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1
Moszak, Małgorzata, Monika Szulińska, and Paweł Bogdański. "You Are What You Eat—The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders—A Review." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041096.
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The gut microbiota (GM) is defined as the community of microorganisms (bacteria, archaea, fungi, viruses) colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. GM regulates various metabolic pathways in the host, including those involved in energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. The relationship between alterations in intestinal microbiota and diseases associated with civilization is well documented. GM dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurological disorders. Multiple factors modulate the composition of the microbiota and how it physically functions, but one of the major factors triggering GM establishment is diet. In this paper, we reviewed the current knowledge about the relationship between nutrition, gut microbiota, and host metabolic status. We described how macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fat) and different dietary patterns (e.g., Western-style diet, vegetarian diet, Mediterranean diet) interact with the composition and activity of GM, and how gut bacterial dysbiosis has an influence on metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.
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Zampelas, Antonis, and Emmanuella Magriplis. "Dietary patterns and risk of cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 79, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665119000946.
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CVD are the main cause of death especially in high-income countries. Previously, research focused on single nutrients including saturated and MUFA, sodium and dietary fibre, or specific foods such as fish, fruit and vegetables, and olive oil, in the aetiology of CVD. In recent years, however, the effects of complete dietary patterns on the prevention of CVD have gained interest, to account for diet heterogeneity and food–nutrient interactions. Several dietary patterns have been investigated, such as the Paleolithic diet, the vegetarian and vegan diets, the Diet Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), the Nordic and Mediterranean diets, with many contradictions remaining. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the effects of these dietary patterns on CVD risk, to discuss their overall nutrient adequacy and briefly discuss their environmental impact.
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McEwen, Bradley. "The Influence of Diet and Nutrients on Platelet Function." Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 40, no. 02 (February 4, 2014): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1365839.
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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Platelet activation and aggregation play an integral role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Diets and nutrients play a potential role in modifying CVD progression, particularly in platelet function, and have the potential of altering platelet function tests. Diets such as Mediterranean diet, high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and vegetarian diets have inverse relationships with CVD. Dark chocolate, foods with low glycemic index, garlic, ginger, omega-3 PUFA, onion, purple grape juice, tomato, and wine all reduce platelet aggregation. Dark chocolate and omega-3 PUFA also reduce P-selectin expression. In addition, dark chocolate reduces PAC-1 binding and platelet microparticle formation. Berries inhibit platelet function (PFA-100). Energy drinks have been shown to increase platelet aggregation and caffeine increases platelet microparticle formation. Therefore, repeat testing of platelet function may be required, not only after exclusion of known antiplatelet medications but also potentially after exclusion of dietary substances/nutrients that could have plausibly affected initial test data.
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Attaye, Ilias, Sara-Joan Pinto-Sietsma, Hilde Herrema, and Max Nieuwdorp. "A Crucial Role for Diet in the Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Disease." Annual Review of Medicine 71, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-062218-023720.
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Cardiometabolic disease (CMD), such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality on a global scale. The gut microbiota has emerged as a potential target to beneficially modulate CMD risk, possibly via dietary interventions. Dietary interventions have been shown to considerably alter gut microbiota composition and function. Moreover, several diet-derived microbial metabolites are able to modulate human metabolism and thereby alter CMD risk. Dietary interventions that affect gut microbiota composition and function are therefore a promising, novel, and cost-efficient method to reduce CMD risk. Studies suggest that fermentable carbohydrates can beneficially alter gut microbiota composition and function, whereas high animal protein and high fat intake negatively impact gut microbiota function and composition. This review focuses on the role of macronutrients (i.e., carbohydrate, protein, and fat) and dietary patterns (e.g., vegetarian/vegan and Mediterranean diet) in gut microbiota composition and function in the context of CMD.
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Trautwein, Elke A., and Sue McKay. "The Role of Specific Components of a Plant-Based Diet in Management of Dyslipidemia and the Impact on Cardiovascular Risk." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 2671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092671.
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Convincing evidence supports the intake of specific food components, food groups, or whole dietary patterns to positively influence dyslipidemia and to lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Specific macro- and micro-components of a predominantly plant-based dietary pattern are vegetable fats, dietary fibers, and phytonutrients such as phytosterols. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding effects of these components on lowering blood lipids, i.e., low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and on reducing CVD risk. The beneficial role of a plant-based diet on cardiovascular (CV) health has increasingly been recognized. Plant-based dietary patterns include a Mediterranean and Nordic diet pattern, the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH), and Portfolio diet, as well as vegetarian- or vegan-type diet patterns. These diets have all been found to lower CVD-related risk factors like blood LDL-C, and observational study evidence supports their role in lowering CVD risk. These diet patterns are not only beneficial for dyslipidemia management and prevention of CVD but further contribute to reducing the impact of food choices on environmental degradation. Hence, the CV health benefits of a predominantly plant-based diet as a healthy and environmentally sustainable eating pattern are today recommended by many food-based dietary as well as clinical practice guidelines.
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Fischer, Nicole Mercado, Vincent A. Pallazola, Helen Xun, Miguel Cainzos-Achirica, and Erin D. Michos. "The evolution of the heart-healthy diet for vascular health: A walk through time." Vascular Medicine 25, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863x19901287.
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The rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality reduction in the United States has plateaued recently, despite the development of novel preventive pharmacotherapies, increased access to care, and healthcare spending. This is largely due to American’s poor dietary patterns and practices causing increasing trends in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. For decades, dietary guidelines on ‘healthy diets’ to reduce CVD risk, grounded in epidemiological research, have been nationally distributed to Americans. In this review, we highlight landmark events in modern nutrition science and how these have framed past and current understandings of diet and health. We also follow the evolution of dietary recommendations for Americans throughout the years, with an emphasis on recommendations aimed to reduce risk for CVD and mortality. Secondly, we examine how the low-fat ideology came to dominate America in the last decades of the 20th century and subsequently contributed to an excess intake of refined carbohydrates which, in the context of an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, may have fueled the obesity epidemic. We then examine the current major evidence-based dietary patterns and specific dietary approaches to reduce CVD risk, reviewing the literature surrounding nutritional components of the heart-healthy diet and discussing the dietary patterns proven most effective for CVD prevention: the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, the Mediterranean diet, and the healthy vegetarian diet. Finally, we discuss emerging dietary trends, considerations for nutrition counseling, and future directions within the important field of nutrition, with the ultimate goal of improving vascular health.
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Martinon, Prescilla, Laurie Fraticelli, Agnes Giboreau, Claude Dussart, Denis Bourgeois, and Florence Carrouel. "Nutrition as a Key Modifiable Factor for Periodontitis and Main Chronic Diseases." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020197.
