Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vegetation and crops

Academic literature on the topic 'Vegetation and crops'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vegetation and crops"

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Kurbanov, R. K., and N. I. Zakharova. "Application of Vegetation Indexes to Assess the Condition of Crops." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-4-4-11.

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Monitoring of the state of agricultural crops and forecasting the crops development begin with aerial photography using a unmanned aerial vehicles and a multispectral camera. Vegetation indexes are selected empirically and calculated as a result of operations with values of diff erent spectral wavelengths. When assessing the state of crops, especially in breeding, it is necessary to determine the limiting factors for the use of vegetation indexes.(Research purpose) To analyze, evaluate and select vegetation indexes for conducting operational, high-quality and comprehensive monitoring of the state of crops and the formation of optimal management decisions.(Materials and Methods) The authors studied the results of scientifi c research in the fi eld of remote sensing technology using unmanned aerial vehicles and multispectral cameras, as well as the experience of using vegetation indexes to assess the condition of crops in the precision farming system. The limiting factors for the vegetation indexes research were determined: a limited number of monochrome cameras in popular multispectral cameras; key indicators for monitoring crops required by agronomists. After processing aerial photographs from an unmanned aerial vehicle, a high-precision orthophotomap, a digital fi eld model, and maps of vegetation indexes were created.(Results and discussion) More than 150 vegetation indexes were found. Not all of them were created through observation and experimentation. The authors considered broadband vegetation indexes to assess the status of crops in the fi elds. They analyzed the vegetation indexes of soybean and winter wheat crops in the main phases of vegetation.(Conclusions) The authors found that each vegetative index had its own specifi c scope, limiting factors and was used both separately and in combination with other indexes. When calculating the vegetation indexes for practical use, it was recommended to be guided by the technical characteristics of multispectral cameras and took into account the index use eff ectiveness at various vegetation stages.
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DUBEY, R. C., S. D. GAIKWAD, V. S. NAWATHE, R. G. DEKHANE, and S. N. BIDYANTA. "Spectral radiance characteristics and vegetative indices of crops -A ground based remote sensing technique." MAUSAM 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v46i1.3186.

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The spectral radiance characteristics and vegetation indices like simple difference, ratio vegetation, normalised vegetation perpendicular vegetation transformed vegetation and tasseled cap transformation of mung been sunflower and groundnut crops at different growth stages have been studied. The experiment was conducted in post rainy season during 1990-91 in the farm of Agricultural College. Pune using hand held multi-spectral radiometer. The significance of spectral variation of radiance and vegetative indices with respect to the phenological stages are discussed.
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Gupta, Surya, Sara Bonetti, Peter Lehmann, and Dani Or. "Limited role of soil texture in mediating natural vegetation response to rainfall anomalies." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 034012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac5206.

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Abstract Evidence suggests that the response of rainfed crops to dry or wet years is modulated by soil texture. This is a central tenet for certain agronomic operations in water-limited regions that rely on spatial distribution of soil texture for guiding precision agriculture. In contrast, natural vegetation in climatic equilibrium evolves to form a dynamic assemblage of traits and species adapted to local climatic conditions, primarily precipitation in water-limited regions. For undisturbed landscapes, we hypothesize that natural vegetation responds to rainfall anomalies irrespectively of local soil texture whereas rainfed crops are expected to respond to texture-mediated plant available water. Earth system models (ESMs) often quantify vegetation response to drought and water stress based on traditional agronomic concepts despite fundamental differences in composition and traits of natural vegetation and crops. We seek to test the hypothesis above at local and regional scales to differentiate natural vegetation and rainfed crops response to rainfall anomalies across soil types and better link them to water and carbon cycles. We employed field observations and remote sensing data to systematically examine the response of natural and rainfed cropped vegetation across biomes and scales. At local scales (field to ∼0.1 km), we used crop yields from literature data and natural vegetation productivity as gross primary productivity (GPP) from adjacent FLUXNET sites. At regional scales (∼102 km), we rely exclusively on remote-sensing-based GPP. Results confirm a lack of response of natural vegetation productivity to soil texture across biomes and rainfall anomalies at all scales. In contrast, crop yields at field scale exhibit correlation with soil texture in dry years (in agreement with conventional agronomic practices). These results support the hypothesis that natural vegetation is decoupled from soil texture, whereas rainfed crops retain dependency on soil texture in dry years. However, the observed correlation of crops with soil texture becomes obscured at larger scales by spatial variation of topography, rainfall, and uncertainty in soil texture and GPP values. The study provides new insights into what natural vegetation’s climatic equilibrium might mean and reveals the role of scale in expressing such sensitivities in ESMs.
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Ha, Thuan, Yanben Shen, Hema Duddu, Eric Johnson, and Steven J. Shirtliffe. "Quantifying Hail Damage in Crops Using Sentinel-2 Imagery." Remote Sensing 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14040951.

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Hailstorms are a frequent natural weather disaster in the Canadian Prairies that can cause catastrophic damage to field crops. Assessment of damage for insurance claims requires insurance inspectors to visit individual fields and estimate damage on individual plants. This study computes temporal profiles and estimates the severity of hail damage to crops in 54 fields through the temporal analysis of vegetation indices calculated from Sentinel-2 images. The damage estimation accuracy of eight vegetative indices in different temporal analyses of delta index (pre-and post-hail differences) or area under curve (AUC) index (time profiles of index affected by hail) was compared. Hail damage was accurately quantified by using the AUC of 32 days of Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Plant Senescence Radiation Index (PSRI). These metrics were well correlated with ground estimates of hail damage in canola (r = −0.90, RMSE = 8.24), wheat (r = −0.86, RMSE = 12.27), and lentil (r = 0.80, RMSE = 17.41). Thus, the time-series changes in vegetation indices had a good correlation with ground estimates of hail damage which may allow for more accurate assessment of the extent and severity of hail damage to crop land.
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Atanasov, Asparuh, Radko Mihaylov, Svilen Stoyanov, Desislava Mihaylova, and Peter Benov. "Drone-based Monitoring of Sunflower Crops." ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 6, no. 1 (May 18, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol6.iss1.258.

