the impact of changes in model parameters was quantified in order to aid modelers in simplifying their parameterization of EPA SWMM. Finally, an improved model using the Penman–Monteith equation and various recommendations are presented.
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Burszta-Adamiak, E., and M. Mrowiec. "Modelling of green roofs' hydrologic performance using EPA's SWMM." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.219.
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Green roofs significantly affect the increase in water retention and thus the management of rain water in urban areas. In Poland, as in many other European countries, excess rainwater resulting from snowmelt and heavy rainfall contributes to the development of local flooding in urban areas. Opportunities to reduce surface runoff and reduce flood risks are among the reasons why green roofs are more likely to be used also in this country. However, there are relatively few data on their in situ performance. In this study the storm water performance was simulated for the green roofs experimental plots using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with Low Impact Development (LID) Controls module (version 5.0.022). The model consists of many parameters for a particular layer of green roofs but simulation results were unsatisfactory considering the hydrologic response of the green roofs. For the majority of the tested rain events, the Nash coefficient had negative values. It indicates a weak fit between observed and measured flow-rates. Therefore complexity of the LID module does not affect the increase of its accuracy. Further research at a technical scale is needed to determine the role of the green roof slope, vegetation cover and drying process during the inter-event periods.
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Ravesloot, Christoph Maria. "Determining Thermal Specifications for Vegetated GREEN Roofs in Moderate Winter Climates." Modern Applied Science 9, no. 13 (November 30, 2015): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v9n13p208.
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<p class="zhengwen">Because local weather conditions in moderate climates are changing constantly, heat transfer specifications of substrate and vegetation in vegetated green roofs also change accordingly. Nevertheless, it is assumed that vegetated green roofs can have a positive effect on the thermal performance of construction in winter conditions. Is there proof from scientific research and field testing for this assumption? To answer this question, research is conducted with the main research question: Which parameters defining thermal performance for vegetated green-roof construction for a moderate winter climate like that in the Netherlands can be determined from existing literature, and how do these parameters influence thermal performance? Literature research was executed on monitoring and testing of thermal specifications of vegetated green roofs. Models with physical parameters on vegetated green roofs were studied and compared. The first goal was to make a list of all physical parameters and corresponding variables valid in the Dutch moderate-winter climate. None of the models that were found in the literature seemed to cover all physical processes. These models use parameters and variables to calculate the overall u-value of substrate and vegetation. Nevertheless, one nearly complete model was used for a sensitivity test on variables. Maximum and minimum values of variables were calculated in the model to determine the influence on the outcome in terms of u-value. From this analysis, a distinction could be made between variables influencing the u-value strongly and other variables influencing the outcome weakly.</p><p class="zhengwen">The modelling showed that three variables were influencing the model calculations moderately strongly and therefore the thermal performance of the vegetated green-roof substrate and vegetation. These variables are not consistent with parameters modeling or calculating u-value in constructions. This finding means that contribution to thermal insulation by extensive vegetated green-roof substrate and vegetation in terms of u-value would be negligible. Only a small theoretical contribution to thermal insulation can be argued from weak variables. To be sure about this small theoretical contribution to the u-value of the roof construction, this u-value was used as input for energy-use calculations for residential buildings. These calculations show that such a small increase of the u-value leads to no visible reduction in energy use for heating in winter conditions. The contribution is negligible compared to the influence of the u-value from extra insulation under the roof.</p>For vegetated green roofs in such moderate winter climates as in the Netherlands, additional u-value will have to be proven specifically, because the modelling shows that, in general, no contribution to thermal insulation can be expected.
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Kravka, Miroslav, Martin Daněk, and Roman Rabenseifer. "Extensive Roof Green in Central European Climate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.795.