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Nutrition is recognized as an essential component in the prevention of a number of chronic diseases, including periodontal disease. Based on these considerations, a better understanding is required regarding how the diet, and more particularly the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients, could impact the potential relationship between nutrition and periodontal diseases, periodontal diseases and chronic diseases, nutrition and chronic diseases. To overcome this complexity, an up-to-date literature review on the nutriments related to periodontal and chronic diseases was performed. High-sugar, high-saturated fat, low-polyols, low-fiber and low-polyunsaturated-fat intake causes an increased risk of periodontal diseases. This pattern of nutrients is classically found in the Western diet, which is considered as an ‘unhealthy’ diet that causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. Conversely, low-sugar, high-fiber and high-omega-6-to-omega-3 fatty acid ratio intake reduces the risk of periodontal diseases. The Mediterranean, DASH, vegetarian and Okinawa diets that correspond to these nutritional intakes are considered as ‘healthy’ diets, reducing this risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. The role of micronutrients, such as vitamin D, E, K and magnesium, remains unclear, while others, such as vitamin A, B, C, calcium, zinc and polyphenols have been shown to prevent PDs. Some evidence suggests that probiotics and prebiotics could promote periodontal health. Periodontal and chronic diseases share, with a time delay, nutrition as a risk factor. Thus, any change in periodontal health should be considered as a warning signal to control the dietary quality of patients and thus reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases later on.
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Martinon, Prescilla, Laurie Fraticelli, Agnes Giboreau, Claude Dussart, Denis Bourgeois, and Florence Carrouel. "Nutrition as a Key Modifiable Factor for Periodontitis and Main Chronic Diseases." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020197.
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Nutrition is recognized as an essential component in the prevention of a number of chronic diseases, including periodontal disease. Based on these considerations, a better understanding is required regarding how the diet, and more particularly the intake of macronutrients and micronutrients, could impact the potential relationship between nutrition and periodontal diseases, periodontal diseases and chronic diseases, nutrition and chronic diseases. To overcome this complexity, an up-to-date literature review on the nutriments related to periodontal and chronic diseases was performed. High-sugar, high-saturated fat, low-polyols, low-fiber and low-polyunsaturated-fat intake causes an increased risk of periodontal diseases. This pattern of nutrients is classically found in the Western diet, which is considered as an ‘unhealthy’ diet that causes cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. Conversely, low-sugar, high-fiber and high-omega-6-to-omega-3 fatty acid ratio intake reduces the risk of periodontal diseases. The Mediterranean, DASH, vegetarian and Okinawa diets that correspond to these nutritional intakes are considered as ‘healthy’ diets, reducing this risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers. The role of micronutrients, such as vitamin D, E, K and magnesium, remains unclear, while others, such as vitamin A, B, C, calcium, zinc and polyphenols have been shown to prevent PDs. Some evidence suggests that probiotics and prebiotics could promote periodontal health. Periodontal and chronic diseases share, with a time delay, nutrition as a risk factor. Thus, any change in periodontal health should be considered as a warning signal to control the dietary quality of patients and thus reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases later on.
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Kahleova, Hana, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Dario Rahelić, Cyril WC Kendall, Emilie Rembert, and John L. Sievenpiper. "Dietary Patterns and Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Diabetes: A Summary of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092209.
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The Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) conducted a review of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses to explain the relationship between different dietary patterns and patient-important cardiometabolic outcomes. To update the clinical practice guidelines for nutrition therapy in the prevention and management of diabetes, we summarize the evidence from these evidence syntheses for the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Portfolio, Nordic, liquid meal replacement, and vegetarian dietary patterns. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to assess the quality of evidence. We summarized the evidence for disease incidence outcomes and risk factor outcomes using risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), respectively. The Mediterranean diet showed a cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence (RR: 0.62; 95%CI, 0.50, 0.78), and non-significant CVD mortality (RR: 0.67; 95%CI, 0.45, 1.00) benefit. The DASH dietary pattern improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05) and was associated with the decreased incidence of CVD (RR, 0.80; 95%CI, 0.76, 0.85). Vegetarian dietary patterns were associated with improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05) and the reduced incidence (0.72; 95%CI: 0.61, 0.85) and mortality (RR, 0.78; 95%CI, 0.69, 0.88) of coronary heart disease. The Portfolio dietary pattern improved cardiometabolic risk factors and reduced estimated 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk by 13% (−1.34% (95%CI, −2.19 to −0.49)). The Nordic dietary pattern was correlated with decreased CVD (0.93 (95%CI, 0.88, 0.99)) and stroke incidence (0.87 (95%CI, 0.77, 0.97)) and, along with liquid meal replacements, improved cardiometabolic risk factors (P < 0.05). The evidence was assessed as low to moderate certainty for most dietary patterns and outcome pairs. Current evidence suggests that the Mediterranean, DASH, Portfolio, Nordic, liquid meal replacement and vegetarian dietary patterns have cardiometabolic advantages in populations inclusive of diabetes.
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Chareonrungrueangchai, Kridsada, Keerati Wongkawinwoot, Thunyarat Anothaisintawee, and Sirimon Reutrakul. "Dietary Factors and Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Umbrella Review." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041088.
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Unhealthy diet is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, this umbrella review aims to comprehensively review the effects of dietary factors, including dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients on CVD risks. Medline and Scopus databases were searched through March 2020. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses (SRMA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies measuring the effects of dietary factors on CVD risks were eligible. Fifty-four SRMAs, including 35 SRMAs of observational studies, 10 SRMAs of RCTs, and 9 SRMAs of combined RCT and observational studies, were included for review. Findings from the SRMAs of RCTs suggest the significant benefit of Mediterranean and high-quality diets for lowering CVD risk, with pooled risk ratios (RRs) ranging from 0.55 (95%CI: 0.39–0.76) to 0.64 (95%CI: 0.53–0.79) and 0.70 (95%CI: 0.57–0.87), respectively. For food nutrients, two SRMAs of RCTs found that high intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) significantly reduced CVD risks, with pooled RRs ranging from 0.89 (95%CI: 0.82, 0.98) to 0.90 (95%CI: 0.85–0.96), while evidence of efficacy of n-6 PUFA and combined n-3 and n-6 PUFA were inconsistent. Moreover, results from the SRMAs of RCTs did not find a significant benefit of a low-salt diet and low total fat intake for CVD prevention. For food groups, results from the SRMAs of cohort studies suggest that high intakes of legumes, nuts, and chocolate, as well as a vegetarian diet significantly reduced the risk of coronary heart disease, with pooled RRs of 0.90 (95%CI: 0.84–0.97), 0.68 (95%CI: 0.59–0.78), 0.90 (95%CI: 0.82–0.97), and 0.71 (95%CI: 0.57–0.87), respectively. Healthy dietary patterns had a significant benefit for CVD prevention. With the substitutional and synergistic interactions between different food groups and nutrients, dietary recommendations for CVD prevention should be focused more on healthy dietary patterns than single food groups or nutrients.
