Journal articles on the topic 'Vegetated water bodies'
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Hardy, Andy, Georgina Ettritch, Dónall Cross, Pete Bunting, Francis Liywalii, Jacob Sakala, Andrew Silumesii, et al. "Automatic Detection of Open and Vegetated Water Bodies Using Sentinel 1 to Map African Malaria Vector Mosquito Breeding Habitats." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050593.
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Providing timely and accurate maps of surface water is valuable for mapping malaria risk and targeting disease control interventions. Radar satellite remote sensing has the potential to provide this information but current approaches are not suitable for mapping African malarial mosquito aquatic habitats that tend to be highly dynamic, often with emergent vegetation. We present a novel approach for mapping both open and vegetated water bodies using serial Sentinel-1 imagery for Western Zambia. This region is dominated by the seasonally inundated Upper Zambezi floodplain that suffers from a number of public health challenges. The approach uses open source segmentation and machine learning (extra trees classifier), applied to training data that are automatically derived using freely available ancillary data. Refinement is implemented through a consensus approach and Otsu thresholding to eliminate false positives due to dry flat sandy areas. The results indicate a high degree of accuracy (mean overall accuracy 92% st dev 3.6) providing a tractable solution for operationally mapping water bodies in similar large river floodplain unforested environments. For the period studied, 70% of the total water extent mapped was attributed to vegetated water, highlighting the importance of mapping both open and vegetated water bodies for surface water mapping.
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Omar, D., M. Idrees, H. Ahmadu, A. Yusuf, O. Ipadeola, A. Babalola, and A. Abdulyekeen. "Assessment of vegetation dynamics and forest loss using google earth engine and multi-temporal sentinel-2 imagery." Agro-Science 21, no. 2 (June 22, 2022): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v21i2.10.
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This study evaluated regional vegetation dynamics and changes between 2015 and 2020 using Google earth engine (GEE) platform and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from the multi-petabyte catalogue of sentinel-2 imageries. Using the computational capability of GEE, yearly mean NDVI from 2015 to 2020 were computed using level C-1 product. Subsequently, each of the NDVI images was classified into four land cover classes; water bodies, non-vegetated, grassland /cropland /shrubs, and forest using NDVI threshold values of < 0.01, 0.01-0.20, 0.20-0.30 and > 0.30, respectively. The classified maps allowed for the assessment of yearly variation in vegetation and changes between 2015 and 2020. Result showed that non-vegetated area increased from 18.53% in 2015 to 42.56% in 2020 (~ 25.00% gain), the forest area reduced to 6.78% in 2020 compared to 23.76% measured in 2015 (~ 17.00% loss in forest); whereas water bodies and grassland/cropland/shrubs remained relatively constant (0.21 and ~ 50.00%, respectively) across the years studied. Presently, the forest land was estimated to be about 2, 371.131 km2 (~ 6.70%) of the total land mass, grassland/cropland/shrubs occupied 17, 770.79 km2 (~ 50.07%), non-vegetated area was slightly less than half with 15, 274.85 km2 (~ 43.04%) and water bodies occupied 75.68 km2 (~ 0.21%).
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Deng, Xiangzheng, Jikun Huang, Yingzhi Lin, and Qingling Shi. "Interactions between Climate, Socioeconomics, and Land Dynamics in Qinghai Province, China: A LUCD Model-Based Numerical Experiment." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/297926.
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This simulation-based research produces a set of forecast land use data of Qinghai Province, China, applying the land use change dynamics (LUCD) model. The simulation results show that the land use pattern will almost keep being consistent in the period from 2010 to 2050 with that in 2000 in Qinghai Province. Grassland and barren or sparsely vegetated land will cover more than 80% of the province’s total area. The land use change will be inconspicuous in the period from 2010 to 2050 involving only 0.49% of the province’s land. The expansion of urban and built-up land, grassland, and barren or sparsely vegetated land and the area reduction of mixed dryland/irrigated cropland and pasture, water bodies, and snow or ice will dominate land use changes of the case study area. The changes of urban and built-up land and mixed dryland/irrigated cropland and pasture will slow down over time. Meanwhile, the change rates of water bodies, snow and ice, barren or sparsely vegetated land, and grassland will show an inverted U-shaped trajectory. Except for providing underlying surfaces for RCMs for future climate change assessment, this empirical research of regional land use change may enhance the understanding of land surface system dynamics.
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Mail, Abd Al Salam Mohammed. "Desertification Detected in the Udhaim River Basin, Iraq Based on Spectral Indices Derived from Remote Sensing Images." Miscellanea Geographica 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgrsd-2017-0007.
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AbstractIn this study, changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC) have been investigated over the Udhaim River Basin in Iraq by using spectral indices. NDVI, NDBI, NDWI, NDBaI, and CI represent respectively the vegetation, built-up, water bodies, bare-land, and soil crust of LULC. Two different images were acquired for the analysis, namely a Landsat 5 TM image from 1 July 2007 and a Landsat 8 OLI from 5 June 2015, both representing summer conditions. Results show that the percentages of vegetated land and water body areas have decreased. On the contrary, the percentages of built-up, bare land and soil crust areas have increased. The loss of vegetated areas and water body areas is a signal of land degradation leading to desertification, due to the combined effects of climate conditions, water deficit and human activities. Field observation shows that human activities have a significant impact on land degradation.
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Fonsêca, Nathan C., Giselle L. Moreira, José Nailson B. Santos, Marília Isabelle O. da Silva, Máida Cynthia D. de Lima, Ana Jéssica S. Barbosa, Jéssica Stéfane A. Cunha, Diogo José O. Pimentel, Flávio Cipriano de A. do Carmo, and Felipe S. Amorim. "Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Vegetation Cover in a Diversity Hotspot for the Conservation of Brazilian Cerrado." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 15 (September 15, 2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n15p200.
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This work investigates the spatial-temporal dynamics of land use and vegetation covers in a conservation area of Cerrado, in the county of Currais, Piauí, in which the economy depends on large agricultural projects. We used maps of a 32-year time series (1985 to 2017) of land use and cover provided by the Brazilian Annual Land Use and Land Cover Mapping Project (MapBiomas). We assessed six classes of land uses and vegetation covers: forest, savanna, grassland, agriculture/pasture, non-vegetated area, and water bodies. There was a fast increase in pressure on natural ecosystems from 1985 and 2017, primarily from 2000. The land use for agriculture and pasture increased from 0.26% (726.93 ha) in 2000 to 16% (50,772.63 ha) in 2017. During this period, the native vegetation decreased 15.90%, with savannas suffering the largest loss in hectares of vegetation (41,663.73 ha), followed by the forests (9,837.35 ha). The grassland cover, non-vegetated area, and water bodies remained unchanged. These results provide essential information for decision making and can be used to guide public policies for the conservation, monitoring, and sustainable management of remnant vegetation areas.
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Fadhli, Muhammad, Rifardi Rifardi, and Suardi Tarumun. "PEMODELAN PERUBAHAN PENGGUNAAN LAHAN DI KABUPATEN KAMPAR." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 14, no. 1 (March 20, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jil.14.1.p.52-65.
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This study aims to identify the types of land use and patterns of land use change in Kampar District. This study uses a survey method with visual interpretation techniques Landsat imagery in 1998,2008,2018 using geographic information systems (GIS). The results showed that 12 types of land use in Kampar district in 1998-2008-2018 were: 1) forest, 2) plantation forest, 3) plantation, 4) mixed plantation, 5) dry land agriculture, 6) rice field, 7 ) shrubs, 8) built up land, 9) mines, 10) open, 11) ponds, and 12) bodies of water. The patterns of land use change in Kampar Regency in the period 1998-2008-2018 were 187 patterns. There are 2 types of patterns of change, namely 1) the pattern of change from vegetated land use to vegetated land use and 2) the pattern of changes in the use of vegetated to non-vegetated land. The first type with the most dominant pattern based on the area of change include: 1) forests - plantations - plantations, 2) mixed plantations - plantations - plantations 3) Forests – plantation forests - plantation forests. The second type with a pattern of change based on area includes: 1) forest – forest - open, 2) mixed plantation - built up land – built up land, 3) mixed plantation - mixed plantation - mine.
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Singh, Ashangbam Inaoba, and Kanwarpreet Singh. "Remote Sensing and GIS based Land Use Land Cover Analysis in Chandel District, Manipur, India." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012046.
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Abstract Rapid urbanization has dramatically altered land use and land cover (LULC). The focus of this research is on the examination of the last two decades. The research was conducted in the Chandel district of Manipur, India. The LULC of Chandel (encompassing a 3313 km2 geographical area) was mapped using remotely sensed images from LANDSAT4-5, LANDSAT 7 ETM+, and LANDSAT 8 (OLI) to focus on spatial and temporal trends between years 2000 and 2021. The LULC maps with six major classifications viz., Thickly Vegetated Area (TVA), Sparsely Vegetated Area (SVA), Agriculture Area (AA), Population Area (PA), Water Bodies (WB), and Barren Area (BA) of the were generated using supervised classification approach. For the image classification procedure, interactive supervised classification is adopted to calculate the area percentage. The results interpreted that the TVA covers approximately 65% of the total mapped area in year 2002, which has been decreased up to 60% in 2007, 56% in 2011, 55 % in 2017, and 52% in 2021. The populated area also increases significantly in these two decades. The change and increase in the PA has been observed from year 2000 (8%) to 2021 (11%). Water Bodies remain same throughout the study period. Deforestation occurs as a result of the rapid rise of the population and the extension of the territory.
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Sahour, Hossein, Kaylan M. Kemink, and Jessica O’Connell. "Integrating SAR and Optical Remote Sensing for Conservation-Targeted Wetlands Mapping." Remote Sensing 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010159.