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Remote monitoring and utilization of digital technologies is essential for the application of the precision farming approach, which contributes significantly to the improved quality of agricultural products. The paper compares the data for six vegetation indices when observing the sunflower vegetation in South Dobrudzha in 2021. Images with RGB and digital NIR camera were obtained via a remotely piloted quadcopter. The flight plan specifies speed 8 m/s, altitude 100 m and shooting overlapping images of 80%. Six vegetation indices: NDVI, EVI2, SAVI, CVI, MGVRI and MPRI were calculated from the images obtained during the flight. The calculation of the indices takes into account the intensity of solar radiation and the parameters of the meteorological situation at the time of shooting. The findings obtained reveal a stable trend of change of the vegetation indices, thus, establishing accurate and reliable results as for the monitoring of agricultural areas with unmanned aerial vehicles.
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Бойко, І. І. "FORMATION OF QUALITY OF VEGETATIVE MASS OF ENERGY CROPS OF DIFFERENT VEGETATION DURATION." Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 1 (August 2022): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2022-1-3-7.

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The research results show that in the samples of switchgrass plants with different vegetation periods the dry matter content varied from 52.40% in the leaves of the 3rd year of vegetation to 77.15% in the leaves of plants of the 8th year of vegetation. In the leaves of miscanthus, the dry matter content varied from 59.35 to 62.30% depending on the duration of the growing season. This figure for energy willow was in the range of 61.23–66.12%. There is a general trend in the content of raw ash in various plant organs: more in the leaves and less in the stem in all variants of the studied plants. Thus, the ash content in switchgrass plants ranged from 1.2% in the stems of plants of the 8th year of vegetation to 4.5% in the leaves of plants of the 10th year of vegetation. The ash content in miscanthus plants ranged from 1.6% to 3.0%, and in willow samples - in the range of 1.9–3.5%. The accumulation of hemicellulose in bioenergetics plants occurs gradually during the growing season. In particular, a slightly higher content of hemicellulose was observing in the stems of bioenergetics plants, less in the leaves. Thus, in switchgrass plants the highest content of hemicellulose was in the stem – 22.65%, and in the leaves 22.75%. In miscanthus plants, the hemicellulose content in the stem ranged from 21.51 to 22.55%, and in the leaves from 21.49 to 22.30%. With regard to energy willow, the distribution of hemicellulose in the plant varied like switchgrass – less in the leaves and more in the stems. The accumulation and distribution of cellulose in bioenergetics plants was similar to hemicelluloses, the leaves were smaller comparing to the stems. In switchgrass plants, the highest cellulose content was in the stems – 42.03–45.49%, and in the leaves – 42.08–45.33%, depending on the duration of the growing season. The distribution of cellulose in switchgrass and energy willow plants changed similarly. Young plants have little lignin, but with age its amount in the tissues increases significantly. Plants accumulate the most lignin in the spring and less in the fall. The accumulation of lignin in samples of bioenergetics plants was different. Its greater content was in the leaves, and less in the stems. Thus, the plants of switchgrass had the highest amount of lignin in the leaves – 18.59% (plants of the 10th year of vegetation), the lowest in the leaves – 15.92% (plants of the 3rd year of vegetation), and in the stems, respectively, 18.02 and 15.90%.
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Nowak, Sylwia, Arkadiusz Nowak, Marcin Nobis, and Agnieszka Nobis. "Weed vegetation of cereal crops in Tajikistan (Pamir Alai Mts., Middle Asia)." Phytocoenologia 43, no. 3-4 (June 1, 2013): 225–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2013/0043-0557.

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Barnes, Mallory Liebl, Landon Yoder, and Mahsa Khodaee. "Detecting Winter Cover Crops and Crop Residues in the Midwest US Using Machine Learning Classification of Thermal and Optical Imagery." Remote Sensing 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101998.

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Cover crops are an increasingly popular practice to improve agroecosystem resilience to climate change, pests, and other stressors. Despite their importance for climate mitigation and soil health, there remains an urgent need for methods that link winter cover crops with regional-scale climate mitigation and adaptation potential. Remote sensing is ideally suited to provide these linkages, yet, cover cropping has not been analyzed extensively in remote sensing research. Methods used for remote sensing of crops from satellites traditionally leverage the difference between visible and near-infrared reflectance to isolate the signal of photosynthetically active vegetation. However, using traditional greenness indices like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for remotely sensing winter vegetation, such as winter cover crops, is challenging because vegetation reflectance signals are often confounded with reflectance of bare soil and crop residues. Here, we present new and established methods of detecting winter cover crops using remote sensing observations. We find that remote sensing methods that incorporate thermal data in addition to traditional reflectance metrics are best able to distinguish between winter farm management practices. We conclude by addressing the potential of existing and upcoming hyperspectral and thermal missions to further assess agroecosystem function in the context of global change.
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Abou Ali, H., D. Delparte, and L. M. Griffel. "FROM PIXEL TO YIELD: FORECASTING POTATO PRODUCTIVITY IN LEBANON AND IDAHO." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W11 (February 14, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w11-1-2020.

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Abstract. Idaho and Lebanon rely on potatoes as an economically important crop. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), GNDVI (Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), and MSAVI2 (Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2) indices were calculated from PlanetScope satellite imagery for the 2017 growing season cloud free days. Variations in vegetation health were tracked over time and correlated to yield data provided by growers in Idaho. Based on ordinary least squares regression an Idaho yield forecast model was developed. Vegetation response during the growth stage at which potato tubers were filling out was significant in predicting yield for both the Norkotah and Russet potato variety. This corresponded to a week with high recorded temperatures that impacted the health status of the crops. The yield forecasting model was validated with a cross validation approach and then applied to potato fields in Lebanon. The Idaho model successfully displayed yield variation in crops for Lebanon. Spectral indices along with field topography allow the prediction of yield based on the crop type and variety.
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Patel, J. H., and M. P. Oza. "Deriving crop calendar using NDVI time-series." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-8 (November 28, 2014): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-869-2014.