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Cigarrán Guldris, Secundino, Juan Antonio Latorre Catalá, Ana Sanjurjo Amado, Nicolás Menéndez Granados, and Eva Piñeiro Varela. "Fibre Intake in Chronic Kidney Disease: What Fibre Should We Recommend?" Nutrients 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 4419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204419.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global health problem that challenges all patients’ healthcare needs. Fibre consumption benefits kidney patients by acting preventively on associated risk factors, improving intestinal microbiota composition or reducing metabolic acidosis and inflammation. In this review, we focus on increasing fibre consumption and the quality of fibre to recommend, in addition to increasing the consumption of foods that naturally have it in their design, that can resort to fortified foods or fibre supplements. The Western nutritional practice, which is low in fibre and rich in animal proteins, saturated fats, sodium, and sugar, increases the risk of mortality in these patients. On the contrary, patterns with higher consumption of fibre and vegetable proteins, such as the Mediterranean, vegetarian, or Plant dominant low protein diet (PLADO), seem to have a preventive effect on the associated risk factors and influence CKD progression. Until now, the use of fibre supplements has not achieved an evident impact on clinical results. Fibre-rich foods contain other nutrients that reduce cardiovascular risk. Promoting diets richer in vegetables and guaranteeing adequate energy and protein intake is a challenge for the multidisciplinary teams involved in the standard of care for CKD.
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Cecchini, Andrea Leonardo, Federico Biscetti, Maria Margherita Rando, Elisabetta Nardella, Giovanni Pecorini, Luis H. Eraso, Paul J. Dimuzio, Antonio Gasbarrini, Massimo Massetti, and Andrea Flex. "Dietary Risk Factors and Eating Behaviors in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 10814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810814.
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Dietary risk factors play a fundamental role in the prevention and progression of atherosclerosis and PAD (Peripheral Arterial Disease). The impact of nutrition, however, defined as the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism and repair, remains undefined with regard to PAD. This article describes the interplay between nutrition and the development/progression of PAD. We reviewed 688 articles, including key articles, narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical studies. We analyzed the interaction between nutrition and PAD predictors, and subsequently created four descriptive tables to summarize the relationship between PAD, dietary risk factors and outcomes. We comprehensively reviewed the role of well-studied diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian/vegan, low-carbohydrate ketogenic and intermittent fasting diet) and prevalent eating behaviors (emotional and binge eating, night eating and sleeping disorders, anorexia, bulimia, skipping meals, home cooking and fast/ultra-processed food consumption) on the traditional risk factors of PAD. Moreover, we analyzed the interplay between PAD and nutritional status, nutrients, dietary patterns and eating habits. Dietary patterns and eating disorders affect the development and progression of PAD, as well as its disabling complications including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE). Nutrition and dietary risk factor modification are important targets to reduce the risk of PAD as well as the subsequent development of MACE and MALE.
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Shah, Saeedullah, Farhat Hamid, Jaehanzeb Malik, and Erum Jhumra. "THE NEED FOR OPTIMUM NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH IN PAKISTANI POPULATION." Pakistan Heart Journal 55, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.47144/phj.v55i1.2271.
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The cardiometabolic health spectrum that encompasses atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), dysglycemia, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and their sequelae are associated with several contributing factors, including high caloric intake and poor-quality diet.1 ASCVD and diabetes are closely associated, and both are increasing worldwide, particularly in the developing world.2 Pakistan is part of the South Asian subcontinent with a high prevalence of ASCVD and diabetes. Besides many other factors, the composition, quality, and quantity of the food consumed in the South Asian subcontinent appear to play a significant role in the manifestation of these diseases.3 Pakistan has an extensive array of geographical regions, ethnicities, and cultures that determine their dietary patterns and lifestyle choices.4 When compared with India, Pakistani food has always been based on more animal proteins.5 Recent socioeconomic growth and exposure to other cultures, particularly the Western and Middle Eastern influence have affected Pakistan’s dietary patterns.6 Food choices have become more energy-dense with higher calories and high-fat content, including excessive use of saturated and trans-fat containing ingredients.7 The non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factor survey showed that 96.5% of the participants were consuming an unhealthy diet.6 The variety of food choices together with increasing use of sugar-sweetened carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and lack of physical activity has led to an overall increase in the body weight and prevalence of obesity in society over the last two to three decades. These factors have resulted in a significant rise in the incidence of cardio-metabolic diseases.2 More importantly, these new trend has affected our younger population with the onset of diabetes and ASCVD at an earlier age.7-9 Most of the research on nutrition, dietary patterns, and their association with CVD has been conducted in developed and resource-rich populations.10 Specific diets that are associated with better cardiovascular morbidity and mortality include the Mediterranean style, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) style, Healthy US-Style, and healthy vegetarian style diets.11-13 The guidelines on diet and nutrition for cardiovascular health from the major societies (AHA/ACC, European Society of Cardiology) are mostly based upon the data from the above mentioned dietary styles.14 Pakistan lacks applied nutritional guidelines that can be adapted for our general and patient populations. A valuable resource, Pakistan Dietary Guidelines for Better Nutrition (PDGN) was published by the Ministry of Planning, Government of Pakistan 2019 However; it is not formally incorporated into guidelines for our medical societies or resulted in meaningful governmental policies.15 Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the lack of framework on nutrition for Pakistani population. Not only a review and improvement in our diet is required, other aspects of primary and secondary prevention related to lifestyle modification need also to be incorporated. This necessitates a need to develop a national policy to focus on all aspects of improving cardiovascular health and to address the issues related to the advertisement of unhealthy food choices on electronic and print media. This approach has been taken up by the developed world with significant results in health for their populations.16 There has been a gradual reduction in smoking and consumption of fast food through national policies and promotion of measures such as availability of food labeling, reduction of trans fat content in the food, and encouragement of exercise and physical activity through the availability of playing areas, cycling routes and sports in schools.8,9 Similarly, a more recent change in imposing a tax levy on sugar-sweetened beverages has improved the uptake of sugar-free carbonated drinks.17 Comprehensive diet and nutrition policies and guidelines must be developed, with the participation of all the stakeholders, at a national level and endorsed by the Government, and to fully resource the implementation across Pakistan. National guidelines on diet and nutrition must be based on a deeper understanding of the geographical, cultural, social, and economic situation of Pakistan. There are huge wealth inequalities in Pakistan leading to pockets of the population where there is an abundance of unhealthy foods consumed due to the adoption of Western style fast-food choices. More epidemiological and scientific work is