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The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) contains numerous depressional wetlands known as potholes that provide habitats for waterfowl and other wetland-dependent species. Mapping these wetlands is essential for identifying viable waterfowl habitat and conservation planning scenarios, yet it is a challenging task due to the small size of the potholes, and the presence of emergent vegetation. This study develops an open-source process within the Google Earth Engine platform for mapping the spatial distribution of wetlands through the integration of Sentinel-1 C-band SAR (synthetic aperture radar) data with high-resolution (10-m) Sentinel-2 bands. We used two machine-learning algorithms (random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM)) to identify wetlands across the study area through supervised classification of the multisensor composite. We trained the algorithms with ground truth data provided through field studies and aerial photography. The accuracy was assessed by comparing the predicted and actual wetland and non-wetland classes using statistical coefficients (overall accuracy, Kappa, sensitivity, and specificity). For this purpose, we used four different out-of-sample test subsets, including the same year, next year, small vegetated, and small non-vegetated test sets to evaluate the methods on different spatial and temporal scales. The results were also compared to Landsat-derived JRC surface water products, and the Sentinel-2-derived normalized difference water index (NDWI). The wetlands derived from the RF model (overall accuracy 0.76 to 0.95) yielded favorable results, and outperformed the SVM, NDWI, and JRC products in all four testing subsets. To provide a further characterization of the potholes, the water bodies were stratified based on the presence of emergent vegetation using Sentinel-2-derived NDVI, and, after excluding permanent water bodies, using the JRC surface water product. The algorithm presented in the study is scalable and can be adopted for identifying wetlands in other regions of the world.
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Mia, Md Bodruddoza, Tanzeer Hasan, and Syed Humayun Akhter. "Change Detection of Landuse-landcover in and around Cox’s Bazar-Teknaf Coastal Area of Bangladesh Using Satellite Images." Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujees.v8i1.50754.
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The prime objective of this study is to detect changes of the biophysical resources (or landuse-landocver) of the Cox’s Bazar-Teknaf area from 1999 to 2015 using Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI sensors images after applying classifications and indices approaches. The normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) result showed that water bodies reduced by about 20% of the study area from 1999 to 2015. Bared land or beach decreased by 6% from 1999 to 2005 and then increasing trend is observed in this study from 2005 to 2015. Mixed land was more or less an increasing trend in this study area. Vegetation cover increased from 1999 to 2005 and then suddenly decreased a lot from 2009 to 2015. The declining trend of water bodies is mostly in the northern part of the study area, which is mostly shallow area where shrimp or salt farms exist. The result of normalized differential water index (NDWI) showed that the water bodies decreased from 1999 to 2015 about 10% of the study area. Land area was increased from 1999 to 2005 and then increased a little from 2005 to 2009 and afterward it decreased. The normalized differential salinity index (NDSI) result shows that the area of non-saline zone increased from 1999 to 2015. Low saline zones reduced from 1999 to 2005 but it increased after 2005 due to absence of high and medium salinity signature from NDSI value. The low saline zone is mostly in the northern side of Cox’s Bazar where shrimp farms or salt bed exist. In unsupervised thematic maps, the water bodies increased in this region from 1999 to 2009 and then declined again. The declining trend of water bodies indicates the erosion activities from 1999 to 2009. The fallow lands including beach also decreased from 2005 to 2015, indicates more agricultural activities including fisheries, salt production in this study area. On the other hand, the vegetated region decreased but settlements area including vegetation increased in this area. In supervised thematic map, the result showed that the shrimp cultivation and salt bed increased in this region from 1999 to 2015 and agricultural land has decreasing trend. On the other hand, the vegetated region was ups and down trend from 1999 to 2009. The study indicates that the Landsat images are quite efficient to map biophysical resources of the study area with various techniques.
The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 8(1), 2019, P 1-9
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Han, P., K. Vijayaraghavan, S. Reuben, E. S. Estrada, and U. M. Joshi. "Reduction of nutrient contaminants into shallow eutrophic waters through vegetated treatment beds." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 6 (September 1, 2013): 1280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.361.
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One of the most effective mitigative approaches to eutrophication is the reduction of nutrient loading into water bodies. Bioremediation presents an economically viable and ecologically sustainable technology to nutrient pollution control taking advantage of the remarkable ability of plants and their associated microbial community to assimilate and remove nutrients from the environment. In this study, four emergent macrophytes (Cyperus haspan, Pandanus amaryllifolius, Pontederia cordata and Thalia geniculata) and two floating plants (Hygroryza aristata and Pistia stratiotes) were deployed in bank-side treatment beds and comparatively assessed for their remediative capabilities for nutrient control. P. stratiotes exhibited the highest removal efficiency for both nitrate and phosphate among the six plant species studied. Emergent macrophytes, P. amaryllifolius, C. haspan and P. cordata, were also found to be highly effective in nutrient uptake exhibiting removal efficiencies up to 100%. With the exception of T. geniculata, depletion of nutrients as a result of plant uptake significantly impeded the natural colonization of algae invariably leading to improvements in water quality in terms of turbidity and pH. Suppression of algae proliferation by T. geniculata was not preceded by a reduction in nutrient concentrations suggesting that T. geniculata may be directly inhibiting algal growth through allelopathy.
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Pešek, Ondřej, Michal Segal-Rozenhaimer, and Arnon Karnieli. "Using Convolutional Neural Networks for Cloud Detection on VENμS Images over Multiple Land-Cover Types." Remote Sensing 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 5210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14205210.
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In most parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, solar radiation cannot penetrate clouds. Therefore, cloud detection and masking are essential in image preprocessing for observing the Earth and analyzing its properties. Because clouds vary in size, shape, and structure, an accurate algorithm is required for removing them from the area of interest. This task is usually more challenging over bright surfaces such as exposed sunny deserts or snow than over water bodies or vegetated surfaces. The overarching goal of the current study is to explore and compare the performance of three Convolutional Neural Network architectures (U-Net, SegNet, and DeepLab) for detecting clouds in the VENμS satellite images. To fulfil this goal, three VENμS tiles in Israel were selected. The tiles represent different land-use and cover categories, including vegetated, urban, agricultural, and arid areas, as well as water bodies, with a special focus on bright desert surfaces. Additionally, the study examines the effect of various channel inputs, exploring possibilities of broader usage of these architectures for different data sources. It was found that among the tested architectures, U-Net performs the best in most settings. Its results on a simple RGB-based dataset indicate its potential value for any satellite system screening, at least in the visible spectrum. It is concluded that all of the tested architectures outperform the current VENμS cloud-masking algorithm by lowering the false positive detection ratio by tens of percents, and should be considered an alternative by any user dealing with cloud-corrupted scenes.
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M. Patil, Sadhana, and Atharv S. Ashtaputre. "COST EFFECTIVE MECHANISM TO TREAT WASTE WATER." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 7, no. 6 (October 1, 2022): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2022.v07i06.048.
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Cost effective mechanism is the treatment of waste water to use treated water further for irrigation purpose and also to increase ground water level. That means, to reduce the concentration of TDS, BOD, COD, DO of waste water. Waste water includes plastic, sludge, and solid waste which directly and indirectly affect human health, underground water, and agriculture. In primary treatment, Screens are used for separating the solid waste and sludge flowing with waste water. We can use this separated sludge as a fertilizer for agriculture purpose. Purification of the waste water is done by aeration and sedimentation processes by providing porous bandhara, solid bandhara, & porous gravel filter. In further process a horizontal constructed wetlands are used. Constructed wetlands are shallow extensively vegetated water bodies that use enhanced sedimentation; fine filtration and pollutant absorb process to remove pollutants from waste water. This technology is using a natural way to effectively treating the waste water where no external energy is required as well as having low maintenance cost. This method is beneficial in draught areas to increase ground water level.
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Pritchard, James, Yeo-Myoung Cho, Negin Ashoori, Jordyn Wolfand, Jeff Sutton, Margaret Carolan, Eduardo Gamez, Khoa Doan, Joshua Wiley, and Richard Luthy. "Benzotriazole Uptake and Removal in Vegetated Biofilter Mesocosms Planted with Carex praegracilis." Water 10, no. 11 (November 8, 2018): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111605.
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Urban stormwater runoff is a significant source of pollutants in surface water bodies. One such pollutant, 1H-benzotriazole, is a persistent, recalcitrant trace organic contaminant commonly used as a corrosion inhibitor in airplane deicing processes, automobile liquids, and engine coolants. This study explored the removal of 1H-benzotriazole from stormwater using bench-scale biofilter mesocosms planted with California native sedge, Carex praegracilis, over a series of three storm events and succeeding monitoring period. Benzotriazole metabolites glycosylated benzotriazole and benzotriazole alanine were detected and benzotriazole and glycosylated benzotriazole partitioning in the system were quantified. With a treatment length of seven days, 97.1% of benzotriazole was removed from stormwater effluent from vegetated biofilter mesocosms. Significant concentrations of benzotriazole and glycosylated benzotriazole were observed in the C. praegracilis leaf and root tissue. Additionally, a significant missing sink of benzotriazole developed in the vegetated biofilter mesocosms. This study suggests that vegetation may increase the operating lifespan of bioretention basins by enhancing the degradation of dissolved trace organic contaminants, thus increasing the sorption capacity of the geomedia.
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Das, Rima Rani, and Anjana Kanwal. "URBAN FLOOD- A CASE STUDY OF GUWAHATI CITY, KAMRUP (METROPOLITAN), ASSAM." Geo Eye 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/bu.ge.v9i2.2.