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Agricultural intensification is defined in terms as cropping intensity, which is the numbers of crops (single, double and triple) per year in a unit cropland area. Information about crop calendar (i.e. number of crops in a parcel of land and their planting & harvesting dates and date of peak vegetative stage) is essential for proper management of agriculture. Remote sensing sensors provide a regular, consistent and reliable measurement of vegetation response at various growth stages of crop. Therefore it is ideally suited for monitoring purpose. The spectral response of vegetation, as measured by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its profiles, can provide a new dimension for describing vegetation growth cycle. The analysis based on values of NDVI at regular time interval provides useful information about various crop growth stages and performance of crop in a season. However, the NDVI data series has considerable amount of local fluctuation in time domain and needs to be smoothed so that dominant seasonal behavior is enhanced. Based on temporal analysis of smoothed NDVI series, it is possible to extract number of crop cycles per year and their crop calendar. <br><br> In the present study, a methodology is developed to extract key elements of crop growth cycle (i.e. number of crops per year and their planting – peak - harvesting dates). This is illustrated by analysing MODIS-NDVI data series of one agricultural year (from June 2012 to May 2013) over Gujarat. Such an analysis is very useful for analysing dynamics of kharif and rabi crops.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vegetation and crops"

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Mirsky, Steven B. "Evaluating constraints and opportunities in managing weed populations with cover crops." Restricted access (UM), 2008. http://libraries.maine.edu/gateway/oroauth.asp?file=orono/etheses/37803141.pdf.

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These (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2008.
Title from PDF title page. Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-171). Also issued in print.
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Федорченко, Б. Л. "Досвід створення лісових культур Сосни звичайної в ДП Чернігівське лісове господарство." Thesis, Чернігів, 2020. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/20258.

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Федорченко, Б. Л. Досвід створення лісових культур Сосни звичайної в ДП Чернігівське лісове господарство / Б. Л. Федорченко; керівник роботи Чмель O. П.; Національний університет «Чернігівська політехніка», кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2020. – 71 с.
Випускна кваліфікаційна робота присвячена проблемі вирощування лісових культур як засобу лісовідновлення у різних лісорослинних умовах та впливу деревних та чагарникових порід на них. Створення лісових культур потребує врахування відповідності деревної породи типу лісорослинних умов, агротехнічних методів та інших факторів, які впливають на приживлюваність та ріст молодих культур лісових порід.
Graduation qualification work is devoted to the problem of growing forest crops as a means of reforestation in different forest conditions and the impact of trees and shrubs on them. The creation of forest crops requires taking into account the compliance of the tree species with the type of forest vegetation conditions, agronomic methods and other factors that affect theтsurvival and growth of young forest crops.
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Федорченко, Б. Л. "Проект створення культур Сосни звичайної в ДП «Чернігівське лісове господарство»." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/25120.

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Федорченко, Б. Л. Проект створення культур Сосни звичайної в ДП «Чернігівське лісове господарство» : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 205 «Лісoве гoспoдарствo» / Б. Л. Федорченко ; керівник роботи М. М. Селінний ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2021. – 61 с.
Випускна кваліфікаційна робота «Проект створення культур Сосни звичайної в ДП Чернігівське лісове господарство» присвячена проблемі створення лісових культур як засобу лісовідновлення у різних лісорослинних умовах та впливу деревних та чагарникових порід на них. Створення лісових культур потребує врахування відповідності деревної породи типу лісорослинних умов, агротехнічних методів та інших факторів, які впливають на приживлюваність та ріст молодих культур лісових порід.
Graduation qualification work "The project of creating crops of Scots Pine in the State Enterprise "Chernihiv Forestry" is devoted to the problem of growing forest crops as a means of reforestation in different forest conditions and the impact of trees and shrubs on them. The creation of forest crops requires taking into account the compliance of the tree species with the type of forest vegetation conditions, agronomic methods and other factors that affect the survival and growth of young forest crops.
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Adler, Anneli. "Accumulation of elements in Salix and other species used in vegetation filters with focus on wood fuel quality /." Uppsala : Dept. of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200706.pdf.

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El, Vilaly Mohamed Abd salam Mohamdy. "Drought Monitoring with Remote Sensing Based Land Surface Phenology Applications and Validation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301553.

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Droughts are a recurrent part of our climate, and are still considered to be one of the most complex and least understood of all natural hazards in terms of their impact on the environment. In recent years drought has become more common and more severe across the world. For more than a decade, the US southwest has faced extensive and persistent drought conditions that have impacted vegetation communities and local water resources. The focus of this work is achieving a better understanding of the impact of drought on the lands of the Hopi Tribe and Navajo Nation, situated in the Northeastern corner of Arizona. This research explores the application of remote sensing data and geospatial tools in two studies to monitor drought impacts on vegetation productivity. In both studies we used land surface phenometrics as the data tool. In a third related study, I have compared satellite-derived land surface phenology (LSP) to field observations of crop stages at the Maricopa Agricultural Center to achieve a better understanding of the temporal sensitivity of satellite derived phenology of vegetation and understand their accuracy as a tool for monitoring change. The first study explores long-term vegetation productivity responses to drought. The paper develops a framework for drought monitoring and assessment by integrating land cover, climate, and topographical data with LSP. The objective of the framework is to detect long-term vegetation changes and trends in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) related productivity. The second study examines the major driving forces of vegetation dynamics in order to provide valuable spatial information related to inter-annual variability in vegetation productivity for mitigating drought impacts. The third study tests the accuracy of remote sensing-derived LSP by comparing them to the actual seasonal phases of crop growth. This provides a way to compare and validate the various LSP algorithms, and more crucially, helps to characterize the remote sensing-based metrics that contrast with the actual biological phenophases of the crops. These studies demonstrate how remote sensing data and simple statistical tools can be used to assess drought effects on vegetation productivity and to inform about land conditions, as well as to better understand the accuracy of satellite derived LSP.
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Апецько, А. А. "Проект створення лісових культур Сосни звичайної на базі Карпилівського лісництва ДП «Остерський військовий лісгосп»." Thesis, Чернігів, 2021. http://ir.stu.cn.ua/123456789/25101.