required to learn the extent of the problem, particularly the role of our current diet as a causative factor in cardio metabolic diseases specific to the Pakistani population. Working closely with the education sector to build nutritional and healthy lifestyle advice into the core curriculum would allow access to a significant proportion of the population. This will accentuate the critical role of initiating heart-healthy dietary habits early in life. Given the limitations of resources available, we must adopt and incorporate innovative and novel solutions to influence and educate our local population based on consistent standard guidelines. For example, social media and IT-based solutions are being utilised to educate and follow up participants in the HEAL-Ramadan and COMET-Health Programmes. A majority of our population has access to information through either social media or mass media (electronic and print). The use of this approach is found to be cost-effective, easily reproducible, and less labor-intensive for public health education, a very important aspect of lifestyle measures programs. For inclusivity, we must also explore education interventions for parts of the Pakistan population for which an electronic-based program may not be suitable. A clinical review in the next quarter’s issue of Pakistan Heart Journal and a position paper later in the year on this subject will further highlight this important aspect of cardiovascular health. Our current editorial provides an outline and syntax for future work in this important area. We propose that the framework provided should be deliberated and discussed with other key stakeholders to develop comprehensive national guidelines incorporating the input from the relevant quarters. Furthermore, dietary guidelines must form an essential aspect of primary and secondary management of the cardio-metabolic disease spectrum and must include other facets of lifestyle measures, such as optimal body mass index, exercise, and cessation of smoking in the population. References Wu JHY, Micha R, Mozaffarian D. Dietary fats and cardiometabolic disease: mechanisms and effects on risk factors and outcomes. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(10):581-601. Kapoor D, Iqbal R, Singh K, Jaacks LM, Shivashankar R, Sudha V, et al. Association of dietary patterns and dietary diversity with cardiometabolic disease risk factors among adults in South Asia: The CARRS study. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27(6):1332-43. Barolia R, Petrucka P, Higginbottom GA, Khan FFS, Clark AM. Motivators and Deterrents to Diet Change in Low Socio-Economic Pakistani Patients with Cardiovascular Disease. Glob Qual Nurs Res. 2019;6:2333393619883605. Mahal DG, Matsoukas IG. The Geographic Origins of Ethnic Groups in the Indian Subcontinent: Exploring Ancient Footprints with Y-DNA Haplogroups. Front Genet. 2018;9:4. Safdar NF, Bertone-Johnson E, Cordeiro L, Jafar TH, Cohen NL. Dietary patterns of Pakistani adults and their associations with sociodemographic, anthropometric and life-style factors. J Nutr Sci. 2014;2:e42. Rafique I, Saqib MAN, Munir MA, Qureshi H, Rizwanullah, Khan SA, et al. Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in adults: key findings from the Pakistan STEPS survey. East Mediterr Health J. 2018;24(1):33-41. Sadia A, Strodl E, Khawaja NG, Kausar R, Cooper MJ. Understanding eating and drinking behaviours in Pakistani university students: A conceptual model through qualitative enquiry. Appetite. 2021;161:105133. Iqbal R, Iqbal SP, Yakub M, Tareen AK, Iqbal MP. Major dietary patterns and risk of acute myocardial infarction in young, urban Pakistani population. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(5):1213-8. Titus AR, Kalousova L, Meza R, Levy DT, Thrasher JF, Elliott MR, Lantz PM, Fleischer NL. Smoke-Free Policies and Smoking Cessation in the United States, 2003-2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(17):3200. Anton S, Ezzati A, Witt D, McLaren C, Vial P. The effects of intermittent fasting regimens in middle-age and older adults: Current state of evidence. Exp Gerontol. 2021;156:111617. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, Hu FB, Kris-Etherton PM, Rebholz CM, et al. 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;144(23):e472-e87. Kim RJ, Lopez R, Snair M, Tang A. Mediterranean diet adherence and metabolic syndrome in US adolescents. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2021;72(4):537-47. Harnden KE, Frayn KN, Hodson L. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet: applicability and acceptability to a UK population. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2010;23(1):3-10. Ferraro RA, Fischer NM, Xun H, Michos ED. Nutrition and physical activity recommendations from the United States and European cardiovascular guidelines: a comparative review. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2020;35(5):508-16. Iqbal R, Tahir S, Ghulamhussain N. The need for dietary guidelines in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2017;67(8):1258-61. Cámara M, Giner RM, González-Fandos E, López-García E, Mañes J, Portillo MP, et al. Food-Based Dietary Guidelines around the World: A Comparative Analysis to Update AESAN Scientific Committee Dietary Recommendations. Nutrients. 2021;13(9):3131. Teng AM, Jones AC, Mizdrak A, Signal L, Genç M, Wilson N. Impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes on purchases and dietary intake: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2019;20(9):1187-204.
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Goulet, Julie, Annie Lapointe, Simone Lemieux, and Benoit Lamarche. "Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease." Current Nutrition & Food Science 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2006): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157340106778017850.
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Temple, Norman J., Valentina Guercio, and Alessandra Tavani. "The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease." Cardiology in Review 27, no. 3 (2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/crd.0000000000000222.
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Hiser, Elizabeth. "The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 15, no. 3 (May 1995): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199505000-00002.
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Ferri, Claudio, and Guido Grassi. "Mediterranean diet, cocoa and cardiovascular disease." Journal of Hypertension 21, no. 12 (December 2003): 2231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200312000-00006.
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Marsh, Kate, Carol Zeuschner, and Angela Saunders. "Health Implications of a Vegetarian Diet." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 6, no. 3 (November 4, 2011): 250–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827611425762.
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There is now a significant amount of research that demonstrates the health benefits of vegetarian and plant-based diets, which have been associated with a reduced risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and some types of cancer as well as increased longevity. Vegetarian diets are typically lower in fat, particularly saturated fat, and higher in dietary fiber. They are also likely to include more whole grains, legumes, nuts, and soy protein, and together with the absence of red meat, this type of eating plan may provide many benefits for the prevention and treatment of obesity and chronic health problems, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Although a well-planned vegetarian or vegan diet can meet all the nutritional needs of an individual, it may be necessary to pay particular attention to some nutrients to ensure an adequate intake, particularly if the person is on a vegan diet. This article will review the evidence for the health benefits of a vegetarian diet and also discuss strategies for meeting the nutritional needs of those following a vegetarian or plant-based eating pattern.
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Lairon, D., C. Defoort, R. Planells, and M. J. Amiot-Carlin. "UPDATE ON MEDITERRANEAN DIET AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 744 (May 2007): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.744.3.
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García-Pérez-de-Sevilla, Guillermo, and Beatriz Sánchez-Pinto Pinto. "Mediterranean Diet and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease." Nutrition Today 57, no. 5 (September 2022): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0000000000000561.
