Journal articles: 'Vegetarian men'

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Rosell, Magdalena, Paul Appleby, and Tim Key. "Height, age at menarche, body weight and body mass index in life-long vegetarians." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7 (October 2005): 870–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005730.

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AbstractObjectiveWe investigated whether life-long adherence to a vegetarian diet is associated with adult height, age at menarche, adult body weight and body mass index (BMI), used as indicators of growth, development and obesity, in a large sample of adults.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric data and information on age, ethnicity, education, age at menarche and age at becoming a vegetarian were obtained through a questionnaire. Self-reported height and weight were calibrated using predictive equations derived from a previous validation study.SettingUnited Kingdom.SubjectsThe study includes 45 962 British men and women aged ≥ 20 years of whom 16 083 were vegetarians (not eating fish or meat).ResultsIn men and women, there were no significant differences in height, weight or BMI between life-long vegetarians (n= 125 (men) andn= 265 (women)) and people who became vegetarian at age ≥ 20 years (n= 3122 (men) andn= 8137 (women)). Nor was there a significant difference in age at menarche between life-long vegetarian women and women who became vegetarian at age ≥ 20 years.ConclusionThis study suggests that, compared with people who become vegetarian when adult, life-long vegetarians do not differ in adult height, weight, BMI or age at menarche in women.

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Fraser, Gary, Sozina Katuli, Ramtin Anousheh, Synnove Knutsen, Patti Herring, and Jing Fan. "Vegetarian diets and cardiovascular risk factors in black members of the Adventist Health Study-2." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 3 (March 17, 2014): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000263.

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AbstractObjectiveTo compare cardiovascular risk factors between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in black individuals living in the USA.DesignA cross-sectional analysis of a sub-set of 592 black women and men enrolled in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort of Seventh-day Adventists.SettingMembers of the AHS-2 cohort, who lived in all states of the USA and provinces of Canada.SubjectsBlack/African-American members of two sub-studies of AHS-2 where blood and physiological measurements were obtained.ResultsOf these women and men, 25 % were either vegan or lacto-ovo-vegetarians (labelled ‘vegetarian/vegans’), 13 % were pesco-vegetarian and 62 % were non-vegetarian. Compared with non-vegetarians, the vegetarian/vegans had odds ratios for hypertension, diabetes, high blood total cholesterol and high blood LDL-cholesterol of 0·56 (95 % CI 0·36, 0·87), 0·48 (95 % CI 0·24, 0·98), 0·42 (95 % CI 0·27, 0·65) and 0·54 (95 % CI 0·33, 0·89), respectively, when adjusted for age, gender, education, physical activity and sub-study. Corresponding odds ratios for obesity in vegetarian/vegans and pesco-vegetarians, compared with non-vegetarians, were 0·43 (95 % CI 0·28, 0·67) and 0·47 (95 % CI 0·27, 0·81), respectively; and for abdominal obesity 0·54 (95 % CI 0·36, 0·82) and 0·50 (95 % CI 0·29, 0·84), respectively. Results for pesco-vegetarians did not differ significantly from those of non-vegetarians for other variables. Further adjustment for BMI suggested that BMI acts as an intermediary variable between diet and both hypertension and diabetes.ConclusionsAs with non-blacks, these results suggest that there are sizeable advantages to a vegetarian diet in black individuals also, although a cross-sectional analysis cannot conclusively establish cause.

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Ball, M. J., and M. L. Ackland. "Zinc intake and status in Australian vegetarians." British Journal of Nutrition 83, no. 1 (January 2000): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500000052.

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Vegetarians have a lower incidence of many chronic diseases than omnivores. However, vegetarian diets could potentially result in lower intakes of some minerals, particularly Zn. In a cross-sectional study, dietary Zn intake was measured using 12 d weighed records in ninety-nine vegetarians (ten vegans) aged 18–50 years and forty-nine age- and sex-matched omnivores. In men, the mean daily Zn intake and Zn density values were similar in omnivores, ovolactovegetarians and vegans, but in women they were significantly lower in vegetarians (mean intake 6·8 mg v. 8·4 mg in omnivores) and few achieved the recommended intake. Significantly more vegetarian than omnivorous women had a daily Zn intake < 6 mg (44 % v. 13 %). Mean serum Zn concentrations were similar in female omnivores and vegetarians, despite the differences in intake. However, omnivorous men had a lower mean serum Zn concentration (0·85 μg/ml v. 0·95 μg/ml) and more subjects had levels below the reference range of 0·72–1·44 μg/ml than ovolactovegetarians (P < 0·01). Overall more women than men had low Zn concentrations; and these women generally had intakes below 6 mg/d. There was a significant correlation between serum Zn concentration and dietary Zn density in vegetarians, especially females (P < 0·001), but not in omnivores. Ovolactovegetarians did not have a significantly greater risk of low Zn status than omnivores.

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Nongnuch, Arkom, and Andrew Davenport. "The effect of vegetarian diet on skin autofluorescence measurements in haemodialysis patients." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 7 (March 12, 2015): 1040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000379.

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CVD remains the major cause of death for dialysis patients. Dialysis patients have both traditional and nontraditional risk factors, including the retention of advanced glycation end products (AGE). Tissue AGE can be measured by skin autofluorescence (SAF) and are a reliable measurement of chronic exposure. Dietary intake of AGE may be lower in vegetarian patients than in non-vegetarian patients, so we determined whether vegetarian patients had lower SAF than non-vegetarian patients. We measured SAF in 332 adult haemodialysis patients using a UV technique in a standardised manner. Information about patients' demographic data, laboratory results and current medicinal prescriptions was collected retrospectively from the hospital's computerised database. The mean patient age was 65·2 (sd 15·1) years, 64 % were men, 42 % were diabetic, and 66 % were Caucasian. The mean SAF was 3·26 (sd 0·95) arbitrary units (AU), and SAF was lower in vegetarians as compared to non-vegetarians (2·71 (sd 0·6) v. 3·31 (sd 0·97) AU, P= 0·002). SAF was negatively correlated on both univariate (r − 0·17, P= 0·002) and multiple linear regression (β coefficient − 0·39, 95 % CI − 0·7, − 0·07, P= 0·019). SAF, a marker of tissue AGE deposition, was reduced in vegetarian haemodialysis patients after correction for known confounders, which suggests that a vegetarian diet may reduce exposure to preformed dietary AGE. Dietary manipulation could potentially reduce tissue AGE and SAF as well as CVD risk, but further prospective studies are warranted to confirm the present findings.

