Relevant bibliographies by topics / VDA 19

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'VDA 19'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "VDA 19"

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Rochowicz, Markus. "Die neue VDA 19." JOT Journal für Oberflächentechnik 55, no. 3 (March 2015): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35144-015-0544-7.

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Rochowicz, Markus. "Die VDA 19-Prüfung — wichtig aber „unfähig“." JOT Journal für Oberflächentechnik 52, S3 (June 2012): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35144-012-0428-z.

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Rochowicz, Markus. "Die Überarbeitung von VDA 19 hat begonnen." JOT Journal für Oberflächentechnik 53, no. 3 (March 2013): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1365/s35144-013-0608-5.

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Tajfar, E., S. M. Bateni, S. A. Margulis, P. Gentine, and T. Auligne. "Estimation of Turbulent Heat Fluxes via Assimilation of Air Temperature and Specific Humidity into an Atmospheric Boundary Layer Model." Journal of Hydrometeorology 21, no. 2 (February 2020): 205–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-19-0104.1.

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AbstractA number of studies have used time series of air temperature and specific humidity observations to estimate turbulent heat fluxes. These studies require the specification of surface roughness lengths for heat and momentum (that are directly related to the neutral bulk heat transfer coefficient CHN) and/or ground heat flux, which are often unavailable. In this study, sequences of air temperature and specific humidity are assimilated into an atmospheric boundary layer model within a variational data assimilation (VDA) framework to estimate CHN, evaporative fraction (EF), turbulent heat fluxes, and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height, potential temperature, and humidity. The developed VDA approach needs neither the surface roughness parameterization (as it is optimized by the VDA approach) nor ground heat flux measurements. The VDA approach is tested over the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment (FIFE) site in the summers of 1987 and 1988. The results indicate that the estimated sensible and latent heat fluxes agree fairly well with the corresponding measurements. For FIFE 1987 (1988), the daily sensible and latent heat fluxes estimates have a root-mean-square error of 25.72 W m−2 (27.77 W m−2) and 53.63 W m−2 (48.22 W m−2), respectively. In addition, the ABL height, specific humidity, and potential temperature estimates from the VDA system are in good agreement with those inferred from the radiosondes both in terms of magnitude and diurnal trend.
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Ruckdeschel, J. C., D. M. Finkelstein, D. S. Ettinger, R. H. Creech, B. A. Mason, R. A. Joss, and S. Vogl. "A randomized trial of the four most active regimens for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1986.4.1.14.

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Between October 1981 and June 1983, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) conducted a prospectively randomized trial (EST 1581) of the four most active chemotherapy regimens for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Four hundred eighty-six good performance status patients (PS 0 or 1; 81%) were randomized to receive cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, methotrexate, and procarbazine (CAMP); mitomycin, vinblastine, and cisplatin (MVP); etoposide and cisplatin (VP-P); or vindesine and cisplatin (VDA-P). All regimens were administered in the doses and schedules originally reported. Complete response (CR) plus partial response (PR) rates for the four regimens were CAMP, 17%; MVP, 31%; VP-P, 20%; and VDA-P, 25%. The response rate for MVP was significantly higher in patients with squamous and adenocarcinoma histologies, but there was no impact on median survival (overall, 24.5 weeks). The duration of response did not differ by treatment as previously suggested for VDA-P. There were 15 CRs (CAMP, one; MVP, six; VP-P, two; VDA-P, six), and 12 patients have survived more than 2 years. Toxicity was significant with 20 treatment-related deaths. CAMP was significantly less toxic than the other regimens (P less than .001). VDA-P demonstrated significantly more life-threatening (seven) and lethal (three) episodes of nephrotoxicity (P less than .001) despite an aggressive hydration program that in itself caused significant morbidity. Analysis of the toxicity data showed, however, that most of the severe toxicity occurred in the 19% of patients who were initially PS 2, suggesting that they are not appropriate candidates for trials of new agents or combinations. None of these regimens can be recommended as a standard therapy for metastatic NSCLC.
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Matveev, Anton, Olesia Makhnytkina, Yuri Matveev, Aleksei Svischev, Polina Korobova, Alexandr Rybin, and Artem Akulov. "Virtual Dialogue Assistant for Remote Exams." Mathematics 9, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9182229.