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Martinez-Gonzalez, Miguel Angel, and Maira Bes-Rastrollo. "Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease." Current Opinion in Lipidology 25, no. 1 (February 2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0000000000000044.
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Bonaccio, Marialaura, Licia Iacoviello, and Giovanni de Gaetano. "The Mediterranean Diet and reduced cardiovascular disease." European Heart Journal 38, no. 8 (February 21, 2017): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx052.
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&NA;. "Dietary patterns, Mediterranean diet, and cardiovascular disease." Current Opinion in Lipidology 25, no. 4 (August 2014): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mol.0000452372.36572.9b.
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Spence, J. David. "Diet for stroke prevention." Stroke and Vascular Neurology 3, no. 2 (January 13, 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/svn-2017-000130.
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Lifestyle is far more important than most physicians suppose. Dietary changes in China that have resulted from increased prosperity are probably responsible for a marked rise in coronary risk in the past several decades, accelerating in recent years. Intake of meat and eggs has increased, while intake of fruits, vegetables and whole grains has decreased. Between 2003 and 2013, coronary mortality in China increased 213%, while stroke mortality increased by 26.6%. Besides a high content of cholesterol, meat (particularly red meat) contains carnitine, while egg yolks contain phosphatidylcholine. Both are converted by the intestinal microbiome to trimethylamine, in turn oxidised in the liver to trimethylamine n-oxide (TMAO). TMAO causes atherosclerosis in animal models, and in patients referred for coronary angiography high levels after a test dose of two hard-boiled eggs predicted increased cardiovascular risk. The strongest evidence for dietary prevention of stroke and myocardial infarction is with the Mediterranean diet from Crete, a nearly vegetarian diet that is high in beneficial oils, whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes. Persons at risk of stroke should avoid egg yolk, limit intake of red meat and consume a diet similar to the Mediterranean diet. A crucial issue for stroke prevention in China is reduction of sodium intake. Dietary changes, although difficult to implement, represent an important opportunity to prevent stroke and have the potential to reverse the trend of increased cardiovascular risk in China.
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Cyuńczyk, M., K. Zujko, and ME Zujko. "The importance of the Mediterranean diet in cardiovascular disease." Progress in Health Sciences 7, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7857.
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The Mediterranean diet is characterized by abundance of plant foods, such as vegetables, fruit, bread and cereal products, legumes, nuts and seeds, as well as olive oil, herbs and spices. Moreover, moderate intakes of dairy products, fish, poultry and wine, and low consumption of red meat are recommended. This diet is low in saturated fat (<7% of energy) with total fat within the range of 25-35% of energy. To assess dietary compliance cardiovascular diseases with the recommendations of the Mediterranean diet a variety of indicators are used, of which the most common are: 9-point scale of alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED) and 14-item Questionnaire of Mediterranean diet adherence (MDA). The results of the epidemiological research indicate that the nutrition model based on the assumptions of the Mediterranean diet is a crucial component of primary and secondary prevention of 25-35% of energy.
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Covas, María-Isabel. "Benefits of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular disease." Future Cardiology 3, no. 6 (November 2007): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14796678.3.6.575.
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Widmer, R. Jay, Andreas J. Flammer, Lilach O. Lerman, and Amir Lerman. "The Mediterranean Diet, its Components, and Cardiovascular Disease." American Journal of Medicine 128, no. 3 (March 2015): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.014.
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Goldfarb, Galit, and Yaron Sela. "The Ideal Diet for Humans to Sustainably Feed The Growing Population – Review, Meta-Analyses, and Policies for Change." F1000Research 10 (November 10, 2021): 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73470.1.
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Introduction: As of now, no study has combined research from different sciences to determine the most suitable diet for humans. This issue is urgent due to the predicted population growth, the effect of this on the environment, and the deterioration of human health and associated costs. Methods: A literature review determined whether an optimal diet for humans exists and what such a diet is, followed by six meta-analyses. The standard criteria for conducting meta-analyses of observational studies were followed. A review of literature reporting Hazard Ratios with a 95% confidence interval for red meat intake, dairy intake, plant-based diet, fiber intake, and serum IGF-1 levels were extracted to calculate effect sizes. Results: Results calculated using NCSS software show that high meat consumption increases mortality probability by 18% on average and increases diabetes risk by 50%. Plant-based and high-fiber diets decrease mortality by 15% and 20% respectively (p < .001). Plant-based diets decreased diabetes risk by 27%, and dairy consumption (measured by increased IGF-1 levels) increased cancer probability by 48% (p < 0.01). A vegetarian or Mediterranean diet was not found to decrease the probability of heart disease. A vegetarian diet can be healthy or not, depending on the foods consumed. A Mediterranean diet with high quantities of meat and dairy products will not produce the health effects desired. The main limitations of the study were that observational studies were heterogeneous and limited by potential confounders. Discussion: The literature and meta-analyses point to an optimal diet for humans that has followed our species from the beginnings of humankind. The optimal diet is a whole food, high fiber, low-fat, 90+% plant-based diet. This diet allowed humans to become the most developed species on Earth. To ensure people’s nutritional needs are met healthily and sustainably, governmental dietary interventions are necessary.
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Butola, Lata Kanyal, Deepika Kanyal, and Ranjit Ambad. "Vegetarian Diet - Dealing with Efficiency and Deficiency of It - A Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 41 (October 11, 2021): 3592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/728.
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BACKGROUND There is already a large amount of evidence demonstrating the health benefits of vegetarian and plant-based diets along with lower incidence of obesity, diabetes, heart disease and certain forms of cancer as well as improved lifespan. Vegetarian diets tend to be lower in fat, particularly saturated fat and higher in dietary fiber. Consuming more whole grains, legumes, nuts, soy protein along with the absence of red meat, this form of eating plan will have many benefits for the prevention and treatment of obesity and chronic health conditions, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whereas an excellently-planned vegetarian or vegan diet may fulfil all nutritional needs of an individual person. It may be important to pay careful attention to certain nutrients to maintain an appropriate intake, especially if the person is on a vegan diet. Legumes, such as soy, dried beans, peas, and lentils, are also important for a vegan diet because they are great sources of sugar, protein, iron, zinc, and calcium. It is important to ingest nuts and seeds as they increase essential fat intake and help to meet the energy and protein needs. Fortified foods (including vitamin B-12, calcium, and vitamin D) must be eaten since they are the only acceptable sources for certain vitamins in the vegan diet. This article will review the evidence of the health benefits of a vegetarian diet and also address strategies for meeting the nutritional needs of those adopting a vegetarian or plantbased eating pattern, and summarize the characteristics and benefits of vegetarian diets in the general population and the possible beneficial effects of such diet on phosphate balance, insulin sensitivity, and the control of metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. KEY WORDS Nutrients, Vitamin B12, Zinc, Omega 3 Fatty Acids
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Milan, Amber M., Sarah M. Mitchell, Utpal Prodhan, Cintia B. Dias, Manohar Garg, Núria Amigó Grau, Arvind Subbaraj, Karl Fraser, Emma Bermingham, and David Cameron-Smith. "Regular Consumption of Either Red Meat or Soy Protein Does Not Raise Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Men at Heightened Risk." Proceedings 37, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019037021.