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In the present study, the researcher aims to study the factors responsible for flood inundation and water-logging in the city and to identify the flood-prone areas and mapping and the Social and administrative measures to reduce the impact of the flood. A set of secondary data had been collected through various sources for the study in the selected area. Various GIS software has been used in preparing the Guwahati satellite image. First of all, we downloaded the satellite imagery of Guwahati from 1st January 2018 to 1st January 2019 using the USGS Earth Explorer, using data set as Landsat Collection1, followed by Landsat Collection 1 Level 1 using Landsat 8 Satellite with OLI/TIRS C1 Level1 Sensors having 30 metres resolution. From the study it has been found that the major factors responsible for the flood are Water Logging: Heavy rainfall triggered water logging in several parts of the city. Areas such as Zoo Road, Chandmari, Ambari, Ulubari, Hatigaon, Dispur, Gandhi Mandap, Kalapahar, and Christian Basti came along with visuals of waterlogged areas. Rapid Urbanization: Unplanned urban growth of the city. Increasing of Urbanization in the city from 80.23% in 2001 to 82.9% in 2011 according to the percentage of the urban population in 2011 census. Change in Land Use Land Cover: Natural and semi-natural vegetated areas and artificial and natural water bodies decreased while the built-up area increased, cultivated and managed areas, natural and seminatural non-vegetated areas increased. Keywords: Urban flood; Inundation; Water-logging; Vegetation; GIS
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Jiménez-Rodríguez, César, Catalina Esquivel-Vargas, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, and Mahmood Sasa-Marín. "Quantification of the Evaporation Rates from Six Types of Wetland Cover in Palo Verde National Park, Costa Rica." Water 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040674.
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The hydrology of tropical seasonal wetlands is affected by changes in the land cover. Changes from open water towards a vegetated cover imply an increase in the total evaporation flux, which includes the evaporation from open water bodies and the transpiration from vegetated surfaces. This study quantified the total evaporation flux of six covers of the Palo Verde wetland during dry season. The selected wetland covers were dominated by Neptunia natans (L.f.) Druce, Thalia geniculata L., Typha dominguensis Pers., Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, a mixture of these species, and open water conditions. The plants were collected from the wetland and placed in lysimeters (59.1 L) built from plastic containers. The lysimeters were located in an open area near the meteorological station of the Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS). The evaporated water volume and meteorological data were collected between December 2012–January 2013. A completely randomized design was applied to determine the total evaporation (E), reference evaporation ( E ref , Penman-Monteith method) and crop coefficient ( K c ) for all the covers. T. geniculata (E: 17.0 mm d − 1 , K c : 3.43) and open water (E: 8.2 mm d − 1 , K c : 1.65) showed the highest and lowest values respectively, for daily evaporation and crop coefficient. Results from the ANOVA indicate that E. crassipes and N. natans were statistically different (p = 0.05) from T. dominguensis and the species mixture, while the water and T. geniculata showed significant differences with regard to other plant covers. These results indicate that the presence of emergent macrophytes as T. geniculata and T. dominguensis will increase the evaporation flux during dry season more than the floating macrophytes or open water surfaces.
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Susanti, P. D., A. Miardini, and B. Harjadi. "Disaster mitigation on lands affected by landslides in Banjarnegara Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 916, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/916/1/012026.
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Abstract Landslide mitigation on potentially-affected lands is one of the crucial efforts in Banjarnegara Regency. Such effort, however, must comply with the existing environmental and land use conditions. This research aimed to determine the landslide susceptibility level and landslide mitigation on the affected land. A descriptive quantitative method was used to determine landslide susceptibility, and a survey method was used to determine its condition. Landslide susceptibility was examined using an overlay analysis of the major factors: slope, texture fault, regolith, and geology. The analysis results show that the levels of landslide susceptibility of the research location consisted of: not prone (19.21%), slightly prone (4.95%), moderate (6.92%), prone (29.20%), and very prone (39.72%). It also predicted that 335,940 people (36.80%) lived in highly and very-highly vulnerable areas. Based on the results, mitigation is targeted on three groups of land, including water bodies (269.57 ha), vegetated area (69,946.98 ha), and non-vegetated area (3,506.25 ha). Both physical and social mitigation actions are thus required. Physical mitigation includes slope protection (terracing, vetiver system, slope-protection structures, ground fractures covering), water management (manual horizontal drainage, drainage channel), vegetation management (multi-stratum canopy, root morphology, and plant biomass), whereas social mitigation involves community management by promoting public awareness and vigilance against disasters, and the active role of both community and stakeholders.
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Mondal, Md Sanaul Haque. "Population an land cover dinamics of Sundarbans impact zone is Bangladesh." Landscape & Environment 11, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/11/1/1.
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Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest of the world that lies in Bangladesh and India. This paper examined the correlation among population dynamics of Sundarbans impact zone (SIZ) from 1974 to 2011; impact of climate change on the forest; and changes in land cover of the forest from 1973 to 2010. Population size of SIZ was increased by 1.6 times between 1974 and 2011, whereas decreased by 2% during 2001 to 2011. During 1973 to 2010, water bodies, barren land and vegetated land reduced by 7.35%, 49.56% and 15.92% respectively; while grass land increased by 228.14% during the same period. But both population size and vegetated land declined during 2001 and 2011. This was due to the landfall of two severe cyclones in 2007 and 2009 through Sundarbans which resulted thousands of human casualties and out migration, and destruction of the forest. In addition, anthropogenic interventions like low flow from Ganges River and policy constraints also contributed to the demolition of Sundarbans. Thus, population growth, climate change and anthropogenic interventions are playing a decisive role to the depletion of forest resources from the Sundarbans mangrove forest.
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Xie, Qijiao, and Jing Li. "Detecting the Cool Island Effect of Urban Parks in Wuhan: A City on Rivers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010132.
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As a nature-based solution, development of urban blue-green spaces is widely accepted for mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. It is of great significance to determine the main driving factors of the park cool island (PCI) effect for optimizing park layout and achieving a maximum cooling benefit of urban parks. However, there have been obviously controversial conclusions in previous studies due to varied case contexts. This study was conducted in Wuhan, a city with high water coverage, which has significant differences in context with the previous case cities. The PCI intensity and its correlation with park characteristics were investigated based on remote sensing data. The results indicated that 36 out of 40 urban parks expressed a PCI effect, with a PCI intensity of 0.08~7.29 °C. As expected, larger parks with enough width had stronger PCI intensity. An increased density of hardened elements in a park could significantly weaken PCI effect. Noticeably, in this study, water bodies in a park contributed the most to the PCI effect of urban parks, while the vegetated areas showed a negative impact on the PCI intensity. It implied that in a context with higher water coverage, the cooling effect of vegetation was weakened or even masked by water bodies, due to the interaction effect of different variables on PCI intensity.
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Ijaz, Amna, Zafar Iqbal, and Muhammad Afzal. "Remediation of sewage and industrial effluent using bacterially assisted floating treatment wetlands vegetated with Typha domingensis." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 9 (August 27, 2016): 2192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.405.
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This investigation reports the quantitative assessment of endophyte-assisted floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) for the remediation of sewage and industrial wastewater. Typha domingensis was used to vegetate FTWs that were subsequently inoculated with a consortium of pollutant-degrading and plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria. T. domingensis, being an aquatic species, holds excellent potential to remediate polluted water. Nonetheless, investigation conducted on Madhuana drain carrying industrial and sewage water from Faisalabad City revealed the percentage reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to be 87% and 87.5%, respectively, within 96 h on coupling the plant species with a consortium of bacterial endophytes. With the endophytes surviving in plant tissue, maximal reduction was obtained in not only the aforementioned pollution parameters but for other major environmental quality parameters including nutrients (N and P), ions (Na+ and K+), Cl−, and SO42− as well, which showed percentage reductions up to 90%, 39%, 77%, 91.8%, 40%, and 60%, respectively. This significant improvement in polluted wastewater quality treated with the proposed method render it safe to be discharged freely in larger water bodies as per the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of Pakistan or to be reused safely for irrigation purposes; thus, FTWs provide a sustainable and affordable approach for in situ remediation of sewage and industrial wastewater.
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Xie, Qijiao, and Qi Sun. "Monitoring the Spatial Variation of Aerosol Optical Depth and Its Correlation with Land Use/Land Cover in Wuhan, China: A Perspective of Urban Planning." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031132.
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Aerosols significantly affect environmental conditions, air quality, and public health locally, regionally, and globally. Examining the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) on aerosol optical depth (AOD) helps to understand how human activities influence air quality and develop suitable solutions. The Landsat 8 image and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol products in summer in 2018 were used in LULC classification and AOD retrieval in this study. Spatial statistics and correlation analysis about the relationship between LULC and AOD were performed to examine the impact of LULC on AOD in summer in Wuhan, China. Results indicate that the AOD distribution expressed an obvious “basin effect” in urban development areas: higher AOD values concentrated in water bodies with lower terrain, which were surrounded by the high buildings or mountains with lower AOD values. The AOD values were negatively correlated with the vegetated areas while positively correlated to water bodies and construction lands. The impact of LULC on AOD varied with different contexts in all cases, showing a “context effect”. The regression correlations among the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and AOD in given landscape contexts were much stronger than those throughout the whole study area. These findings provide sound evidence for urban planning, land use management and air quality improvement.
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Worden, James, Kirsten M. de Beurs, Jennifer Koch, and Braden C. Owsley. "Application of Spectral Index-Based Logistic Regression to Detect Inland Water in the South Caucasus." Remote Sensing 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 5099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13245099.
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The Caucasus is a diverse region with many climate zones that range from subtropical lowlands to mountainous alpine areas. The region is marked by irrigated croplands fed by irrigation canals, heavily vegetated wetlands, lakes, and reservoirs. In this study, we demonstrate the development of an improved surface water map based on a global water dataset to get a better understanding of the spatial distribution of small water bodies. First, we used the global water product from the European Commission Joint Research Center (JRC) to generate training data points by stratified random sampling. Next, we applied the optimal probability cut-off logistic regression model to develop surface water datasets for the entire Caucasus region, covering 19 Landsat tiles from May to October 2019. Finally, we used 6745 manually classified points (3261 non-water, 3484 water) to validate both the newly developed water dataset and the JRC global surface water dataset using an estimated proportion of area error matrix to evaluate accuracy. Our approach produced surface water extent maps with higher accuracy (89.2%) and detected 392 km2 more water than the global product (86.7% accuracy). We demonstrate that the newly developed method enables surface water detection of small ponds and lakes, flooded agricultural fields, and narrow irrigation channels, which are particularly important for mosquito-borne diseases.