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The essence of the green roof is vegetation and its positive health and aesthetic effects on humans. They can, however, only be achieved, if the vegetation is really functional. In climatic conditions of Central Europe with four seasons of the same length, approximately, with cold winters and relatively warm, and often dry, summers are plants in artificial conditions, for which the vegetation of the roof can be considered, subject to extreme temperature variations. Even plants typical for central European area that thrive in this environment can be difficult to survive. In contrast to the plants rooted in the usual field, the temperature of which oscillates during the year at a depth of one meter under the surface between 0° and approx. 16° Celsius, i.e. in the range of approx. 16 Kelvin, the roots of vegetation planted on roofs are exposed to a much wider temperature range. The study to be presented describes an example of a typical roof with extensive greenery and shows the temperature course in substrate of the roof vegetation during a typical winter and summer day and compares it to the temperature course at the same depth below the field surface. It also provides methods that can solve this problem, from the selection of suitable plant species through year-round care, e.g. using summer irrigation and winter protection, up to artificial creation of a constant temperature of natural substrate with heated / cooled ceilings under the roof.
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Thuring, Christine, and Gary Grant. "The biodiversity of temperate extensive green roofs – a review of research and practice." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2016): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2015.1091190.
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From its beginnings in Germany in the twentieth century, a thriving extensive green roof industry has become established in many countries in temperate climates. Based upon the success of the industry, and with an expectation that this technology will be adopted in other climates, this review of the ecological research of extensive green roofs aims to evaluate the application of this knowledge. The modern extensive green roof is the product of research in the 1970s by German green roof pioneers; the selection of suitable species from analogue habitats led to green roof vegetation dominated by drought tolerant taxa. The commercial success of extensive green roof systems can be attributed to engineering and horticultural research, to policy mechanisms in some places, and to a market that encourages innovation, and the origins in ecological design are now easily overlooked. Some of the work reviewed here, including the classification of spontaneous roof vegetation into plant communities, is not widely known due to its confinement to the German literature. By re-visiting the history of the extensive green roof and reviewing the ecological research that has contributed to our understanding of it, the intention is, for this paper, to inform those considering green roofs in other climatic regions, to apply an ecologically informed approach in using local knowledge for developing installations that are suited to the bioregion in which they occur. Finally the paper considers some future directions for research and practice.
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Tetiana M. Tkachenko and Ivan O. Prokopenko. "Сalculation of maintenance of surface drainage roofing of a German manufacturer." Environmental safety and natural resources 35, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2020.3.44-56.
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With the help of some green technologies, such as green roofs, quantitative and qualitative indicators of rainwater can be successfully adjusted. The big advantage of green roofs is the accumulation of moisture, which allows to delay the runoff of storm water, unloading the sewer system and preventing floods. However, an arbitrary increase in accumulated water in a standard green roof structure is not possible, because more amount of moisture can adversely affect vegetation. However, this option is available in the rainwater system on the green roof as an addition to other landscaping systems. The rainwater collection system on the green roof allows to accumulate on average 80 l/m² of rainfall and then release water into the sewer system for a certain period of time (from 24 hours to several days). The purpose of the study – to study the effect of surface runoff on the environment and reduce its negative impact with the help of green roofs. The calculation of the retained surface runoff by the roof of the German manufacturer was carried out according to the original author's method (Tkachenko, T., 2019). The reservoir volume was calculated using the author's advanced Wilo methodology adapted to the climatic conditions of Ukraine. The calculation of the retained surface runoff is done by the roof of the German manufacturer ZinCo. The "green" roof is located in Kiev. The area of the roof is 150 m2. ZinСo roof has been found to be able to hold 7950 liters of rainwater and thereby to reduce surface runoff by unloading storm wells. Roof efficiency for the reduction of surface runoff reaches 21.2%, which is a very good indicator. Purified rain water from green roofs can be collected in tanks and used for technical purposes. For collecting rain water from an intensive flat roof with an area of 150 m2, a 4 m3 tank is needed for an office staff of 8 people.
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Cruz de Carvalho, Ricardo, Teresa Afonso do Paço, Cristina Branquinho, and Jorge Marques da Silva. "Using Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Imaging to Select Desiccation-Tolerant Native Moss Species for Water-Sustainable Green Roofs." Water 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061748.
