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Journal articles on the topic 'Vector of magnetization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Ghalehnoee, Mohammad Hossein, and Abdolhamid Ansari. "Compact magnetization vector inversion." Geophysical Journal International 228, no. 1 (August 17, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab330.

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SUMMARY Magnetization vector inversion (MVI) has attracted considerable attention in recent years since by this inversion both distribution of the magnitude and direction of the magnetization are obtained; therefore, it is easy to distinguish between the magnetic causative bodies especially when magnetic data are affected by different remanent magnetization. In this research, the compact magnetization vector inversion is presented: a 3-D magnetic modelling is proposed from surface data measurements to obtain compact magnetization distribution. The equations are solved in data-space least squares and the algorithm includes a combination of two weights as depth weighting and compactness weighting in the Cartesian system. The re-weighted compactness weighting matrix handles sparsity constraints imposed on the magnitude of magnetization for varying Lp-norms ($0 \le p \le 2$). The low value of the norm leads to more focused or compact inversion, and using a large value of p obtains a smooth model. The method is validated with two synthetic examples, the first is a cube that has significant remanent magnetization and the second consists of two causative cube bodies with significant different magnetization directions at different depths. The case study is the magnetic data of Galinge iron ore deposit (China) that the apparent susceptibility and magnetization directions are reconstructed. The compact model reveals that the results agree with drilling and geological information.

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2

MacLeod, Ian N., and Robert G. Ellis. "Quantitative Magnetization Vector Inversion." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2016, no. 1 (December 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2016ab115.

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3

Pedersen, Laust B., and Mehrdad Bastani. "Estimating rock-vector magnetization from coincident measurements of magnetic field and gravity gradient tensor." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 3 (May 2016): B55—B64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0100.1.

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Poisson’s theorem relating components of the magnetic field to components of the gradient of the gravity vector assuming a common source has been cast into a general form. A given magnetization distribution in the terrain or in the underlying crust is propagated into the corresponding magnetic field through the gravity gradient tensor. Conversely, measured magnetic field anomalies and measured gravity gradient tensor anomalies can be used to estimate the unknown magnetization vectors without knowledge of the geometry of the sources. We have tested the method on recently acquired data over a greenstone belt in Northern Sweden. The topographic relief was sufficiently variable to dominate the measured gravity gradient tensor. In practice, we have concentrated on areas where the norm of the gravity gradient tensor reached a maximum so that there was a better chance of identifying isolated sources with well-defined density and magnetization. We have surrounded the selected points by a small window and used all the data lying within that window to estimate the magnetization vectors. We have compared the estimated amplitudes and directions of magnetization with those measured from selected rock samples in the area and found a relatively modest agreement. We have interpreted this as a result of two effects: (1) Measured magnetizations are generally lower than those estimated by this method, and we believe that this is related to the fact that the collection of samples in the field is biased because of a small number of outcrops in most parts of the area. (2) This analysis is biased toward high-amplitude magnetic anomalies; i.e., the estimation procedure works best for high-amplitude magnetic anomalies, in which case, the influence of neighboring anomalies is reduced. The estimated magnetization directions show a strong dominance of remanent magnetization over induced magnetization in agreement with laboratory measurements on rock samples from the area.

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SPELIOTIS, Dennis, David BONO, and Patrick JUDGE. "VECTOR MAGNETIZATION OF RECORDING MEDIA." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 13, S_1_PMRC_89 (1989): S1_887–892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.13.s1_887.

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5

Rysak, A., and S. Z. Korczak. "Vector description of nonlinear magnetization." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 231, no. 2-3 (June 2001): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(01)00199-8.

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6

Kushnirenko, A., V. Pryadko, and O. Sinyavsky. "The bioenergetic resonance model at pre-sowing seed crops treatment." Energy and automation, no. 2(54) (June 22, 2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/energiya2021.02.097.