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Апецько, А. А. Проект створення лісових культур Сосни звичайної на базі Карпилівського лісництва ДП «Остерський військовий лісгосп» : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 205 «Лісoве гoспoдарствo» / А. А. Апецько ; керівник роботи О. М. Корма ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра аграрних технологій та лісового господарства. – Чернігів, 2021. – 66 с.
Кваліфікаційна робота «Проект створення лісових культур Сосни звичайної на базі Карпилівського лісництва ДП «Остерський військовий лісгосп»» присвячена проблемі лісовідновлення, головним і найефективнішим методом якого є посадка сіянців і саджанців деревних порід на лісокультурну площу. Автором досліджено існуючі в господарстві схеми створення лісових культур в умовах В2-3, С2 з додаванням супутніх порід берези повислої та дуба звичайного та проаналізовано їх переваги та недоліки. Автором проаналізовано стан вивчення питання на основі 44 літературних джерел. В ході дослідження автором на основі наукового обґрунтування було розраховано кількість посадкового матеріалу та затрати на створення культур на трьох ділянках господарства.
Qualification work «Project of creation of forest cultures of Pine ordinary on the basis of Karpylivsky forestry of SE «Oster military forestry»» is devoted to the problem of reforestation, the main and most effective method of which is planting of seedlings and saplings of wood species on the forest area. The author investigates the existing schemes of forest crops creation in the conditions of B2-3, C2 with the addition of accompanying species of hanging birch and common oak and analyzes their advantages and disadvantages. The author analyzes the state of the study on the basis of 44 literature sources. In the course of the study, the author calculated the amount of planting material and the cost of creating crops in three areas of the farm on the basis of scientific justification.
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Almeida, Dieimisson Paulo. "Tecnologia de aplicação de herbicidas na dessecação de coberturas vegetais." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2014. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3878.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In areas where it works with no till is common to observe flaws in the burn down of cover crops and/or spontaneous vegetation, which can characterize the insufficient deposition of active ingredient of herbicides. The spray technology is the tool to be used in the planning and execution of burn down, to ensure that products with proven for weed control and coverage, effectiveness are efficiently deposited in biological targets. Two assays were carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of herbicide applications. At the first it was evaluated the influence of classes drops (very fine droplets and very coarse droplets) and spray volumes (50, 100, 150 and 200 L ha-1) on the effectiveness of cover crop control with use of glyphosate and glyphosate + saflufenacil to control Urochloa ruziziensis and Conyza sp., respectively. The classes of droplets influence the control of Urochloa ruziziensis. The reduction on spray volume increased the possibility of sprouts on Conyza sp. On the second experiment it was investigated the efficiency of two spray application volumes (50 and 200 L ha-1) at different times of day (4:30, 10:30, 16:30 and 22:30 pm) on burn down of Urochloa ruziziensis and spontaneous vegetation. The efficacy of glyphosate in cover crops is not influenced by schedules of spray.
Em áreas onde se trabalha com Plantio Direto é comum observar-se falhas na dessecação das plantas de cobertura e/ou vegetação espontânea, o que pode caracterizar a deposição em quantidade insuficiente do ingrediente ativo do herbicida. A tecnologia de aplicação é a ferramenta a ser utilizada no planejamento e execução da dessecação, a fim de garantir que produtos com eficácia comprovada para o controle de plantas daninhas e de cobertura, sejam eficientemente depositados nos alvos biológicos. Visando maximizar a eficácia de herbicidas por meio de aplicações eficientes foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro foi avaliada a influência das classes de gotas (gotas muito fina e gotas muito grossa) e volumes de aplicação (50, 100, 150 e 200 L ha-1) no controle das coberturas vegetais, com uso de glyphosate e glyphosate + saflufenacil para controle de Urochloa ruziziensis e Conyza sp., respectivamente, no qual concluiu-se que as classes de gotas influenciam no controle de Urochloa ruziziensis e a redução do volume de aplicação aumenta a possibilidade de rebrotes de Conyza sp.. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a eficiência da aplicação em dois volumes de aplicação (50 e 200 L ha-1) em diferentes horários do dia (4:30, 10:30, 16:30 e 22:30 horas) na dessecação de Urochloa ruziziensis e vegetação espontânea. Conclui-se que a eficácia de glyphosate nas coberturas vegetais não sofre influência de horários de aplicação.
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Zanardo, Ana Beatriz Riguetti. "Abundância de fungos entomopatogênicos da ordem Hypocreales e diversidade genética de Metarhizium spp. isolados de amostras de solo de áreas representativas de cinco biomas brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-22092015-140424/.