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Green roofs have been more thoroughly investigated in the last few years due to the potential benefits they offer to ecosystems in urban areas (e.g., carbon sequestration, particle retention, heat island effect attenuation). However, current climate change models predict an increase in desertification, with an increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall, which means there is an increasing demand for green roofs with lower water consumption. Vegetation with very little water requirements, such as desiccation-tolerant mosses, has shown a potential to complement or substitute for vascular species, increasing the sustainability of lower water use in green roofs. In this study, we use chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging to screen for bryophytes with adequate physiology to be used in green roofs placed in at-risk areas with prolonged drought episodes. Apart from Hypnum cupressiforme, all selected species presented a high potential for use in those conditions, particularly Didymodon fallax, Grimmia lisae, Pleurochaete squarrosa, and Targionia hypophylla. Chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging technology proved to be a simple and non-invasive tool for a fast screening of these poikilohydric organisms, to be used in future studies of bryophyte biology, but more importantly in the green roof industry.
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Gomes, Silva, Valadas, and Silva. "Impact of Vegetation, Substrate, and Irrigation on the Energy Performance of Green Roofs in a Mediterranean Climate." Water 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102016.
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Green roof energy performance is still a challenging topic, namely in a Mediterranean climate since it depends on building characteristics, roof type, and also on climatic conditions. This paper evaluates green roof buildings’ energy needs and use in a Mediterranean climate. An experimentally calibrated numerical model was used to perform a parametric analysis and identify the influence of key parameters in heating and cooling energy needs, as well as annual energy use. The vegetation height, the soil depth, and LAI (leaf area index) were identified as the key parameters. The irrigation levels were also crucial for the energy performance of green roofs, particularly during the summer period and in a Mediterranean climate. Heating energy needs were mainly associated with soil depth due to higher thermal resistance, whereas cooling energy needs depended mostly on LAI, which influenced evapotranspiration and shading effects. A reduction of soil depth from 1.0 m to 0.1 m increased winter energy needs by up to 140%, while low values of LAI increased cooling energy needs up to 365%. Annual energy use in a Mediterranean climate showed a higher dependence on soil depth, with oscillations of up to 115%, followed by LAI and vegetation height. Finally, irrigation levels impacted the annual energy use more significantly for lower watering flow rates. Reductions of about 500% were obtained when changing watering flowrates from 0 mm/day to 6 mm/day in intensive green roofs. Since green roofs with native species expect low values of watering, this may increase their cooling energy needs.
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Knapp, Schmauck, and Zehnsdorf. "Biodiversity Impact of Green Roofs and Constructed Wetlands as Progressive Eco-Technologies in Urban Areas." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 5846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205846.
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The total amount of sealed surfaces is increasing in many urban areas, which presents a challenge for sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants when extreme rainfall events occur. One promising solution approach is the application of decentralized eco-technologies for water management such as green roofs and constructed wetlands, which also have the potential to improve urban biodiversity. We review the effects of these two eco-technologies on species richness, abundance and other facets of biodiversity (e.g., functional diversity). We find that while green roofs support fewer species than ground-level habitats and thus are not a substitute for the latter, the increase in green roof structural diversity supports species richness. Species abundance benefits from improved roof conditions (e.g., increased substrate depth). Few studies have investigated the functional diversity of green roofs so far, but the typical traits of green roof species have been identified. The biodiversity of animals in constructed wetlands can be improved by applying animal-aided design rather than by solely considering engineering requirements. For example, flat and barrier-free shore areas, diverse vegetation, and heterogeneous surroundings increase the attractiveness of constructed wetlands for a range of animals. We suggest that by combining and making increasing use of these two eco-technologies in urban areas, biodiversity will benefit.
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Silva, Joana, Teresa A. Paço, Vítor Sousa, and Cristina M. Silva. "Hydrological Performance of Green Roofs in Mediterranean Climates: A Review and Evaluation of Patterns." Water 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182600.
