Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vegetation monitoring

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Vegetation monitoring'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Vegetation monitoring"

1

Khan, Asim, Warda Asim, Anwaar Ulhaq, and Randall W. Robinson. "A deep semantic vegetation health monitoring platform for citizen science imaging data." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 27, 2022): e0270625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270625.

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Automated monitoring of vegetation health in a landscape is often attributed to calculating values of various vegetation indexes over a period of time. However, such approaches suffer from an inaccurate estimation of vegetational change due to the over-reliance of index values on vegetation’s colour attributes and the availability of multi-spectral bands. One common observation is the sensitivity of colour attributes to seasonal variations and imaging devices, thus leading to false and inaccurate change detection and monitoring. In addition, these are very strong assumptions in a citizen science project. In this article, we build upon our previous work on developing a Semantic Vegetation Index (SVI) and expand it to introduce a semantic vegetation health monitoring platform to monitor vegetation health in a large landscape. However, unlike our previous work, we use RGB images of the Australian landscape for a quarterly series of images over six years (2015–2020). This Semantic Vegetation Index (SVI) is based on deep semantic segmentation to integrate it with a citizen science project (Fluker Post) for automated environmental monitoring. It has collected thousands of vegetation images shared by various visitors from around 168 different points located in Australian regions over six years. This paper first uses a deep learning-based semantic segmentation model to classify vegetation in repeated photographs. A semantic vegetation index is then calculated and plotted in a time series to reflect seasonal variations and environmental impacts. The results show variational trends of vegetation cover for each year, and the semantic segmentation model performed well in calculating vegetation cover based on semantic pixels (overall accuracy = 97.7%). This work has solved a number of problems related to changes in viewpoint, scale, zoom, and seasonal changes in order to normalise RGB image data collected from different image devices.
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Maxwald, Melanie, Markus Immitzer, Hans Peter Rauch, and Federico Preti. "Analyzing Fire Severity and Post-Fire Vegetation Recovery in the Temperate Andes Using Earth Observation Data." Fire 5, no. 6 (December 8, 2022): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5060211.

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In wildfire areas, earth observation data is used for the development of fire-severity maps or vegetation recovery to select post-fire measures for erosion control and revegetation. Appropriate vegetation indices for post-fire monitoring vary with vegetation type and climate zone. This study aimed to select the best vegetation indices for post-fire vegetation monitoring using remote sensing and classification methods for the temperate zone in southern Ecuador, as well as to analyze the vegetation’s development in different fire severity classes after a wildfire in September 2019. Random forest classification models were calculated using the fire severity classes (from the Relativized Burn Ratio—RBR) as a dependent variable and 23 multitemporal vegetation indices from 10 Sentinel-2 scenes as descriptive variables. The best vegetation indices to monitor post-fire vegetation recovery in the temperate Andes were found to be the Leaf Chlorophyll Content Index (LCCI) and the Normalized Difference Red-Edge and SWIR2 (NDRESWIR). In the first post-fire year, the vegetation had already recovered to a great extent due to vegetation types with a short life cycle (seasonal grass-species). Increasing index values correlated strongly with increasing fire severity class (fire severity class vs. median LCCI: 0.9997; fire severity class vs. median NDRESWIR: 0.9874). After one year, the vegetations’ vitality in low severity and moderate high severity appeared to be at pre-fire level.
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HONDA, Yoshiaki, Shunji MURAI, and Kikuuo KATOOU. "Global Monitoring of Vegetation." Journal of the Japan society of photogrammetry and remote sensing 31, no. 1 (1992): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4287/jsprs.31.4.

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Økland, T. "Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway. I. Rausjømarka in Akershus county, SE Norway." Sommerfeltia 10, no. 1 (June 1, 1990): 1–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/som-1990-0001.

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Abstract Vegetational and ecological monitoring of boreal forests in Norway was initiated in 1988, as a part of the programme “Countrywide monitoring of forest health” at Norwegian Institute of Land Invetory (NIJOS). Ten reference areas for monitoring will be established and analysed within five years; two new areas each year. Each of the monitoring areas is planned to be reanalysed every fifth year. In each monitoring area 10 macro sample plots, 50 m2 each, are selected. Within each macro sample plot 5 meso sample plots, 1 m2 each, are randomly placed and the vegetation is analysed by using frequency in subplots as measure of species abundance. Within each meso sample plot one micro sample plot (two in the first established monitoring area), 0.0625 m2 each, is analysed by the same method. In connection with each meso sample plot several environmental variables are recorded. In each ma cro sample plot several tree variables and variables describing the terrain are recorded. The variables are used for environmental interpretation as well as for monitoring, since known relations between vegetation and environmental gradients form the basis of vegetational and ecological monitoring. Any future changes in vegetation, soil and the health of trees have to be interpreted in relation to the analysis of vegetation-environment relationships in order to identify changes due to air pollution or climatic changes. The data from the first established monitoring area, Rausj0marka in Akershus county, are subjected to analysis in this paper. The most important vegetational and environmental gradients in the area are discussed, as well as the field methodology and the methods for data analysis to be used in integrated monitoring. The advantages of integrated monitoring of vegetation, soil and trees on the same sample plots are emphasized, including advantages for surveying and monitoring of species (bioindicators).
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Pádua, Luís, Pedro Marques, Jonáš Hruška, Telmo Adão, Emanuel Peres, Raul Morais, and Joaquim Sousa. "Multi-Temporal Vineyard Monitoring through UAV-Based RGB Imagery." Remote Sensing 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2018): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10121907.