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The research is devoted to the study of the behavior of the generalizing magnetization vector in the seeds of agricultural crops under the action of longitudinal constant and transverse alternating magnetic fields by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance. Based on the theoretical studies, the value of the average magnetic susceptibility per unit volume of seed χ and the value of the magnetization vector were determined. For the system of microparticles of cells of plant origin, the average magnetic susceptibility per unit volume of seed is χ = 2.1 · 10-5, and the magnetization vector M=13.125 mA/m at a longitudinal constant magnetic field strength H = 625 A/m. When a weak transverse alternating magnetic field is superimposed on the frequency, the oscillation frequencies of the magnetization vectors M coincide with the field frequency, which is a condition for the occurrence of magnetic resonance. The longitudinal magnetization vector during the transition from the ground state to the excited state (resonant) describes a trajectory in the form of a spiral on the surface of the sphere. A mathematical model for a biological system taking into account the Earth's magnetic field is built. It is established that for the technology of pre-sowing treatment of seeds of agricultural crops, the inductor, which creates a constant magnetic field, must be located so that the vector of the constant magnetic field of the inductor coincides with the vector of the Earth's magnetic field. Keywords: bioenergetic resonance, pre-sowing treatment of crop seeds, direct magnetic field, alternating magnetic field, longitudinal and transverse relaxation

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7

Xiao, Xiao, Fabian Müller, Martin Marco Nell, and Kay Hameyer. "Modeling anisotropic magnetic hysteresis properties with vector stop model by using finite element method." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 41, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 752–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-06-2021-0213.

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Purpose This paper aims to use a history-dependent vector stop hysteresis model incorporated into a two dimensional finite elements (FE) simulation environment to solve the magnetic field problems in electrical machines. The vector stop hysteresis model is valid for representing the anisotropic magnetization characteristics of electrical steel sheets. Comparisons of the simulated results with measurements show that the model is well appropriate for the simulation of electrical machines with alternating, rotating and harmonic magnetic flux densities. Design/methodology/approach The anisotropy of the permeability of an electrical steel sheet can be represented by integrating anhysteretic surfaces into the elastic element of a vector hysteresis stop model. The parameters of the vector stop hysteresis model were identified by minimizing the errors between the simulated results and measurements. In this paper, a damped Newton method is applied to solve the nonlinear problem, which ensures a robust convergence of the finite elements simulation with vector stop hysteresis model. Findings Analyzing the measurements of the electrical steel sheets sample obtained from a rotational single sheet tester shows the importance to consider the anisotropic and saturation behavior of the material. Comparing the calculated and measured data corroborates the hypothesis that the presented energy-based vector stop hysteresis model is able to represent these magnetic properties appropriately. To ensure a unique way of hysteresis loops during finite elements simulation, the memory of the vector stop hysteresis model from last time step is kept unchanged during the Newton iterations. Originality/value The results of this work demonstrates that the presented vector hysteresis stop model allows simulation of vector hysteresis effects of electrical steel sheets in electrical machines with a limited amount of measurements. The essential properties of the electrical steel sheets, such as phase shifts, the anisotropy of magnetizations and the magnetization characteristics by alternating, rotating, harmonic magnetization types, can be accurately represented.

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8

IVEZIĆ, TOMISLAV. "THE CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS AND THE MAGNETOELECTRIC EFFECT FOR MOVING MEDIA." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 08 (March 30, 2012): 1250040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212500403.

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In this paper the constitutive relations for moving media with homogeneous and isotropic electric and magnetic properties are presented as the connections between the generalized magnetization–polarization bivector [Formula: see text] and the electromagnetic field F. Using the decompositions of F and [Formula: see text], it is shown how the polarization vector P(x) and the magnetization vector M(x) depend on E, B and two different velocity vectors, u — the bulk velocity vector of the medium, and v — the velocity vector of the observers who measure E and B fields. These constitutive relations with four-dimensional geometric quantities, which correctly transform under the Lorentz transformations (LT), are compared with Minkowski's constitutive relations with the 3-vectors and several essential differences are pointed out. They are caused by the fact that, contrary to the general opinion, the usual transformations of the 3-vectors E, B, P, M, etc. are not the LT. The physical explanation is presented for the existence of the magnetoelectric effect in moving media that essentially differs from the traditional one.

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9

Reimers, A., and E. Della Torre. "Fast Preisach-based vector magnetization model." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 37, no. 5 (2001): 3349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.952611.

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10

Chiba, D., M. Sawicki, Y. Nishitani, Y. Nakatani, F. Matsukura, and H. Ohno. "Magnetization vector manipulation by electric fields." Nature 455, no. 7212 (September 2008): 515–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07318.

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11

Lacey, D., R. Gebauer, and A. D. Caplin. "Vector magnetization studies of anisotropic superconductors." Superconductor Science and Technology 8, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/8/7/015.

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12

DellaTorre, Edward, and Ann Reimers. "Energy considerations in vector magnetization models." Journal of Applied Physics 89, no. 11 (June 2001): 7239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1355339.