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Jordan, Sabine, Monika Strömgren, Jan Fiedler, Elve Lode, Torbjörn Nilsson, and Lars Lundin. "Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emission Fluxes Along Water Level Gradients in Littoral Zones of Constructed Surface Water Bodies in a Rewetted Extracted Peatland in Sweden." Soil Systems 4, no. 1 (March 24, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010017.
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Rewetted extracted peatlands are sensitive ecosystems and they can act as greenhouse gas (GHG) sinks or sources due to changes in hydrology, vegetation, and weather conditions. However, studies on GHG emissions from extracted peatlands after rewetting are limited. Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission fluxes were determined using the opaque closed chamber method along water level gradients from littoral zones to the open water body of constructed shallow lakes with different vegetation zones in a nutrient-rich rewetted extracted peatland in Sweden. Vegetation communities and their position relative to water level, together with short-term water level fluctuations, such as inundation events and seasonal droughts, and temperature had a significant impact on CH4 emissions fluxes. During “normal” and “dry” conditions and high soil temperatures, CH4 emissions were highest from Carex spp.-Typha latifolia L. communities. During inundation events with water levels > 30 cm, sites with flooded Graminoids-Scirpus spp.-Carex spp. emitted most CH4. Methane emissions from the water body of the constructed shallow lakes were low during all water level conditions and over the temperature ranges observed. Nitrous oxide emissions contributed little to the emission fluxes from the soil-plant-water systems to the atmosphere, and they were only detectable from the sites with Graminoids. In terms of management, the construction of shallow lakes showed great potential for lowering GHG emission fluxes from nutrient rich peatlands after peat extraction, even though the vegetated shore emitted some N2O and CH4.
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Shafie, Banafsheh, Amir Hossein Javid, Homa Irani Behbahani, Hassan Darabi, and Farhad Hosseinzadeh Lotfi. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE CHANGES AS AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL PLANNING (CASE STUDY: LATIAN DAM WATERSHED)." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 31, no. 1 (January 9, 2023): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2023.18055.
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The formation of modifications or conception in the landscape could possibly, be a procedure relative to its natural and non-disturbance process; and it could be hastened by the occurrence of disturbance regimes. The objective of this research is to survey the changes in a landscape structure, over a period of 30 years, to attain information, as to the current conditions of land use, utilizing landscape metrics in the watershed area of the Latian Dam, so as to analyze the results and the voids present, towards obtaining a specified sustainable regional planning for the abovementioned watershed. Land use was identified and reviewed by means of four Landsat satellite images for 1987, 1998, 2007, and 2017; and in this watershed, it was classified into four classes, (a) build-up areas, (b) vegetated areas, (c) bare lands and (d) water bodies. Subsequently, by taking advantage of 7 metrics at the landscape level and 8 metrics at the class level, the landscape structure in this watershed was quantified by utilizing the Fragstats 4.2 Software. The survey results illustrated an increment in the number of patches (NP), decrementing the mean area of the patches (AREA-MN), and increasing the Interspersion & Juxtaposition Index (IJI) signifies amplified fragmentation at the landscape level in this watershed. Similarly, the NP has also incremented at the class level, and thus, the fragmentation of patches and fragmentation in the entire three classes of land use, namely, build-up areas, bare lands, and vegetated areas has occurred. The amount of patchiness for the build-up class, with due attention to the increment in the mean area of patches (AREA-MIN), which demonstrates the fact that, this class is inclined and has a tendency towards a coarse-grained structure and a metric decrement in the AREA-MIN in the vegetated areas, illustrates that this class is prone to the fine-grained structure.
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Wang, Zhipeng, Jianshuang Wu, Ben Niu, Yongtao He, Jiaxing Zu, Meng Li, and Xianzhou Zhang. "Vegetation Expansion on the Tibetan Plateau and Its Relationship with Climate Change." Remote Sensing 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 4150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12244150.
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The natural shift in land cover from non-vegetated to vegetated land is termed as vegetation expansion, which has substantial impacts on regional climate conditions and land surface energy balance. Barrens dominate the northwestern Tibetan Plateau, where vegetation is predicted to expand northwestward with the ongoing climate warming. However, rare studies have confirmed such a forecast with large-scale vegetation monitoring. In this study, we used a landcover dataset, classified according to the International Geosphere–Biosphere Program criteria, to examine previous model-based predictions and the role of climate on the expansion rate across the plateau. Our results showed that shrublands, open forests, grasslands, and water bodies expanded while evergreen and deciduous broadleaf forests, croplands and barrens shrank during the period 2001–2018. Vegetation expanded by 33,566 km2 accounting for about 1.3% of the total area of this plateau and the land cover shifting from barrens to grasslands was the primary way of vegetation expansion. Spatially, the vegetation expanded northwestward to lands with colder, drier, and more radiation in the climate. Increasing precipitation positively correlated with the vegetation expansion rate for the arid and semi-arid northwest Tibetan Plateau and warming contributed to the vegetation expanding in the semi-humid southeast Tibetan Plateau. Our results verified the predictions of models and highlighted the “greening” on barrens in recent years.
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Greiwe, Jan, Oliver Olsson, Klaus Kümmerer, and Jens Lange. "Pesticide peak concentration reduction in a small vegetated treatment system controlled by chemograph shape." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-497-2021.
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Abstract. Pesticides may impact aquatic ecosystems when entering water bodies. Measures for mitigation against pesticide inputs include vegetated treatment systems (VTSs). Some of these systems have very short hydraulic retention time (< 1 h) but nevertheless manage to effectively reduce peak concentrations of contaminants as a result of dispersion. We hypothesize that the effect of dispersion on contaminant mitigation in VTSs depends on the shape of the contaminant input signal chemograph, which in turn is related to factors affecting contaminant mobilization in the contributing catchment. In order to test this hypothesis, we grouped chemographs of six contaminants originating from a viticultural catchment during 10 discharge events into clusters according to chemograph shape. We then compared peak concentration reduction and mass removal in a downstream VTS, both among clusters and in terms of compound properties and discharge dynamics. We found that chemograph clusters reflected combined effects of contaminant source areas, transport pathways, and discharge dynamics. While mass loss was subject to major uncertainties, peak concentration reduction rate was clearly related to chemograph clusters and dispersion sensitivity. These findings suggest that mitigation of acute toxicity in a VTS is stronger for compounds with sharp-peaked chemographs, whose formation is related to the contributing catchment and can be analyzed by chemograph clustering.
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Rossetto, Rudy, Alberto Cisotto, Nico Dalla Libera, Andrea Braidot, Luca Sebastiani, Laura Ercoli, and Iacopo Borsi. "ORGANICS: A QGIS Plugin for Simulating One-Dimensional Transport of Dissolved Substances in Surface Water." Water 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 2850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182850.
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Surface water in streams and rivers is a valuable resource and pollution events, if not tackled in time, may have dramatic impacts on aquatic ecosystems. As such, in order to prepare pollution prevention plans and measures or to set-up timely remedial options, especially in the early stages of pollution incidents, simulation tools are of great help for authorities, with specific reference to environmental protection agencies and river basin authorities. In this paper, we present the development and testing of the ORGANICS plugin embedded in QGIS. The plugin is a first attempt to embed surface water solute transport modelling into GIS for the simulation of the concentration of a dissolved substance (for example an organic compound) in surface water bodies including advection dispersion and degradation. This tool is based on the analytical solution of the popular advection/dispersion equation describing the transport of contaminants in surface water. By providing as input data the concentration measured at the entry point of a watercourse (inlet boundary condition) and the average speed of the surface water, the model simulates the concentration of a substance at a certain distance from the entry point, along the profile of the watercourse. The tool is first tested on a synthetic case. Then data on the concentration of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine monitored at the inlet and outlet of a vegetated channel, in a single day, are used to validate the tool in a real environment. The ORGANICS plugin aims at popularizing the use of simple modelling tools within a GIS framework, and it provides GIS experts with the ability to perform approximate, but fast, simulations of the evolution of pollutants concentration in surface water bodies.
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Wei, Qunshan, Rolando Fabris, Christopher W. K. Chow, Changzhou Yan, Dongsheng Wang, and Mary Drikas. "Characterization of dissolved organic matter from Australian and Chinese source waters by combined fractionation techniques." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 1 (July 1, 2011): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.432.
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The character of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in source waters from two countries (Australia and China) was investigated using an extended fractionation technique by combining resin adsorption, ultrafiltration and high performance size exclusion chromatography. There are distinctive chemical characteristics associated with DOM origins. Australian sourced DOM had higher hydrophobic acid (HoA) content and exhibited a more pronounced humic character, indicating a higher influence from allochthonous organics (decayed plant bodies from vegetated catchments). The higher content of hydrophobic base and neutral components found in Chinese DOM, may be attributed to the effects of increasing pollution caused by the rapid urbanization in China. The molecular weights (MWs) of aquatic HoA are predominantly in the moderate (e.g. 1–10 kDa) or small (e.g. <1 kDa) ranges. This suggests that aquatic HoA should not be assumed as high MW organics without experimental validation. It is also found that some of the low MW compounds in our samples were hydrophobic, which could explain the observation of low MW organic compounds being able to be removed by conventional treatment processes.
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Al-Husban, Yusra, and Ahmad Ayen. "The Impact Of The Syrian Civil War On Land Use / Land Cover In Al-Yarmouk Basin During 2010–2018." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 13, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-73.