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A Virtual Dialogue Assistant (VDA) is an automated system intended to provide support for conducting tests and examinations in the context of distant education platforms. Online Distance Learning (ODL) has proven to be a critical part of education systems across the world, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. While the core components of ODL are sufficiently researched and developed to become mainstream, there is still a demand for various aspects of traditional classroom learning to be implemented or improved to match the expectations for modern ODL systems. In this work, we take a look at the evaluation of students’ performance. Various forms of testing are often present in ODL systems; however, modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques provide new opportunities to improve this aspect of ODL. In this paper, we present an overview of VDA intended for integration with online education platforms to enhance the process of evaluation of students’ performance. We propose an architecture of such a system, review challenges and solutions for building it, and present examples of solutions for several NLP problems and ways to integrate them into the system. The principal challenge for ODL is accessibility; therefore, proposing an enhancement for ODL systems, we formulate the problem from the point of view of a user interacting with it. In conclusion, we affirm that relying on the advancements in NLP and Machine Learning, the approach we suggest can provide an enhanced experience of evaluation of students’ performance for modern ODL platforms.
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Faulkner, Jessica L., Denise C. Cornelius, Lorena M. Amaral, Ashlyn C. Harmon, Mark W. Cunningham, Marie M. Darby, Tarek Ibrahim, et al. "Vitamin D supplementation improves pathophysiology in a rat model of preeclampsia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 310, no. 4 (February 15, 2016): R346—R354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00388.2015.

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Deficiency of vitamin D (VD) is associated with preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by proinflammatory immune activation. We sought to determine whether VD supplementation would reduce the pathophysiology and hypertension associated with the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model of PE. Normal pregnant (NP) and RUPP rats were supplemented with VD2 or VD3 (270 IU and 15 IU/day, respectively) on gestation days 14–18 and mean arterial pressures (MAPs) measured on day 19. MAP increased in RUPP to 123 ± 2 mmHg compared with 102 ± 3 mmHg in NP and decreased to 113 ± 3 mmHg with VD2 and 115 ± 3 mmHg with VD3 in RUPP rats. Circulating CD4+ T cells increased in RUPP to 7.90 ± 1.36% lymphocytes compared with 2.04 ± 0.67% in NP but was lowered to 0.90 ± 0.19% with VD2 and 4.26 ± 1.55% with VD3 in RUPP rats. AT1-AA, measured by chronotropic assay, decreased from 19.5 ± 0.4 bpm in RUPPs to 8.3 ± 0.5 bpm with VD2 and to 15.4 ± 0.7 bpm with VD3. Renal cortex endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression was increased in RUPP rats (11.6 ± 2.1-fold change from NP) and decreased with both VD2 (3.3 ± 1.1-fold) and VD3 (3.1 ± 0.6-fold) supplementation in RUPP rats. Plasma-soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) was also reduced to 74.2 ± 6.6 pg/ml in VD2-treated and 91.0 ± 16.1 pg/ml in VD3-treated RUPP rats compared with 132.7 ± 19.9 pg/ml in RUPP rats. VD treatment reduced CD4+ T cells, AT1-AA, ET-1, sFlt-1, and blood pressure in the RUPP rat model of PE and could be an avenue to improve treatment of hypertension in response to placental ischemia.
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Faulkner, Jessica L., Lorena M. Amaral, Denise C. Cornelius, Mark W. Cunningham, Tarek Ibrahim, Autumn Heep, Nathan Campbell, et al. "Vitamin D supplementation reduces some AT1-AA-induced downstream targets implicated in preeclampsia including hypertension." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 312, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): R125—R131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00218.2016.

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Autoantibodies to the ANG II type I receptor (AT1-AA) are associated with preeclampsia (PE). We found that vitamin D supplementation reduced AT1-AA and blood pressure (MAP) in the RUPP rat model of PE. However, it was undetermined whether the decrease in AT1-AA was the mechanism whereby vitamin D lowered MAP or if it were through factors downstream of AT1-AA. Uterine artery resistance index, placental ET-1, and soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 are increased with AT1-AA-induced hypertension and are considered markers of PE in pregnant women. Therefore, we hypothesized that vitamin D would reduce PE factors during AT1-AA-induced hypertension and could lower blood pressure in a model of hypertension during pregnancy without PE features. Either ANG II (50 ng·kg−1·day) or AT1-AA (1:40) was infused from gestational day (GD) 12–19. vitamin D2 (VD2, 270 IU/day) or vitamin D3 (VD3, 15 IU/day) was administered orally from GD14–GD18. MAP (mmHg) increased in AT1-AA (121 ± 4) and ANG II (113 ± 1)-infused pregnant rats compared with normal pregnant rats (NP) (101 ± 2) but was lower in AT1-AA+VD2 (105 ± 2), AT1-AA+VD3 (109 ± 2), ANG II+VD2 (104 ± 4), and ANG II+VD3 (104 ± 3). VD2 and/or VD3 improved PE features associated with AT1-AA during pregnancy, while ANG II did not induce such features, supporting the hypothesis that AT1-AA induces PE features during pregnancy, and these are improved with vitamin D. In this study, we demonstrate that vitamin D improved many factors associated with PE and reduced blood pressure in a hypertensive model without PE features, indicating that vitamin D could be beneficial for various hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
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Butragueño-Laiseca, Laura, Iñaki F. Troconiz, Santiago Grau, Nuria Campillo, Xandra García, Belén Padilla, Sarah N. Fernández, and María José Santiago. "Finding the Dose for Ceftolozane-Tazobactam in Critically Ill Children with and without Acute Kidney Injury." Antibiotics 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120887.