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13

Della Torre, Edward. "Rotational magnetization losses in vector models." Journal of Applied Physics 93, no. 10 (May 15, 2003): 6632–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1557358.

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14

Fournier, Dominique, Lindsey J. Heagy, and Douglas W. Oldenburg. "Sparse magnetic vector inversion in spherical coordinates." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): J33—J49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0244.1.

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Magnetic vector inversion (MVI) has received considerable attention over recent years for processing magnetic field data that are affected by remanent magnetization. However, the magnetization models obtained with current inversion algorithms are generally too smooth to be easily interpreted geologically. To address this, we have reviewed the MVI formulated in a spherical coordinate system. We tackle convergence issues posed by the nonlinear transformation from Cartesian to spherical coordinates by using an iterative sensitivity weighting approach and a scaling of the spherical parameters. The spherical formulation allows us to impose sparsity assumptions on the magnitude and direction of magnetization independently and, as a result, the inversion recovers simpler and more coherent magnetization orientations. The numerical implementation of our algorithm on large-scale problems is facilitated by discretizing the forward problem using tiled octree meshes. All of our results are generated using the open-source SimPEG software. We determine the enhanced capabilities of our algorithm on a large airborne magnetic survey collected over the Kevitsa Ni-Cu-platinum group elements (PGE) deposit. The recovered magnetization direction inside the ultramafic intrusion and in the host stratigraphy is consistent with laboratory measurements and provides evidence for tectonic deformation.

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15

Baratchart, Laurent, Cristóbal Villalobos Guillén, and Douglas P. Hardin. "Inverse potential problems in divergence form for measures in the plane." ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 27 (2021): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv/2021082.

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We study inverse potential problems with source term the divergence of some unknown (ℝ3-valued) measure supported in a plane; e.g., inverse magnetization problems for thin plates. We investigate methods for recovering a magnetization μ by penalizing the measure-theoretic total variation norm ∥μ∥TV , and appealing to the decomposition of divergence-free measures in the plane as superpositions of unit tangent vector fields on rectifiable Jordan curves. In particular, we prove for magnetizations supported in a plane that TV -regularization schemes always have a unique minimizer, even in the presence of noise. It is further shown that TV -norm minimization (among magnetizations generating the same field) uniquely recovers planar magnetizations in the following two cases: (i) when the magnetization is carried by a collection of sufficiently separated line segments and a set that is purely 1-unrectifiable; (ii) when a superset of the support is tree-like. We note that such magnetizations can be recovered via TV -regularization schemes in the zero noise limit by taking the regularization parameter to zero. This suggests definitions of sparsity in the present infinite dimensional context, that generate results akin to compressed sensing.

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16

Юсипова, Ю. А. "Частота и быстродействие спинового вентиля с планарной анизотропией слоев." Физика твердого тела 62, no. 9 (2020): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.09.49754.29h.

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The dynamics of the magnetization vector in the free layer of a layered spin-valve structure was simulated. As materials for the free and fixed layers, six magnetically soft ferromagnets with longitudinal anisotropy were considered. The types of magnetization dynamics that are of practical interest for MRAM and HMDD (switching of the magnetization vector), STNO (stable precession of the magnetization vector), and the base element PSL (switching of the magnetization vector with two probable outcomes) were highlighted. The ranges of currents and fields corresponding to these operating modes of the spin valve were calculated. The numerical calculations of the switching time showed that, among the considered materials for the MRAM cell, the most suitable is Co80Gd20 alloy, while for the HMDD read head, it is Fe60Co20B20. As a result of the precession frequency calculations, it was concluded that the Fe60Co20B20 alloy is optimal for the STNO ferromagnetic layers. For the implementation of PSL, the best switching characteristics were demonstrated by the Co93Gd7 alloy.

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17

Liu, Shuang, Xiangyun Hu, Tianyou Liu, Jie Feng, Wenli Gao, and Liquan Qiu. "Magnetization vector imaging for borehole magnetic data based on magnitude magnetic anomaly." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): D429—D444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0454.1.