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The study goal is to monitor and evaluate the significant changes in land use/land cover (LULC) in Al-Yarmouk basin (YB) within only 8 year. (YB) is shared between Syria, Jordan, Palestinian Authority, and Israel. (YB) has been affected not only by water scarcity, frequent drought conditions; But nowadays provide proof that the major factor responsible for the current of the significant changes in (LULC) in the study area is the Syrian civil war that began in mid-2011, and the Syrian refugee influx into Jordan has been massive, more than 660,935 Syrians were registered in three camps; Za’atri the largest refugee camp in the world, Azraq and the Emirate, according to the Official figures, with the highest density about 58 not 50 person look; Fig.5 in YB. Landsat Thematic Mapper Landsat 5 (2010) and 8-OLI (2018) covering a period of 8 years. An on-screen digitizing methodology has been employed. The images of the study area were categorized into four different classes: vegetation, built-up area, barren area, and water bodies. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was applied at a threshold value≥ 0.1 to distinguish between the vegetated area and non-vegetated areas. IN this study, the NDVI and LULC based classification have indicated that significant change in (LULC) between a year 2010 and 2018. The Major change has been found in the vegetation area which decreased by (-12.02%), in addition, an increase of the built up area by (+1.69%). Al-Wehda dam area decreased by -0.08%. Linear regression trends showed a slight decrease in the mean rainfall during the study period (2010/2018). However, this finding is not statistically significant at the 95 % confidence level.
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Špoljar, Maria, Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen, Tvrtko Dražina, Jelena Fressl, Ivančica Ternjej, Tea Tomljanović, Chen Zhang, Marija Purgar, Marko Čorkalo, and Lana Kekelj. "Sediment as a Refuge Spot for Planktonic Crustaceans." Water 14, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111680.
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The littoral zone of shallow water bodies (SWB) is often considered in relation to predator–prey interactions. In this study we assumed that the littoral sediment serves as a refuge for planktonic microcrustaceans, mediated by size-dependent fish predation. In order to recognise the impact of fish on their prey, we determined: (i) the assemblage and size structure of crustaceans and fish; and (ii) the biotic interactions along the gradient of the heterogeneity of the littoral zone. The results showed that in the sediment of macrophyte-dominated SWB, large-sized cladocerans predominated and were preyed upon by smaller-sized fish. In the sediment of macrophyte-absent SWB, large-sized copepods dominated, due to the predation risk of larger-sized fish. Cladoceran females with egg broods mostly selected sediment as shelter. Cladocera/Copepoda ratios were lower in the littoral of vegetated SWB, and higher in unvegetated SWB. The ratios in the adjacent sediment revealed an opposite pattern. It is important to point out the findings of planktonic crustacean species in the sediment of SWB are not recorded in the littoral water. The result of this study will contribute to the knowledge of defence strategy mechanisms developed by zooplankters against predators.
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Halder, Bijay, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Haitham Abdulmohsin Afan, Maryam H. Naser, Salwan Ali Abed, Khaled Mohamed Khedher, Khaldoon T. Falih, Ravinesh Deo, Miklas Scholz, and Zaher Mundher Yaseen. "Delineating the Crop-Land Dynamic due to Extreme Environment Using Landsat Datasets: A Case Study." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061268.
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Extreme climatic conditions and natural hazard-related phenomenon have been affecting coastal regions and riverine areas. Floods, cyclones, and climate change phenomena have hammered the natural environment and increased the land dynamic, socio-economic vulnerability, and food scarcity. Saltwater intrusion has also triggered cropland vulnerability and, therefore, increased the area of inland brackish water fishery. The cropland area has decreased due to low soil fertility; around 252.06 km2 of cropland area has been lost, and 326.58 km2 of water bodies or inland fishery area has been added in just thirty years in the selected blocks of the North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. After saltwater intrusion, soil fertility appears to have been decreased and crop production has been greatly reduced. The cropland areas were 586.52 km2 (1990), 419.92 km2 (2000), 361.67 km2 (2010) and 334.46 km2 (2020). Gradually the water body areas were increased 156.21 km2 (1990), 328.15 km2 (2000), 397.77 km2 (2010) and 482.78 km2 (2020). The vegetated land area also decreased due to it being converted into inland fishery areas, and around 79.15 km2 were degraded during the last thirty years. The super cyclone Aila, along with other super cyclones and other environmental stresses, like water-logging, soil salinity, and irrigation water scarcity were the reasons for the development of the new fishery areas in the selected blocks. There is a need for proper planning for sustainable development of this area.
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Hansen, Amy T., Todd Campbell, Se Jong Cho, Jonathan A. Czuba, Brent J. Dalzell, Christine L. Dolph, Peter L. Hawthorne, et al. "Integrated assessment modeling reveals near-channel management as cost-effective to improve water quality in agricultural watersheds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 28 (July 6, 2021): e2024912118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2024912118.
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Despite decades of policy that strives to reduce nutrient and sediment export from agricultural fields, surface water quality in intensively managed agricultural landscapes remains highly degraded. Recent analyses show that current conservation efforts are not sufficient to reverse widespread water degradation in Midwestern agricultural systems. Intensifying row crop agriculture and increasing climate pressure require a more integrated approach to water quality management that addresses diverse sources of nutrients and sediment and off-field mitigation actions. We used multiobjective optimization analysis and integrated three biophysical models to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of alternative portfolios of watershed management practices at achieving nitrate and suspended sediment reduction goals in an agricultural basin of the Upper Midwestern United States. Integrating watershed-scale models enabled the inclusion of near-channel management alongside more typical field management and thus directly the comparison of cost-effectiveness across portfolios. The optimization analysis revealed that fluvial wetlands (i.e., wide, slow-flowing, vegetated water bodies within the riverine corridor) are the single-most cost-effective management action to reduce both nitrate and sediment loads and will be essential for meeting moderate to aggressive water quality targets. Although highly cost-effective, wetland construction was costly compared to other practices, and it was not selected in portfolios at low investment levels. Wetland performance was sensitive to placement, emphasizing the importance of watershed scale planning to realize potential benefits of wetland restorations. We conclude that extensive interagency cooperation and coordination at a watershed scale is required to achieve substantial, economically viable improvements in water quality under intensive row crop agricultural production.
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Mark, O., J. O. Lacoursière, L. B. M. Vought, Z. Amena, and M. S. Babel. "Application of hydroinformatics tools for water quality modeling and management: case study of Vientiane, Lao P.D.R." Journal of Hydroinformatics 12, no. 2 (December 5, 2009): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2009.024.
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The application of hydroinformatics tools is restricted in developing countries due to the non-availability of the required data and information under local conditions. This paper presents the state of water quality of the city of Vientiane (capital of Lao PDR) before the extensive rectification of its drainage network and describes an approach and methodology for water quality modeling. This is done with respect to the application of a combined hydrodynamic/water quality model based on minimal input data and observations for model verification. It further evaluates options to improve the deteriorating water quality observed in the rectified channels associated with the absence of suitable wastewater treatment. Two pollutants associated with the enrichment of receiving water bodies by wastewaters, total-P and NH4-N, are modeled. The modelling study is carried out in three steps: dry weather flow simulation, wet weather flow simulation and nutrient modeling using MOUSE. The dry weather flow simulations are carried out to calibrate the model for hydraulic roughness coefficient, dispersion coefficient and travel time. The wet weather flow simulations analyze the effect on flooding of two channel states, namely unvegetated and vegetated conditions. Nutrient modeling therefore evaluates removal efficiency by the vegetation. Model results are compared with the observed data and recommendations are made with respect to the predicted effects of the water quality improvement schemes studied. In conclusion, the modeling approach herein presented can be applied for performance analyses of urban channels in the developing part of the world, where data are often limited.
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Petkov, Nikolai. "Habitat characteristics assessmen of the wetlands with breeding Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca and Pochard A. ferina in Bulgaria / Ocena habitatnih značilnosti mokrišč z gnezdečimi kostanjevkami Aythya nyroca in sivkami A. ferina v Bolgariji." Acrocephalus 32, no. 150-151 (October 1, 2012): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10100-011-0005-1.
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Abstract The Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca and Pochard A. ferina are both regular breeders in Bulgaria. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Ferruginous Duck was a widely distributed and abundant breeding species in Bulgaria, while Pochard was first confirmed to breed in the country only in the 1950s. Breeding habitat characteristics of Ferruginous Duck and Pochard were assessed in 2002 during a national census of the former species in 30 and 23 wetlands, respectively, where the species were present. Preferred habitat characteristics were determined based on vegetation cover, water depth, and the presence of mosaic vegetation, bank side vegetation, floating vegetation, shallow or steep banks, shallow mudflats, shallow vegetated areas and woodland along the banks. In 2002, the Ferruginous Duck population in Bulgaria was restricted more to artificial wetlands, like fishponds and micro-reservoirs, while Pochard preferred more natural wetlands, predominantly natural marshes. The altitude of wetlands with Ferruginous Ducks varied markedly, with breeding recorded up to 880 m a.s.l., while Pochard bred at lower altitudes, mostly below 300 m a.s.l. Analysis revealed that Ferruginous Ducks preferred well-vegetated, comparatively shallow wetlands with well-structured mosaic vegetation and a diversity of microhabitats, like shallow mudflats and floating vegetation. The Pochard was found to be more of a generalist in wetland selection, significantly correlated with fewer wetland parameters, and showed preference only for larger, open-water bodies. These results could help explain and give some insight into the reasons for the differences in range size, numbers and distribution of the two species and their respective conservation status in Europe and worldwide. The Pochard, whilst close to the limits of the breeding range in Bulgaria, expands its range in Europe, occupying a variety of wetlands and thus having a favourable status. The Ferruginous Duck is more of a habitat specialist, which limits its distribution and makes it more susceptible to habitat changes. These habitat preferences and the deterioration of the wetland habitats in many parts of its range could probably explain the Ferruginous Duck decreasing population and shrinking breeding range, and thus its current unfavourable conservation status.