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Jin, Yichen, Alka M. Kanaya, Namratha R. Kandula, Luis A. Rodriguez, and Sameera A. Talegawkar. "Vegetarian Diets Are Associated with Selected Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Middle-Older Aged South Asians in the United States." Journal of Nutrition 148, no. 12 (November 9, 2018): 1954–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy217.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundFollowing a vegetarian diet is considered to be beneficial for overall health and is associated with a lower risk of chronic disease.ObjectiveThis study examined whether South Asians in the United States who consume a vegetarian diet have a lower prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors.MethodsData from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America study, which included 892 South Asians (47% women), with an age range of 40–83 y and a mean ± SD age of 55 ± 9.4 y, were used. Participants were classified as vegetarian if they reported no consumption of meat, poultry, or fish in the previous year on a validated and culturally appropriate food-frequency questionnaire. Adjusted linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations of a vegetarian diet with cardiometabolic risk factors.ResultsThirty-eight percent of the cohort participants were classified as vegetarian. Vegetarians reported more frequent weekly eating occasions of whole grains (median frequency/wk: 10 compared with 9, P = 0.012) and beans and legumes (median frequency/wk: 8.5 compared with 5.1, P < 0.001), and less frequent weekly eating occasions of sweets and desserts (median frequency/wk: 1.9 compared with 2.3, P < 0.001). Consuming a vegetarian diet was associated with lower body mass index (P = 0.023), fasting glucose (P = 0.015), insulin resistance (P = 0.003), total cholesterol (P = 0.027), and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.004) and lower odds of fatty liver (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.78, P = 0.006). The odds of having any coronary artery calcium were lower for vegetarian men (OR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.87, P = 0.013); however, no significant associations were observed among women.ConclusionsAmong US South Asians, a vegetarian diet was associated with fewer cardiometabolic risk factors overall and with less subclinical atherosclerosis among men.

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Appleby, Paul N., Timothy J. Key, Margaret Thorogood, Michael L. Burr, and Jim Mann. "Mortality in British vegetarians." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 1 (February 2002): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001248.

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AbstractObjective:To compare the mortality of British vegetarians and non-vegetarians.Design:Analysis of original data from two prospective studies each including a large proportion of vegetarians – the Oxford Vegetarian Study and the Health Food Shoppers Study. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) compared with the population of England and Wales were calculated from deaths before age 90 for vegetarians and non-vegetarians in each study. Death rate ratios (DRRs) for vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians within each study were calculated for each of 14 major causes of death.Setting:UK.Subjects:Twenty-one thousand men and women aged 16–89 years at recruitment, including more than 8000 vegetarians.Results:SMRs for all causes of death were significantly below the reference level of 100 in both studies: 52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 49–56) based on 1131 deaths in the Oxford Vegetarian Study and 59 (57–61) based on 2346 deaths in the Health Food Shoppers Study. For all causes of death, the DRR for vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians was close to one in both studies: 1.01 (95% CI 0.89–1.14) in the Oxford Vegetarian Study, 1.03 (0.95–1.13) in the Health Food Shoppers Study.Conclusions:British vegetarians have low mortality compared with the general population. Their death rates are similar to those of comparable non-vegetarians, suggesting that much of this benefit may be attributed to non-dietary lifestyle factors such as a low prevalence of smoking and a generally high socio-economic status, or to aspects of the diet other than the avoidance of meat and fish.

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Veser, Petra, Kathy Taylor, and Susanne Singer. "Diet, authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and predisposition to prejudice." British Food Journal 117, no. 7 (July 6, 2015): 1949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2014-0409.

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Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine whether reported food habits (vegan, vegetarian, or carnivore diet) are associated with right-wing authoritarianism, prejudices against minorities and acceptance of social dominance. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 1,381 individuals completed validated questionnaires on dietary habits and attitudes. Associations were analysed using analyses of covariance on attitudes, adjusted for age with gender and diet as factors. Findings – Of the respondents, 35 per cent reported eating mixed food (including meat and fish), 31 per cent vegetarian food (excluding meat and fish) and 34 per cent vegan food (excluding animal products entirely). Authoritarianism was more frequent in carnivores compared to vegetarians and vegans; this difference was more distinctive in men (mean 2.4 vs 1.9 vs 1.7) than in women (2.2 vs 1.9 vs 1.8). Women with a mixed diet were more inclined to social dominance than vegetarians and vegans (1.8 vs 1.6 vs 1.6). Men with a mixed diet had a stronger tendency to dominance (2.0 vs 1.7 vs 1.5) and prejudices (2.5 vs 2.3 vs 2.1); this difference was less distinct among women (2.2 vs 2.1 vs 2.1). Originality/value – This research is of academic value and of value to policy makers and practitioners in the food supply chain. The results show that individuals with vegetarian or vegan diets less frequently report having prejudices against minorities, supporting social dominance and accepting authoritarian structures than individuals with a mixed diet.

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Gallego-Narbón, Zapatera, and Vaquero. "Physiological and Dietary Determinants of Iron Status in Spanish Vegetarians." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081734.

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Vegetarian diets may compromise iron status, as they provide non-haem iron which has low bioavailability. Spanish lacto-ovo vegetarians (n = 49) and vegans (n = 55) were recruited and haematological and biochemical iron parameters were analysed. Food and supplements consumption, body composition, physical activity, menstrual blood losses and hormonal contraceptive use were assessed. Four groups were studied: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), iron depletion (ferritin <15 ng/mL), iron deficiency (ferritin ≥15 to ≤30 ng/mL), and iron sufficiency (ferritin >30 ng/mL). IDA was uncommon (n = 5, 4.8%), 27.9% of participants were iron-depleted, and 30.8% were iron-deficient. Serum ferritin was lower in women than men (p < 0.001) and IDA and iron depleted individuals were all women. There were no differences attributed to diet type, time being vegetarian or physical activity. The menstrual period length was negatively associated with transferrin saturation ( = −0.364, p = 0.001) and hormonal contraceptive use ( = −0.276, p = 0.014). Iron supplements were consumed most frequently by IDA and iron-deficient subjects (p = 0.031). Conclusions: Iron status did not vary between lacto-ovo vegetarians and vegans and there was not an influence of the time following a vegetarian diet. Although men were iron-sufficient, iron deficiency was frequent in women, who should apply strategies to increase iron bioavailability, especially if they experience intense menstrual blood losses.

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Saintila, Jacksaint, Tabita E. Lozano López, Percy G. Ruiz Mamani, Michael White, and Salomón Huancahuire-Vega. "Health-Related Quality of Life, Blood Pressure, and Biochemical and Anthropometric Profile in Vegetarians and Nonvegetarians." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2020 (July 7, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3629742.

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Several studies have been carried out which mainly focus on the analysis of the lipid profile in vegetarians and nonvegetarians. However, few studies have been undertaken in this population oriented to quality of life and health. This study aimed to compare health-related quality of life, blood pressure, and biochemical and anthropometric profile in vegetarians and nonvegetarians. The study included 149 participants out of an initial sample of 162: 62 vegetarians and 87 nonvegetarians. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the SF-12 Health Questionnaire version 2 and was related with the lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure, anthropometric measures, and sociodemographic characteristics. Vegetarians presented better Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), as well as higher LDL levels. No significant differences in HDL and TG concentrations were found. Serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower among vegetarians. Nonvegetarian males had higher diastolic pressure levels. Vegetarian women had significantly higher levels of systolic pressure. As for the physical health and mental health components of quality of life, no significant differences were found in vegetarian and nonvegetarian women and men. In conclusion, vegetarians presented a better anthropometric profile, lower glycaemia, and higher LDL levels but no significant differences in health-related quality of life compared with nonvegetarians.

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Hibbeln, Joseph R., Kate Northstone, Jonathan Evans, and Jean Golding. "Vegetarian diets and depressive symptoms among men." Journal of Affective Disorders 225 (January 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.051.

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Chang, Chun-Ming, Tina H. T. Chiu, Chia-Chen Chang, Ming-Nan Lin, and Chin-Lon Lin. "Plant-Based Diet, Cholesterol, and Risk of Gallstone Disease: A Prospective Study." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020335.