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The capacity of green roofs to intercept rainfall, and consequently store and slow runoff resulting in a reduction in flood risk, is one of their main advantages. In this review, previous research related to the influence of green roofs on the hydrological cycle is examined with a special focus on studies for Mediterranean climate conditions (Csa and Csb according to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification). This climate is characterized by short and intense rainfall occurrences which, along with the increased area of impervious surface on Mediterranean regions, intensify the risk of flooding, particularly in the cities. The analysis covers the variables rainfall retention (R, %), runoff delay (RD, min or h), peak delay (PD, min or h), peak attenuation (PA, %), and runoff coefficient (RC, −), in relation to physical features of the green roof such as layers, substrate depth, slope, and vegetation, as well as, weather conditions, such as monthly temperature and monthly precipitation. Following a statistical analysis, some patterns for the average rainfall retention (%) were found in the published literature for green roofs under Mediterranean climate conditions—namely, that the most significant variables are related to the substrate depth, the existence of certain layers (root barrier, drainage layer), the origin of the vegetation, the types of green roofs (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive), and the precipitation and temperature of the location. Moreover, a multivariate analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression to identify the set of green roof features and weather conditions that best explain the rainfall retention (%), taking into consideration not only the studies under Mediterranean conditions but all climates, and a similar pattern emerged. Recommendations for future research include addressing the effect of physical features and weather conditions on the other variables (RD, PD, PA, RC) since, although present in some studies, they still do not provide enough information to reach clear conclusions.
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Baryła, Anna, Agnieszka Bus, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, and Joanna Witkowska-Dobrev. "Surface temperature analysis of conventional roof and different use forms of the green roof." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 28, no. 4 (December 29, 2019): 632–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2019.28.4.57.
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Increasing urban populations raises a number of problems and risks that are strengthened by observed and projected climate change. An increase in green areas (so-called green infrastructure) has turned out to be an effective means of lowering temperature in the city. Green roofs can be one of the possible measures leading to achieving this aim. The aim of the study was the analysis of temperature changes of different roof surfaces (conventional roof, board, intensive roof substrate without plant cover, substrate covered with plants (shrubs). Studies on comparing the temperature between a conventional roof and green roofs were carried out in the period from April to September 2015 on the roof of the building of the Faculty of Modern Languages, University of Warsaw. The measurement was performed using the FLIR SC620 thermal imaging system. As a result of the tests, it was found that in the summer months the differences between the temperature of the green roof and the conventional roof amounted to a maximum of 31.3°C. The obtained results showed that the roof with vegetation can signifi cantly contribute to the mitigation of the urban heat island phenomenon in urban areas during summer periods.
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Sheweka, Samar Mohamed, and Nourhan Magdy. "The Impact of Different Green Roofs Strategies on the Indoor Thermal Comfort with Special Reference to Cairo-Egypt." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.38.
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In present time, the environmental impact of green buildings on inner and outer climate has becomes more apparent. Green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment. Recently, the popularity of green roof is growing in the context of urban landscaping because of its smaller footprint, aesthetic value, insulation benefits and heat island mitigation impact. Greenery roofs are considered to be a part of new technology that allows the use of alternative vegetation. This paper will explore the potentials of using green roofs as an integral part of the building process to save energy. This paper will introduce the energy crisis and will focus on the current crisis in Egypt and the global UHI effect. It will also identify the impact of vegetation as a sustainable approach for UHI mitigation and energy savings. After addressing green roof types, and their functional, and environmental aspects in general. The paper distills these different types to enhance thermal performance in terms of indoor thermal comfort and energy savings with the integration of PV cells within green roof design. This will be empirically examined by DesignBuilder and EnergyPlus Simulation, to explore the possibilities of improving indoor thermal comfort within the studied types. Then the paper will be concluded by a set of recommendations for buildings within Egypt’s climatic settings.
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Quan, Hong Zhu. "Green Roofs System with Porous Ecological Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.966.
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Because of its durability and strength, more and more porous concrete has been used for riverbank protection or foundations of greenery. This study described a new type of green roof system without a soil layer on the porous concrete. This paper also discussed reuse of waste (fly ash generated from thermal power stations and aggregate made of ALC panel waste) to configure a newly proposed thin-type green roof system. As a result, the pilot model of lightweight thin type porous planting foundation satisfied the dynamic strength and ensured 30% void ratio needed for viability of vegetation.
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Cascone, Stefano. "Green Roof Design: State of the Art on Technology and Materials." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (May 28, 2019): 3020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113020.