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Background: Ceftolozane-tazobactam is a new antibiotic against multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosas. Ceftolozane-tazobactam dosage is still uncertain in children, especially in those with renal impairment or undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Methods: Evaluation of different ceftolozane-tazobactam dosing regimens in three critically ill children. Ceftolozane pharmacokinetics (PK) were characterized by obtaining the patient’s specific parameters by Bayesian estimation based on a population PK model. The clearance (CL) in patient C undergoing CRRT was estimated using the prefilter, postfilter, and ultrafiltrate concentrations simultaneously. Variables such as blood, dialysate, replacement, and ultrafiltrate flow rates, and hematocrit were integrated in the model. All PK analyses were performed using NONMEM v.7.4. Results: Patient A (8 months of age, 8.7 kg) with normal renal function received 40 mg/kg every 6 h: renal clearance (CLR) was 0.88 L/h; volume of distribution (Vd) Vd1 = 3.45 L, Vd2 = 0.942 L; terminal halflife (t1/2,β) = 3.51 h, dosing interval area under the drug concentration vs. time curve at steady-state (AUCτ,SS) 397.73 mg × h × L−1. Patient B (19 months of age, 11 kg) with eGFR of 22 mL/min/1.73 m2 received 36 mg/kg every 8 h: CLR = 0.27 L/h; Vd1 = 1.13 L; Vd2 = 1.36; t1/2,β = 6.62 h; AUCSS 1481.48 mg × h × L−1. Patient C (9 months of age, 5.8 kg), with severe renal impairment undergoing CRRT received 30 mg/kg every 8 h: renal replacement therapy clearance (CLRRT) 0.39 L/h; Vd1 = 0.74 L; Vd2= 1.17; t 1/2,β = 3.51 h; AUCτ,SS 448.72 mg × h × L−1. No adverse effects attributable to antibiotic treatment were observed. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a dose of 35 mg/kg every 8 h can be appropriate in critically ill septic children with multi-drug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. A lower dose of 10 mg/kg every 8 h could be considered for children with severe AKI. For patients with CRRT and a high effluent rate, a dose of 30 mg/kg every 8 h can be considered.
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Wadhwa, Jyoti, Lalit Kumar, and Vinod Kochupillai. "VAD Followed by VMCP." Medical Oncology 19, no. 2 (2002): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/mo:19:2:105.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "VDA 19"

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Mostafaee, Mani. "Six Sigma for quality assurance of Lithium-ion batteries in the cell assembly process : A DMAIC field study at Northvolt." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85966.

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Lack of technical cleanliness and particle contaminations in Lithium-ion battery manufacturing affect the performance of batteries which are a risk for the safety and quality of the product. Therefore, part of the manufacturing process occurs inside the Clean and Dry room area to maintain technical cleanliness. This paper aims to provide a framework to control particle contamination inside the Clean and Dry room and strengthen the product's quality and safety. A literature study was conducted, which was completed by a field study at Northvolt Labs in Västerås to achieve the study's aims. The study contributes to existing theories by providing a framework to find root causes of particle contamination in the manufacturing process based on the existing literature and standards. The Six Sigma problem-solving methodology DMAIC was implemented to conduct the field study. A risk assessment was conducted to find the possible threats toward technical cleanliness in the cell assembly process. The risk sources were identified by implementing measurement methods from relevant standards. The results indicate a high risk for technical cleanliness are coming from the decontamination method, material, machines, and environment. Furthermore, several recommendations were given that are expected to decrease the amount of nonconformity in the process.
Brist på teknisk renhet och partikelföroreningar vid tillverkning av litiumjonbatterier påverkar dess prestanda och utgör en risk för produktens säkerhet och kvalitet. Därför sker en del av tillverkningsprocessen i ett Clean & Dry rum för att upprätthålla teknisk renhet. Denna uppsats syftar till att ge ett ramverk för att kontrollera partikelföroreningar och därmed stärka produktens kvalitet och säkerhet. För att uppnå syftet genomfördes först en litteraturstudie vilket vidare kompletterades med en fältstudie vid Northvolt Labs i Västerås. Studien bidrar till befintliga teorier genom att tillhandahålla ett ramverk för att hitta och åtgärda rotorsaker till partikelkontaminering i tillverkningsprocessen baserat på befintlig litteratur och standarder. Sex Sigma problemlösningsmetoden DMAIC implementerades för att genomföra fältstudien. En riskbedömning genomfördes för att hitta riskfyllda aktiviteter i processen. Vidare implementerades mätmetoder från relevanta standarder för att mäta kontamineringsnivån. Resultaten indikerar stor risk för tekniskrenhet från saneringsmetoder, material, maskiner och miljön. Vidare rekommenderas flera åtgärder för att underhålla tekniskrenhet vilka förväntas minska avvikelser i processen.
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Rosenblatt, Pablo. "Impactos del COVID 19 en la vida y los negocios." Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652625.