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Blazy, Rafał, Hanna Hrehorowicz-Gaber, Alicja Hrehorowicz-Nowak, and Arkadiusz Płachta. "The Synergy of Ecosystems of Blue and Green Infrastructure and Its Services in the Metropolitan Area—Chances and Dangers." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042103.
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Ecosystems have become synanthropized, and the degree of their transformation depends on their susceptibility to anthropopressure, but they are necessary for the functioning of the anthropogenic environment. They provide many ecosystem services, yet they are often not protected in any way, and their value is not taken into account at all in the process of creating local development plans. The analysis of the blue and green infrastructure covered three municipalities: Łapanów, Gdów, and Dobczyce. To calculate the benefits of ecosystem services, the method of calculating the Ve coefficient was adopted, which would enable a more accurate financial evaluation of the local development plan and make the previously synthetic economic coefficient of net present value (NPV) real. Besides, the impact of water bodies on the financial benefits of ecosystem services was analyzed. Only the protection of ecosystems introduced by including it in the local development plan enables full ecosystem synergy. Next to anthropological ecosystems, there are also natural ecosystems, which are necessary for the proper functioning of the commune. The network of those includes green (in the case of vegetated areas) and blue (in the case of surface waters) infrastructure, and their synergy is the key to the sustainable development of the commune.
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Marciotto, Edson R., and Marcos Vinicius Bueno de Morais. "Energetics of Urban Canopies: A Meteorological Perspective." J 4, no. 4 (October 25, 2021): 645–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j4040047.
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The urban climatology consists not only of the urban canopy temperature but also of wind regime and boundary layer evolution among other secondary variables. The energetic input and response of urbanized areas is rather different to rural or forest areas. In this paper, we outline the physical characteristics of the urban canopy that make its energy balance depart from that of vegetated areas and change local climatology. Among the several canopy characteristics, we focus on the aspect ratio h/d and its effects. The literature and methods of retrieving meteorological quantities in urban areas are reviewed and a number of physical analyzes from conceptual or numerical models are presented. In particular, the existence of a maximum value for the urban heat island intensity is discussed comprehensively. Changes in the local flow and boundary layer evolution due to urbanization are also discussed. The presence of vegetation and water bodies in urban areas are reviewed. The main conclusions are as follows: for increasing h/d, the urban heat island intensity is likely to attain a peak around h/d≈4 and decrease for h/d>4; the temperature at the pedestrian level follows similar behavior; the urban boundary layer grows slowly, which in combination with low wind, can worsen pollution dispersion.
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Widjonarko, W., and M. Maryono. "Spatial Regression Modelling Impact of Population Movement Intensity and Land Use to Air Temperature in Semarang City, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 887, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/887/1/012003.
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Abstract The built-up area and the number of population mobility are used to indicate urban growth. Many research’s found that number of population mobility which use motorized vehicle has contributed in increasing exhaust emissions in the air, and have an impact on air temperature, and so does the built-up area. The built-up area made the ability of the environment to absorb heat decreased. This phenomenon is also occurred in Semarang. Spatial regression modelling is use to describe the contribution of land use and population movement to Land Surface Temperature (LST) in Semarang City. Based on the spatial regression analysis, a spatial model of the effect of population movement and land use to land surface temperature can be formulated as follows, LST = 25.2 + 0.03X1 + 0.065X2 + 0.000093X3 - 0.001340X4 - 0.000091X5 - 0.000702X6. The increasing of of population movement (X1), industrial area (X2) and residential area (X3) will affect to increase the land surface temperature. Meanwhile, vacant land (X4), vegetated land (X5), and water bodies (X6) contribute to lowering air temperature. It means the air temperature in the city of Semarang become hotter in the future if the government doesn’t provide an enough open space as an instrument to reduce the increasing of air temperature.
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Bretcan, Petre, Daniel Dunea, Gabriel Vintescu, Danut Tanislav, Martina Zelenakova, Laurențiu Predescu, Gheorghe Șerban, et al. "Automated versus Manual Mapping of Gravel Pit Lakes from South-Eastern Romania for Detailed Morphometry and Vegetation." Water 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 1858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14121858.
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In recent years, the accelerated development of the remote sensing domain and the improvement of the resolution and frequency of satellite images allowed the increase in the accuracy of the evaluation of morphometric characteristics and the spatiotemporal distribution of pit lakes, including the small ones. Our study quantitatively analyzes small-scale pit lakes in the piedmont and subsidence plains from contact with the Getic and Curvature Subcarpathians from Romania using the normalized difference water index (NDWI) and data series, with different resolutions, from Landsat 8, Google Earth, and Sentinel 2A. The problems encountered in extracting the contours of the gravel pit lakes were determined by the different resolution of the images, the uneven quality of the images exported from Google Earth, and an additional challenge was given by the diversity of the analyzed land surfaces, the land use, and the optical properties of the lakes. A comparison of the obtained NDWI values using data series from Sentinel 2A and Landsat 8 highlighted the importance of resolution and also showed a larger spectral difference between the identified water bodies and the surrounding land in favor of Sentinel 2A. Regarding the vegetation-derived indices, superior leaf area index (1.8–3) was recorded in low-lying plains and mixed areas (tall shrubs, wetlands, etc.) because the river banks have increased moisture that supports taller species with denser foliage and the sparsely vegetated areas are located in agricultural crops and in/near villages. Changes in vegetation richness and abundance can be spatiotemporally monitored using indices derived from the spectral bands of satellite imagery.
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Rosleine, Dian, and Muhammad Irfan. "Analyzing the Changes in Land Cover and Land Surface Temperature (LST) in the North Bandung Area (NBA)." 3BIO: Journal of Biological Science, Technology and Management 3, no. 2 (November 12, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/3bio.2021.3.2.6.
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North Bandung Area (NBA) was designated as a protected area to regulate the water system around Bandung City. Land conversion from vegetated land into built-up areas can decrease groundwater, increase the risk of floods, landslides, and Land Surface Temperature (LST). This study was conducted to describe LST distribution based on land cover types in specific years of 2010, 2014, and 2018. Landsat 5 and 8 Surface Reflectance (SR) Tier 1 imagery data, West Java land cover maps established by BAPPEDA West Java, and RBI administration maps at a scale of 1: 25,000 were used to generate a map of land cover and LST in this research. There are four land cover classes in NBA, i.e., vegetation, water bodies, open areas, and constructed areas. Within eight years observation (2010 to 2018), bare land decreased from 67.6% (2010) to 57.5% (2018). However, coverage of constructed areas increased within eight years of observation from 22.8% to 27.7 %. In addition, due to the reforestation program, vegetation coverage has slightly increased from 9.6% to 14.7%. LST can be classified into three classes, i.e., low, medium, and high temperature. The area with low and medium-class temperatures decreased from 19% to 16% and 61.3% to 51.7%, respectively. However, high LST increased in NBA 18.7% to 30.3%. The enhancement of 5% vegetation area did not significantly reduce land surface temperature in NBA due to forest conversion to constructed area. Therefore, vegetation coverage must be escalated by reforestation program around NBA to reduce land surface temperature.
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Alcaras, E., P. P. Amoroso, C. Parente, and G. Prezioso. "REMOTELY SENSED IMAGE FAST CLASSIFICATION AND SMART THEMATIC MAP PRODUCTION." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W5-2021 (December 23, 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w5-2021-43-2021.
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Abstract. Apps available for Smartphone, as well as software for GNSS/GIS devices, permit to easily mapping the localization and shape of an area by acquiring the vertices coordinates of its contour. This option is useful for remote sensing classification, supporting the detection of representative sample sites of a known cover type to use for algorithm training or to test classification results. This article aims to analyse the possibility to produce smart maps from remotely sensed image classification in rapid way: the attention is focalized on different methods that are compared to identify fast and accurate procedure for producing up-to-date and reliable maps. Landsat 8 OLI multispectral images of northern Sicily (Italy) are submitted to various classification algorithms to distinguish water, bare soil and vegetation. The resulting map is useful for many purposes: appropriately inserted in a larger database aimed at representing the situation in a space-time evolutionary scenario, it is suitable whenever you want to capture the variation induced in a scene, e.g. burnt areas identification, vegetated areas definition for tourist-recreational purposes, etc. Particularly, pixel-based classification approaches are preferred, and experiments are carried out using unsupervised (k-means), vegetation index (NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), supervised (minimum distance, maximum likelihood) methods. Using test sites, confusion matrix is built for each method, and quality indices are calculated to compare the results. Experiments demonstrate that NDVI submitted to k-means algorithm allows the best performance for distinguishing not only vegetation areas but also water bodies and bare soils. The resulting thematic map is converted for web publishing.
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Safitri, Ramadani, Marzuki Marzuki, Mohammad Ali Shafii, Helmi Yusnaini, and Ravidho Ramadhan. "Effects of Land Cover Change and Deforestation on Rainfall and Surface Temperature in New Capital City of Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 8, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 2849–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.2182.
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Land cover change and deforestation have a significant impact on climate change. This study investigates the effect of land cover change and deforestation on surface temperatures and extreme rainfall in the New Capital City of Indonesia (IKN), particularly in Samboja and Sepaku Subdistricts, East Kalimantan Province. Land cover change and deforestation were analyzed from Landsat 5 TM, 7 ETM+, and 8 OLI satellite data during 2001-2020. Land cover is divided into four classes: built-up land, water bodies, vegetation, and agricultural area. Rainfall data were obtained from the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) version 6 satellite, and extreme temperatures were taken from fifth-generation ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) data. A significant decrease in vegetated land area is observed every year, followed by an increase in residential land and buildings (built-up area) and agricultural land. The highest rate of increase was observed in the area of agricultural land. Such change is correlated with an increase in surface temperature in the IKN. The strongest correlation is shown by increased built-up area and agricultural land. The relationship between rainfall and land cover is weak, and the body of water shows a relatively strong relationship. The extreme number of very wet days (R95p), consecutive dry days (CDD), and max 1-day precipitation (RX1day) rain index showed a decreasing trend during 2001-2020. However, the consecutive wet days (CWDs) index showed an increase. This needs to be a concern because consecutive precipitation extremes may cause more catastrophability than occasional extreme events.