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Remanent magnetization and self-demagnetization change the magnitude and direction of the magnetization vector, which complicates the interpretation of magnetic data. To deal with this problem, we evaluated a method for inverting the distributions of 2D magnetization vector or effective susceptibility using 3C borehole magnetic data. The basis for this method is the fact that 2D magnitude magnetic anomalies are not sensitive to the magnetization direction. We calculated magnitude anomalies from the measured borehole magnetic data in a spatial domain. The vector distributions of magnetization were inverted methodically in two steps. The distributions of magnetization magnitude were initially solved based on magnitude magnetic anomalies using the preconditioned conjugate gradient method. The preconditioner determined by the distances between the cells and the borehole observation points greatly improved the quality of the magnetization magnitude imaging. With the calculated magnetization magnitude, the distributions of magnetization direction were computed by fitting the component anomalies secondly using the conjugate gradient method. The two-step approach made full use of the amplitude and phase anomalies of the borehole magnetic data. We studied the influence of remanence and demagnetization based on the recovered magnetization intensity and direction distributions. Finally, we tested our method using synthetic and real data from scenarios that involved high susceptibility and complicated remanence, and all tests returned favorable results.

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18

Lelièvre, Peter G., and Douglas W. Oldenburg. "A 3D total magnetization inversion applicable when significant, complicated remanence is present." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 3 (May 2009): L21—L30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3103249.

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Inversion of magnetic data is complicated by the presence of remanent magnetization. To deal with this problem, we invert magnetic data for a three-component subsurface magnetization vector, as opposed to magnetic susceptibility (a scalar). The magnetization vector can be cast in a Cartesian or spherical framework. In the Cartesian formulation, the total magnetization is split into one component parallel and two components perpendicular to the earth’s field. In the spherical formulation, we invert for magnetization amplitude and the dip and azimuth of the magnetization direction. Our inversion schemes contain flexibility to obtain different types of magnetization models and allow for inclusion of geologic information regarding remanence. Allowing a vector magnetization increases the nonuniqueness of the magnetic inverse problem greatly, but additional information (e.g., knowledge of physical properties or geology) incorporated as constraints can improve the results dramatically. Commonly available information results in complicated nonlinear constraints in the Cartesian formulation. However, moving to a spherical formulation results in simple bound constraints at the expense of a now nonlinear objective function. We test our methods using synthetic and real data from scenarios involving complicated remanence (i.e., many magnetized bodies with many magnetization directions). All tests provide favorable results and our methods compare well against those of other authors.

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19

KOUCHIYAMA, Akira, and Jiro HOKKYO. "REMANENT MAGNETIZATION VECTOR IN MAGNETIC RECORDING MEDIA." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 13, S_1_PMRC_89 (1989): S1_893–898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.13.s1_893.

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20

Kahler, G. R., and E. Della Torre. "Measured vector magnetization of magnetic particle tape." Journal of Applied Physics 91, no. 10 (2002): 7648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1456412.

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21

Weihua Mao and D. L. Atherton. "Magnetization vector directions in a steel cube." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 36, no. 5 (2000): 3084–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.908688.

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22

Eason, Kwaku, and Boris Luk'yanchuk. "Investigation of an Extended Magnetization Vector Constraint." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 47, no. 10 (October 2011): 3803–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2011.2145366.

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23

Acremann, Y. "Imaging Precessional Motion of the Magnetization Vector." Science 290, no. 5491 (October 20, 2000): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5491.492.

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24

Mitra, Ritayan, and Lisa Tauxe. "Full vector model for magnetization in sediments." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 286, no. 3-4 (September 2009): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.019.

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25

Öner, Yıldırhan, and Hüseyin Sari. "Rotational vector magnetization measurements on Ni74Mn24Pt2 alloy." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 132, no. 1-3 (April 1994): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(94)90299-2.

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26

Gouda, Kaiki, and Takashi Nishioka. "Angular-field magnetic phase diagram of b-plane at 4 K of YAlGe-type TbAlGe with zigzag-chain." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2164, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2164/1/012072.

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Abstract Orthorhombic YAlGe-type TbAlGe is expected to have an interesting magnetic anisotropy due to zigzag chains of the Tb ions. We have grown the single crystal for the first time and measured the AC magnetic susceptibility and specific heat from 1.3 K to 60 K, and the vector magnetization for the b-plane up to 7 T at 4 K. The specific heat and AC magnetic susceptibility indicate that there are two antiferromagnetic transitions at T N1 = 38 K and TN2 = 7.6 K, where the transition at T N2 is first-order like. The magnetization curve at 4 K for the a-axis shows a large hysteresis, and metamagnetic transition appears at H 1 = 1.6 T in the field increasing process, and another metamagnetic transition at H2 = 3.5 T in addition to H 1 in the decreasing field process. The magnetization curves of the b- and c-axis are linear up to 7 T. The measurement of vector magnetization at 4 K reflects the hysteresis of the magnetization curve, and there is a large hysteresis. From this vector magnetization measurement, we have made the angular magnetic field phase diagram at 4 K for the b-plane. In this phase diagram, there are phase lines that cannot be obtained by ordinary magnetization measurement.