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This study aimed to characterize vineyard vegetation thorough multi-temporal monitoring using a commercial low-cost rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a consumer-grade red/green/blue (RGB) sensor. Ground-truth data and UAV-based imagery were acquired on nine distinct dates, covering the most significant vegetative growing cycle until harvesting season, over two selected vineyard plots. The acquired UAV-based imagery underwent photogrammetric processing resulting, per flight, in an orthophoto mosaic, used for vegetation estimation. Digital elevation models were used to compute crop surface models. By filtering vegetation within a given height-range, it was possible to separate grapevine vegetation from other vegetation present in a specific vineyard plot, enabling the estimation of grapevine area and volume. The results showed high accuracy in grapevine detection (94.40%) and low error in grapevine volume estimation (root mean square error of 0.13 m and correlation coefficient of 0.78 for height estimation). The accuracy assessment showed that the proposed method based on UAV-based RGB imagery is effective and has potential to become an operational technique. The proposed method also allows the estimation of grapevine areas that can potentially benefit from canopy management operations.
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Dhakal, Rabin, Abhishek Ghimire, Sanjay Nepal, and Kapalik Khanal. "PocketQube development for earth exploration and vegetation monitoring." Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 5, no. 1 (September 11, 2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v5i1.43925.

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A PocketQube is being popular these days due to the enhancement in technologies for space research and earth observation. It is extremely vital to analyze the condition of vegetation on the earth surface because deforestation, forest fire and smuggling of precious plants have been increasing dramatically. The camera module in the payload captures the image from the space which helps in analyzing the vegetative condition of the forest on the earth’s surface. The provided image data is huge in order to maintain the quality of the images it captures. Hence, the received image data is further divided into chunks. Each chunks holds 64bits of hex values of each pixels of the image. The subsequent real time Image data is transmitted to the ground station and the received image is checked, analyzed and displayed on the screen. The received data is regenerated by combining the received chunks at a time at ground station. Based on the provided images further image processing activities are conducted in order to understand the condition of vegetation by calculating the vegetative index of each pixels in the received images.
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Shukla, Sonali. "Vegetation Monitoring System-A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.2040.

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Mohler, Robert R. J., Gordon L. Wells, Cecil R. Hallurn, and Michael H. Trenchard. "Monitoring vegetation of drought environments." BioScience 36, no. 7 (July 1986): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310346.

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Gobron, N., A. Belward, B. Pinty, and W. Knorr. "Monitoring biosphere vegetation 1998-2009." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 15 (August 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl043870.

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Retalis, A. "Modern Approaches in Vegetation Monitoring." Photogrammetric Record 21, no. 114 (June 2006): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2006.00375_3.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vegetation monitoring"

1

Roderick, Michael L. "Satellite derived vegetation indices for monitoring seasonal vegetation conditions in Western Australia." Thesis, Curtin University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/518.

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The monitoring of continental and global scale net primary production remains a major focus of satellite-based remote sensing. Potential benefits which follow are diverse and include contributions to, and improved scientific understanding of, ecological systems, rangeland management, famine warning, agricultural commodity trading, and the study of global climate change.A NOAA-AVHRR data set containing monthly observations of green vegetation cover over a ten year period was acquired and analysed, to extract information on seasonal conditions. The data were supplied as a vegetation index, commonly known as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with a spatial resolution of approximately five km. The data set was acquired from three different satellites, and calibration problems were known to exist. A new technique was developed to estimate, and subsequently remove, the calibration bias present in the data.Monthly rainfall measurements were used as surrogate ground truth to validate the NDVI data. For regions of native vegetation, linear models relating NDVI to previous rainfall were derived, using transfer function techniques in common use in systems engineering. The models demonstrate that, in mid-latitude regions, the NDVI is a linear function of rainfall recorded over the preceding seven or eight months.Annual summaries of the image data were developed to highlight the amount and timing of plant growth. Three fundamental questions were posed as an aid to the development of the summary technique: where, when and how much? These summaries highlight the extraordinary spatial and temporal variations in plant growth, and hence rainfall, over much of Western Australia each year.Standard analysis techniques used in time series analysis, such as classical decomposition, were successfully applied to the analysis of NDVI time series. These techniques highlighted structural differences in the image data, due to land use, climatic factors and vegetation type.Overall, the results of the research undertaken in this study, using NOAA-AVHRR data in Western Australia, demonstrate that vegetation indices acquired from satellite platforms can be used to monitor continental scale seasonal conditions in an effective manner. As a consequence of these results, further research using this type of data is proposed in rangeland management and climate change modelling.
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Roderick, Michael L. "Satellite derived vegetation indices for monitoring seasonal vegetation conditions in Western Australia." Curtin University of Technology, School of Surveying and Land Information, 1994. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14815.

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The monitoring of continental and global scale net primary production remains a major focus of satellite-based remote sensing. Potential benefits which follow are diverse and include contributions to, and improved scientific understanding of, ecological systems, rangeland management, famine warning, agricultural commodity trading, and the study of global climate change.A NOAA-AVHRR data set containing monthly observations of green vegetation cover over a ten year period was acquired and analysed, to extract information on seasonal conditions. The data were supplied as a vegetation index, commonly known as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), with a spatial resolution of approximately five km. The data set was acquired from three different satellites, and calibration problems were known to exist. A new technique was developed to estimate, and subsequently remove, the calibration bias present in the data.Monthly rainfall measurements were used as surrogate ground truth to validate the NDVI data. For regions of native vegetation, linear models relating NDVI to previous rainfall were derived, using transfer function techniques in common use in systems engineering. The models demonstrate that, in mid-latitude regions, the NDVI is a linear function of rainfall recorded over the preceding seven or eight months.Annual summaries of the image data were developed to highlight the amount and timing of plant growth. Three fundamental questions were posed as an aid to the development of the summary technique: where, when and how much? These summaries highlight the extraordinary spatial and temporal variations in plant growth, and hence rainfall, over much of Western Australia each year.Standard analysis techniques used in time series analysis, such as classical decomposition, were successfully applied to the analysis of NDVI time series. These techniques highlighted ++
structural differences in the image data, due to land use, climatic factors and vegetation type.Overall, the results of the research undertaken in this study, using NOAA-AVHRR data in Western Australia, demonstrate that vegetation indices acquired from satellite platforms can be used to monitor continental scale seasonal conditions in an effective manner. As a consequence of these results, further research using this type of data is proposed in rangeland management and climate change modelling.
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JULITTA, TOMMASO. "Optical proximal sensing for vegetation monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/70505.