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Webinar a cargo del Dr. Pablo Rosenblatt (Chile), en el que hablará del impacto que el COVID 19 ha tenido sobre el estilo de vida de las personas y como este impacto se ha visto reflejado en los diferentes modelos de negocio. Dentro del análisis se comprenden las realidades Estadounidenses, Chilenas y Peruanas.
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Björklund, Sandra, and Grönros Sophie. "Mellanmänsklig kontakt vid distansundervisning via video." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-194013.

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Mellanmänsklig kontakt är viktigt för oss människor. I dagens värld har kontakt via virtuella möten ökat, och bland annat skolor har börjat använda sig av distansundervisning via videomöten i allt större utsträckning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lärare och studenter på högskolenivå upplever den mellanmänskliga kontakten vid distansundervisning via video. Totalt intervjuades sex lärare och sex studenter på högskolenivå. Databearbetningen skedde enligt tematisk analys. Resultatet visade på svårigheter att bygga relationer, bristande överblick över andras reaktioner, begränsad kommunikation och bristande deltagande i undervisningen. Detta framgick dock kunna motverkas av påslagna kameror, god teknisk utrustning, tidigare relation till varandra, mindre grupper, distraktionsfri studiemiljö och interaktiva moment. Resultatet speglar tidigare teori och bidrar samtidigt till en större förståelse för hur de mellanmänskliga aspekterna av undervisning påverkats av övergången till distansundervisning. I diskussionen tas möjliga källor till eventuell snedvridning av resultatet upp, såsom extra begränsningar kopplat till covid-19.
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Sneha, Sweta. "Patient Monitoring via Mobile Ad Hoc Network: Power Management, Reliability, and Delays." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/cis_diss/19.

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ABSTRACT PATIENT MONITORING VIA MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK - MAXIMIZING RELIABILITY WHILE MINIMIZING POWER USAGE AND DELAYS BY SWETA SNEHA May 22nd, 2008 Committee Chair: Dr. Upkar Varshney Major Department: Computer Information Systems Comprehensive monitoring of patients based on wireless and mobile technologies has been proposed for early detection of anomalies, provision of prompt medical attention, and corresponding reduction in healthcare expenses associated with unnecessary hospitalizations and treatment. However the quality and reliability of patient monitoring applications have not been satisfactory, primarily due to their sole dependence on infrastructure-oriented wireless networks such as wide-area cellular networks and wireless LANs with unpredictable and spotty coverage. The current research is exploratory in nature and seeks to investigate the feasibility of leveraging mobile ad hoc network for extending the coverage of infrastructure oriented networks when the coverage from the latter is limited/non-existent. Although exciting, there are several challenges associated with leveraging mobile ad hoc network in the context of patient monitoring. The current research focuses on power management of the low-powered monitoring devices with the goal to maximize reliability and minimize delays. The PRD protocols leveraging variable-rate transmit power and the PM-PRD scheme are designed to achieve the aforementioned objective. The PRD protocols manage power transmitted by the source and intermediate routing devices in end to end signal transmission with the obejective to maximize end to end reliability. The PM-PRD scheme operationalizes an appropriate PRD protocol in end to end signal transmission for diverse patient monitoring scenarios with the objective to maximize reliability, optimize power usage, and minimize delays in end to end signal transmission. Analytical modeling technique is utilized for modeling diverse monitoring scenarios in terms of the independent variables and assessing the performance of the research artifacts in terms of the dependent variables. The evaluation criterion of the research artifacts is maximization of reliability and minimization of power usage and delays for diverse monitoring scenarios. The performance evaluation of the PRD protocols is based on maximization of end to end reliability in signal transmission. The utility of the PM-PRD scheme is associated with operationalizing an appropriate protocol for a given monitoring scenario. Appropriateness of a protocol for a given scenario is based on the performance of the PRD protocols with respect to the dependent variables (i.e., end to end reliability, end to end power usage, and end to end delays). Hence the performance evaluation of the PRD protocols in terms of the dependent variables is utilized to (a) discover the best protocol and (b) validate the accuracy and utility of the PM-PRD scheme in allocating the best protocol for diverse monitoring scenarios. The results validate the effectiveness of the research artifacts in maximizing reliability while minimizing power usage and delays in end to end signal transmission via a multi-hop mobile ad hoc network. Consequently the research establishes the feasibility of multi-hop mobile ad hoc network in supplementing the spotty network coverage of infrastructure oriented networks thereby enhancing the quality and dependability of the process of signal transmission associated with patient monitoring applications.
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Sidibé, Myriam, and Ismail Muna Ahmed. "Vad har 18-19 åringar för attityder mot Functional Food? : - En kvalitativ studie." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4620.