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Vegetarian diets may lower symptomatic gallstone disease via cholesterol lowering. This study aimed to examine the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease (GSD) in Taiwanese vegetarians vs. nonvegetarians in a prospective cohort and to explore if this association is related to cholesterol concentration. We prospectively followed 4839 participants, and in the 29,295 person-years of follow-up, 104 new incident GSD cases were confirmed. Diet was assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire. Symptomatic GSD was ascertained through linkage to the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Blood cholesterol profiles were measured at recruitment. Cox regression was applied to assess the effect of diet on symptomatic GSD, adjusting for age, education, smoking, alcohol, physical activities, diabetes, kidney diseases, body mass index, lipid-lowering medication, and hypercholesterolemia. Vegetarian diet was associated with a decreased risk of symptomatic GSD compared with nonvegetarian diet in women (hazard ratio [HR], 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28–0.96) but not in men. In women, nonvegetarians with hypercholesterolemia had 3.8 times the risk of GSD compared with vegetarians with normal cholesterol (HR, 3.81, 95% CI, 1.61–9.01). A vegetarian diet may therefore protect against GSD independent of baseline hypercholesterolemia. A nonvegetarian diet and hypercholesterolemia may have an additive effect in increasing GSD risk in women.

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Slywitch, Eric, Carine Savalli, Antonio Cláudio Goulart Duarte, and Maria Arlete Meil Schimith Escrivão. "Iron Deficiency in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Individuals: Analysis of 1340 Individuals." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13092964.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of ferritin and the prevalence of iron deficiency in vegan and omnivorous individuals by taking into account the presence of elements that cause an elevation of ferritin levels, such as increased homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) values. The parameters were evaluated in 1340 individuals, i.e., 422 men and 225 women who do not menstruate and 693 women who do menstruate, based on omnivorous or vegetarian eating habits. The progressive increase in BMI, HOMA-IR, and inflammation caused an elevation in ferritin concentration, regardless of the eating habits in the groups studied. In the overall sample, omnivores had a higher prevalence of obesity, higher ferritin levels, and a lower prevalence of iron deficiency (ferritin < 30 ng/mL). However, after the exclusion of individuals with inflammation (with overweight/obesity and elevated hs-CRP levels), the actual iron deficiency was assessed and was not higher among vegetarians, except in women with regular menstrual cycles. Our data show that nutritional status and inflammation levels affect ferritin levels and may interfere with the correct diagnosis of iron deficiency in both vegetarian and omnivorous individuals. Compared to vegetarians, women who do not menstruate and men had the same prevalence of iron deficiency when following an omnivorous diet.

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Lukasiewicz, Marcin, Agnieszka Filipiak-Florkiewicz, Adam Florkiewicz, Kinga Topolska, Gabriela Zięć, and Barbara Czosnowska. "Comparison of the Consumption of N-3 and N-6 Acids by Adults Following a Vegetarian and Traditional Diet." Proceedings 70, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods_2020-08471.

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The aim of this study was to compare the consumption of n-3 and n-6 acids by adults using a vegetarian and traditional diet. The study was conducted on a group of 170 adults (18–50 years old), including 94 respondents following a traditional diet (56 women and 38 men) and 76 people following a vegetarian diet (52 women and 24 men). The research used the method of a 24-h interview conducted four days a week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday). The record included the quantity and quality of individual meals and drinks. The study showed that people consuming traditional diets fulfilled the demand for the fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to a significantly higher degree than people following a vegetarian diet. Men preferring the traditional diet fulfilled the daily requirement for DHA and EPA acids significantly better than women. A reverse tendency was found among respondents who consumed a vegetarian diet. The supply of linolenic acid (LA) in the vegetarian diet exceeded the recommended daily amount (especially among men), whereas with the traditional diet it was too low in relation to the recommended values.

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Watling, Cody, Julie Schmidt, Yashvee Dunneram, Tammy Tong, Rebecca Kelly, Anika Knuppel, Ruth Travis, Timothy Key, and Aurora Perez-Cornago. "Risk of Cancer in Regular and Low Meat-Eaters, Fish-Eaters, and Vegetarians: A Prospective Analysis of UK Biobank Participants." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac052.024.

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Abstract Objectives Vegetarians may have a lower risk of cancer overall; however, for specific cancer sites, the evidence is limited. We aimed to assess the associations of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets with risks of all cancer, colorectal cancer, postmenopausal breast cancer, and prostate cancer, and to explore the role of potential mediators. Methods We conducted a prospective analysis of 472,377 UK Biobank participants who were free from cancer at recruitment. Participants were categorised into regular meat-eaters (n = 247,571), low meat-eaters (n = 205,385), fish-eaters (n = 10,696), and vegetarians (n = 8,685) based on dietary questions completed at recruitment. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all cancer incidence and separate cancer sites across diet groups. Results After an average follow-up of 11.4 years, 54,961 incident cancers were identified from health records, including 5,882 colorectal, 7,537 postmenopausal breast, and 9,501 prostate cancers. Compared with regular meat-eaters, being a low meat-eater, fish-eater, or vegetarian were all associated with a lower risk of all cancer (HR:0.98, 95% CI:0.96–1.00; 0.90, 0.84–0.96; 0.86, 0.80–0.93, respectively). Being a low meat-eater was associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in comparison to regular meat-eaters (0.91, 0.86–0.96). Vegetarian postmenopausal women had a lower risk of breast cancer (0.82, 0.68–0.99), which was attenuated and non-significant after adjusting for BMI (0.87, 0.72–1.05); in mediation analyses, BMI was found to possibly mediate the observed association. In men, being a fish-eater or a vegetarian was associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer (0.80, 0.65–0.99 and 0.69, 0.54–0.89, respectively). Conclusions The lower risk of colorectal cancer in low meat-eaters is consistent with previous evidence suggesting an adverse impact of higher meat intake. The lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in vegetarian women may be explained by their lower BMI. It is unclear if the other differences observed for all cancers and for prostate cancer reflect causal relationships or are due to residual confounding or differences in cancer detection. Funding Sources CRUK grant (C8221/A29017) and World Cancer Research Fund UK(2019/1953).

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Bogueva, Diana, Dora Marinova, and Ross Gordon. "Who needs to solve the vegetarian men dilemma?" Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 30, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1664966.

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Joshi, Sadhana, and Vaishali Agte. "Digestibility of dietary fiber components in vegetarian men." Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 48, no. 1 (July 1995): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01089198.

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Lindqvist, Helen M., Millie Rådjursöga, Terese Torstensson, Linda Jansson, Lars Ellegård, and Anna Winkvist. "Urine Metabolite Profiles and Nutrient Intake Based on 4-Day Weighed Food Diary in Habitual Vegans, Vegetarians, and Omnivores." Journal of Nutrition 151, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa019.