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Halder, Bijay, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Aqeel Ali Al-Hilali, Ali M. Ahmed, Mayadah W. Falah, Salwan Ali Abed, Khaldoon T. Falih, Khaled Mohamed Khedher, Miklas Scholz, and Zaher Mundher Yaseen. "Assessment of Urban Green Space Dynamics Influencing the Surface Urban Heat Stress Using Advanced Geospatial Techniques." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 8, 2022): 2129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092129.
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Urban areas are mostly heterogeneous due to settlements and vegetation including forests, water bodies and many other land use and land cover (LULC) classes. Due to the overwhelming population pressure, urbanization, industrial works and transportation systems, urban areas have been suffering from a deficiency of green spaces, which leads to an increase in the variation of temperature in urban areas. This study investigates the conceptual framework design towards urban green space (UGS) and thermal variability over Kolkata and Howrah city using advanced remote sensing (RS) and geospatial methods. The low green space is located in the highly built-up area, which is influenced by thermal variations. Therefore, the heat stress index showed a high area located within the central, north, northwestern and some parts of the southern areas. The vegetated areas decreased by 8.62% during the ten years studied and the other land uses increased by 11.23%. The relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) showed significant changes with R2 values between 0.48 (2010) and 0.23 (2020), respectively. The correlation among the LST and the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) showed a notable level of change with R2 values between 0.38 (2010) and 0.61 (2020), respectively. The results are expected to contribute significantly towards urban development and planning, policymaking and support for key stakeholders responsible for the sustainable urban planning procedures and processes.
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Maynard, J. J., A. T. O'Geen, and R. A. Dahlgren. "Agricultural induced impacts on soil carbon cycling and sequestration in a seasonally saturated wetland." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 3 (June 29, 2011): 6031–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-6031-2011.
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Abstract. The fate of organic carbon (C) lost by erosion is not well understood in agricultural settings. Recent models suggest that wetlands and other small water bodies may serve as important long-term sinks of eroded C, receiving ~30 % of all eroded material in the US. To better understand the role of seasonally-saturated wetlands in sequestering eroded C, we examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of C and sediment accumulation in a 13-yr-old constructed wetland used to treat agricultural runoff. The fate of C sequestered within deposited sediment was modeled using point-sampling, remote sensing, and geostatistics. Using a spatially-explicit sampling design, annual net rates of sedimentation and above ground biomass were measured during two contrasting years (vegetated, 2004 vs. non-vegetated, 2005), followed by collection of sediment cores to the antecedent soil layer, representing 13 yr of sediment and C accumulation. We documented high annual variation in the relative contribution of endogenous and exogenous C sources, as well as absolute rates of sediment and C deposition. This annual variation, however, was muted in the long-term (13-yr) sediment record, which showed consistent vertical patterns of uniform C distribution (~14 g kg−1) and δ13C signatures in high depositional environments. This was in contrast to low depositional environments which had high levels of surface C enrichment (20–35 g kg−1) underlain by C depleted (5–10 g kg−1) sediments and an increasing δ13C signature with depth indicating increasing decomposition. These results highlight the importance of sedimentation in physically protecting soil organic carbon and its role in controlling the long-term C concentration of seasonally-saturated wetland soils. While significant enrichment of surface sediments with endogenous C occurred in newly deposited sediment (i.e., 125 kg m2 in 2004), fluctuating cycles of flooding and drying maintained the long-term C concentration at the same level as inflowing sediment (i.e., 14 g kg−1), indicating no additional long-term storage of endogenous C. These results demonstrate that constructed flow-through wetlands can serve as important sinks for eroded C and sediment in agricultural landscapes, however, additional C sequestration via enrichment from endogenous sources may be limited in seasonally-saturated wetlands due to rapid decomposition during drying cycles.
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Maynard, J. J., R. A. Dahlgren, and A. T. O'Geen. "Soil carbon cycling and sequestration in a seasonally saturated wetland receiving agricultural runoff." Biogeosciences 8, no. 11 (November 23, 2011): 3391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-3391-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The fate of organic carbon (C) lost by erosion is not well understood in agricultural settings. Recent models suggest that wetlands and other small water bodies may serve as important long-term sinks of eroded C, receiving ~30 % of all eroded material in the US. To better understand the role of seasonally-saturated wetlands in sequestering eroded C, we examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of C and sediment accumulation in a 13-year-old constructed wetland used to treat agricultural runoff. The fate of C sequestered within deposited sediment was modeled using point-sampling, remote sensing, and geostatistics. Using a spatially-explicit sampling design, annual net rates of sedimentation and above-ground biomass were measured during two contrasting years (vegetated (2004) vs. non-vegetated (2005)), followed by collection of sediment cores to the antecedent soil layer, representing 13 years of sediment and C accumulation. We documented high annual variation in the relative contribution of endogenous and exogenous C sources, as well as absolute rates of sediment and C deposition. This annual variation, however, was muted in the long-term (13 yr) sediment record, which showed consistent vertical patterns of uniform C distribution (~14 g kg–1) and δ13C signatures in high depositional environments. This was in contrast to low depositional environments which had high levels of surface C enrichment (20–35 g kg–1) underlain by C depleted (5–10 g kg–1) sediments and an increasing δ13C signature with depth indicating increased decomposition. These results highlight the importance of sedimentation in physically protecting soil organic carbon and its role in controlling the long-term C concentration of seasonally-saturated wetland soils. While significant enrichment of surface sediments with endogenous C occurred in newly deposited sediment (i.e., 125 kg m2 in 2004), fluctuating cycles of flooding and drying maintained the long-term C concentration at the same level as inflowing sediment (i.e., 14 g kg–1), indicating no additional long-term storage of endogenous C. These results demonstrate that constructed flow-through wetlands can serve as important sinks for eroded C and sediment in agricultural landscapes, however, additional C sequestration via enrichment from endogenous sources may be limited in seasonally-saturated wetlands due to rapid decomposition during drying cycles.
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Herrera-García, José Alan, Mahinda Martinez, Pilar Zamora-Tavares, Ofelia Vargas-Ponce, Luis Hernández-Sandoval, and Fabián Alejandro Rodríguez-Zaragoza. "Metabarcoding of the phytotelmata of Pseudalcantarea grandis (Bromeliaceae) from an arid zone." PeerJ 10 (January 27, 2022): e12706. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12706.
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Background Pseudalcantarea grandis (Schltdl.) Pinzón & Barfuss is a tank bromeliad that grows on cliffs in the southernmost portion of the Chihuahuan desert. Phytotelmata are water bodies formed by plants that function as micro-ecosystems where bacteria, algae, protists, insects, fungi, and some vertebrates can develop. We hypothesized that the bacterial diversity contained in the phytotelma formed in a bromeliad from an arid zone would differ in sites with and without surrounding vegetation. Our study aimed to characterize the bacterial composition and putative metabolic functions in P. grandis phytotelmata collected in vegetated and non-vegetated sites. Methods Water from 10 individuals was sampled. Five individuals had abundant surrounding vegetation, and five had little or no vegetation. We extracted DNA and amplified seven hypervariable regions of the 16S gene (V2, V4, V8, V3–6, 7–9). Metabarcoding sequencing was performed on the Ion Torrent PGM platform. Taxonomic identity was assigned by the binning reads and coverage between hit and query from the reference database of at least 90%. Putative metabolic functions of the bacterial families were assigned mainly using the FAPROTAX database. The dominance patterns in each site were visualized with rank/abundance curves using the number of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) per family. A percentage similarity analysis (SIMPER) was used to estimate dissimilarity between the sites. Relationships among bacterial families (identified by the dominance analysis and SIMPER), sites, and their respective putative functions were analyzed with shade plots. Results A total of 1.5 million useful bacterial sequences were obtained. Sequences were clustered into OTUs, and taxonomic assignment was conducted using BLAST in the Greengenes databases. Bacterial diversity was 23 phyla, 52 classes, 98 orders, 218 families, and 297 genera. Proteobacteria (37%), Actinobacteria (19%), and Firmicutes (15%) comprised the highest percentage (71%). There was a 68.3% similarity between the two sites at family level, with 149 families shared. Aerobic chemoheterotrophy and fermentation were the main metabolic functions in both sites, followed by ureolysis, nitrate reduction, aromatic compound degradation, and nitrogen fixation. The dominant bacteria shared most of the metabolic functions between sites. Some functions were recorded for one site only and were related to families with the lowest OTUs richness. Bacterial diversity in the P. grandis tanks included dominant phyla and families present at low percentage that could be considered part of a rare biosphere. A rare biosphere can form genetic reservoirs, the local abundance of which depends on external abiotic and biotic factors, while their interactions could favor micro-ecosystem resilience and resistance.
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Idrees, M. O., B. D. Adepoju, A. O. Ipadeola, D. M. Omar, A. K. Alade, and I. B. Salami. "Evaluating urban sprawl and land consumption rate in Ilorin metropolis using multitemporal landsat imagery." Environmental Technology and Science Journal 12, no. 2 (April 22, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v12i2.4.