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Os fungos entomopatogênicos dos gêneros Metarhizium, Beauveria e Isaria (Ordem Hypocreales), são comumente encontrados em solo onde sobrevivem de maneira saprofítica ou como endofíticos do sistema radicular das plantas. Informações sobre a composição destas espécies bem como sua diversidade, distribuição e associação com diferentes tipos de cultivos e vegetação nativa são escassas no Brasil. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para comparar a abundância de fungos entomopatogênicos e a diversidade genética de isolados de Metarhizium spp. em amostras de solo de cultivos anuais, perenes e vegetação nativa, em cinco estados brasileiros que representam os biomas Amazônia, Cerrado, Caatinga, Mata Atlântica e Pampa, em duas estações (seca e úmida) nos anos de 2012 e 2013. O isolamento dos fungos foi realizado com meio seletivo e \"Insect bait\" utilizando Galleria mellonella e Tenebrio molitor. Nos estudos de diversidade genética de Metarhizium spp. foram utilizadas sequências de DNA da região MzIGS3. Representantes dos haplótipos revelados nesta análise tiveram a região 5\'-TEF sequenciada para identificação específica. Fungos entomopatogênicos foram isolados de 86% das 1.056 amostras de solo sendo Metarhizium o gênero predominante (66% das amostras de solo), seguido por Beauveria (41,9%) e Isaria (10,8%). Em geral, as maiores densidades de fungos entomopatogênicos foram obtidas nos biomas Amazônia e Cerrado e as menores densidades detectadas no bioma Caatinga. Metarhizium spp. foi detectado em maior número de amostras de solo em vegetação nativa e cultivos anual e perene do Cerrado. A frequência de Isaria spp. foi baixa nas amostras de solo, sendo detectado em maior número de amostras nos solos com cultivos anuais e vegetação nativa na Amazônia e Caatinga. Metarhizium spp. foi geralmente encontrado em um maior número de amostras coletadas na estação úmida em comparação com as coletas da estação seca, por outro lado Beauveria spp. foi superior na estação seca. A diversidade dos isolados de Metarhizium spp. provenientes de áreas de vegetação nativa foi maior do que dos isolados de cultivos anuais e perenes. Seis linhagens foram encontradas neste estudo; M. robertsii, M. anisopliae, M. pingshaense e três espécies indeterminadas. M. robertsii foi a linhagem predominante (65% dos isolados) sendo encontrado em áreas com vegetação nativa e cultivos anual e perene dos cinco biomas. Metarhizium sp. indet. 1 apresentou a maior diversidade haplotípica dentre as linhagens estudadas. Uma nova linhagem, não caracterizada taxonomicamente, Metarhizium sp. indet. 3, foi encontrada predominantemente na Caatinga. Somente na Amazônia foram encontradas todas as linhagens. O conhecimento da composição das populações de fungos entomopatogênicos nativos bem como sobre a filogenia, diversidade e distribuição dos haplótipos de Metarhizium spp. em solos brasileiros, gerado neste estudo, poderá servir como subsídio para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação e maximização do controle biológico natural de pragas.
Entomopathogenic fungi of the genera Metarhizium, Beauveria and Isaria (order Hypocreales) are associated to the soil where they survive saprofitically or as endophytes of the plants root system. Information on the species composition and its diversity, distribution and association of these fungi with different types of crops and native vegetation are scarce in Brazil. The present study was carried out to compare the abundance of entomopathogenic fungi and the genetic diversity of Metarhizium spp. Isolated from soil samples from annual and perennial crops and native vegetation in five Brazilian states that represent the biomes Amazon, Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and Pampa, in two seasons (wet and dry) in the years 2012 and 2013. The isolation of fungi was performed with selective medium and \"Insect bait\" using Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor. DNA sequences of the region MzIGS3 were used in genetic diversity studies of Metarhizium spp. Representatives haplotypes revealed in the diversity analysis had the 5\'-TEF region sequenced for species identification. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from 86% of 1,056 soil samples and Metarhizium was the predominant genus (66% of soil samples), followed by Beauveria (41.9%) and Isaria (10.8%). In general, the highest densities of entomopathogenic fungi were obtained in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes and the lowest densities were detected in the Caatinga biome. Metarhizium spp. was detected in a greater number of soil samples from native vegetation and annual and perennial crops of Cerrado. The frequency of Isaria spp. was low in soil samples being detected in a greater number of soils with annual crops and native vegetation in the Amazon and Caatinga. Metarhizium spp. was usually found in a greater number of samples collected during the wet season compared to the collections in the dry season. On the other hand, Beauveria spp. was higher in the dry season. The diversity of isolates of Metarhizium spp. from areas of native vegetation was greater than that obtained from annual and perennial crops. Six lineages were found in this study; M. robertsii, M. anisopliae, M. pingshaense and three indeterminate species. M. robertsii was the predominant (65% of isolates) found in areas with native vegetation and in the annual and perennial crops of the five biomes. Metarhizium sp. indet. 1 showed the greatest haplotype diversity among the strains studied. A new strain, not characterized taxonomically, Metarhizium sp. indet. 3, was found predominantly in the Caatinga. Only in the Amazon, all lineages were found. The knowledge on species composition of entomopathogenic fungi as well as about phylogeny, diversity and distribution of haplotypes of Metarhizium spp. in Brazilian soils, generated in this study, may be useful for the development of strategies for conservation and maximization of natural biological control of pests.
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Lister, Tonya Whitcomb. "Forest Harvesting Disturbance and Site Preparation Effects on Soil Processes and Vegetation in a Young Pine Plantation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10051.

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The favorable growth of young loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) in response to controlling non-crop vegetation is well documented. However, the beneficial effects of non-crop vegetation on soil quality, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity have not been thoroughly explored. A study was conducted to determine the effects of harvesting-induced soil disturbance, bedding and chemical vegetation control on soil processes and productivity, and to characterize the effects of silvicultural treatments on non-crop vegetation dynamics. Study plots were established on a wet pine flat on South Carolina's lower Coastal Plain. Treatments included a range of 5 disturbance classes (undisturbed, compression tracked, shallowly rutted, deeply rutted and churned), two site preparation treatments (flat planted and bedded) and a gradient of vegetation control (no vegetation control, operational-level weed control and complete weed control). Soil disturbances had relatively small effects on soil quality. Soil compaction reduced soil aeration, but this condition was fully ameliorated by bedding. Churning did not degrade the soil physical environment in any measureable way, largely because slash and litter were incorporated into the surface soil. Bedding and churning increase soil biological activity, which increased nitrogen mineralization in excess of pine demand. When non-crop vegetation was chemically controlled, mineralization rates increased due to increases in surface soil temperatures. With less vegetation on the site, the amount of nitrogen sequestered was less, furthering the potential for nitrogen loss by leaching or denitrification. Soil quality improved somewhat with increasing levels of non-crop vegetation biomass; however, these beneficial effects were marginal during two years of operational vegetation control. The majority of dominant species on undisturbed treatment areas were woody, and soil disturbance, including bedding, reduced the proportions of these species. Silvicultural treatments had little effect on the prevalence of hydrophytic species on these wetland study sites. From a forest management point of view, for this site type, it appears that much is gained by reducing competition from non-crop vegetation; the benefits of controlling the density of non-crop vegetation for encouraging early pine growth are clear. While non-crop vegetation slightly improved system function by sequestering available nitrogen, increasing diversity and increasing soil quality, these improvements do not appear to be critical to forest function on these inherently high-quality sites.
Master of Science
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10

Davies-Barnard, T. "Climate and crop interactions : the biogeophysical effects on climate and vegetation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685042.

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The interactions between changing agricultural land and climate are multi faceted and only partially understood. This thesis looks at interactions between crops and climate from assumptions about parameterisations that underpin crop changes in models; the unintended consequences of policies which affect land cover; and the impacts of deliberate crop changes (e.g. biogeoengineering). Focusing on the biogeophysical effects (from albedo, evapotranspiration etc.) these effects are compared to the biogeochemical effects (from greenhouse gases). There are considerable local and global biogeophysical effects to climate from land-use change, which do not necessarily scale linearly with the amount of landuse change itself. Changing the parameterisation of contributory factors to biogeophysical changes can affect the climate at least as much as deliberate alterations. Similarly, climate forced land cover change effects can be larger than land use forced changes. Increases in crop yield from deliberately altered albedo are small, but the changes to climate via albedo from different assumptions of yield are significant at a global and regional scale. This work emphasises the importance of including biogeophysical interactions in assessments of crop and land cover change in policy decisions, but also that the effects of land use change should not be overestimated, as the net effects are often smaller than the parameter uncertainty.
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Books on the topic "Vegetation and crops"

1

Hyperspectral remote sensing of vegetation. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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Jenter, Harry. Vegetation affects water movement in the Florida Everglades. [Reston, VA]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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1955-, Curran Paul J., and Kondratʹev K. I͡A︡, eds. Remote sensing of soils and vegetation in the USSR. London: Taylor & Francis, 1990.