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27

Kirushev, M. S., Vladimir S. Vlasov, D. A. Pleshev, F. F. Asadullin, Leonid N. Kotov, Vladimir G. Shavrov, and V. I. Shcheglov. "Second Order Precession in the Plate with Cubic Anisotropy and Magnetoelastic Properties." Solid State Phenomena 233-234 (July 2015): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.233-234.73.

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The paper considers the second order precession of the magnetization vector in a perpendicular magnetized anisotropic ferrite plate with magnetoelastic properties. The boundaries of the precession regimes on the frequency and amplitude of the alternating field were defined. The features of the precession of the magnetization vector regimes associated with magnetoelastic properties were revealed.

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28

Upadhaya, Brijesh, Floran Martin, Paavo Rasilo, Paul Handgruber, Anouar Belahcen, and Antero Arkkio. "Modelling anisotropy in non-oriented electrical steel sheet using vector Jiles–Atherton model." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 36, no. 3 (May 2, 2017): 764–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2016-0399.

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Purpose Non-oriented electrical steel presents anisotropic behaviour. Modelling such anisotropic behaviour has become a necessity for accurate design of electrical machines. The main aim of this study is to model the magnetic anisotropy in the non-oriented electrical steel sheet of grade M400-50A using a phenomenological hysteresis model. Design/methodology/approach The well-known phenomenological vector Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model is modified to correctly model the typical anisotropic behaviour of the non-oriented electrical steel sheet, which is not described correctly by the original vector Jiles–Atherton model. The modification to the vector model is implemented through the anhysteretic magnetization. Instead of the commonly used classical Langevin function, the authors introduced 2D bi-cubic spline to represent the anhysteretic magnetization for modelling the magnetic anisotropy. Findings The proposed model is found to yield good agreement with the measurement data. Comparisons are done between the original vector model and the proposed model. Another comparison is also made between the results obtained considering two different modifications to the anhysteretic magnetization. Originality/value The paper presents an original method to model the anhysteretic magnetization based on projections of the anhysteretic magnetization in the principal axis, and apply such modification to the vector Jiles–Atherton model to account for the magnetic anisotropy. The replacement of the classical Langevin function with the spline resulted in better fitting. The proposed model could be used in the numerical analysis of magnetic field in an electrical application.

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29

Cardelli, E., M. Carpentieri, E. Della Torre, G. Drisaldi, and A. Faba. "Magnetization dependent vector model and single domain nanostructures." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 7 (April 2009): 07D516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3068009.

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30

Kubota, Ryuji, and Akinori Uchiyama. "Three-dimensional magnetization vector inversion of a seamount." Earth, Planets and Space 57, no. 8 (August 2005): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03351849.

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31

Della Torre, Edward, Ali Jamali, Hatem ElBidweihy, and Lawrence H. Bennett. "Vector Magnetization of a Distribution of Uniaxial Particles." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 7 (July 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2016.2525831.

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32

Jamali, Ali, Edward Della Torre, Ermanno Cardelli, and Hatem ElBidweihy. "Vector magnetization of a distribution of cubic particles." AIP Advances 7, no. 5 (May 2017): 056010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4974892.

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33

Antonov, L. I., A. S. Zhukarev, P. A. Polyakov, and D. G. Skachkov. "Magnetization vector field in a uniaxial ferromagnetic film." Technical Physics 49, no. 3 (March 2004): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1688427.

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34

Khalilov, V. R., Choon-Lin Ho, and Chi Yang. "Condensation and Magnetization of Charged Vector Boson Gas." Modern Physics Letters A 12, no. 27 (September 7, 1997): 1973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732397002028.

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The magnetic properties of charged vector boson gas are studied in the very weak, and very strong (near critical value) external magnetic field limits. When the density of the vector boson gas is low, or when the external field is strong, no true Bose–Einstein condensation occurs, though significant amount of bosons will accumulate in the ground state. The gas is ferromagnetic in nature at low temperature. However, Bose–Einstein condensation of vector bosons (scalar bosons as well) is likely to occur in the presence of a uniform weak magnetic field when the gas density is sufficiently high. A transitional density depending on the magnetic field seems to exist below which the vector boson gas changes its property with respect to the Bose–Einstein condensation in a uniform magnetic field.