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Monitoring vegetation dynamics represents a fundamental practice to evaluate the response of the vegetation to environmental changes. Optical proximal sensed data allow the monitoring of the temporal and spatial variability of vegetation properties under natural conditions. Vegetation optical properties can be used to indirectly derive information about the phenological and/or physiological status of the plants. Optical sensors commonly used in the field can be divided into broadband sensors (usually multispectral, e.g. RGB cameras) and narrowband sensors (both multispectral and hyperspectral devices, e.g. spectroradiometers). The potential applications of these two categories of sensors differ. While broadband sensors have been applied in the last years to track the phenological development of the vegetation, spectroradiometers have been shown to be suitable also for the characterization of plant physiological status. In fact hyperspectral systems provide a more detailed optical characterization of the analysed targets, nevertheless the systems have to be accurately characterized in terms of spectral and radiometric performances in order to obtain repeatable and comparable. The first part of the research has been addressed to the determination of the sources of uncertainty of the optical measurement systems. Several of the most common optical devices available on the market have been characterized and compared. A particular attention has been paid to instrumental differences in the optical components which could affect the radiance measurements. Moreover the performances of spectroradiometers have been evaluated both indoors and outdoors in order to evaluate the impact of sensor characteristics on the estimation of parameters commonly used in vegetation studies. The analysis has been initially focused on the effect of different cosine receptors on the estimation of biochemical and biophysical properties of the vegetation, such as leaf area index and chlorophyll content. In a second step the analysis referred to the impact of instrumental characteristics (mainly spectral resolution and signal to noise ratio) on the estimation of the absolute value of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence. The results obtained suggest that instrument components affect the measurements and according to the required parameter estimations accuracy some instruments are more suitable rather than others. The second part of the study has been focused on the use of proximal sensors to monitor the dynamics of terrestrial vegetation. For this purpose both broadband and narrowband sensors have been separately considered. The first analysis referred to the possibility of using broadband imaging systems to investigate the temporal and spatial phenological dynamics of an alpine ecosystem. The phenological analysis has been conducted using a 3-year time series of digital RGB images collected in a grassland site. This spatiotemporal analysis provided interesting insights into the role of plant species composition on phenology in complex ecosystems, such as alpine grasslands. This study case indicates the potential of using RGB digital cameras as a tool for long term phenological monitoring, allowing the spatial characterization of the investigated ecosystem. The possibility of using hyperspectral narrowband sensors to detect vegetation physiological changes was also evaluated. In particular, this analysis focused on the use of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence for the early detection of vegetation stress. The study was conducted during a controlled experiment designed to modify the functional status of actual photosynthesis. The results indicate that fluorescence is immediately affected by physiological changes as a demonstration that such estimates can be used to track physiological traits better than traditional remote sensing techniques based on optical broadband vegetation indices.
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Messeh, Maged Farouk Zaky Abdel. "Global vegetation monitoring using ERS-1 scatterometer data." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298978.

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Despain, Del W., Phil R. Ogden, George B. Ruyle, and E. Lamar Smith. "Some Methods For Monitoring Rangelands and Other Natural Area Vegetation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/304566.

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Despain, Del W., Phil R. Ogden, George B. Ruyle, and E. Lamar Smith. "Some Methods for Monitoring Rangelands and Other Natural Area Vegetation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311743.

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7

Scherrer, Pascal, and n/a. "Monitoring Vegetation Change in the Kosciuszko Alpine Zone, Australia." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040715.125310.