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ABSTRACT Background Increasing interest in diets excluding meat and other products of animal origin emphasizes the importance of objective and reliable methods to measure dietary exposure, to evaluate associations and causation between diet and health, and to quantify nutrient intakes in different diets. Objectives This study aimed to investigate if NMR analysis of urine samples can serve as an objective method to discriminate vegan, vegetarian with or without fish, and omnivore diets. A secondary aim was to assess the influence of dietary nutrient intake on the metabolomics results. Methods Healthy individuals (43 men and 75 women, age 19–57 y) complying with habitual vegan (n = 42), vegetarian (n = 25), vegetarian + fish (n = 13), or omnivore (n = 38) diets were enrolled. Data were collected on clinical phenotype and lifestyle including a 4-d weighed food diary. Urine was analyzed for metabolites by NMR spectroscopy and data normalized using probabilistic quotient normalization and Pareto-scaled before multivariate analysis. Before orthogonal projections to latent structures with discriminant analysis, participants were assigned as meat consumers or nonmeat consumers (vegans and vegetarians), vegans or nonvegans (omnivores, vegetarian, and vegetarian + fish). Results The main results showed that it was possible to discriminate meat and nonmeat consumers (91% correctly classified), but discrimination between vegans and nonvegans was less rigorous (75% correctly classified). Secondary outcomes showed that reported intake of protein was higher in omnivores, and saturated fat lower and fiber higher in vegans, compared with the other groups. Discriminating metabolites were mainly related to differences in protein intake. Conclusions NMR urine metabolomics appears suitable to objectively identify and predict habitual intake of meat in healthy individuals, but results should be interpreted with caution because not only food groups but also specific foods contribute to the patterns. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02039609.

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Modlinska, Klaudia, Dominika Adamczyk, Dominika Maison, and Wojciech Pisula. "Gender Differences in Attitudes to Vegans/Vegetarians and Their Food Preferences, and Their Implications for Promoting Sustainable Dietary Patterns–A Systematic Review." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 6292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166292.

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Limiting meat consumption has recently become one of the key issues linked to public health and environmental sustainability. This is reflected in the strong emphasis on increasing promotion of plant-based nutritional styles, such as vegan and vegetarian diets. Vegan/vegetarian diets appeal to certain demographic groups more than to others. The most striking difference, however, is found between the sexes. Men and women differ in their preferences for plant products and in their attitudes to meat consumption. There are also differences between their motivations to start and/or follow a vegan/vegetarian diet. Major differences have also been observed in men’s and women’s attitudes towards people following plant-based diets. Vegetarian diets are generally considered to be less masculine than meat-based diets, and omnivores exhibit more prejudice against vegetarian men than women. This study follows the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) systematic literature review model. The Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched (up to January 2020) to identify studies, which analysed variables directly or indirectly related to inter-sex differences with regard to the vegan/vegetarian diet. After the screening process based on the relevance and quality criteria, 29 articles were included in the study. The purpose of this review is to raise awareness of these gender differences, not only as regards social perceptions, but also in terms of individual attitudes to vegetarian/vegan diets. Ignoring those differences hinders the promotion of plant-based diets and may explain the relatively meager success of previous efforts to promote sustainable nutritional styles.

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Lindqvist, Helen M., Millie Rådjursöga, Daniel Malmodin, Anna Winkvist, and Lars Ellegård. "Serum metabolite profiles of habitual diet: evaluation by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no. 1 (May 25, 2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz032.

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ABSTRACTBackgroundObjective and reliable methods to measure dietary exposure and prove associations and causation between diet and health are desirable.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate if 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis of serum samples may be used as an objective method to discriminate vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets. Specifically, the aim was to identify a metabolite pattern that separated meat-eaters from non–meat-eaters and vegans from nonvegans.MethodsHealthy volunteers (45 men and 75 women) complying with habitual vegan (n = 43), vegetarian (n = 24 + vegetarians adding fish n = 13), or omnivore (n = 40) diets were enrolled in the study. Data were collected on clinical phenotype, body composition, lifestyle including a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a 4-d weighed food diary. Serum samples were analyzed by routine clinical test and for metabolites by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. NMR data were nonnormalized, UV-scaled, and analyzed with multivariate data analysis [principal component analysis, orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) and OPLS with discriminant analysis]. In the multivariate analysis volunteers were assigned as meat-eaters (omnivores), non–meat-eaters (vegans and vegetarians), vegans, or nonvegans (lacto-ovo-vegetarians, vegetarians adding fish, and omnivores). Metabolites were identified by line-fitting of 1D 1H-NMR spectra and the use of statistical total correlation spectroscopy.ResultsAlthough many metabolites differ in concentration between men and women as well as by age, body mass index, and body composition, it was possible to correctly classify 97.5% of the meat-eaters compared with non–meat-eaters and 92.5% of the vegans compared with nonvegans. The branched-chain amino acids, creatine, lysine, 2-aminobutyrate, glutamine, glycine, trimethylamine, and 1 unidentified metabolite were among the most important metabolites in the discriminating patterns in relation to intake of both meat and other animal products.Conclusions1H-NMR serum metabolomics appears to be a possible objective tool to identify and predict habitual intake of meat and other animal products in healthy subjects. These results should be confirmed in larger cohort studies or intervention trials. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02039609.

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Sanjoaquin, Miguel A., Paul N. Appleby, Elizabeth A. Spencer, and Timothy J. Key. "Nutrition and lifestyle in relation to bowel movement frequency: a cross-sectional study of 20 630 men and women in EPIC–Oxford." Public Health Nutrition 7, no. 1 (February 2004): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003522.

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AbstractObjective:To investigate the relationships between nutritional and lifestyle factors and bowel movement frequency.Design:Cross-sectional analysis using data from a prospective study. Mean numbers of bowel movements were calculated in relation to a range of factors. In addition, individuals were categorised according to frequency of bowel movements: fewer than 7 per week (‘less than daily’) versus 7 or more per week (‘daily’), and odds ratios were calculated from logistic regression models. Results for each factor were adjusted for the other factors under consideration.Setting:The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, Oxford cohort (EPIC–Oxford), UK.Participants:In total, 20,630 men and women aged 22–97 years at recruitment. Thirty per cent of the subjects were vegetarians or vegans.Results:Women had fewer bowel movements on average than men, and were less likely to have daily bowel movements. Mean bowel movement frequency was higher in vegetarians (10.5 in men, 9.1 in women) and especially in vegans (11.6 in men, 10.5 in women) compared with participants who ate meat (9.5 in men, 8.2 in women). There were also significant positive associations between bowel movement frequency and body mass index (BMI), intakes of dietary fibre and non-alcoholic fluids, for both men and women. Vigorous exercise was positively associated with bowel movement frequency in women although results for men were less clear. Alcohol intake was positively associated with bowel movement frequency in men but not in women.Conclusion:Being vegetarian and especially vegan is strongly associated with a higher frequency of bowel movements. Moreover, having a high intake of dietary fibre and fluids and a high BMI are associated with an increase in frequency of bowel movements.

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Lea, Emma, and Anthony Worsley. "Benefits and barriers to the consumption of a vegetarian diet in Australia." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 5 (August 2003): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002452.

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AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to examine consumers' perceived benefits and barriers to the consumption of a vegetarian diet.Design:Survey (written questionnaire) that included questions on perceived benefits and barriers to the consumption of a vegetarian diet.Setting:South Australia.Subjects:Six hundred and one randomly selected South Australians.Results:The main perceived barriers to adopting a vegetarian diet were enjoying eating meat and an unwillingness to alter eating habits. This was the case for men, women and all age groups, although there were sex and age differences present in over half of the barrier items. For example, family food preferences were a greater problem for women than for men, while the oldest group was more likely to agree that humans are ‘meant’ to eat meat than the younger groups. The main benefits associated with vegetarian diets were health benefits: increased fruit and vegetable intake, decreased saturated fat intake, weight control. Animal welfare-related benefits and disease prevention were also important. Age and sex differences were apparent, although age differences were more important than sex differences.Conclusions:The majority of respondents perceived there to be health benefits associated with the consumption of a vegetarian diet, but also, predictably, enjoyed eating meat. Given this, it is likely that interest in plant-based diets that contain some meat is higher than that in no-meat diets. An understanding of the perceived benefits and barriers of consuming a vegetarian diet will allow the implementation of strategies to influence meat and vegetarianism beliefs, dietary behaviour and, hence, public health.