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Problem: What attitudes do young adults have towards Functional food?

Is there any relation between these attitudes and young adults behaviour towards Functional Food?

Purpose: The purpose of our thesis is to understand young adults attitudes towards Functional Food and also examine the relation between these attitudes and their behaviour towards Functional Food.

 

Method: The authors of this thesis have used a qualitative method for data collection, focus group interviews.  There were two focus groups interviews performed on high-school students at Alléskolan in Hallsberg. The interview questions and the analysis of the primary data have been based on the frame of reference.

Conclusion:

 

Our investigation shows similar results as previous studies about consumers attitudes towards Functional Food. Our respondents had mixed attitudes towards Functional Food. The consumers in general still have a sceptical attitude towards Functional Food. To gain an increased consumption of Functional Food in the Swedish market, the consumer must change their attitudes towards Functional Food. The manufacturers of Functional Food must improve their information about Functional Food products to the consumer and highlight the benefits of Functional Food.

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Minholm, Felix, and Strandberg Robin Erata. "Covid-19, vad har du gjort med idrott och hälsa? : Lärare i idrott och hälsa och deras upplevelser av distansundervisning under covid-19." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för rörelse, kultur och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-6550.

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Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare i idrott och hälsa på gymnasiet har arbetat med distansundervisning under covid-19. Frågeställningarna formulerades på följande vis: ●      Vilka för- och nackdelar upplever lärarna att det finns med fysisk aktivitet i distansundervisningen under covid-19?   ●      Hur upplever lärarna arbetet med teknik- och internetbaserade program under covid-19? ●      Hur anser lärare i idrott och hälsa att elevernas lärande påverkas av distansundervisning under covid-19? ●      Hur har idrottsundervisningen i fysisk aktivitet bedrivits under covid-19? Metod  Studien innefattar fem lärare i idrott och hälsa på gymnasiet som valdes ut genom bekvämlighetsurval och snöbollsurval. Metoden som användes för datainsamling till denna kvalitativa studie var semistrukturerade intervjuer. Data från intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultat   Övergripande visade resultatet att det (1) finns många nackdelar och få fördelar med distansundervisning. (2) Lärarna upplevde digital undervisning väldigt olika där lärarna som var tekniskt kunniga upplevde den som enkel att implementera och lärarna som var mindre tekniskt kunniga upplevde svårigheter. (3) Lärarna upplevde att eleverna lärde sig mindre med distansundervisning och (4) eleverna har arbetat med uppgifter enskilt för att sedan filma sitt lärande och progression. Slutsats  I likhet med tidigare forskning visade studien att det finns många nackdelar och problem med distansundervisning. Studien visade även att skolorna och lärarna var dåligt förberedda och hur de upplevde distansundervisningen berodde mycket på teknisk kompetens. Pandemin är levande i allra högsta grad och studien visar att lärare behöver mer teknisk kunskap och skolorna behöver ha en plan för hur distansundervisning ska gå till här och nu men även om det behövs i framtiden.
Aim  The purpose of this study was to investigate how high school teachers taught physical education during distance learning and covid-19.   The study has following research questions:  ●      Witch pros and cons appeared while working with distance learning in physical education during covid-19?  ●      How did teachers experience working with digital tools and internet-based programs during covid-19?  ●      What is the teacher’s opinion about students learning and how it's affected by distance learning during covid-19?  ●      How did teachers educate students in physical education during covid-19?  Method  The study involved five high school teachers in physical education and a qualitative method which included semi structured interviews was used. The collected data was transcribed and then analyzed using a content analysis.   Results  The overall results show that (1) there are many cons and few pros regarding distance learning. (2) Teachers experienced distance learning very differently depending on their internet and digital skills. (3) The students learned less during distance learning and (4) the students worked with different tasks alone and recorded their learning and progression.   Conclusion  Like the other studies the results show that there are many cons and few pros regarding distance learning. The schools and teachers were not prepared for this pandemic and the conclusion is that teachers need more digital knowledge, and the schools need to be prepared.
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Friederichs, Gina. "Iron-based superconductors via soft chemistry." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-185306.

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Leoni, Valerio <1985&gt. "Role of αvβ3 – Integrin and TLR2 in the innate response to Herpes Simplex Virus infection and Delivery of retargeted oncolytic Herpes Simplex via carrier cells." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6464/.