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35

Gubbins, D., D. Ivers, S. M. Masterton, and D. E. Winch. "Analysis of lithospheric magnetization in vector spherical harmonics." Geophysical Journal International 187, no. 1 (August 12, 2011): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2011.05153.x.

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36

ROJAS, H. PÉREZ, and E. RODRÍGUEZ QUERTS. "MAGNETIC FIELDS IN QUANTUM DEGENERATE SYSTEMS AND IN VACUUM." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 02n03 (February 2007): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807009917.

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We consider self-magnetization of charged and neutral vector bosons bearing a magnetic moment in a gas and in vacuum. For charged vector bosons (W bosons) a divergence of the magnetization in both the medium and the electroweak vacuum occurs for the critical field [Formula: see text]. For B > Bwc the system is unstable. This behavior suggests the occurrence of a phase transition at B = Bc, where the field is self-consistently maintained. This mechanism actually prevents B from reaching the critical value Bc. For virtual neutral vector bosons bearing an anomalous magnetic moment, the ground state behavior for [Formula: see text] have a similar behavior. The magnetization in the medium is associated to a Bose–Einstein condensate and we conjecture a similar condensate occurs also in the case of vacuum. The model is applied to virtual electron-positron pairs bosonization in a magnetic field [Formula: see text], where me is the electron mass. This would lead also to vacuum self-magnetization in QED, where in both cases the symmetry breaking is due to a condensate of quasi-massless particles.

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37

Gonçalves, L. L., and N. T. de Oliveira. "Kinetic Ising model on alternating linear chains." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-199.

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The kinetic Ising model on two alternating linear chains is considered. Exact expressions are obtained for the wave-vector frequency-dependent susceptibility and the time evolution of the magnetization. It is shown that the long-time behaviour of the magnetization in both systems is identical to the one in the uniform chain. Although they behave similarly as far as the relaxation of the magnetization is concerned, they have different dynamic magnetic responses at equilibrium. It is also shown that at T = 0 for a given set of parameters the static susceptibility diverges at a well-defined wave vector, which is a consequence of the ordering of the ground state.

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38

Gerrits, Th, T. J. Silva, J. P. Nibarger, and Th Rasing. "Large-angle magnetization dynamics investigated by vector-resolved magnetization-induced optical second-harmonic generation." Journal of Applied Physics 96, no. 11 (December 2004): 6023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1811783.

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Котов, Л. Н., П. А. Северин, В. С. Власов, Д. С. Безносиков, Е. Л. Котова, and В. Г. Шавров. "Магнитные и упругие колебания в кристаллах марганец-цинковой шпинели в зависимости от константы анизотропии." Физика твердого тела 60, no. 6 (2018): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2018.06.45989.25m.

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AbstractThe amplitudes of magnetic and elastic vibrations for Mn_0.61Zn_0.35Fe_2.04O_4 spinel crystalline slab are calculated by solving the equations describing the magnetic and elastic dynamics. The anisotropy constants, magnetization, second-order elastic constants and magnetoelastic coupling constants for a studied crystal are expressed as the functions of temperature. The magnetization vector and elastic shear components are found as the functions of the first magnetic anisotropy constant at different values of an external constant magnetic field greater than a saturation field. The procession patterns for normally and tangentially magnetized slabs are displayed for two values of the first anisotropy constant. High absolute values of the first anisotropy constant are shown to refer to reorientation of the magnetization vector.

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Inaba, Nobuyuki, Hideki Miyajima, and Soshin Chikazumi. "Vector Magnetometer and Its Application to Measurement of Magnetization Vector in Some Ferromagnets." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 27, Part 1, No. 6 (June 20, 1988): 947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.27.947.

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Ribeiro-Filho, Nelson, Rodrigo Bijani, and Cosme Ponte-Neto. "Improving the crosscorrelation method to estimate the total magnetization direction vector of isolated sources: A space-domain approach for unstable inclination values." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 4 (June 5, 2020): J59—J70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0008.1.