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Jian, Zhi-Hong, Yi-Chen Chiang, Chia-Chi Lung, Chien-Chang Ho, Pei-Chieh Ko, Oswald Ndi Nfor, Hui-Chin Chang, Yi-Ching Liaw, Yu-Chiu Liang, and Yung-Po Liaw. "Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and TAG levels by gender." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 4 (June 25, 2014): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000883.

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AbstractObjectiveThe present study assessed the effects of vegetarian and omnivorous diets on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), TAG and the ratio of HDL-C to total cholesterol (TC) by gender.DesignHDL-C, LDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were compared among three diet groups (vegan, ovo-lacto vegetarian and omnivorous). Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to examine factors significantly and independently associated with vegetarian status and to estimate the β value of lipid profiles for the diet groups.SettingsA cross-sectional study. Data were obtained from the Taiwanese Survey on the Prevalence of Hyperglycemia, Hyperlipidemia and Hypertension (TwSHHH).SubjectsThe study comprised included 3257 men and 3551 women.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounders, vegan and ovo-lacto vegetarian diets lowered LDL-C levels (β=−10·98, P=0·005 and β=−7·12, P=0·025, respectively) in men compared with omnivorous diet. There was a significant association between HDL-C and vegan diet (β=−6·53, P=0·004). In females, the β values of HDL-C, TAG and HDL-C:TC were −5·72 (P<0·0001), 16·51 (P=0·011) and −0·02 (P=0·012) for vegan diet, and −4·86 (P=0·002), 15·09 (P=0·008) and −0·01 (P=0·026) for ovo-lacto vegetarian diet, when compared with omnivorous diet.ConclusionsVegan diet was associated with lower HDL-C concentrations in both males and females. Because the ovo-lacto vegetarian diet was effective in lowering LDL-C, it may be more appropriate for males.

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Chen, Y. C., C. I. Chiang, R. S. Lin, Y. S. Pu, M. K. Lai, and F.-C. Sung. "Diet, vegetarian food and prostate carcinoma among men in Taiwan." British Journal of Cancer 93, no. 9 (October 2005): 1057–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602809.

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Milichovský, František, and Pavel Mráček. "Customers’ behaviour during purchasing vegetarian products in global retail environment." SHS Web of Conferences 74 (2020): 04016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20207404016.

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Purpose Behaviour in food purchasing is usually associated with personal identity. Vegetarian’s apologist has diverse attitude vis-à-vis animals and the environment, which affect global nature in the context of national agriculture production. According to comparison vegans with vegetarians, vegetarians are quite tolerant of other animal products except for meat products. Worldwide, vegans do not accept any animal products of animals. That approach should impact requirements on food offer and perception of potential customers. Methods There were employed questionnaire survey, where there were asked 1389 persons to participate in the primary research. From this amount we receive 395 questionnaires, what mean 28,44% returned forms. Findings According to respondents’ gender, there were participated in 212 women (53,67% of all participants) and 183 men (46,33% of all participants). For evaluation of gained data, there was applied Pearson’s chi-square test for independence of variables. The main objective of the paper is to find a connection between suggestions of vegetarianism and gender of target potential customers. From survey authors chose general opinions about vegetarianism, which represents feelings of participants: (1) is vegetarianism healthful; (2) does vegetarianism not include enough nutrients for humans, (3) is vegetarianism danger for child evolution, (4) is a human body adapted to meat consummation, (5) help vegetarians to reach higher age. All of these variables were put into evaluation of dependence with gender by Pearson’s chi-square test.

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Merriman, Ben. "Gender differences in family and peer reaction to the adoption of a vegetarian diet." Feminism & Psychology 20, no. 3 (August 2010): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959353510368283.

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Although ethical vegetarianism has been the subject of considerable theoretical attention and debate among feminists, the subject has received little empirical attention. This research note summarizes an interview study with ethical vegetarians of college age, and describes gendered responses to the adoption of a vegetarian diet. While friends and family were neutral or favourable to men’s vegetarianism, women vegetarians encountered significant hostility from male family members, in particular. The study is by no means conclusive, but the evidence may suggest that this hostility is rooted in a double standard, wherein men are seen as capable of governing their bodies, while women are not. Despite opposition from male intimates, women participating in the study persisted in their diets, suggesting a high degree of moral autonomy. This tension between individual agency and constraining social and economic structure is at the centre of the ongoing feminist debate on vegetarianism, and the findings presented here invite further discussion and more targeted research.

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LI, Duo. "Relationship between the concentrations of plasma phospholipid stearic acid and plasma lipoprotein lipids in healthy men." Clinical Science 100, no. 1 (December 5, 2000): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1000025.

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This study investigated the correlation between the plasma phospholipid (PL) saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentration (as a surrogate marker of SFA intake) and plasma lipid and lipoprotein lipid concentrations in 139 healthy Australian men aged 20–55 years old with widely varying intakes of saturated fat (vegans, n = 18; ovolacto vegetarians, n = 43; moderate meat eaters, n = 60; high meat eaters, n = 18). Both the ovolacto vegetarian and vegan groups demonstrated significant decreases in plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerol concentrations compared with both the high-meat-eater and moderate-meat-eater groups. Total SFA and individual SFA [palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0) and arachidic acid (20:0)] in the plasma PL were significantly lower in both the ovolacto vegetarian and vegan groups than in both the high- and moderate-meat-eater groups, while myristic acid (14:0) was significantly lower in the vegans than in the high-meat-eaters. Bivariate analysis of the results showed that the plasma PL stearic acid concentration was strongly positively correlated with plasma TC (P < 0.0001), LDL-C (P < 0.0001) and triacylglycerol (P < 0.0001), with r2 values of 0.655, 0.518 and 0.43 respectively. In multiple linear regression, after controlling for potential confounding factors (such as exercise, dietary group, age, body mass index, plasma PL myristic acid, palmitic acid and arachidic acid, and dietary total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate and fibre intake), the plasma PL stearic acid concentration was still strongly positively correlated with plasma TC (P < 0.0001) and LDL-C (P = 0.006) concentrations. Based on the present data, it would seem appropriate for the population to reduce their dietary total SFA intake rather than to replace other SFA with stearic acid.

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Milan, Amber M., Sarah M. Mitchell, Utpal Prodhan, Cintia B. Dias, Manohar Garg, Núria Amigó Grau, Arvind Subbaraj, Karl Fraser, Emma Bermingham, and David Cameron-Smith. "Regular Consumption of Either Red Meat or Soy Protein Does Not Raise Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Men at Heightened Risk." Proceedings 37, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019037021.

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Caso, Giuseppe, Luca Scalfi, Maurizio Marra, Alessandra Covino, Maurizio Muscaritoli, Margaret A. McNurlan, Peter J. Garlick, and Franco Contaldo. "Albumin Synthesis Is Diminished in Men Consuming a Predominantly Vegetarian Diet." Journal of Nutrition 130, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 528–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.3.528.