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In order to consider green roofs as an environmentally friendly technology, the selection of efficient and sustainable components is extremely important. Previous review papers have mainly focused on the performance and advantages of green roofs. The objective of this paper is to examine the primary layers: The waterproof and anti-root membranes; the protection, filter, and drainage layers; the substrate; and the vegetation. First, the history, modern applications, benefits and classification are analyzed in order to present a well-defined state of the art of this technology. Then, the roles, requirements, characteristics, and materials are assessed for each green roof layers. This technology was compared to a conventional roof technology, Mediterranean climate conditions and their influence on green roof design were assessed, also comparing them with Tropical area and focusing on irrigation systems, examples about the commercial materials and products available in the market were provided and innovative materials coming from recycled sources were analyzed. Future research should evaluate new materials for green roof technologies, in order to enhance their performance and increase their sustainability. The information provided in this review paper will be useful to develop Mediterranean green roof guidelines for selecting suitable components and materials during the design and installation phases.
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Baryła, Anna, Tomasz Gnatowski, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, and Jan Szatyłowicz. "Changes in Temperature and Moisture Content of an Extensive-Type Green Roof." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (April 29, 2019): 2498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092498.
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Green roofs ought to be perceived as ensuring a wide-ranging contribution to the sustainable urban environment. The aim of the study was; (1) to investigate and analyse the differences in the surface temperature between four models of green roofs of the extensive type and a conventional roof (covered with bitumen) under the conditions of a continental climate; (2) to assess the influence of environmental parameters (climatic water balance, air temperature, relative humidity, moisture content in the profile) on changes in the temperature of the extensive type green roof profile (substrate and vegetation mat). The study (1) was carried out during the period of June–December 2016 using a thermal imaging camera. As a result, the greatest differences in temperature were noted in June and July, with a maximum difference between the temporary surface temperature of a green roof and a conventional roof of up to 24 °C. The (2) study was conducted on a green roof profile with sedum plant vegetation. The measured parameters were: the temperature of the surface, the temperature and humidity at depths of 3 cm and 15 cm, and active radiation in the photosynthesis process (PAR). As the result, the range of daily changes in the surface temperatures and the vegetation mat were higher than the range of changes in the air temperature. Atmospheric precipitation decreased the thermal gradient in the soil, as well as the temperature fluctuations in the course of a day as a result of the increase in humidity following a rainfall. During the summer period, over the course of a day, the surface temperature was 5 °C higher than the air temperature. The largest correlation was obtained between the air temperature and the temperature of the surface as well as the temperature of the structural layers.
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Vacek, Petr, and Libor Matějka. "Usage of Hydrophilic Mineral Wool Panels in Green Roof Systems in Passive Houses." Advanced Materials Research 1041 (October 2014): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.75.
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Hydrophilic panels can be used in extensive vegetation green roof systems as a soil replacement. They are lightweight (also with full water saturation), have certified thermal insulation properties in wet conditions and beyond all, they have laboratory approval of vertical and horizontal drainage ability, similar as a special drainage nep composites.Low weight of panels is further more advantageous in the intensive green roof systems and passive houses– static demands on roof and wall constructions can be dramatically decreased. Special water-accumulation panels can be used in retention roofs. Multiple-layered panels can help with thermal properties of building envelope of passive houses.
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Mutani, Guglielmina, and Valeria Todeschi. "The Effects of Green Roofs on Outdoor Thermal Comfort, Urban Heat Island Mitigation and Energy Savings." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020123.
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There is growing attention to the use of greenery in urban areas, in various forms and functions, as an instrument to reduce the impact of human activities on the urban environment. The aim of this study has been to investigate the use of green roofs as a strategy to reduce the urban heat island effect and to improve the thermal comfort of indoor and outdoor environments. The effects of the built-up environment, the presence of vegetation and green roofs, and the urban morphology of the city of Turin (Italy) have been assessed considering the land surface temperature distribution. This analysis has considered all the information recorded by the local weather stations and satellite images, and compares it with the geometrical and typological characteristics of the city in order to find correlations that confirm that greenery and vegetation improve the livability of an urban context. The results demonstrate that the land-surface temperature, and therefore the air temperature, tend to decrease as the green areas increase. This trend depends on the type of urban context. Based on the results of a green-roofs investigation of Turin, the existing and potential green roofs are respectively almost 300 (257,380 m2) and 15,450 (6,787,929 m2). Based on potential assessment, a strategy of priority was established according to the characteristics of building, to the presence of empty spaces, and to the identification of critical areas, in which the thermal comfort conditions are poor with low vegetation. This approach can be useful to help stakeholders, urban planners, and policy makers to effectively mitigate the urban heat island (UHI), improve the livability of the city, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and gain thermal comfort conditions, and to identify policies and incentives to promote green roofs.