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Popa, Stefan L., Cristina Pop, and Dan L. Dumitrascu. "Diet Advice for Crohn’s Disease: FODMAP and Beyond." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 6, 2020): 3751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123751.
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Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive, and destructive granulomatous inflammatory bowel disorder that can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It has been presumed that different types of diet might improve gastrointestinal symptoms in CD patients. The aim of this review was to clarify the efficiency and indications of a low-“fermentable oligo-, di-, mono-saccharides and polyols” (FODMAP) diet (LFD) in CD and to further analyze the available data on other types of diets. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and WILEY databases were screened for relevant publications regarding the effect of FODMAP diets on CD. Our search identified 12 articles analyzing the effect of an LFD in CD, 5 articles analyzing the effect of a Mediterranean diet (MD), 2 articles analyzing the effect of a vegetarian diet (VD), and 2 articles analyzing the effect of a low-lactose diet (LLD). The majority of the studies included in this review show the significant efficiency of the LFD in CD patients. We found significant evidence demonstrating that the LFD has a favorable impact on gastrointestinal symptoms in CD patients. Notwithstanding the evidence, it remains to be established if an LFD is more efficient than other types of diets in the short term and especially in the long term.
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Li, Jun, Marta Guasch-Ferré, Wonil Chung, Miguel Ruiz-Canela, Estefanía Toledo, Dolores Corella, Shilpa N. Bhupathiraju, et al. "The Mediterranean diet, plasma metabolome, and cardiovascular disease risk." European Heart Journal 41, no. 28 (May 14, 2020): 2645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa209.
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Abstract Aims To investigate whether metabolic signature composed of multiple plasma metabolites can be used to characterize adherence and metabolic response to the Mediterranean diet and whether such a metabolic signature is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Methods and results Our primary study cohort included 1859 participants from the Spanish PREDIMED trial, and validation cohorts included 6868 participants from the US Nurses’ Health Studies I and II, and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (NHS/HPFS). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using a validated Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), and plasma metabolome was profiled by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We observed substantial metabolomic variation with respect to Mediterranean diet adherence, with nearly one-third of the assayed metabolites significantly associated with MEDAS (false discovery rate < 0.05). Using elastic net regularized regressions, we identified a metabolic signature, comprised of 67 metabolites, robustly correlated with Mediterranean diet adherence in both PREDIMED and NHS/HPFS (r = 0.28–0.37 between the signature and MEDAS; P = 3 × 10−35 to 4 × 10−118). In multivariable Cox regressions, the metabolic signature showed a significant inverse association with CVD incidence after adjusting for known risk factors (PREDIMED: hazard ratio [HR] per standard deviation increment in the signature = 0.71, P < 0.001; NHS/HPFS: HR = 0.85, P = 0.001), and the association persisted after further adjustment for MEDAS scores (PREDIMED: HR = 0.73, P = 0.004; NHS/HPFS: HR = 0.85, P = 0.004). Further genome-wide association analysis revealed that the metabolic signature was significantly associated with genetic loci involved in fatty acids and amino acids metabolism. Mendelian randomization analyses showed that the genetically inferred metabolic signature was significantly associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke (odds ratios per SD increment in the genetically inferred metabolic signature = 0.92 for CHD and 0.91 for stroke; P < 0.001). Conclusions We identified a metabolic signature that robustly reflects adherence and metabolic response to a Mediterranean diet, and predicts future CVD risk independent of traditional risk factors, in Spanish and US cohorts.
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Estruch, Ramón, Emilio Ros, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Maria-Isabel Covas, Dolores Corella, Fernando Arós, Enrique Gómez-Gracia, et al. "Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet." New England Journal of Medicine 368, no. 14 (April 4, 2013): 1279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1200303.
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Dick, Laura. "The Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Through the Mediterranean Diet." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 50, no. 7 (July 2018): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2018.01.016.
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Lairon, Denis. "Mediterranean diet, fats and cardiovascular disease risk: what news?" British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 1 (July 1999): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001051.
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Tindall, Alyssa M., Kristina S. Petersen, and Penny M. Kris-Etherton. "Dietary Patterns Affect the Gut Microbiome—The Link to Risk of Cardiometabolic Diseases." Journal of Nutrition 148, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 1402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy141.
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Abstract Clusters of bacterial species within the gut microenvironment, or gut enterotype, have been correlated with cardiometabolic disease risk. The metabolic products and metabolites that bacteria produce, such as short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and trimethylamine, may also affect the microbial community and disease risk. Diet has a direct impact on the gut microenvironment by providing substrates to and promoting the colonization of resident bacteria. To date, few dietary patterns have been evaluated for their effect on the gut microbiome, but the Mediterranean diet and Vegetarian diets have shown favorable effects for both the gut microbiome and cardiometabolic disease risk. This review examines the gut microbiome as a mediator between these dietary patterns and cardiometabolic disease risk.
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Clark, Michael, Jason Hill, and David Tilman. "The Diet, Health, and Environment Trilemma." Annual Review of Environment and Resources 43, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025957.
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As populations become more affluent and urbanized, diets are shifting such that they are becoming higher in calories and include more highly processed foods and animal products. These dietary shifts are driving increases in diet-related diseases and are also causing environmental degradation. These linked impacts pose a new key issue for global society—a diet, health, and environment trilemma. Recent dietary shifts have contributed to increasing diet-related health and environmental impacts, including an 80% increase in global diabetes prevalence and an 860% increase in global nitrogen fertilizer use. Furthermore, if current dietary trajectories were to continue for the next several decades, diet-related diseases would account for three-quarters of the global burden of disease and would also lead to large increases in diet-related environmental impacts. We discuss how shifts to healthier diets—such as some Mediterranean, pescetarian, vegetarian, and vegan diets—could reduce incidence of diet-related diseases and improve environmental outcomes. In addition, we detail how other interventions to food systems that use known technologies and management techniques would improve environmental outcomes.
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Martín-Peláez, Sandra, Montse Fito, and Olga Castaner. "Mediterranean Diet Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Prevention, Disease Progression, and Related Mechanisms. A Review." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082236.