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Acosta-Navarro, Julio, Luiza Antoniazzi, Laís Dias, Emerson Ferreira, Marcos de Oliveira, and Pedro Acosta-Cardenas. "Lower prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in vegetarian men compared with omnivores." Revista Portuguesa de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, no. 2 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.26497/ao210023.

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POLLARD, TESSA M., ANDREW STEPTOE, and JANE WARDLE. "MOTIVES UNDERLYING HEALTHY EATING: USING THE FOOD CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE TO EXPLAIN VARIATION IN DIETARY INTAKE." Journal of Biosocial Science 30, no. 2 (April 1998): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932098001655.

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The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), which measures the reported importance to a given individual of nine factors underlying food choice, and a food frequency questionnaire, were administered to 241 participants, who were also required to classify their diet as either 'standard', 'low in red meat' or 'vegetarian'. Respondents describing their diet as low in red meat attributed greater importance to health, natural content, weight control and ethical concern in their food choice than did those who described their diets as standard, whereas vegetarians differed significantly from those with a standard diet only on the score for ethical concern. Differences between men and women and between students and non-students in the frequency of consumption of a number of foods were shown to be mediated by differences in the importance attached to FCQ factors. Thus the generally healthier diets of women compared to men appeared to be accounted for by the greater importance attributed by women to weight control, natural content and ethical concerns.

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Bright, Shilpa. "An Ecofeminist Reading of Han Kang’s The Vegetarian." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i5.11070.

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Ecofeminism depicts the movements and philosophies that establish a close relationship between women and nature. It is also an academic movement that sees a critical connection between the domination of nature and the exploitation of women. The term ‘Ecofeminism’ was coined by the French writer Francoise d’Eaubonne. This term intersects the two critical perspectives- ecology and feminism. Ecofeminist theory asserts that a feminist perspective of ecology does not place women in the dominant position. This theory can be used to explore the connection between women and nature in culture, religion, literature and thus address and bring out the parallels between the oppressions of nature and the oppressions of women. Using gender as an important factor, ecofeminism examines the conditions that cause and perpetuates the subordination of both women and nature. This analysis includes seeing men as the curators of culture and women as the curators of nature, and also how men dominate women and humans dominate nature. This paper titled, ‘An Ecofeminist Reading of Han Kang’s The Vegetarian’ discusses the term ecofeminism and how this theory can be analysed and applied in this book written by Han Kang, a South Korean writer who won the Man Booker International prize for fiction in 2016 for this particular book. The book is about a home-maker whose decision to stop eating meat after a deadly nightmare about human cruelty leads to various problems in her personal life. This paper mainly tries to bring out how women and nature are oppressed by the patriarchy and how both are showing resistance toward this dominance. It investigates how man colonizes nature and as well as women. There are various other books that can be analysed under this feminist theory but this book in a way different as the main protagonist of this book sees vegetarianism as a way of not causing any harm on anything, but asserting her identity and freedom in patriarchal society. Thus this paper brings of the various ecofeminist aspects that can be analysed in this book through the various contexts related to the protagonist.

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Howie, B. J., and T. D. Shultz. "Dietary and hormonal interrelationships among vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists and nonvegetarian men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, no. 1 (July 1, 1985): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/42.1.127.

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Rosenfeld, Daniel L. "Gender differences in vegetarian identity: How men and women construe meatless dieting." Food Quality and Preference 81 (April 2020): 103859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103859.

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Slywitch, Eric, Carine Savalli, Antonio Cláudio Duarte, and Maria Arlete Meil Schimith Escrivão. "Obese Vegetarians and Omnivores Show Different Metabolic Changes: Analysis of 1340 Individuals." Nutrients 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112204.

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Our study evaluated the association between the increase in body mass index (BMI) in men and women (menstruating and non-menstruating) (n = 1340) with different dietary groups (omnivores, semi-vegetarians, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, and vegans) and the measurement of the biochemical markers high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), ferritin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Increasing BMI values in all groups and dietary profiles were related to a significant increase in hs-CRP (p < 0.0001), ALT (p = 0.02), ferritin (p = 0.009), and HbA1C (p < 0.0001), with no difference between dietary groups (p < 0.05). The increase in BMI increases the levels of HOMA-IR (p < 0.0001) and GGT (p < 0.05), with higher values found in men when compared to women (p < 0.0001 for HOMA- IR and p = 0.0048 for GGT). The association between ALT and BMI was different between dietary groups, as it showed a decrease in vegan women who do not menstruate compared to other dietary groups (p = 0.0099). When including only obese individuals (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 153) in the analysis, we observed lower concentrations of GGT and ferritin in vegetarians than in omnivores, regardless of gender and menstrual blood loss (p = 0.0395). Our data showed that for both vegetarians and omnivores, the higher the BMI, the worse the metabolic parameters. However, regarding obesity, vegetarians showed better antioxidant status (lower GGT elevation) and lower inflammatory status (lower ferritin elevation), which may provide them with potential protection in the development of morbidities associated with overweight.

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Li, Duo, Andrew Sinclair, Alisa Wilson, Sirithon Nakkote, Fiona Kelly, Lavinia Abedin, Neil Mann, and Alan Turner. "Effect of dietary α-linolenic acid on thrombotic risk factors in vegetarian men." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 872–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.5.872.

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Malter, Margarete, Gerlinde Schriever, and Ursula Eilber. "Natural killer cells, vitamins, and other blood components of vegetarian and omnivorous men." Nutrition and Cancer 12, no. 3 (January 1989): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635588909514026.

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Navarro, Julio Acosta, Luiza Antoniazzi de Gouveia, Lilliam Rocha-Penha, Naiara Cinegaglia, Vanessa Belo, Michele Mazzaron de Castro, and Valeria Cristina Sandrim. "Reduced levels of potential circulating biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases in apparently healthy vegetarian men." Clinica Chimica Acta 461 (October 2016): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2016.08.002.

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Agte, Vaishali, Shashi Chiplonkar, Neelima Joshi, and Kishore Paknikar. "Apparent Absorption of Copper and Zinc from Composite Vegetarian Diets in Young Indian Men." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 38, no. 1 (1994): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000177789.

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Acosta-Navarro, Julio, Luiza Antoniazzi, Adriana Midori Oki, Maria Carlos Bonfim, Valeria Hong, Pedro Acosta-Cardenas, Celia Strunz, et al. "Reduced subclinical carotid vascular disease and arterial stiffness in vegetarian men: The CARVOS Study." International Journal of Cardiology 230 (March 2017): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.058.

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Northstone, Kate, Carol Joinson, and Pauline Emmett. "Dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in a UK cohort of men and women: a longitudinal study." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 5 (September 18, 2017): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002324.