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This thesis examined vegetation change over the last 43 years in Australia's largest contiguous alpine area, the Kosciuszko alpine zone in south-eastern Australia. Using historical and current data about the state of the most common vegetation community, tall alpine herbfield, this thesis addressed the questions: (1) what were the patterns of change at the species/genera and life form levels during this time period; (2) what were the patterns of recovery, if recovery occurred, from anthropogenic disturbances such as livestock grazing or trampling by tourists; (3) what impacts did natural disturbances such as drought have on the vegetation and how does it compare to anthropogenic disturbances; and (4) What are the benefits, limitations and management considerations when using long-term data for assessing vegetation changes at the species/genera, life form and community levels? The Kosciuszko alpine zone has important economic, cultural and ecological values. It is of great scientific and biological importance, maintaining an assemblage of vegetation communities found nowhere else in the world. It is one of the few alpine regions in the world with deep loamy soils, and contains endemic flora and fauna and some of the few periglacial and glacial features in Australia. The area also forms the core of the Australian mainland's most important water catchment and is a popular tourist destination, offering a range of recreational opportunities. The vegetation of the Kosciuszko alpine zone is recovering from impacts of livestock grazing and is increasingly exposed to pressures from tourism and anthropogenic climate change. At the same time, natural disturbances such as drought and fire can influence the distribution, composition and diversity of plants. Thus, there is a need for detailed environmental data on this area in order to: (1) better understand ecological relationships; (2) understand existing and potential effects of recreational and management pressures on the region; (3) provide data against which future changes can be assessed; and (4) provide better information on many features of this area, including vegetation, for interpretation, education and management. The research in this thesis utilised three types of ecological information: (1) scientific long-term datasets; (2) photographic records; and (3) a comparison of disturbed and undisturbed vegetation. This research analysed data from one of the longest ongoing monitoring programs in the Australian Alps established by Alec Costin and Dane Wimbush in 1959. Permanent plots (6 transects and 30 photoquadrats) were established at two locations that differed in the time since grazing and have been repeatedly surveyed. Plots near Mt Kosciuszko had not been grazed for 15 years and had nearly complete vegetation cover in 1959, while plots near Mt Gungartan showed extensive impacts of grazing and associated activities which only ceased in 1958. Some transect data from 1959 to 1978 have been analysed by the original researchers. The research presented in this thesis extends this monitoring program with data from additional surveys in 1990, 1999 and 2002 and applies current methods of statistical evaluation, such as ordination techniques, to the whole data set for the first time. Results indicated that the recovery from livestock grazing and the effects of drought have been the main factors affecting vegetation. Recovery from livestock grazing at the three transects at Gungartan was slow and involved: (1) increasing genera diversity; (2) increasing vegetation cover; (3) decreasing amounts of bare ground; and (4) a directional change over time in species composition. Patterns of colonisation and species succession were also documented. In 2002, 44 years after the cessation of grazing, transects near Mt Gungartan had similar vegetation cover and genera diversity to the transects near Mt Kosciuszko, but cover by exposed rock remained higher. A drought in the 1960s resulted in a temporary increase of litter and a shift in the proportional cover of life forms, as grasses died and herb cover increased at both locations. Proportions of cover for life forms reverted to pre-drought levels within a few years. The results also highlighted the spatial variability of tall alpine herbfield. The photoquadrats were surveyed in the years 1959, 1964, 1968, 1978 and 2001 and are analysed for the first time in this thesis. After comparing a range of methods, visual assessment using a 130 point grid was found to be the most suitable technique to measure vegetation cover and genera diversity. At the 18 quadrats near Mt Gungartan, there was a pattern of increasing vegetation cover as bare areas were colonised by native cudweeds and the naturalized herb Acetosella vulgaris. Revegetation from within bare areas largely occurred by herb species, while graminoids and shrub species predominately colonised bare ground by lateral expansion from the edges, eventually replacing the colonising herbs. At the 12 quadrats near Mt Kosciuszko, vegetation cover was almost complete in all years surveyed except 1968, which was at the end of a six year drought. Similar to the results from the transect study, the drought caused an increase in litter at both locations as graminoid cover declined. Initially herb cover increased, potentially as a result of decreased competition from the graminoids and a nutrient spike from decaying litter, but as the drought became more severe, herb cover also declined. Graminoid cover rapidly recovered after the drought, reaching pre-drought levels by 1978, and was at similar levels in 2001. Herb cover continued to decline after peaking in 1964. The photoquadrat study also documented the longevity and growth rates of several species indicating that many taxa may persist for several decades. It further provided insights into replacement patterns amongst life forms. In addition to assessing vegetation change following livestock grazing and drought at the long-term plots, recovery from tourism impacts was examined by comparing vegetation and soils on a closed walking track, with that of adjacent undisturbed tall alpine herbfield at a series of 22 paired quadrats. Fifteen years after the track was closed there was limited success in restoration. Over a quarter of the closed track was still bare ground with non-native species the dominant vegetation. Plant species composition differed and vegetation height, soil nutrients and soil moisture were lower on the track which had a higher compaction level than adjacent natural vegetation. The results presented in this thesis highlight that tall alpine herbfield is characterised by nearly entire vegetation cover which is dominated by graminoids, followed by herbs and shrubs in the absence of disturbance by livestock grazing, trampling or drought. The studies also showed that under quot;average" conditions, the relative cover of herbs and graminoids remained fairly stable even though there can be considerable cycling between them. Spatial variability in terms of taxa composition was high. The only common introduced species in unrehabilitated sites was Acetosella vulgaris, which was effective at colonising bare ground but was eventually replaced by other native species. However, in areas actively rehabilitated, such as on the closed track, non-native species introduced during revegetation efforts still persist with high cover 15 years after their introduction. Monitoring of vegetation change is also important at the landscape scale. This thesis provides a review of the potential use, the limitations and the benefits of aerial photography to examine vegetation change in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. Numerous aerial photography runs have been flown over the area since the 1930s for government agencies, industry and the military. Some of these records have been used to map vegetation communities and eroding areas at a point in time. Other studies compared different types and scales of photographs, highlighting in particular the benefits and potential of large scale colour aerial photography to map alpine vegetation. However, despite their potential to assess vegetation change over time, a temporal comparison of vegetation in the Kosciuszko alpine zone from aerial photographs has not been completed to this date. Historical photographs may not be easy to locate or access and difficulties with vegetation classification may restrict the practicality of using historical aerial photographs to assess vegetation change. Despite these issues, aerial photography may provide a very useful and efficient tool to assess changes over time when applied appropriately, even in alpine environments. The development of digital classification techniques, the application of statistical measures of error to both methodology and data, and the application of geographic information systems are likely to further improve the practicality of historical aerial photographs for the detection of vegetation change and assist in overcoming some of the limitations. The results presented in this thesis highlight the need for limiting disturbance, for ongoing rehabilitation of disturbed areas and for long-term monitoring in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. The results contribute to our understanding of how vegetation may change in the future and may be affected by new land use activities and climate change. This type of information, which otherwise would require the establishment of long-term studies and years of monitoring, can assist land managers of this and other important protected areas. The study highlights how the use and expansion of already existing datasets to gather ecological information can save considerable money and time, providing valuable data for current and emerging issues.
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8