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In the first part of my thesis I studied the mechanism of initiation of the innate response to HSV-1. Innate immune response is the first line of defense set up by the cell to counteract pathogens infection and it is elicited by the activation of a number of membrane or intracellular receptors and sensors, collectively indicated as PRRs, Patter Recognition Receptors. We reported that the HSV pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) that activate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and lead to the initiation of innate response are the virion glycoproteins gH/gL and gB, which constitute the conserved fusion core apparatus across the Herpesvirus. Specifically gH/gL is sufficient to initiate a signaling cascade which leads to NF-κB activation. Then, by gain and loss-of-function approaches, we found that αvβ3-integrin is a sensor of and plays a crucial role in the innate defense against HSV-1. We showed that αvβ3-integrin signals through a pathway that concurs with TLR2, affects activation/induction of interferons type 1, NF-κB, and a polarized set of cytokines and receptors. Thus, we demonstrated that gH/gL is sufficient to induce IFN1 and NF-κB via this pathway. From these data, we proposed that αvβ3-integrin is considered a class of non-TLR pattern recognition receptors. In the second part of my thesis I studied the capacity of human mesenchymal stromal cells isolated by fetal membranes (FM-hMSCs) to be used as carrier cells for the delivery of retargeted R-LM249 virus. The use of systemically administrated carrier cells to deliver oncolytic viruses to tumoral targets is a promising strategy in oncolytic virotherapy. We observed that FM-hMSCs can be infected by R-LM249 and we optimized the infection condition; then we demonstrate that stromal cells sustain the replication of retargeted R-LM249 and spread it to target tumoral cells. From these preliminary data FM-hMSCs resulted suitable to be used as carrier cells
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Avendaño, Contreras Ignacio. ""Cada uno en lugar aparte para no mancharse": encuentros y disensos culturales entre el pueblo y la élite en las fiestas del diecinueve en la Pampa y la nochebuena en la Alameda: Santiago de Chile (1850-1900)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/148153.

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Messaoudi, Rodriguez Maria Yolanda. "EL M-19 : Análisis sobre las causas que llevaron a este movimiento revolucionario a dejar las armas y a formar parte de la vida política del país." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för spanska, portugisiska och latinamerikastudier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74268.

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A principios de la década de 1970 se crea en Colombia una inte-resante alternativa política clandestina, denominada Movimiento 19 de Abril, más comúnmente conocida como movimiento guerri-llero M-19.El objetivo del presente estudio, es considerar cuales fueron los factores que llevaron a este movimiento insurgente a depo-ner las armas y a entrar a formar parte del sistema que tanto combatió tanto militar como ideológicamente. Por lo tanto en es-ta investigación se analiza en forma detallada y en orden cro-nológico algunos de los aspectos que incidieron en su conforma-ción, desarrollo y posterior determinación de legalizarse como partido político;Para desarrollar la investigación y facilitar su comprensión, hemos examinado los acontecimientos socio-políticos que sirvie-ron de fondo a las luchas populares del proletariado urbano como también las reivindicaciones de la masa campesina, durante los años 70 y 80 del siglo XX.Finalmente, el estudio nos llevó a concluir que la transición M-19 a partido político fue un proceso democrático con una enorme repercusión en la modernización del Estado y en la for-ma de ejercer la democracia en el país.
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Books on the topic "VDA 19"

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Mikrotechnik ʼ89 (1989 Düsseldorf, Germany). Mikrotechnik ʼ89: Tagungsbericht der VDI/VDE-Gesellschaft Feinwerktechnik : Tagung, Düsseldorf, 19. und 20. Juni 1989. Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1989.

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Istituto lombardo-accademia di scienze e lettere, ed. Giorgio Levi Della Vida: Milano, 19 maggio 2008. Milano: LED, 2010.

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Piccolo, Helga Iracema Landgraf. Vida política no século 19: Da descolonização ao movimento republicano. Porto Alegre, RS: Editora da Universidade, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 1991.

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Goldmann, Stefan. Via regia zum Unbewussten: Freud und die Traumforschung im 19. Jahrhundert. Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag, 2003.

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Llanistos del 19: Vida cotidiana en los Llanos de La Rioja en siglo XIX. La Rioja, [Argentina]: Nexo, 2004.

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Xuriguera, Joan Baptista. La Guerra Civil: (19 Juliol 1936-26 gener 1939) La Vida D'En Joan Ventura (VI). Barcelona: El Llamp, 1986.

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Codina, Jaume. La vida i la mort al delta del Llobregat (segles 14-19): Qüestions de demografia històrica. Barcelona: Viena Serveis Editorials, 2002.

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The Battle of Cloyds Mountain: The Virginia and Tennessee railroad raid, April 29-May 19, 1864. Lynchburg, Va: H.E. Howard, 1989.

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ITG-Fachtagung, (1994 Munich Germany). Herausforderung Informationstechnik: Vorträge der ITG-Fachtagung anlässlich des VDE-Kongresses '94 am 19. und 20. Oktober 1994 in München. Berlin: VDE-Verlag, 1994.