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AbstractObjectiveThere is evidence to suggest that individual components of dietary intake are associated with depressive symptoms. Studying the whole diet, through dietary patterns, has become popular as a way of overcoming intercorrelations between individual dietary components; however, there are conflicting results regarding associations between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. We examined the associations between dietary patterns extracted using principal component analysis and depressive symptoms, taking account of potential temporal relationships.DesignDepressive symptoms in parents were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) when the study child was 3 and 5 years of age. Scores >12 were considered indicative of the presence of clinical depressive symptoms. Diet was assessed via FFQ when the study child was 4 years of age.SettingLongitudinal population-based birth cohort.SubjectsMothers and fathers taking part in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children when their study child was 3–5 years old.ResultsUnadjusted results suggested that increased scores on the ‘processed’ and ‘vegetarian’ patterns in women and the ‘semi-vegetarian’ pattern in men were associated with having EPDS scores ≥13. However, after adjustment for confounders all results were attenuated. This was the case for all those with available data and when considering a sub-sample who were ‘disease free’ at baseline.ConclusionsWe found no association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms after taking account of potential confounding factors and the potential temporal relationship between them. This suggests that previous studies reporting positive associations may have suffered from reverse causality and/or residual confounding.

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Sutiari, Ni Ketut, Ali Khomsan, Hadi Riyadi, Faisal Anwar, Desak Putu Yuli Kurniati, and Widya Astuti. "Status kesehatan dan asupan mikronutrien vegetarian dan nonvegetarian di Bali." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 17, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.64443.

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Health status and micronutrient intake among vegetarian and non-vegetarian in BaliBackground: Several studies have reported that vegetarian diets have health benefits for those adopting the diets.Objective: This study aimed to compare anemia status and micronutrient intake between vegetarians and non-vegetarians in Bali.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bali. A total of 240 samples consisting of 160 vegetarians and 80 non-vegetarians were randomly selected. Hemoglobin (Hb) and fasting blood sugar levels were measured using the cyanmethemoglobin method and enzymatic colorimetric, respectively. Meanwhile, the data on micronutrient intakes were collected by interviews using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the Mann-Whitney test was performed to analyze the differences.Results: The study’s results showed that the mean Hb levels in the vegetarian group were significantly lower than non-vegetarians (p=0.002; p<0.05), and the anemia status in vegetarian women were higher (22.5%) than non-vegetarian women (2.5%). The mean fasting blood glucose level in non-vegetarians was significantly higher than in the vegetarian group (p=0.000; p<0.05). There were no differences in zinc (Zn) intake between vegetarians and non-vegetarians, but there were significant differences (p<0.05) in vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and iron (Fe) intakes.Conclusions: There were differences in anemia status and fasting blood glucose levels between vegetarians and non-vegetarians. The fasting blood glucose levels of non-vegetarians were higher than vegetarians, and there were differences in the intake of certain micronutrients between vegetarians and non-vegetarians.

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Tong, Tammy Y. N., Paul N. Appleby, Kathryn E. Bradbury, and Timothy J. Key. "Cross-sectional analyses of participation in cancer screening and use of hormone replacement therapy and medications in meat eaters and vegetarians: the EPIC-Oxford study." BMJ Open 7, no. 12 (December 2017): e018245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018245.

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ObjectivesTo examine differences in health-related behaviours such as screening or testing for cancer, use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and use of other medications in different diet groups.DesignWe studied 31 260 participants across four diet groups (18 155 meat eaters, 5012 fish eaters, 7179 vegetarians, 914 vegans) in the UK EPIC-Oxford cohort. Information was collected in 5-year (around 2000–2003) or 10-year (around 2007) follow-up questionnaires regarding participation in breast screening, cervical screening, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, use of HRT and use of medications for the past 4 weeks. Using Poisson regression, we estimated the prevalence ratios (PR) for each behaviour across people of different diet groups, using meat eaters as the reference group.ResultsCompared with meat eaters, vegetarian (PR: 0.94, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98) and vegan (PR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.95) women reported lower participation in breast screening, and vegetarian men were less likely to report PSA testing (PR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.96). No differences were observed among women for cervical screening. In women, all non-meat-eating groups reported lower use of HRT compared with meat eaters (P heterogeneity <0.0001). Lower reported use of any medication was observed for participants in all non-meat-eating groups with no (P<0.0001) or one (P=0.0002) self-reported illness. No heterogeneity was observed across the diet groups for the reported use of specific medication for high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, asthma, diabetes and thyroid disease.ConclusionsDifferences in self-reported breast screening, PSA testing, HRT use and overall medication use were observed across the diet groups. Whether such differences contribute to differential long-term disease risks requires further study.

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Kim, So Yeon, Hyun Hee Kim, Chung Mo Nam, Hyeon Chang Kim, Il Suh, and Byung Yong Kang. "Association of Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Gene Polymorphism with Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis in Korean Vegetarian Men." Medical Principles and Practice 19, no. 3 (2010): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000285288.

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Baines, Surinder, Jennifer Powers, and Wendy J. Brown. "How does the health and well-being of young Australian vegetarian and semi-vegetarian women compare with non-vegetarians?" Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 5 (May 2007): 436–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007217938.

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AbstractObjectiveTo compare the sociodemographic characteristics, health status and health service use of vegetarians, semi-vegetarians and non-vegetarians.DesignIn cross-sectional data analyses of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health in 2000, 9113 women (aged 22–27 years) were defined as non-vegetarians if they reported including red meat in their diet, as semi-vegetarians if they excluded red meat and as vegetarians if they excluded meat, poultry and fish from their diet.ResultsThe estimated prevalence was 3% and 10% for vegetarian and semi-vegetarian young women. Compared with non-vegetarians, vegetarians and semi-vegetarians were more likely to live in urban areas and to not be married. Vegetarians and semi-vegetarians had lower body mass index (mean (95% confidence interval): 22.2 (21.7–22.7) and 23.0 (22.7–23.3) kg m− 2) than non-vegetarians (23.7 (23.6–23.8) kg m− 2) and tended to exercise more. Semi-vegetarians and vegetarians had poorer mental health, with 21–22% reporting depression compared with 15% of non-vegetarians (P < 0.001). Low iron levels and menstrual symptoms were also more common in both vegetarian groups. Vegetarian and semi-vegetarian women were more likely to consult alternative health practitioners and semi-vegetarians reported taking more prescription and non-prescription medications. Compared with non-vegetarians, semi-vegetarians were less likely and vegetarians much less likely to be taking the oral contraceptive pill.ConclusionThe levels of physical activity and body mass indices of the vegetarian and semi-vegetarian women suggest they are healthier than non-vegetarians. However, the greater reports of menstrual problems and the poorer mental health of these young women may be of clinical significance.

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Ernstoff, Alexi, Katerina S. Stylianou, Marlyne Sahakian, Laurence Godin, Arnaud Dauriat, Sebastien Humbert, Suren Erkman, and Olivier Jolliet. "Towards Win–Win Policies for Healthy and Sustainable Diets in Switzerland." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 2745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092745.

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The first Swiss national dietary survey (MenuCH) was used to screen disease burdens and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of Swiss diets (vegan, vegetarian, gluten-free, slimming), with a focus on gender and education level. The Health Nutritional Index (HENI), a novel disease burden-based nutritional index built on the Global Burden of Disease studies, was used to indicate healthiness using comparable, relative disease burden scores. Low whole grain consumption and high processed meat consumption are priority risk factors. Non-processed red meat and dairy make a nearly negligible contribution to disease burden scores, yet are key drivers of diet-related GHGs. Swiss diets, including vegetarian, ranged between 1.1–2.6 tons of CO2e/person/year, above the Swiss federal recommendation 0.6 ton CO2e/person/year for all consumption categories. This suggests that only changing food consumption practices will not suffice towards achieving carbon reduction targets: Systemic changes to food provisioning processes are also necessary. Finally, men with higher education had the highest dietary GHG emissions per gram of food, and the highest disease burden scores. Win–win policies to improve health and sustainability of Swiss diets would increase whole grain consumption for all, and decrease alcohol and processed meat consumption especially for men of higher education levels.