Scherrer, Pascal. "Monitoring Vegetation Change in the Kosciuszko Alpine Zone, Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366283.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis examined vegetation change over the last 43 years in Australia's largest contiguous alpine area, the Kosciuszko alpine zone in south-eastern Australia. Using historical and current data about the state of the most common vegetation community, tall alpine herbfield, this thesis addressed the questions: (1) what were the patterns of change at the species/genera and life form levels during this time period; (2) what were the patterns of recovery, if recovery occurred, from anthropogenic disturbances such as livestock grazing or trampling by tourists; (3) what impacts did natural disturbances such as drought have on the vegetation and how does it compare to anthropogenic disturbances; and (4) What are the benefits, limitations and management considerations when using long-term data for assessing vegetation changes at the species/genera, life form and community levels? The Kosciuszko alpine zone has important economic, cultural and ecological values. It is of great scientific and biological importance, maintaining an assemblage of vegetation communities found nowhere else in the world. It is one of the few alpine regions in the world with deep loamy soils, and contains endemic flora and fauna and some of the few periglacial and glacial features in Australia. The area also forms the core of the Australian mainland's most important water catchment and is a popular tourist destination, offering a range of recreational opportunities. The vegetation of the Kosciuszko alpine zone is recovering from impacts of livestock grazing and is increasingly exposed to pressures from tourism and anthropogenic climate change. At the same time, natural disturbances such as drought and fire can influence the distribution, composition and diversity of plants. Thus, there is a need for detailed environmental data on this area in order to: (1) better understand ecological relationships; (2) understand existing and potential effects of recreational and management pressures on the region; (3) provide data against which future changes can be assessed; and (4) provide better information on many features of this area, including vegetation, for interpretation, education and management. The research in this thesis utilised three types of ecological information: (1) scientific long-term datasets; (2) photographic records; and (3) a comparison of disturbed and undisturbed vegetation. This research analysed data from one of the longest ongoing monitoring programs in the Australian Alps established by Alec Costin and Dane Wimbush in 1959. Permanent plots (6 transects and 30 photoquadrats) were established at two locations that differed in the time since grazing and have been repeatedly surveyed. Plots near Mt Kosciuszko had not been grazed for 15 years and had nearly complete vegetation cover in 1959, while plots near Mt Gungartan showed extensive impacts of grazing and associated activities which only ceased in 1958. Some transect data from 1959 to 1978 have been analysed by the original researchers. The research presented in this thesis extends this monitoring program with data from additional surveys in 1990, 1999 and 2002 and applies current methods of statistical evaluation, such as ordination techniques, to the whole data set for the first time. Results indicated that the recovery from livestock grazing and the effects of drought have been the main factors affecting vegetation. Recovery from livestock grazing at the three transects at Gungartan was slow and involved: (1) increasing genera diversity; (2) increasing vegetation cover; (3) decreasing amounts of bare ground; and (4) a directional change over time in species composition. Patterns of colonisation and species succession were also documented. In 2002, 44 years after the cessation of grazing, transects near Mt Gungartan had similar vegetation cover and genera diversity to the transects near Mt Kosciuszko, but cover by exposed rock remained higher. A drought in the 1960s resulted in a temporary increase of litter and a shift in the proportional cover of life forms, as grasses died and herb cover increased at both locations. Proportions of cover for life forms reverted to pre-drought levels within a few years. The results also highlighted the spatial variability of tall alpine herbfield. The photoquadrats were surveyed in the years 1959, 1964, 1968, 1978 and 2001 and are analysed for the first time in this thesis. After comparing a range of methods, visual assessment using a 130 point grid was found to be the most suitable technique to measure vegetation cover and genera diversity. At the 18 quadrats near Mt Gungartan, there was a pattern of increasing vegetation cover as bare areas were colonised by native cudweeds and the naturalized herb Acetosella vulgaris. Revegetation from within bare areas largely occurred by herb species, while graminoids and shrub species predominately colonised bare ground by lateral expansion from the edges, eventually replacing the colonising herbs. At the 12 quadrats near Mt Kosciuszko, vegetation cover was almost complete in all years surveyed except 1968, which was at the end of a six year drought. Similar to the results from the transect study, the drought caused an increase in litter at both locations as graminoid cover declined. Initially herb cover increased, potentially as a result of decreased competition from the graminoids and a nutrient spike from decaying litter, but as the drought became more severe, herb cover also declined. Graminoid cover rapidly recovered after the drought, reaching pre-drought levels by 1978, and was at similar levels in 2001. Herb cover continued to decline after peaking in 1964. The photoquadrat study also documented the longevity and growth rates of several species indicating that many taxa may persist for several decades. It further provided insights into replacement patterns amongst life forms. In addition to assessing vegetation change following livestock grazing and drought at the long-term plots, recovery from tourism impacts was examined by comparing vegetation and soils on a closed walking track, with that of adjacent undisturbed tall alpine herbfield at a series of 22 paired quadrats. Fifteen years after the track was closed there was limited success in restoration. Over a quarter of the closed track was still bare ground with non-native species the dominant vegetation. Plant species composition differed and vegetation height, soil nutrients and soil moisture were lower on the track which had a higher compaction level than adjacent natural vegetation. The results presented in this thesis highlight that tall alpine herbfield is characterised by nearly entire vegetation cover which is dominated by graminoids, followed by herbs and shrubs in the absence of disturbance by livestock grazing, trampling or drought. The studies also showed that under quot;average" conditions, the relative cover of herbs and graminoids remained fairly stable even though there can be considerable cycling between them. Spatial variability in terms of taxa composition was high. The only common introduced species in unrehabilitated sites was Acetosella vulgaris, which was effective at colonising bare ground but was eventually replaced by other native species. However, in areas actively rehabilitated, such as on the closed track, non-native species introduced during revegetation efforts still persist with high cover 15 years after their introduction. Monitoring of vegetation change is also important at the landscape scale. This thesis provides a review of the potential use, the limitations and the benefits of aerial photography to examine vegetation change in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. Numerous aerial photography runs have been flown over the area since the 1930s for government agencies, industry and the military. Some of these records have been used to map vegetation communities and eroding areas at a point in time. Other studies compared different types and scales of photographs, highlighting in particular the benefits and potential of large scale colour aerial photography to map alpine vegetation. However, despite their potential to assess vegetation change over time, a temporal comparison of vegetation in the Kosciuszko alpine zone from aerial photographs has not been completed to this date. Historical photographs may not be easy to locate or access and difficulties with vegetation classification may restrict the practicality of using historical aerial photographs to assess vegetation change. Despite these issues, aerial photography may provide a very useful and efficient tool to assess changes over time when applied appropriately, even in alpine environments. The development of digital classification techniques, the application of statistical measures of error to both methodology and data, and the application of geographic information systems are likely to further improve the practicality of historical aerial photographs for the detection of vegetation change and assist in overcoming some of the limitations. The results presented in this thesis highlight the need for limiting disturbance, for ongoing rehabilitation of disturbed areas and for long-term monitoring in the Kosciuszko alpine zone. The results contribute to our understanding of how vegetation may change in the future and may be affected by new land use activities and climate change. This type of information, which otherwise would require the establishment of long-term studies and years of monitoring, can assist land managers of this and other important protected areas. The study highlights how the use and expansion of already existing datasets to gather ecological information can save considerable money and time, providing valuable data for current and emerging issues.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Tadkaew, Nichanan. "Monitoring of seagrasses in Lake Illawarra, NSW." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070821.142240/index.html.