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Pardela, Łukasz, Tomasz Kowalczyk, Adam Bogacz, and Dorota Kasowska. "Sustainable Green Roof Ecosystems: 100 Years of Functioning on Fortifications—A Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114721.
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Green roofs have received much attention in recent years due to their ability to retain rainwater, increase urban diversity, and mitigate climate change in cities. This interdisciplinary study was carried out on three historical green roofs covering bunkers in Wrocław, located in southwestern Poland. It presents the results of a three-year investigation of the water storage of these roofs. The study also presents soil conditions and spontaneous vegetation after their functioning for over 100 years. The soils covering the bunkers are made of sandy, sandy-loam, and loamy-sand deposits. This historical construction ensures good drainage and runoff of rainwater, and is able to absorb torrential rainfall ranging from 100 to 150 mm. It provides suitable conditions for vegetation growth, and forest communities with layers formed there. In their synanthropic flora, species of European deciduous forests dominate, which are characteristic of fresh or moist and eutrophic soils with a neutral reaction. Some invasive species, such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Padus serotina, and Impatiens parviflora, also occur with high abundance. Nowadays, historical green roofs on fortifications, although they have lost their primary military role, are of historical and natural value. These roofs can promote the nonmilitary functions of historical fortifications in order to strengthen the ties between nature and heritage. Protecting and monitoring historical green roofs should be included in the elements of the process of sustainable development and the conservation of these structures in order to mitigate climate change in the outskirts of the city. For this, it is necessary to ensure proper conservational protection, which, in addition to maintaining the original structure, profiles, and layout of the building, should include protection of their natural value.
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de Munck, C. S., A. Lemonsu, R. Bouzouidja, V. Masson, and R. Claverie. "The GREENROOF module (v7.3) for modelling green roof hydrological and energetic performances within TEB." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 6 (November 8, 2013): 1941–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1941-2013.
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Abstract. The need to prepare cities for climate change adaptation requests the urban modeller community to implement sustainable adaptation strategies within their models to be tested against specific city morphologies and scenarios. Greening city roofs is part of these strategies. In this context, the GREENROOF module for TEB (town energy balance) has been developed to model the interactions between buildings and green roof systems at the scale of the city. This module, which combines the ISBA model (Interaction between Soil Biosphere and Atmosphere) and TEB, allows for one to describe an extensive green roof composed of four functional layers (vegetation – grasses or sedums; substrate; retention/drainage layers; and artificial roof layers) and to model vegetation-atmosphere fluxes of heat, water and momentum, as well as the hydrological fluxes throughout the substrate and the drainage layers, and the thermal fluxes throughout the natural and artificial layers of the green roof. TEB-GREENROOF (SURFEX v7.3) should therefore be able to represent the impact of climate forcings on the functioning of green roof vegetation and, conversely, the influence of the green roof on the local climate. An evaluation of GREENROOF is performed for a case study located in Nancy (France) which consists of an instrumented extensive green roof with sedums and substrate and drainage layers that are typical of this kind of construction. After calibration of the drainage layer hydrological characteristics, model results show good dynamics for the substrate water content and the drainage at the green roof base, with nevertheless a tendency to underestimate the water content and overestimate the drainage. This does not impact too much the green roof temperatures, which present a good agreement with observations. Nonetheless GREENROOF tends to overestimate the soil temperatures and their amplitudes, but this effect is less important in the drainage layer. These results are encouraging with regard to modelling the impact of green roofs on thermal indoor comfort and energy consumption at the scale of cities, for which GREENROOF will be running with the building energy version of TEB – TEB-BEM. Moreover, with the green roof studied for GREENROOF evaluation being a type of extensive green roof widespread in cities, the type of hydrological characteristics highlighted for the case study will be used as the standard configuration to model extensive green roof impacts at the scale of cities.
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Naranjo, Alejandra, Andrés Colonia, Jaime Mesa, Heriberto Maury, and Aníbal Maury-Ramírez. "State-of-the-Art Green Roofs: Technical Performance and Certifications for Sustainable Construction." Coatings 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10010069.