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author, Orrison Robert, ed. A want of vigilance: The Bristoe Station Campaign, October 9-19, 1863. El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "VDA 19"

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Burda, Arthur. "Echtzeit-Animation im Modus 19." In VGA und SuperVGA professionell programmiert, 291–304. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-13889-1_9.

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Burda, Arthur. "3 Modus 19 der 256-Farben-Standard." In VGA und SuperVGA professionell programmiert, 43–92. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-13889-1_3.

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Bonotti, Matteo, and Steven T. Zech. "Civility as Politeness During COVID-19." In Recovering Civility during COVID-19, 65–120. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6706-7_3.

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AbstractThis chapter examines new challenges to the politeness dimension of civility presented by COVID-19. First, the pandemic has made it more difficult for people to identify norms of politeness and behave appropriately in circumstances that were previously less contested and problematic. Furthermore, signalling respect and consideration towards others via polite speech or behaviour is more likely to go awry during COVID-19. Additionally, the lack of clarity surrounding norms of politeness may prevent polite acts from helping to mitigate conflict and facilitate cooperative social exchange. Finally, citizens and politicians can exploit disruptions around politeness norms to engage in behaviour that under normal circumstances would be considered impolite. The chapter also identifies potential solutions that governments, businesses, and citizens can adopt to respond to these challenges.
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"con una cerilla." In oh vida, 38. Programa Editorial Universidad del Valle, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv16zjhsr.19.

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Frühinsfeld, Sebastian. "B. Entwicklungsgeschichte des römischen Wegesystems." In Das Verhältnis von via publica und via privata, 19–96. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845261881-19.

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"-3 Application of the generalized Hartree method to the sodium atom." In V.A. Fock - Selected Works, 177–88. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203643204-19.

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"19. El italiano antiguo." In Vida y Muerte de un Campo Semántico, 337–59. Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110933406.337.

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"Kinetic Properties: Theory, Experience, and Heuristic Estimates." In Plasma Physics via Computer Simulation, 301–26. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315275048-19.

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"Listado de fuentes." In Signos de la nueva vida, 205–13. Herder, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzsmc3f.19.

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VOLPASSO, Marcelle Cabral, Renata Barbosa Da CRUZ, Joyce Da Silva HEINZE, Ruan Ibrahim De Oliveira GONÇALVES, and Valéria Nascimento Lebeis PIRES. "DANÇA NA ESCOLA: UMA REFLEXÃO SÓCIO-PEDAGÓGICA." In AMPLAMENTE: EDUCAÇÃO PARA A VIDA, 231–33. Amplamente Cursos, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/516301.1-19.

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Conference papers on the topic "VDA 19"

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Heist, Rebecca, Osvaldo Aren, Michael Millward, Paul Mainwaring, Alain Mita, Monica Mita, Lyudmila Bazhenova, et al. "Abstract C30: Phase 1/2 study of the vascular disrupting agent (VDA) plinabulin (NPI‐2358) combined with docetaxel in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics--Nov 15-19, 2009; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-09-c30.

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McKenna, Ian, Paul Taylor, and Matthew Staska. "Millimeter Wave Imaging Diagnostic for High‐Explosive Fireball Characterization, STL-011-19, Year 2." In FY2020 Annual NNSS SDRD Conference, September 23-24, 2020, via WebEx. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670398.

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Howard, Marylesa, Daniel Frayer, Jesse Adams, Jessica Pillow, and Paul Manhart. "Advanced Characterization of Spatial Aspects of Image System Blur, NLV-004-19, Year 2." In FY2020 Annual NNSS SDRD Conference, September 23-24, 2020, via WebEx. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670986.

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Aspemyr, Lars, Henrik Sjoland, Denis Berthiot, and Jean-Pierre Proot. "Glass carrier SOP technology demonstrated by design of a 19 GHz 3.8 dB CMOS LNA." In 2009 International Symposium on VLSI Design, Automation and Test (VLSI-DAT). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vdat.2009.5158101.

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Koppenjan, Steven, and Howard Wong. "Cognitive Hybrid Radio Waveforms for High-Reliability Secure Wireless Communications, STL-013-19, Year 2." In FY2020 Annual NNSS SDRD Conference, September 23-24, 2020, via WebEx. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670360.

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Bernard, Martin, Muhammad Afrilianto, and Carilah Carilah. "Development of High School Students' Understanding and Confidence skills with VBA for Excel Shapes Games." In International Conference of Science and Technology for the Internet of Things. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.19-10-2018.2281359.

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Baldwin, David, Jonathan Madajian, and Matthew Staska. "Compact Heterodyne Spectrometer for LWIR Detection of Gases from WMD Proliferation Activities, STL-003-19, Year 2." In FY2020 Annual NNSS SDRD Conference, September 23-24, 2020, via WebEx. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670403.