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Cinegaglia, Naiara, Luiza Antoniazzi, Daniela Rosa, Debora Miranda, Julio Acosta-Navarro, Luiz Bortolotto, Valeria Hong, and Valeria Sandrim. "Shortening telomere is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis biomarker in omnivorous but not in vegetarian healthy men." Aging 11, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 5070–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.102098.

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Rådjursöga, Millie, Helen Lindqvist, Anders Pedersen, B. Karlsson, Daniel Malmodin, Lars Ellegård, and Anna Winkvist. "Nutritional Metabolomics: Postprandial Response of Meals Relating to Vegan, Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian, and Omnivore Diets." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 10, 2018): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081063.

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Metabolomics provide an unbiased tool for exploring the modulation of the human metabolome in response to food intake. This study applied metabolomics to capture the postprandial metabolic response to breakfast meals corresponding to vegan (VE), lacto ovo-vegetarian (LOV), and omnivore (OM) diets. In a cross over design 32 healthy volunteers (16 men and 16 females) consumed breakfast meals in a randomized order during three consecutive days. Fasting and 3 h postprandial serum samples were collected and then subjected to metabolite profiling using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Changes in concentration of identified and discriminating metabolites, between fasting and postprandial state, were compared across meals. Betaine, choline, and creatine displayed higher concentration in the OM breakfast, while 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, carnitine, proline, and tyrosine showed an increase for the LOV and unidentified free fatty acids displayed a higher concentration after the VE breakfast. Using 1H NMR metabolomics it was possible to detect and distinguish the metabolic response of three different breakfast meals corresponding to vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian, and omnivore diets in serum.

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Lukaszuk, Judith M., Robert J. Robertson, Judith E. Arch, Geoffrey E. Moore, Kenneth M. Yaw, David E. Kelley, Joshua T. Rubin, and Niall M. Moyna. "Effect of Creatine Supplementation and a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet on Muscle Creatine Concentration." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12, no. 3 (September 2002): 336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.12.3.336.

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of preceding oral creatine monohydrate with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet on muscle creatine concentration. Thirty-two healthy men, who regularly consumed an omnivorous diet, were randomly assigned to consume a weight maintaining, lacto-ovo-vegetarian (LOV; n = 16) or omnivorous (Omni; n = 16) diet for 26 days. In addition to their assigned diet, on day 22 of the study, subjects were assigned in a double-blind manner to receive either creatine monohydrate (CM; 0.3 g · kg · d−1 + 20 g Polycose) or an equivalent dose of placebo (PL) for 5 days. There were no significant differences between the LOV and Omni groups at baseline with respect to age, height, and weight. The results demonstrated that consuming a LOV diet for 21 days was an effective procedure to decrease muscle creatine concentration (p < .01) in individuals who normally consume meat and fish in their diet. However, muscle total creatine (TCr) following creatine supplementation did not differ statistically between LOV and Omni diet groups (148.6 ± 4.5 vs. 141.7 ± 4.5 mmol · kg−1 d.m.).

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Miles, Fayth L., Jan Irene C. Lloren, Ella Haddad, Karen Jaceldo-Siegl, Synnove Knutsen, Joan Sabate, and Gary E. Fraser. "Plasma, Urine, and Adipose Tissue Biomarkers of Dietary Intake Differ Between Vegetarian and Non-Vegetarian Diet Groups in the Adventist Health Study-2." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 4 (February 15, 2019): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy292.

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ABSTRACT Background Differences in food composition, nutrient intake, and various health outcomes have been reported for vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort. Objective We sought to determine whether biomarkers of dietary intake also differed between individuals classified as vegetarian (vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian) and non-vegetarians based on patterns of consumption of meat, dairy, and eggs. Methods Fasting plasma, overnight urine, and adipose tissue samples were collected from a representative subset of AHS-2 participants classified into 5 diet groups (vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, non-vegetarian) who also completed food-frequency questionnaires. Diet-related biomarkers including carotenoids, isoflavones, enterolactone, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and vitamins were analyzed in 840 male and female participants. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the association between diet pattern and biomarker abundance, comparing each of 4 vegetarian dietary groups to non-vegetarians, and adjusted mean values were calculated. Bonferroni correction was applied to control for multiple testing. Results Vegans had higher plasma total carotenoid concentrations (1.6-fold, P < 0.0001), and higher excretion of urinary isoflavones (6-fold, P < 0.0001) and enterolactone (4.4-fold) compared with non-vegetarians. Vegans had lower relative abundance of saturated fatty acids including myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, and stearic acids (P < 0.0001). Vegans had higher linoleic acid (18:2ω-6) relative to non-vegetarians (23.3% compared with 19.1%) (P < 0.0001), and a higher proportion of total ω-3 fatty acids (2.1% compared with 1.6%) (P < 0.0001). Results overall were similar but less robust for lacto-ovo- and pesco-vegetarians. 1-Methylhistidine was 92% lower in vegans, and lower in lacto-ovo- and pesco-vegetarians by 90% and 80%, respectively, relative to non-vegetarians (P < 0.0001). Conclusion AHS-2 participants following vegan, and lacto-ovo- or pesco-vegetarian diet patterns have significant differences in plasma, urine, and adipose tissue biomarkers associated with dietary intakes compared with those who consume a non-vegetarian diet. These findings provide some validation for the prior classification of dietary groups within the AHS-2 cohort.

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Turner-McGrievy, Gabrielle M., Wendy J. Moore, and Daheia Barr-Anderson. "The Interconnectedness of Diet Choice and Distance Running: Results of the Research Understanding the Nutrition of Endurance Runners (RUNNER) Study." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 3 (June 2016): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0085.

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This study examined differences in diet, particularly vegetarian and vegan, among ultramarathon and other long distance runners. Participants who had completed a half- (HALF), full- (FULL), or ultramarathon (ULTRA) in the past 12 months were recruited to complete an online survey assessing current diet, reason for diet, and other dietary behaviors. A total of 422 participants completed the survey (n = 125 ULTRA, n = 152 FULL, n = 145 HALF). More ULTRA participants were men (63%) (vs. FULL (37%) and HALF (23%)) and ULTRA participants reported significantly more years of running (16.2 ± 13.6) than FULL (12.1 ± 11.1, p < .05) or HALF (10.6 ± 11.6, p < .05). Body mass index (self-reported height/weight) was significantly higher in HALF (24.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2) vs. FULL (23.1 ± 3.2 kg/m2, p < .05). ULTRA runners were almost twice as likely to report following a vegan/vegetarian diet than HALF and FULL marathoners combined (B = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.08, 3.48) and reported following their current diet longer (13.7 ± 15.3 years) than HALF participants (8.6 ± 12.1 years, p = .01). ULTRA participants more commonly cited environmental concerns whereas HALF and FULL participants cited weight loss or maintenance as a reason for following their current diet. There was no difference in diet quality between ULTRA and other runners but vegan and vegetarian runners had higher diet quality scores than nonvegetarian runners (p < .001). The findings point to an interconnectedness between long distance running, diet, and diet choice and can help guide nutrition, exercise, and psychology professionals who are working with distance runners.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Vegetarian men'

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