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M, Jansen Louisa J., ed. Land cover classification system: LCCS : classification concepts and user manual. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2000.

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Hussain, S. A. Some aspects of the climate, vegetation, and phenology of the tropical dry-evergreen forest in Point Calimere Sanctuary. [Bombay]: Bombay Natural History Society, 1985.

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Workshop, EARSeL. Microwave remote sensing applied to vegetation: Proceedings of an EARSeL Workshop. Paris, France: European Space Agency, 1985.

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Ergo, A. B. Indices climatiques et applications en analogie agrobioclimatique. Tervuren, Belgique: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale, 1989.

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Programme, United Nations Environment, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., eds. Land cover classification system: Classification concepts and user manual : LCCS. 2nd ed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005.

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Mungʼala, Patrick M. The role of indigenous vegetation in energy production and environmental conservation: A realistic approach to solutions? Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Woodfuel Development Programme, Beijer Institute, 1985.

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Ming'an, Shao, ed. Huangtu Gaoyuan tu rang shui fen zhi bei cheng zai li yan jiu. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vegetation and crops"

1

Lieth, Helmut, Carsten Zeilinger, and Jutta Papenbrock. "Developing Cash Crops from Halophytes." In Tasks for vegetation science, 309–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0067-2_34.

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Leemans, R., and G. J. van den Born. "Determining the Potential Distribution of Vegetation, Crops and Agricultural Productivity." In Image 2.0, 133–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1200-0_4.

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EL Sabagh, Ayman, Akbar Hossain, Celaleddin Barutçular, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, M. Sohidul Islam, Shah Fahad, Oksana Sytar, Fatih Çiğ, Ram Swaroop Meena, and Murat Erman. "Consequences of Salinity Stress on the Quality of Crops and Its Mitigation Strategies for Sustainable Crop Production: An Outlook of Arid and Semi-arid Regions." In Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth, 503–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3_20.

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Dorioz, J. M., Ph Fleury, and B. Jeannin. "Factors controlling vegetation dynamics in hay meadows under high levels of organic fertilizer in the French Northern Alps." In Animal Manure on Grassland and Fodder Crops. Fertilizer or Waste?, 341–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3659-1_33.

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Frank, J. Howard, J. Howard Frank, Michael C. Thomas, Allan A. Yousten, F. William Howard, Robin M. Giblin-davis, John B. Heppner, et al. "Parasitism of Lepidoptera Defoliators in Sunflower and Legume Crops, and Adjacent Vegetation in the Pampas of Argentina." In Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2736–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_2771.

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Rodríguez, Andrés Alberto, and Edith Taleisnik. "Soil Salinization and Sodification as Conditioners of Vegetation and Crops: Physiological Aspects of Plant Response to These Conditions." In Intensified Land and Water Use, 43–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65443-6_3.

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Krupa, Sagar V., and Ronald N. Kickert. "The greenhouse effect: the impacts of carbon dioxide (CO2), ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and ozone (O3) on vegetation (crops)." In CO2 and biosphere, 223–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1797-5_15.

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Manzano, Julio Mejía, Jhon Guerrero Narvaez, José Guañarita Castillo, Diego Rivera Vásquez, and Luis Gutiérrez Villada. "Analysis of Normalized Vegetation Index in Castile Coffee Crops, Using Mosaics of Multispectral Images Acquired by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 546–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42520-3_43.

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Dhumal, Rajesh K., Amol D. Vibhute, Ajay D. Nagne, Karbhari V. Kale, and Suresh C. Mehrotra. "Performance Analysis of Spectral Features Based on Narrowband Vegetation Indices for Cotton and Maize Crops by EO-1 Hyperion Dataset." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 581–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3874-7_55.

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Kurbanov, Rashid, Natalia Zakharova, Vladimir Sidorenko, and Sergey Vilyunov. "The Use of Vegetation Indices in Comparison to Traditional Methods for Assessing Overwintering of Grain Crops in the Breeding Process." In Advances in Artificial Systems for Power Engineering II, 52–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97064-2_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vegetation and crops"

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Krishnan, Vijayasurya, Shoba Periasamy, and Kokila Priya Ravi. "Integrated SAR Vegetation Index for Rabi And Kharif Crops." In IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884656.

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Luculescu, Marius Cristian, Luciana Cristea, Sorin Constantin ZAMFIRA, and Attila Laszlo Boer. "MoniSCAN: software for multispectral monitoring of the crops vegetation status." In Autonomous Air and Ground Sensing Systems for Agricultural Optimization and Phenotyping III, edited by J. Alex Thomasson, Mac McKee, and Robert J. Moorhead. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2305197.

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Pour, Majid Khak, Reza Fotouhi, and Pierre Hucl. "Development of a Mobile Platform for Wheat Phenotyping." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24329.

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Abstract Designing and implementing an affordable High-Throughput Phenotyping Platform (HTPP) for monitoring crops’ features in different stages of their growth can provide valuable information for crop-breeders to study possible correlation between genotypes and phenotypes. Conducting automatic field measurements can improve crop productions. In this research, we have focused on development of a mechatronic system, hardware and software, for a mobile field-based HTPP for autonomous crop monitoring for wheat field. The system can measure canopy’s height, temperature, vegetation indices and is able to take high quality photos of crops. The system includes developed software for data and image acquisition. The main contribution of this study is autonomous, reliable, and fast data collection for wheat and similar crops.
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Moskovskaya, K. A., and N. N. Loy. "THE EFFECT OF PRE-SOWING ELECTRON IRRADIATION ON THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE CROP OF BARLEY OF THE VARIETY VLADIMIR." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-1-209-212.