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Green roof systems, a technology which was used in major ancient buildings, are currently becoming an interesting strategy to reduce the negative impact of traditional urban development caused by ground impermeabilization. Only regarding the environmental impact, the application of these biological coatings on buildings has the potential of acting as a thermal, moisture, noise, and electromagnetic barrier. At the urban scale, they might reduce the heat island effect and sewage system load, improve runoff water and air quality, and reconstruct natural landscapes including wildlife. In spite of these significant benefits, the current design and construction methods are not completely regulated by law because there is a lack of knowledge of their technical performance. Hence, this review of the current state of the art presents a proper green roof classification based on their components and vegetation layer. Similarly, a detailed description from the key factors that control the hydraulic and thermal performance of green roofs is given. Based on these factors, an estimation of the impact of green roof systems on sustainable construction certifications is included (i.e., LEED—Leadership in Energy and Environment Design, BREEAM—Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method, CASBEE—Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency, BEAM—Building Environmental Assessment Method, ESGB—Evaluation Standard for Green Building). Finally, conclusions and future research challenges for the correct implementation of green roofs are addressed.
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Kuronuma, Takanori, Hitoshi Watanabe, Tatsuaki Ishihara, Daitoku Kou, Kazunari Toushima, Masaya Ando, and Satoshi Shindo. "CO2 Payoff of Extensive Green Roofs with Different Vegetation Species." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2018): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072256.
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Grullón – Penkova, Iana F., Jess K. Zimmerman, and Grizelle González. "Green roofs in the tropics: design considerations and vegetation dynamics." Heliyon 6, no. 8 (August 2020): e04712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04712.
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Susca, T., S. R. Gaffin, and G. R. Dell’Osso. "Positive effects of vegetation: Urban heat island and green roofs." Environmental Pollution 159, no. 8-9 (August 2011): 2119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.03.007.
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Bortolini, Lucia, Francesco Bettella, and Giampaolo Zanin. "Hydrological Behaviour of Extensive Green Roofs with Native Plants in the Humid Subtropical Climate Context." Water 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010044.
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Different mitigation measures with vegetation have been proposed to sustainably manage rainwater, among which green roofs have demonstrated to be a valid solution in urbanized areas. Green roofs have gained interest also in Italy, but their spreading is generally based on application of ready-to-use packages, poorly tested in the specific climate conditions. A study was carried out to evaluate the green roof solution most suitable in the humid, subtropical climate context of Veneto Plain (north-eastern Italy) to reduce outflow volumes from building roofs into the urban drainage systems. Twelve different microcosm combinations of extensive green roof (three plant mixtures × two substrates × two storage/drainage layers) were tested and compared with gravel (considered as a conventional flat roof with gravel ballast). The tested drainage/storage layers were a preformed layer in recycled HDPE (PL) and an expanded perlite mineral layer (ML), and the growth medium layers were recycled brick substrate (RS) and volcanic substrate (VS). Three different mixtures of native plant species were transplanted: Sedum (SE), herbaceous perennial (HE), and suffruticose (SF). Results showed that all the green roof systems have a good ability to manage rainwater, with a retention ranging on average from 46.2% (SE-RS-PL microcosms) to 62.9% (SF-RS-ML microcosms) of the precipitation in the two-year period (September 2014–August 2016), against 15.4%, retained by gravel. Over the two-year period, the retained rainfall volumes were about 100% for all the light rainy events (<10 mm) and varied within a range of 48–95% for medium rainy events (≥10 and <25 mm) and 20–88% for heavy rainy events (≥25 mm), depending on rainfall depth and the antecedent weather period. The layer that gave the highest relative contribution to the stormwater retention was the vegetation layer, followed by the drainage/storage layers and then the substrate layer. In particular, SF plants decreased the outflows by 15.2% on average compared to SE, and ML layer retained more than 10% of precipitation compared to PL layer. At last, the analysis of variance showed that, within each layer, the more effective in water retention, able to generate less outflow volumes, was similarly suffruticose and herbaceous mixtures, the crushed bricks substrate, and the mineral drainage/storage layer.