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The search for a quality diet has grown over the past decade. Diet is considered one of the pillars for the prevention and progression of several diseases, among them: diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an epidemic of western countries that increases the vulnerability of other diseases, such as cardiovascular and cancer. T2D is associated with lifestyle and diet. The traditional Mediterranean diet has proven its benefits over several cardiovascular risk factors, and specifically on diabetes. This review compiles recent published evidence on the effects of the Mediterranean diet on the incidence and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its relation with several other cardiovascular healthy diets. We will also focus on how the Mediterranean diet could play a role in T2D-related mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory or antioxidant compounds, glucagon-like peptide agonist compounds, and changes in gut microbiota. Each component of the Mediterranean diet could be involved in processes related to diabetes homeostasis, many of them sharing common physio-pathological pathways. The importance of this diet within the set of habits of a healthy lifestyle must be emphasized.
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Kaufman-Shriqui, Vered, Daniela Abigail Navarro, Hagit Salem, and Mona Boaz. "Mediterranean diet and health – a narrative review." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 12, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v12i9.989.
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The Mediterranean Diet is a dietary pattern characterized by increased intake of olive oil, vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts and pulses/legumes; as well as moderate intake of fish and other meat, dairy products and red wine. This dietary pattern has been associated with reduced risk for non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, certain cancers, and dementia. The importance of modifying lifestyle risk factors to reduce these diseases is evidence by the increased obesity rates and aging of the global population. To examine associations between adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and non-communicable disease risk. There is evidence supporting a role for the Mediterranean Diet in primary and secondary non-communicable disease prevention; Furthermore, the Mediterranean Diet has been associated with reduced all-cause mortality.Conclusions: The Mediterranean Diet is associated with demonstrable and measurable health benefits, including non-communicable disease prevention and reduced mortality risk. The Mediterranean Diet is frequently consumed by individuals in Blue Zones.Keywords: Mediterranean diet; olive oil; non-communicable disease risk
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Charkviani, Mariam, Charat Thongprayoon, Supawit Tangpanithandee, Pajaree Krisanapan, Jing Miao, Michael A. Mao, and Wisit Cheungpasitporn. "Effects of Mediterranean Diet, DASH Diet, and Plant-Based Diet on Outcomes among End Stage Kidney Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Clinics and Practice 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010004.
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Background: The Mediterranean, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and plant-based diets may provide cardiovascular benefit to the general population. However, data on their effect on end stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients are limited. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets on outcomes among ESKD patients. Methods: A literature review was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases from inception through September 2022 to identify studies that assess the clinical outcomes of Mediterranean, DASH, or plant-based diets on ESKD patients on hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD). Effect estimates from the individual studies were derived utilizing the random-effect, generic inverse variance approach of DerSimonian and Laird. Results: Seven studies with 9400 ESKD patients (8395 HD and 1005 PD) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the data analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) of mortality for ESKD patients who adhered to the Mediterranean versus plant-based diet were 0.49 (95% CI: 0.07–3.54; two studies, I2 = 67%) and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.75–1.01; two studies, I2 = 0%), respectively. Data on mortality for ESKD patients on a DASH diet were limited to one study with an OR of 1.00 (95% CI: 0.89–1.12). The pooled OR of cardiovascular mortality among ESKD patients who adhered to a plant-based diet was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.68–1.08; two studies, I2 = 0%), compared to those who did not. Data on cardiovascular mortality among those with Mediterranean and DASH diet were limited to one study with ORs of 1.14 (95% CI: 0.90–1.43) and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.99–1.43), respectively. Mediterranean diet adherence was found to be associated with reduced risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with an OR of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.68–0.99) in a study including 127 ESKD patients. The risk of hyperkalemia was not significant among those with a plant-based diet with an OR of 1.00 (95% CI: 0.94–1.07) in a study including 150 ESKD patients. Conclusions: While our systematic review demonstrated no significant associations of Mediterranean, DASH, and plant-based diets with reduced all-cause mortality or cardiovascular mortality, there was also no evidence that suggested harmful effects of these diets to ESKD patients.
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EKİNOĞLU, Ezgi, and Ceren SEMERCİ. "MIGRAINE AND CURRENT DIET APPROACHES." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS, no. 45 (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17363/sstb.2022/abcd89/.45.11.
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Migraine is one of the oldest diseases known in history and is a chronic disease characterized by episodic, severe, throbbing headaches mostly accompanied by sensory, autonomic and motor disorders. In the burden of disease and disability studies conducted by WHO, it was ranked 19th in the world in 2000 and rose to the 2nd place in 2020. Factors such as hunger, alcohol and tobacco use, loud noise, insomnia, bright light, sharp smells trigger migraine. In addition to these, nutrition also has a significant effect on migraine. Exposure of some nutrients and deprivation of others can cause migraine attacks. There are studies in the literature in which different dietary approaches are applied for the treatment of migraine. Nutritional models such as elimination diets, vegetarian/vegan diet, ketogenic diet, low-fat diet, Mediterranean diet are among the approaches used in treatment. The most commonly used of these diets are elimination diets. Elimination diets require the identification of provocative dietary components and then their removal from the diet. Elimination diets used for migraine are generally based on the elimination of gluten, lactose and casein from the diet. However, there is no clear nutritional protocol that will positively affect the prognosis in the treatment of migraine. For this reason, an individualized approach should be adopted in order to determine the trigger nutritional elements, in which the individual experiences severe headache when exposed to a nutritional trigger, in which these foods are removed from the diet. In conclusion, more studies needed on dietary approaches to benefit migraine.
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Salas-Salvadó, Jordi, Nerea Becerra-Tomás, Jesús Francisco García-Gavilán, Mònica Bulló, and Laura Barrubés. "Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: What Do We Know?" Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 61, no. 1 (May 2018): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.04.006.
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Holt, Shaun. "Cochrane corner: Mediterranean diet for the prevention of cardiovascular disease." Advances in Integrative Medicine 1, no. 1 (January 2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2013.08.009.
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HINGORANI, Aroon D. "Diet, the endothelium and atherosclerosis." Clinical Science 106, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 447–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20040023.
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Dietary factors have been implicated in the difference in the risk of cardiovascular disease observed between populations. However, clinical trials and mechanistic studies of dietary modification are difficult to undertake, and the data set on dietary intervention for cardiovascular disease is now much smaller than that for pharmacological interventions. Moreover, the precise mechanism by which dietary modification might alter the risk of cardiovascular disease is uncertain. In this issue of Clinical Science, Ambring and co-workers investigate the effect of a Mediterranean-inspired diet on endothelial function and lipid fractions.
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Sanpaolo, Eliana R., Addolorata Corrado, and Francesco P. Cantatore. "Mediterranean Diet and Osteoarticular Diseases." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207322666191203103530.