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A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of using various doses and modes of pre-sowing electron irradiation of barley of the Vladimir variety as a way to improve the quality and quantity of grain crops. A vegetation experiment was carried out, as a result of which the following crop parameters were evaluated: the height of plants with an ear, the total number of stems, the number of productive stems, the mass of straw, the mass of 1000 grains and crop productivity. New information has been obtained on the formation of biological effects in agricultural crops under the influence of various modes and doses of electronic radiation on its seeds.
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Bhartra, Dev, Aditi M. Manohar, Dhruv Vohra, Shreyas Bharadwaj V, and K. S. Srinivas. "Agricultural Yield Estimation of Various Crops in Southern India Using Vegetation Index." In 2021 8th International Conference on Soft Computing & Machine Intelligence (ISCMI). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscmi53840.2021.9654802.

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Avdeev, S. M., and A. I. Belolyubtsev. "THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE TIMING OF THE PHASES OF VEGETATION OF SUNFLOWER AND SUGAR BEET." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-7.

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Gheletiuc, Olesea, Iuliana Rusu, and Tudor Nastas. "Monitorizarea sezonieră a dăunătorului Heliothis armigera Hbn. la diferite culturi agricole prin aplicarea capcanelor feromonale." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.83.

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In this article there are presented the results throughout the vegetation period in sunflower and soybean crops with the help of pheromone traps where the development of three generations of H. armi-gera pest was detected. It was demonstrated that in the sunflower crop were attracted on average about 119.0 males/trap while soybean had an average of about 217 males to a pheromone trap.
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Gulyanov, Yu A. "Correlation of the vegetation index (NDVI) and phytometric parameters at different stages of field crops development." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-123.

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The main goal of our research was to identify the relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the area of assimilation surface (AS) of spring wheat crops during the growing season, as well as to develop practical application of the findings. Throughout the growing season, the area of assimilation surface of T. aestivum increases much faster than the vegetation index NDVI. The smallest AS (282.7 m2/ha), which corresponded to 0.01 units of the NDVI (calculated factor) was observed during the tillering stage. It reaches its maximum values – 331.7–406.1–383.7 m2/ha (1.20–1.47–1.39 times higher) from stem elongation to the end of flowering. During the grain filling and maturation, these values decrease to 336.2 m2/ha but still are 1.19 times higher than the initial ones.
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Simakina, A. S., M. G. Erunova, and O. E. Yakubailik. "VEGETATION INDEX NDVI IN THE ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS OF EXPERIMENTALPRODUCTION FARM «KURAGINSKOE»." In Региональные системы комплексного дистанционного зондирования агроландшафтов. Красноярск: Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр «Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52686/9785604524923_14.

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Wasfy, Tamer, Hatem Wasfy, Paramsothy Jayakumar, and Srinivas Sanikommu. "Finite Element Model for Prediction of Ground Vehicle Mobility Over Vegetation Covered Terrains." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22764.

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Abstract A finite element vegetation model is presented for predicting the dynamic interaction of ground vehicles with vegetation. The purpose of the model is to predict ground vehicle mobility over vegetation covered terrains. The types of vegetation can range from small diameter highly compliant stems to large stiff trees. Those include various types of vegetation such as grass, crops, shrubs/bushes, small trees, and large trees. Mobility measures which can be predicted include maximum safe vehicle speed along a specified path, tire slip, and fuel consumption. The ground vehicles are modeled using high-fidelity multibody dynamics models. The vegetation stems are modeled using an arrangement of thin and/or thick beam finite elements. The thin beam model uses the torsional spring beam formulation for small flexible vegetation and only includes the axial and bending beam responses. The thick beam model includes axial, bending, torsional, and shear beam responses and uses a lumped parameter beam element which connects two rigid body type nodes. The vegetation model includes the effects of normal contact and friction with the vehicle and between stems, stem breaking, and stem aerodynamic forces.
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Reports on the topic "Vegetation and crops"

1

Cummings, John. Geese, Ducks and Coots. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7208739.ws.

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Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots all have been implicated in agricultural crop and turf damage. Generally, goose, duck, and American coot damage to crops, vegetation and aircraft can be difficult to identify. Usually the damage to crops or vegetation shows signs of being clipped, torn, or stripped. Tracks, feces, or feathers found neat the damage can be used to help identify the species. Damage to aircraft is obvious if the bird is recovered, but if not, and only bird parts are recovered, a scientific analysis is required. Canada geese, snow geese, ducks, and American coots are federally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), which stipulates that, unless permitted by regulation, it is unlawful to “pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill, possess, sell, barter, purchase, ship, export, or import any migratory birds alive or dead, or any part, nests, eggs, or products thereof.” Generally, geese, ducks, and coots can be hazed without a federal permit in order to prevent damage to agriculture crops and property with a variety of scare techniques. In most cases, live ammunition cannot be used.
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Horowitz, Kelsey, Vignesh Ramasamy, Jordan Macknick, and Robert Margolis. Capital Costs for Dual-Use Photovoltaic Installations: 2020 Benchmark for Ground-Mounted PV Systems with Pollinator-Friendly Vegetation, Grazing, and Crops. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1756713.

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Ding, Yan, Q. Chen, Ling Zhu, Julie Rosati, and Bradley Johnson. Implementation of flexible vegetation into CSHORE for modeling wave attenuation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43220.

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This technical report presents the new numerical modeling capabilities for simulating wave attenuation and mean water level changes through flexible vegetation such as smooth cordgrass in coastal and marine wetlands. These capabilities were implemented into the Cross-SHORE (CSHORE) numerical model. The biomechanical properties of vegetation such as dimensions, flexibility, and bending strength are parameterized in terms of the scaling law. Correspondingly, a new formulation of the vegetation drag coefficient, CD, is developed using field data from a salt marsh in Terrebonne Bay, LA, by considering spatially varying effective stem and blade heights of species. This report also presents a general procedure for using the model to simulate hydrodynamic variables (i.e., waves, currents, mean water levels) at vegetated coasts, which are used to quantify the effects of wave attenuation and reduction of surge and runup due to vegetation. Preliminary model validation was conducted by simulating a set of laboratory experiments on synthetic vegetation, which mimicked the flexibility of Spartina alterniflora. The validation results indicate that the newly developed vegetation capabilities enable CSHORE to predict changes of wave heights and water levels through marshes by considering species-specific biomechanical features. The model is also applicable to assess vegetation effectiveness against waves and surges.
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Kamenova, Ilina, Lachezar Filchev, and Iliana Ilieva. Review of spectral vegetation indices and methods for estimation of crop biophysical variables. Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/aerebu.29.18.01.06.