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This study examines the rate and pattern of urban expansion from 1991 to 2021 using Landsat imageries of 1991, 2002, and 2021. First, the images were classified into a built-up area, open land, vegetation, and water bodies utilizing the supervised Maximum Likelihood classification algorithm. Subsequently, the classified images were used to determine land use/cover change between 1991 and 2002, and also between 2002 and 2021. The result has shown that the city expands radially from 1916.77 ha in 1991 to 3284.82 ha in 2002, and 8770.79 ha in 2021, representing 5.84%, 10%, and 26.72%, respectively, at a growth rate of 9.98% (1991-2002) and 40.02% (2002-2021). It is equally revealed that between 1991 and 2021, the vegetated land decreased from 56.33% to 20.64% whereas the open land from 36.4% to 51.52%. This study allowed measuring the pattern and rate at which urban expansion had occurred in Ilorin. The pattern of sprawling in Ilorin is radial with amplified development along the major roads that lead to the city. This has largely impacted the natural ecosystem and associated environmental problems, including soil degradation, erosion, and reduction in the available land for crop production. It is, therefore, important to implement sustainable measures that evolve policies stimulating urban regeneration, integrated into the ongoing development of Kwara State geographic information system (GIS) to effectively plan, allocate land resources, and monitor development in near real-time.
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Idrees, M. O., B. D. Adepoju, A. O. Ipadeola, D. M. Omar, A. K. Alade, and I. B. Salami. "Evaluating urban sprawl and land consumption rate in Ilorin metropolis using multitemporal landsat imagery." Environmental Technology and Science Journal 12, no. 2 (April 22, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v12i2.4.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the rate and pattern of urban expansion from 1991 to 2021 using Landsat imageries of 1991, 2002, and 2021. First, the images were classified into a built-up area, open land, vegetation, and water bodies utilizing the supervised Maximum Likelihood classification algorithm. Subsequently, the classified images were used to determine land use/cover change between 1991 and 2002, and also between 2002 and 2021. The result has shown that the city expands radially from 1916.77 ha in 1991 to 3284.82 ha in 2002, and 8770.79 ha in 2021, representing 5.84%, 10%, and 26.72%, respectively, at a growth rate of 9.98% (1991-2002) and 40.02% (2002-2021). It is equally revealed that between 1991 and 2021, the vegetated land decreased from 56.33% to 20.64% whereas the open land from 36.4% to 51.52%. This study allowed measuring the pattern and rate at which urban expansion had occurred in Ilorin. The pattern of sprawling in Ilorin is radial with amplified development along the major roads that lead to the city. This has largely impacted the natural ecosystem and associated environmental problems, including soil degradation, erosion, and reduction in the available land for crop production. It is, therefore, important to implement sustainable measures that evolve policies stimulating urban regeneration, integrated into the ongoing development of Kwara State geographic information system (GIS) to effectively plan, allocate land resources, and monitor development in near real-time.
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Pinero-Rodríguez, María Jesús, Carmen Díaz-Paniagua, and Ivan Gomez-Mestre. "Movement patterns, maximum distances traveled and microhabitat selection of spadefoot toad tadpoles in temporary ponds." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 4 (May 29, 2020): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10017.
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Abstract Understanding the movement of individuals across natural habitats is important to determine fundamental aspects of their ecology, from dispersal patterns and habitat selection to interactions with predators, pathogens or conspecifics. Amphibian larvae are key to aquatic systems, playing fundamental roles as both consumers and prey, affecting nutrient cycling and even physico-chemical properties of the water bodies they occupy. Nevertheless, despite an extensive body of literature on most other aspects of their ecology, we know very little about spatial movements of amphibian larvae in their natural habitats, and the little information we have is restricted to lotic systems. Here we use a mark-and-recapture procedure using elastomers to determine movement patterns and microhabitat selection of western spadefoot toad tadpoles (Pelobates cultripes) in two large ponds in southwestern Spain. We observed maximum distances moved by these tadpoles of >67 m and >245 m, depending on the pond. These distances coincided with the maximum cross distance in each pond, suggesting that they could potentially move even farther in larger wetlands. Mean distances moved were 29.7 and 105 m in each pond. We sampled at two, four and nine days after release of tagged individuals, and we observed a stable, not expanding, movement pattern across sampling dates, suggesting that tadpoles resumed normal activity immediately after release. Tadpoles showed preference for deeper and more densely vegetated areas of the ponds, especially associated with plant species such as Ranunculus peltatus and Potamogeton pectinatus.
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Kayumba, Patient Mindje, Gonghuan Fang, Yaning Chen, Richard Mind’je, Yanan Hu, Sikandar Ali, and Mapendo Mindje. "Modeling the Near-Surface Energies and Water Vapor Fluxes Behavior in Response to Summer Canopy Density across Yanqi Endorheic Basin, Northwestern China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 20, 2021): 3764. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183764.
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The Yanqi basin is the main irrigated and active agroecosystem in semi-arid Xinjiang, northwestern China, which further seeks responses to the profound local water-related drawbacks in relation to the unceasing landscape desiccation and scant precipitation. Yet, it comes as an astonishment that a few reported near-surface items and water vapor fluxes as so far required for water resources decision support, particularly in a scarce observation data region. As a contributive effort, here we adjusted the sensible heat flux (H) calibration mechanism of Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) to high-resolution satellite dataset coupled with in-situ observation, through a wise guided “anchor” pixel assortment from surface reflectance-α, Leaf area index-LAI, vegetation index-NDVI, and surface temperature (Pcold, Phot) to model the robustness of energy fluxes and Evapotranspiration-ETa over the basin. Results reasonably reflected ETa which returned low RMSE (0.6 mm d−1), MAE (0.48 mm d−1) compared to in-situ recordings, indicating the competence of SEBAL to predict vapor fluxes in this region. The adjustment unveiled the estimates of the land-use contribution to evapotranspiration with an average ranging from 3 to 4.69 mm d−1, reaching a maximum of 5.5 mm d−1. Furthermore, findings showed a high striking energy dissipation (LE/Rn) across grasslands and wetlands. The vegetated surfaces with a great evaporative fraction were associated with the highest LE/Rn (70–90%), and water bodies varying between 20% and 60%, while the desert ecosystem dissipated the least energy with a low evaporative fraction. Still, besides high portrayed evaporation in water, grasslands and wetlands varied interchangeably in accounting for the highest ETa followed by cropland. Finally, a substantial nexus between available energy (Rn-G) and ETa informed the available energy, influenced by NDVI to be the primary driver of these oases’ transpiration. This study provides essentials of near-surface energy fluxes and the likelihood of ETa with considerable baseline inferences for Yanqi that may be beneficial for long-term investigations that will attend in agrometeorological services and sustainable management of water resources in semi-arid regions.
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Koppad, A. G., and B. S. Janagoudar. "VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND LAND USE LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST IN UTTARA KANNADA DISTRICT INDIA THROUGH GEO-INFORMATICS APPROACH." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1/W1 (May 31, 2017): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-w1-219-2017.
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The study was conducted in Uttara Kannada districts during the year 2012&ndash;2014. The study area lies between 13.92&deg;&thinsp;N to 15.52&deg;&thinsp;N latitude and 74.08&deg;&thinsp;E to 75.09&deg;&thinsp;E longitude with an area of 10,215&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The Indian satellite IRS P6 LISS-III imageries were used to classify the land use land cover classes with ground truth data collected with GPS through supervised classification in ERDAS software. The land use and land cover classes identified were dense forest, horticulture plantation, sparse forest, forest plantation, open land and agriculture land. The dense forest covered an area of 63.32&thinsp;% (6468.70&thinsp;sq&thinsp;km) followed by agriculture 12.88&thinsp;% (1315.31&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km), sparse forest 10.59&thinsp;% (1081.37&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km), open land 6.09&thinsp;% (622.37&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km), horticulture plantation and least was forest plantation (1.07&thinsp;%). Settlement, stony land and water body together cover about 4.26 percent of the area. The study indicated that the aspect and altitude influenced the forest types and vegetation pattern. The NDVI map was prepared which indicated that healthy vegetation is represented by high NDVI values between 0.1 and 1. The non-vegetated features such as water bodies, settlement, and stony land indicated less than 0.1 values. The decrease in forest area in some places was due to anthropogenic activities. The thematic map of land use land cover classes was prepared using Arc GIS Software.
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Koppad, A. G., and B. S. Janagoudar. "VEGETATION ANALYSIS AND LAND USE LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST IN UTTARA KANNADA DISTRICT INDIA USING REMOTE SENSIGN AND GIS TECHNIQUES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W5 (October 5, 2017): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w5-121-2017.
Full textAbstract:
The study was conducted in Uttara Kannada districts during the year 2012&ndash;2014. The study area lies between 13.92&deg;&thinsp;N to 15.52&deg;&thinsp;N latitude and 74.08&deg;&thinsp;E to 75.09&deg;&thinsp;E longitude with an area of 10,215&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup>. The Indian satellite IRS P6 LISS-III imageries were used to classify the land use land cover classes with ground truth data collected with GPS through supervised classification in ERDAS software. The land use and land cover classes identified were dense forest, horticulture plantation, sparse forest, forest plantation, open land and agriculture land. The dense forest covered an area of 63.32&thinsp;% (6468.70&thinsp;sq&thinsp;km) followed by agriculture 12.88&thinsp;% (1315.31&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km), sparse forest 10.59&thinsp;% (1081.37&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km), open land 6.09&thinsp;% (622.37&thinsp;sq.&thinsp;km), horticulture plantation and least was forest plantation (1.07&thinsp;%). Settlement, stony land and water body together cover about 4.26 percent of the area. The study indicated that the aspect and altitude influenced the forest types and vegetation pattern. The NDVI map was prepared which indicated that healthy vegetation is represented by high NDVI values between 0.1 and 1. The non- vegetated features such as water bodies, settlement, and stony land indicated less than 0.1 values. The decrease in forest area in some places was due to anthropogenic activities. The thematic map of land use land cover classes was prepared using Arc GIS Software.