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Knowledge of the total magnetization direction of geologic sources is valuable for interpretation of magnetic anomalies. Although the magnetization direction of causative sources is assumed to be induced by the ambient magnetic field, the presence of remanence should not be neglected. An existing method of correlating total and vertical gradients of the reduced-to-the-pole (RTP) anomaly estimates the total magnetization direction well. However, due to the numerical instability of RTP transformation in the Fourier domain, an assumption should be considered for dealing with inclination values at approximately 0°. We have adopted an extension to the standard crosscorrelation method for estimating the total magnetization direction vector, computing the RTP anomaly by means of the classic equivalent layer technique for low inclination values. Additionally, an ideal number of equivalent sources within the layer is considered for reducing the computational demands. To investigate the relevant aspects of the adopted method, two simple synthetic scenarios are presented. First, a magnetic anomaly produced by a homogeneous and isolated vertical dike is considered. This test illustrates the good performance of the adopted approach, finding the true magnetization direction, even for low inclination values. In the second synthetic test, a long-wavelength component is added to the previous magnetic total-field anomaly. In this case, the method adopted here fails to estimate a reliable magnetization direction vector, showing weak performance for strong interfering magnetic anomalies. On the real data example, the application tests an isolated total-field anomaly of the Carajás Mineral Province, in northern Brazil, where the inclination of the ambient magnetic field is close to zero. The obtained results indicate weak remanence in the estimated total magnetization direction vector, which would never be reached in the standard formulation of the crosscorrelation technique.

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Jeż, Bartłomiej, Jerzy Wysłocki, Simon Walters, Przemysław Postawa, and Marcin Nabiałek. "The Process of Magnetizing FeNbYHfB Bulk Amorphous Alloys in Strong Magnetic Fields." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061367.

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The structure of amorphous alloys still has not been described satisfactorily due to the lack of direct methods for observing structural defects. The magnetizing process of amorphous alloys is closely related to its disordered structure. The sensitivity of the magnetization vector to any heterogeneity allows indirect assessment of the structure of amorphous ferromagnetic alloys. In strong magnetic fields, the magnetization process involves the rotation of a magnetization vector around point and line defects. Based on analysis of primary magnetization curves, it is possible to identify the type of these defects. This paper presents the results of research into the magnetization process of amorphous alloys that are based on iron, in the areas called the approach to ferromagnetic saturation and the Holstein–Primakoff para-process. The structure of a range of specially produced materials was examined using X-ray diffraction. Primary magnetization curves were measured over the range of 0 to 2 T. The process of magnetizing all of the tested alloys was associated with the presence of linear defects, satisfying the relationship Ddi p < 1H. It was found that the addition of yttrium, at the expense of hafnium, impedes the magnetization process. The alloy with an atomic content of Y = 10% was characterized by the highest saturation magnetization value and the lowest value of the Dspf parameter, which may indicate the occurrence of antiferromagnetic ordering in certain regions of this alloy sample.

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Li, Yaoguo, Sarah E. Shearer, Matthew M. Haney, and Neal Dannemiller. "Comprehensive approaches to 3D inversion of magnetic data affected by remanent magnetization." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 1 (January 2010): L1—L11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3294766.

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Three-dimensional (3D) inversion of magnetic data to recover a distribution of magnetic susceptibility has been successfully used for mineral exploration during the last decade. However, the unknown direction of magnetization has limited the use of this technique when significant remanence is present. We have developed a comprehensive methodology for solving this problem by examining two classes of approaches and have formulated a suite of methods of practical utility. The first class focuses on estimating total magnetization direction and then incorporating the resultant direction into an inversion algorithm that assumes a known direction. The second class focuses on direct inversion of the amplitude of the magnetic anomaly vector. Amplitude data depend weakly upon magnetization direction and are amenable to direct inversion for the magnitude of magnetization vector in 3D subsurface. Two sets of high-resolution aeromagnetic data acquired for diamond exploration in the Canadian Arctic are used to illustrate the methods’ usefulness.

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Li, Yaoguo, Jiajia Sun, Shu-Ling Li, and Marcelo Leão-Santos. "A paradigm shift in magnetic data interpretation: Increased value through magnetization inversions." Leading Edge 40, no. 2 (February 2021): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40020089.1.