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R, A. Majdaldin, B. A. Osunmadewa, E. Csaplovics, and D. Aralova. "Remote sensing-based vegetation indices for monitoring vegetation change in the semi-arid region of Sudan." SPIE, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35109.

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Land degradation, a phenomenon referring to (drought) in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions as a result of climatic variations and anthropogenic activities most especially in the semi-arid lands of Sudan, where vast majority of the rural population depend solely on agriculture and pasture for their daily livelihood, the ecological pattern had been greatly influenced thereby leading to loss of vegetation cover coupled with climatic variability and replacement of the natural tree composition with invasive mesquite species. The principal aim of this study is to quantitatively examine the vigour of vegetation in Sudan through different vegetation indices. The assessment was done based on indicators such as soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Cloud free multi-spectral remotely sensed data from LANDSAT imagery for the dry season periods of 1984 and 2009 were used in this study. Results of this study shows conversion of vegetation to other land use type. In general, an increase in area covered by vegetation was observed from the NDVI results of 2009 which is a contrast of that of 1984. The results of the vegetation indices for NDVI in 1984 (vegetated area) showed that about 21% was covered by vegetation while 49% of the area were covered with vegetation in 2009. Similar increase in vegetated area were observed from the result of SAVI. The decrease in vegetation observed in 1984 is as a result of extensive drought period which affects vegetation productivity thereby accelerating expansion of bare surfaces and sand accumulation. Although, increase in vegetated area were observed from the result of this study, this increase has a negative impact as the natural vegetation are degraded due to human induced activities which gradually led to the replacement of the natural vegetation with invasive tree species. The results of the study shows that NDVI perform better than by SAVI.
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Books on the topic "Vegetation monitoring"

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Bob, Harrington. Vegetation monitoring manual. Helena, Mont: Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 2005.

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W, Owens Thomas, and Environmental Management Technical Center (U.S.), eds. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program procedures: Vegetation monitoring. Onalaska, Wis: National Biological Survey, Environmental Management Technical Center (575 Lester Ave., Onalaska 54650), 1995.

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Elzinga, Caryl L. Vegetation monitoring: An annotated bibliography. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1997.

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James, Clawson W., University of California (System). Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources., and University of California (System). Cooperative Extension., eds. Monitoring California's annual rangeland vegetation. Oakland, CA: Cooperative Extension University of California, 1990.

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Elizabeth, Feldmeyer-Christe, ed. Modern approaches in vegetation monitoring. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2004.

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Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Great Britain), ed. National vegetation classification: Users' handbook. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee, 2006.

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McNicoll, Molly. Restoration of sand prairie in Illinois: Seed banks and existing vegetation June 2005-2006 final report. Champaign, Illinois: Illinois Natural History Survey, 2007.

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Nechaeva, Nina Trofimovna. Monitoring prirodnoĭ i uluchshennoĭ rastitelʹnosti T͡S︡entralʹnykh Karakumov. Ashhabad: Ylym, 1991.

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A, Bartlette Roberta, and Intermountain Research Station (Ogden, Utah), eds. Monitoring vegetation greenness with satellite data. Ogden, UT (324 25th St. Ogden 84401): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1993.

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Burgan, Robert E. Monitoring vegetation greenness with satellite data. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vegetation monitoring"

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Goldsmith, Barrie. "Vegetation monitoring." In Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology, 77–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3086-8_5.

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Neshataeva, V. Yu. "Vegetation Cover Monitoring." In Social and Environmental Impacts in the North: Methods in Evaluation of Socio-Economic and Environmental Consequences of Mining and Energy Production in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic, 243–55. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1054-2_18.

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Zonneveld, I. S. "Monitoring Vegetation and Surveying Dynamics." In Vegetation mapping, 331–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3083-4_29.

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Mayer, R. "Filtering of Air-Borne Contaminants by Vegetation Canopies." In Soil Monitoring, 89–103. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7542-4_9.

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Defila, Claudio. "Do Phytophenological Series Contribute to Vegetation Monitoring?" In Tasks for vegetation science, 97–105. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9686-2_6.

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Rock, B. N., D. L. Skole, and B. J. Choudhury. "Monitoring Vegetation Change Using Satellite Data." In Vegetation Dynamics & Global Change, 153–67. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2816-6_8.

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Varotsos, Costas A., and Vladimir F. Krapivin. "Constructive Method of Vegetation Microwave Monitoring." In Microwave Remote Sensing Tools in Environmental Science, 99–120. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45767-9_3.

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Purkis, Samuel, and Victor Klemas. "Monitoring changes in global vegetation cover." In Remote Sensing and Global Environmental Change, 63–90. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118687659.ch5.