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O'Neill, Francis, Kristofer Lasko, and Elena Sava. Snow-covered region improvements to a support vector machine-based semi-automated land cover mapping decision support tool. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45842.

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This work builds on the original semi-automated land cover mapping algorithm and quantifies improvements to class accuracy, analyzes the results, and conducts a more in-depth accuracy assessment in conjunction with test sites and the National Land Cover Database (NLCD). This algorithm uses support vector machines trained on data collected across the continental United States to generate a pre-trained model for inclusion into a decision support tool within ArcGIS Pro. Version 2 includes an additional snow cover class and accounts for snow cover effects within the other land cover classes. Overall accuracy across the continental United States for Version 2 is 75% on snow-covered pixels and 69% on snow-free pixels, versus 16% and 66% for Version 1. However, combining the “crop” and “low vegetation” classes improves these values to 86% for snow and 83% for snow-free, compared to 19% and 83% for Version 1. This merging is justified by their spectral similarity, the difference between crop and low vegetation falling closer to land use than land cover. The Version 2 tool is built into a Python-based ArcGIS toolbox, allowing users to leverage the pre-trained model—along with image splitting and parallel processing techniques—for their land cover type map generation needs.
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Salazar, Lina, Ana Claudia Palacios, Michael Selvaraj, and Frank Montenegro. Using Satellite Images to Measure Crop Productivity: Long-Term Impact Assessment of a Randomized Technology Adoption Program in the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003604.

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This study combines three rounds of surveys with remote sensing to measure long-term impacts of a randomized irrigation program in the Dominican Republic. Specifically, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellite images are used to measure the causal effects of the program on agricultural productivity, measured through vegetation indices (NDVI and OSAVI). To this end, 377 plots were analyzed (129 treated and 248 controls) for the period from 2011 to 2019. Following a Differencein-Differences (DD) and Event study methodology, the results confirmed that program beneficiaries have higher vegetation indices, and therefore experienced a higher productivity throughout the post-treatment period. Also, there is some evidence of spillover effects to neighboring farmers. Furthermore, the Event Study model shows that productivity impacts are obtained in the third year after the adoption takes place. These findings suggest that adoption of irrigation technologies can be a long and complex process that requires time to generate productivity impacts. In a more general sense, this study reveals the great potential that exists in combining field data with remote sensing information to assess long-term impacts of agricultural programs on agricultural productivity.
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Rowe, Randall C., Jaacov Katan, Talma Katan, and Leah Tsror. Sub-Specific Populations of Verticillium dahliae and their Roles in Vascular Wilt Pathogsystems. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7574343.bard.

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Verticillium dahliae is an economically important pathogen causing vascular wilt on over 160 plant species. In North America, potato early dying is a significant disease of potato, especially in the midwest and Pacific northwest states. This disease is caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae and in some cases involves a synergistic interaction with root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans. In Israel, Verticillium wilt occurs in many regions and inflicts serious losses in potato, cotton, and other crops. Objectives of this project were to establish a large collection of isolates of Verticillium dahliae from potato (USA) and several host plants (Israel) and to characterize and compare the isolates with regard to morphology, vegetative compatibility group (VCG), and pathogenic capabilities on several hosts. Isolations were made from 224 commercial lots of certified potato seed tubers from across N. America and 87 potato fields located in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington. A large collection of isolates from central U.S. states already existed. In Israel, 47 field sites were sampled and isolates of Verticillium dahliae were recovered from 13 host plant species and from soil. Potato isolates from N. America were tested for vegetative compatibility and all found to be in VCG 4 with about 2/3 in VCG 4A and the rest in VCG 4B. VCG 4A isolates were significantly more aggressive on potato than VCG 4B isolates and were more likely to interact synergistically with P. penetrans. The Israeli isolates fell into three vegetative compatibility groups. Nearly all (> 90%) VCG2B and VCG 4B isolates were recovered from the northern and southern parts of Israel, respectively, with some overlap in central areas. Several pathotypes were defined in cotton, using cotton and eggplant together as differentials. All VCG 2B isolates from cotton caused severe disease in cotton, while VCG 2A and VCG 4B isolates from several crops were much less aggressive to cotton. When Israeli isolates of VCGs 2A, 2B and 4B were inoculated to potato and tomato, VCG 4B isolates caused much more severe disease on potato and VCG 2A isolates caused much more severe disease in tomato. Differential patterns of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of these VCGs on potato and tomato were consistent regardless of the host plant of origin. Isolates of the same VCG resembled one another more than isolates from different VCGs based on colony and microsclerotial morphology, temperature responses and, partially, in pathogenicity. Vegetative compatibility grouping of V. dahliae in Israel appears closely associated with specific pathogenicity and other phenotypic traits. The absence of VCG 4A in Israel is significant. VCG patterns among Verficillium populations are useful to predict relatedness and pathogenic potential in both countries.
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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam, and John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.

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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.
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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.

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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.
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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Shaping plant architecture by age dependent programs: implications for food, feed and biofuel. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597922.bard.

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Age dependent programs are responsible for the physiological and developmental differences of young and mature plants. These include a range of morphological characters such as leaf shape and leaf composition (waxes, lignin etc..) but also different in developmental potentials. Apical buds of juvenile plants are vegetative, while those of mature plants can be reproductive. Likewise, basal buds form in the axills of juvenile leaves have different fates than distal buds formed in the axils of mature leaves. The goal of our joint project is to understand and exploit theses age related programs for specific improvement of crop plants. To that end both the WIS group and the PGEC group are using mutants with age related defects as well as modified expression of miR156 to modify age related programs in crop plants- Tomato and potato in Israel and Maize, switchgrass and Brchipodium in the US. In the US, major effort were made to: Characterize the contribution of selected miR156 target genes to yield component traits of maize. Functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets in new crop plants. In Israel, the research progressed in several directions: Understanding the interplay between age dependent programs and the potential of tomato and potato meristems to produce tubers. Evaluation of the agronomic value of mutants that alter flowering regime in side shoots in general, and in the sympodial buds in particular Characterization of wild type axillary buds, comparing shoot ontogeny of gradually maturing apices from basal and distal positions along the main shoot of tomato.
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