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Magnetic data are sensitive to both the induced magnetization in rock units caused by the present earth's magnetic field and the remanent magnetization acquired by rock units in past geologic time. Susceptibility is a direct indicator of the magnetic mineral content, whereas remanent magnetization carries information about the formation process and subsequent structural movement of geologic units. The ability to recover and use total magnetization, defined as the vectorial sum of the induced and remanent magnetization, therefore enables us to take full advantage of magnetic data. The exploration geophysics community has achieved significant advances in inverting magnetic data affected by remanent magnetization. It is now feasible to invert any magnetic data set for total magnetization. We provide an overview of the state of the art in magnetization inversion and demonstrate the informational value of inverted magnetization through a set of case studies from mineral exploration problems. We focus on the methods that recover either the magnitude of the total magnetization or the total magnetization vector itself.

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Donnelly, Claire, Sebastian Gliga, Valerio Scagnoli, Mirko Holler, Jörg Raabe, Laura J. Heyderman, and Manuel Guizar-Sicairos. "Tomographic reconstruction of a three-dimensional magnetization vector field." New Journal of Physics 20, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 083009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aad35a.

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Jin Jiang Zhong, Jian Guo Zhu, YouGuang Guo, and Zhi Wei Lin. "A 3-D vector magnetization model with interaction field." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 41, no. 5 (May 2005): 1496–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2005.845084.

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Gubbins, D., D. J. Ivers, and S. Williams. "Analysis of regional crustal magnetization in Vector Cartesian Harmonics." Geophysical Journal International 211, no. 3 (August 29, 2017): 1285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx359.

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Saerbeck, Thomas, Henning Huckfeldt, Boris P. Toperverg, and Arno Ehresmann. "Magnetic Structure of Ion-Beam Imprinted Stripe Domains Determined by Neutron Scattering." Nanomaterials 10, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10040752.

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We present a detailed analysis of the in-plane magnetic vector configuration in head-to-head/tail-to-tail stripe domain patterns of nominal 5 μm width. The patterns have been created by He-ion bombardment induced magnetic patterning of a CoFe/IrMn3 exchange bias thin-film system. Quantitative information about the chemical and magnetic structure is obtained from polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) and off-specular scattering (OSS). The technique provides information on the magnetic vector orientation and magnitude along the lateral coordinate of the sample, as well as the chemical and magnetic layer structure as a function of depth. Additional sensitivity to magnetic features is obtained through a neutron wave field resonance, which is fully accounted for in the presented analysis. The scattering reveals a domain width imbalance of 5.3 to 3.7 μm of virgin and bombarded stripes, respectively. Further, we report that the magnetization in the bombarded stripe significantly deviates from the head-to-head arrangement. A domain wall of 0.6 μm with homogeneous magnetization direction is found to separate the two neighboring domains. The results contain detailed information on length scales and magnetization vectors provided by PNR and OSS in absolute units. We illustrate the complementarity of the technique to microscopy techniques for obtaining a quantitative description of imprinted magnetic domain patterns and illustrate its applicability to different sample systems.

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Kolotov, Oleg S., Andrey V. Matyunin, Georgiy M. Nikoladze, and Petr A. Polyakov. "Study of the Torque Acting on the Magnetization during 90° Pulsed Reversal Process in Ferrite-Garnet Films with In-Plane Anisotropy." Solid State Phenomena 233-234 (July 2015): 490–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.233-234.490.

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To calculate the torque acting on the magnetization vector during the process of 90° pulsed magnetization in real ferrite-garnet films in which, besides in-plane anisotropy, biaxial anisotropy is present, the method based on the analysis of the operating point trajectory is used. Analysis has shown that the shape of the time dependence of the torque Tφ in the time interval, within which the exciting of the magnetization oscillations occurs, is slightly dependent on the pulse front duration. As a result the magnetization oscillations (with a period of Tos ≅ 2 ns) can be observed at the pulse front duration τf ≥ 14 ns.

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Motto, Frederic Biya, Roger Tchuidjan, Benoît Ndzana, and Colince Tchinda Tatsa. "The Control of Squirrel-Cage Induction Electromotor with Constant Magnetization Current." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 5 (May 5, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.5.1265.

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In this paper, we study the control algorithm of electromagnetic torque and rotation speed of squirrel-cage induction electromotor with constant magnetization current. We can ensure the constant magnetization current by acting on stator voltage vector. We distinguish two methods of construction of the given magnetization current. The first method is based on variation of stator voltage amplitude from the information just of rotor rotation speed. The second method is based on the stator voltage frequency and amplitude from the stator current information. The second method permits to influence the characteristic equation roots of the control system and to have magnetization current dynamic properties.

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