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Grabherr, Georg, Michael Gottfried, and Harald Pauli. "Long-Term Monitoring of Mountain Peaks in The Alps." In Tasks for vegetation science, 153–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9686-2_10.

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Burga, Conradin A., and Roger Perret. "Monitoring of Eastern and Southern Swiss Alpine Timberline Ecotones." In Tasks for vegetation science, 179–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9686-2_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vegetation monitoring"

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Yang, Zhengwei, Liping Di, Genong Yu, and Zeqiang Chen. "Vegetation condition indices for crop vegetation condition monitoring." In IGARSS 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6049984.

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Tao, Jing, Jiancheng Shi, Tom Jackson, Rajat Bindlish, Jinyang Du, and Lixin Zhang. "Monitoring Vegetation Water Content Using Microwave Vegetation Indices." In IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4778827.

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Gutman, G. "Monitoring global vegetation using AVHRR." In IGARSS '98. Sensing and Managing the Environment. 1998 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing. Symposium Proceedings. (Cat. No.98CH36174). IEEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.1998.702261.

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González-Dugo, M. P. "Spectral Vegetation Indices For Estimating Cotton And Sugarbeet Evapotranspiration." In EARTH OBSERVATION FOR VEGETATION MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349335.

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Zatserkovnyi, V. I., O. Ye Nikolaienko, S. G. Volkova, Y. A. Krucheniuk, and I. V. Pampukha. "SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CROP YIELD USING OF NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDICES." In Monitoring 2019. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201903274.

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Bassani, C. "A Method For Retrieving Water Vapor Columnar Content And Aerosol Optical Thickness." In EARTH OBSERVATION FOR VEGETATION MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349353.

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Trezza, R. "Estimation Of Evapotranspiration From Satellite-Based Surface Energy Balance Models For Water Management In The Rio Guarico Irrigation System, Venezuela." In EARTH OBSERVATION FOR VEGETATION MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349340.

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Norman, J. M. "Are Single-Source, Remote-Sensing Surface-Flux Models Too Simple?" In EARTH OBSERVATION FOR VEGETATION MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349341.

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Colin, J. "A Multi-Scales Surface Energy Balance System For Operational Actual Surface Evapotranspiration Monitoring." In EARTH OBSERVATION FOR VEGETATION MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349342.

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Consoli, S. "Estimating Evapotranspiration Of Orange Orchards Using Surface Renewal And Remote Sensing Techniques." In EARTH OBSERVATION FOR VEGETATION MONITORING AND WATER MANAGEMENT. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2349343.

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Reports on the topic "Vegetation monitoring"

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Burgan, Robert E., and Roberta A. Hartford. Monitoring vegetation greenness with satellite data. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/int-gtr-297.

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Mancuso, Michael, and Robert Moseley. Vegetation Description, Rare Plant Inventory, and Vegetation Monitoring for Craig Mountain, Idaho. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/226017.

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Herman, Brook. Evaluation of methods for monitoring herbaceous vegetation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45100.

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This special report seeks to advance the field of ecological restoration by reviewing selected reports on the processes, procedures, and protocols associated with monitoring of ecological restoration projects. Specifically, this report identifies selected published herbaceous vegetation monitoring protocols at the national, regional, and local levels and then evaluates the recommended sampling design and methods from these identified protocols. Finally, the report analyzes the sampling designs and methods in the context of monitoring restored herbaceous vegetation at US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) ecosystem restoration sites. By providing this information and the accompanying analyses in one document, this special report aids the current effort to standardize data-collection methods in monitoring ecosystem restoration projects.
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Winward, Alma H. Monitoring the vegetation resources in riparian areas. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-47.

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Herman, Brook. Draft standard monitoring protocols for herbaceous vegetation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/33123.

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Max, Timothy A., Hans T. Schreuder, John W. Hazard, Daniel D. Oswald, John Teply, and Jim Alegria. The Pacific Northwest region vegetation and monitoring system. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rp-493.

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Jackson, Samuel, Christina Saltus, Molly Reif, and Glenn Suir. During Nearshore Event Vegetation Gradation (DUNEVEG) : geospatial tools for automating remote vegetation extraction. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47649.

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Monitoring and modeling of coastal vegetation and ecosystems are major challenges, especially when considering environmental response to hazards, disturbances, and management activities. Remote sensing applications can provide alternatives and complementary approaches to the often costly and laborious field-based collection methods traditionally used for coastal ecosystem monitoring. New and improved sensors and data analysis techniques have become available, making remote sensing applications attractive for evaluation and potential use in monitoring coastal vegetation properties and ecosystem conditions and changes. This study involves the extraction of vegetation metrics from airborne lidar and hyperspectral imagery (HSI) collected by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) National Coastal Mapping Program (NCMP) to quantify coastal dune vegetation characteristics. A custom geoprocessing toolbox and associated suite of tools were developed to allow inputs of common NCMP lidar and imagery products to help automate the workflow for extracting prioritized dune vegetation metrics in an efficient and repeatable way. This study advances existing coastal ecosystem knowledge and remote sensing techniques by developing new methodologies to classify, quantify, and estimate critical coastal vegetation metrics which will ultimately improve future estimates and predictions of nearshore dynamics and impacts from disturbance events.
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Boyle, Maxwell. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Lookout National Seashore: 2022 data summary. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2303636.