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Background: Besides the well-known positive effect on the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases, in the latest decades growing evidence has accumulated on the beneficial effects of MD on various aspects of health outcomes. Nevertheless, data concerning the existence of a direct positive effect of MD, irrespective of its beneficial effect on body weight, in osteo-articular diseases, are still controversial. In osteo-articular diseases, a pro-inflammatory environment is highlighted, with an increased systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Objective: Our objective is to investigate the effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and osteo-articular diseases. Conclusion: Many foods included in MD, have anti-inflammatory properties, due to the presence of nutrients, such as polyunsaturated (PUFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fats. The two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, have opposing effects on the inflammatory process. Omega-6 stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while omega-3 fatty acids exert anti-inflammatory effects, including significant reductions in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Some studies have shown that the dietary pattern of MD consumption has an important role in the prevention and development of inflammatory arthritis. Nevertheless, the possible influence of MD on chronic osteo-articular diseases is very limited, this review updates the main experimental and clinical evidences concerning the potential beneficial effects of the Mediterranean Diet on the most diffuse osteo-articular chronic and degenerative joint disease.
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Ornish, Dean. "Can Lifestyle Changes Reverse Coronary Atherosclerosis?" International Journal of Yoga Therapy 7, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.7.1.9060125781414325.
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Most physicians are familiar with the evidence linking diet, cigarette smoking, lack of exercise, and emotional stress to the development of coronary heart disease. These relationships imply that it might be possible to arrest or even reverse the course of coronary disease by lifestyle changes that reduce cardiovascular risks. Studies my colleagues and I have conducted to evaluate a comprehensive life-change program – combining a strict low-fat vegetarian diet,moderate aerobic exercise, abstinence from smoking, and stress management training – have shown measurable regression of disease in patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis.
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Haile, Belay, Kumera Neme, and Tefera Belachew. "Evolution of human diet and effect of globalization on regional diet with emphasis to the Mediterranean diet." Nutrition & Food Science 47, no. 6 (November 13, 2017): 869–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-02-2017-0017.
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Purpose The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is an expression of different Mediterranean food cultures and lifestyles. It is characterized by high consumption of olive oil, vegetables, legumes, whole grain products, fruits and nuts. This paper aims to emphasize on the evolution of human diet from earliest human ancestors to current civilization, the effect of MD on human health and the role of globalization to shift traditional diet, particularly MD to processed foods. Design/methodology/approach Different published papers were collected from the internet by using the following phrases: evolution of human diet, human ancestors, the effect of globalization on a regional diet, Mediterranean diet, healthy food, food pyramid, evolution of human diet and effect of globalization on diet. Finally, the papers were read and summarized as a review paper. Findings MD has been accepted worldwide owing to its health impact such as prevention and control of type 2 diabetes, anti-inflammatory effects and decrease in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and incidence of Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. However, in conjunction with this discordance between our ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cultural and activity patterns of contemporary Western populations, many of the so-called diseases of civilization have emerged. Particularly, the food staples and food-processing procedures introduced during the Neolithic and Industrial periods have fundamentally altered nutritional characteristics of ancestral hominin diets. MD is currently under the risk of extinction for a result of the effects of globalization. Originality/value The review paper focuses on the evolution of human diet as an effect of globalization on the regional diet with emphasis on the MD. It specifically focuses on the link between diet and earliest human ancestors, about MD and its health benefit, diet pyramid and effect of globalization on regional diet.
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Garbicz, Jagoda, Beata Całyniuk, Michał Górski, Marta Buczkowska, Małgorzata Piecuch, Aleksandra Kulik, and Piotr Rozentryt. "Nutritional Therapy in Persons Suffering from Psoriasis." Nutrients 14, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14010119.
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Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Immunological, genetic, and environmental factors, including diet, play a part in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Metabolic syndrome or its components are frequent co-morbidities in persons with psoriasis. A change of eating habits can improve the quality of life of patients by relieving skin lesions and by reducing the risk of other diseases. A low-energy diet is recommended for patients with excess body weight. Persons suffering from psoriasis should limit the intake of saturated fatty acids and replace them with polyunsaturated fatty acids from the omega-3 family, which have an anti-inflammatory effect. In diet therapy for persons with psoriasis, the introduction of antioxidants such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, flavonoids, and selenium is extremely important. Vitamin D supplementation is also recommended. Some authors suggest that alternative diets have a positive effect on the course of psoriasis. These diets include: a gluten-free diet, a vegetarian diet, and a Mediterranean diet. Diet therapy for patients with psoriasis should also be tailored to pharmacological treatment. For instance, folic acid supplementation is introduced in persons taking methotrexate. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail the nutritional recommendations for persons with psoriasis.
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Ionita Radu, Florentina, Aurelian E. Ranetti, Titus M. Vasile, Anca M. Sirbu, Any Axelerad, and Carmen A. Sirbu. "The Impact of the Hypercaloric Diet versus the Mediterranean Diet on Insulin Sensitivity." Romanian Journal of Military Medicine 126, no. 3 (January 8, 2023): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.55453/rjmm.2023.126.3.6.
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"Obesity affects the population worldwide. A hypercaloric diet associated with a sedentary life, stress, and genetic background, triggers various metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cognitive impairment. A healthy diet correlated with physical activity, not smoking, and moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of developing metabolic diseases. The Mediterranean diet contains antioxidants, fiber, polyunsaturated fats, and compounds with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity properties. In a wide variety of species including humans, the reduction of calories between 20-40% significantly improves health, increaseslongevity, and delaysthe development of various pathologies. The main aim of this review is to present the comparative effects of the Mediterranean diet versus the hypercaloric diet on insulin sensitivity. "
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Newman, Tiffany M., Mara Z. Vitolins, and Katherine L. Cook. "From the Table to the Tumor: The Role of Mediterranean and Western Dietary Patterns in Shifting Microbial-Mediated Signaling to Impact Breast Cancer Risk." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112565.
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Diet is a modifiable component of lifestyle that could influence breast cancer development. The Mediterranean dietary pattern is considered one of the healthiest of all dietary patterns. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet protects against diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Reported consumption of a Mediterranean diet pattern was associated with lower breast cancer risk for women with all subtypes of breast cancer, and a Western diet pattern was associated with greater risk. In this review, we contrast the available epidemiological breast cancer data, comparing the impact of consuming a Mediterranean diet to the Western diet. Furthermore, we will review the preclinical data highlighting the anticancer molecular mechanism of Mediterranean diet consumption in both cancer prevention and therapeutic outcomes. Diet composition is a major constituent shaping the gut microbiome. Distinct patterns of gut microbiota composition are associated with the habitual consumption of animal fats, high-fiber diets, and vegetable-based diets. We will review the impact of Mediterranean diet on the gut microbiome and inflammation. Outside of the gut, we recently demonstrated that Mediterranean diet consumption led to distinct microbiota shifts in the mammary gland tissue, suggesting possible anticancer effects by diet on breast-specific microbiome. Taken together, these data support the anti-breast-cancer impact of Mediterranean diet consumption.