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Parks within the Southeast Coast Network (SECN) host a diverse assemblage of plants and terrestrial vegetation communities. Vegetation communities are dynamic entities whose species composition, abundance, distribution, and structure are influenced by environmental factors and impacted over time by natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Determining trends in vegetation communities over time and identifying plant stressors is vital to understanding the ecological health of terrestrial ecosystems within SECN parks. Like most barrier islands along the southeastern coast, the vegetation communities along Cape Lookout National Seashore range from open beach and foredune grasslands on the ocean-facing side to tidal marshes on the sound-facing side. Between is a mixture of interdune swales, backdunes, and enclosed wetlands. Open upland vegetation is found on foredunes and occasional backdunes within the seashore. Cape Lookout National Seashore ecosystems are subjected to high frequencies of storm-, wind-, tide-, and wave-driven processes. Historic and current vegetation composition and structure are largely a result of these highly dynamic processes. Current vegetation patterns and processes across the Outer Banks are impacted and will continue to be impacted by rising sea-levels. Vegetation communities are vulnerable to overwash, which moves sand from the island?s ocean-side to the sound-side, brought on by more frequent and higher intensity storms. In 2019, Hurricane Dorian produced significant storm surge from the sound-side that overwashed the island and deposited sand into the ocean. Sand was scoured out from over 54 major cuts in the island, creating current ponds that are in various stages of succession. 2022 marked the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Cape Lookout National Seashore. Forty-nine vegetation plots were established throughout the park in May and June. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass estimates. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within four park subunits: North Core Banks, South Core Banks, Cape Lookout, and Shackleford Banks. Broadly defined habitats monitored included: Open Upland Vegetation, Upland Forests and Shrublands, Nontidal Wetland Vegetation and Tidal Wetlands. One hundred and eighty-six vascular plant taxa were detected during this monitoring effort, including 11 taxa not detected in previous lists. Human-caused disturbances (e.g., historical plowing, shifting fire regimes, and altered hydrology) affecting plant communities within other SECN parks were not observed within these plots during this survey effort. Stunted plant growth was observed on several plots of Shackleford Banks and is likely caused by feral horse grazing. It is unclear from these data if grazing has impacted overall vegetation diversity and structure patterns across the island.
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Leis, Sherry, Mike DeBacker, Lloyd Morrison, Gareth Rowell, and Jennifer Haack. Vegetation community monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, Version 4.0. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294948.

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Native and restored plant communities are part of the foundation of park ecosystems and provide a natural context to cultural and historical events in parks throughout the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN). Vegetation communities across the HTLN are primarily of three types: prairie, woodland, and forest. Park resource managers need an effective plant community monitoring protocol to guide the development and adaptation of management strategies for maintaining and/or restoring composition and structure of prairies, woodland, and forest communities. Our monitoring design attempts to balance the needs of managers for current information and the need for insight into the changes occurring in vegetation communities over time. This monitoring protocol consists of a protocol narrative (this document) and 18 standard operating procedures (SOPs) for monitoring plant communities in HTLN parks. The scientific objectives of HTLN plant community monitoring are to (1) describe the species composition, structure, and diversity of prairie, woodland, and forested communities; (2) determine temporal changes in the species composition, structure and diversity of prairie, woodland, and forested communities; and (3) determine the relationship between temporal and spatial changes and environmental variables, including specific management practices where possible. This protocol narrative describes the sampling design for plant communities, including the response design (data collection methods), spatial design (distribution of sampling sites within a park), and revisit design (timing and frequency of monitoring visits). Details can be found in the SOPs, which are listed in the Revision History section and available at the Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) website (irma.nps.gov). Other aspects of the protocol summarized in the narrative include procedures for data management and reporting, personnel and operating requirements, and instructions for how to revise the protocol.
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring at Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial: 2011–2019. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284711.

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Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial celebrates the lives of the Lincoln family including the final resting place of Abraham’s mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln’s childhood in Indiana was a formative time in the life our 16th president. When the Lincoln family arrived in Indiana, the property was covered in the oak-hickory forest type. They cleared land to create their homestead and farm. Later, designers of the memorial felt that it was important to restore woodlands to the site. The woodlands would help visitors visualize the challenges the Lincoln family faced in establishing and maintaining their homestead. Some stands of woodland may have remained, but significant restoration efforts included extensive tree planting. The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network began monitoring the woodland in 2011 with repeat visits every four years. These monitoring efforts provide a window into the composition and structure of the wood-lands. We measure both overstory trees and the ground flora within four permanently located plots. At these permanent plots, we record each species, foliar cover estimates of ground flora, diameter at breast height of midstory and overstory trees, and tree regeneration frequency (tree seedlings and saplings). The forest species composition was relatively consistent over the three monitoring events. Climatic conditions measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index indicated mild to wet conditions over the monitoring record. Canopy closure continued to indicate a forest structure with a closed canopy. Large trees (>45 cm DBH) comprised the greatest amount of tree basal area. Sugar maple was observed to have the greatest basal area and density of the 23 tree species observed. The oaks characteristic of the early woodlands were present, but less dominant. Although one hickory species was present, it was in very low abundance. Of the 17 tree species recorded in the regeneration layer, three species were most abundant through time: sugar maple (Acer saccharum), red bud (Cercis canadensis), and ash (Fraxinus sp.). Ash recruitment seemed to increase over prior years and maple saplings transitioned to larger size classes. Ground flora diversity was similar through time, but alpha and gamma diversity were slightly greater in 2019. Percent cover by plant guild varied through time with native woody plants and forbs having the greatest abundance. Nonnative plants were also an important part of the ground flora composition. Common periwinkle (Vinca minor) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) continued to be the most abundant nonnative species, but these two species were less abundant in 2019 than 2011. Unvegetated ground cover was high (mean = 95%) and increased by 17% since 2011. Bare ground increased from less than 1% in 2011 to 9% in 2019, but other ground cover elements were similar to prior years. In 2019, we quantified observer error by double sampling two plots within three of the monitoring sites. We found total pseudoturnover to be about 29% (i.e., 29% of the species records differed between observers due to observer error). This 29% pseudoturnover rate was almost 50% greater than our goal of 20% pseudoturnover. The majority of the error was attributed to observers overlooking species. Plot frame relocation error likely contributed as well but we were unable to separate it from overlooking error with our design.
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