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Howard, Marylesa, Arnulfo Gonzalez, Sean Breckling, Ajanae Williams, and Margaret Lund. "Dynamic Measurements of the Structural Evolution of Material Defects at the Mesoscale, NLV-001-19, Year 2." In FY2020 Annual NNSS SDRD Conference, September 23-24, 2020, via WebEx. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670693.

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Madajian, Jonathan, Brandon La Lone, David Baldwin, Eric Larson, Howard Wong, and Stephan Weeks. "Dual Comb Spectroscopy for Definitive Identification of Gas at Speeds Faster than Turbulence Effects, STL-006-19, Year 2." In FY2020 Annual NNSS SDRD Conference, September 23-24, 2020, via WebEx. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670416.

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Turley, William. "Imaging of Bubble Collapse Effects in Optically Transparent High Explosive as a Method to Study the Detonation Process STL-017-19, Year 2." In FY2020 Annual NNSS SDRD Conference, September 23-24, 2020, via WebEx. US DOE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670166.

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Reports on the topic "VDA 19"

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Morris, Andrew M., Peter Juni, Ayodele Odutayo, Pavlos Bobos, Nisha Andany, Kali Barrett, Martin Betts, et al. Remdesivir for Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.27.1.0.

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Remdesivir, a direct-acting antiviral agent, may reduce mortality and progression to mechanical ventilation in moderately ill patients hospitalized with COVID-19 on supplemental low-flow oxygen. The benefits of remdesivir for critically ill patients requiring supplemental oxygen via high-flow nasal cannula or mask, or non-invasive mechanical ventilation, is uncertain. Remdesivir does not benefit and may harm critically ill patients already receiving mechanical ventilation or requiring extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), and it does not provide substantial benefit for hospitalized patients who do not require supplemental oxygen. Remdesivir appears to have comparable effects when used for 5 days or 10 days, and does not appear to be associated with significant adverse effects. Remdesivir is recommended in moderately ill hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen (Figure 1). Remdesivir may be considered for patients requiring oxygen supplementation via high-flow nasal cannula or mask, or non-invasive mechanical ventilation. It should not be used in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation or those receiving ECMO. Remdesivir should not be used in patients who do not require supplemental oxygen.
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Mullahy, John. Discovering Treatment Effectiveness via Median Treatment Effects—Applications to COVID-19 Clinical Trials. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27895.

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Bonet-Morón, Jaime, Diana Ricciulli-Marín, and Daniela Peña. San Andrés y Providencia en el siglo XXI y la pandemia del COVID-19. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.296.

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Este documento presenta una caracterización de la economía y las condiciones de vida en el archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina a lo largo del siglo XXI y durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Los principales resultados señalan avances económicos importantes en las últimas décadas, al igual que grandes desafíos en materia de competitividad turística y calidad de vida de la población. En particular, se destaca la importancia de aumentar la cobertura de servicios públicos básicos, mejorar la calidad del empleo en el sector turístico y reducir los altos índices de criminalidad que enfrenta el territorio. Todos estos retos han cobrado mayor importancia con la llegada de la pandemia, la cual condujo a un profundo desplome de la actividad turística, con repercusiones directas en el mercado laboral y los tejidos empresariales. Estas tendencias recientes señalan la importancia de coordinar una respuesta de política pública entre gobiernos nacional y locales, y el sector privado para minimizar las consecuencias económicas y sociales generadas por este choque inesperado.
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García de Viedma, Darío, Laura Kirchner, and Alicia León. Análisis de las percepciones sobre desigualdad en el contexto del Covid-19. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002981.

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La inteligencia artificial (IA) ofrece oportunidades únicas para promover igualdad de oportunidades y mejorar la calidad de vida de todas las personas de la región. Mas allá de las posibilidades tecnológicas, su uso responsable y centrado en los individuos es esencial, además que supone grandes desafíos. El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) aboga por construir un entendimiento común de lo que es la IA, sus oportunidades y sus aplicaciones, pero también de sus riesgos y posibles medidas para mitigarlos. Este informe es un esfuerzo del BID de utilizar la IA para entender las preocupaciones y opiniones de los ciudadanos de América Latina y el Caribe para así crear mejores políticas públicas.
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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.001.

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Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.
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Arroyo, Liliana, Marc Payola, and Erika Molina. Economía de plataformas y COVID-19: Una mirada a las actividades de reparto, los cuidados y los servicios virtuales en España y América Latina. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003020.

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La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha acelerado tendencias en la economía digital que no se preveían alcanzar hasta dentro de cinco o diez años, alterado nuestra cotidianeidad, fomentando desde nuevas dinámicas sociales hasta nuevos patrones de consumo, al mismo tiempo que ha supuesto un verdadero punto de inflexión en muchos ámbitos de nuestra vida personal y colectiva. Uno de los sectores que ha sufrido un impacto mayor es el de la economía digital, y, especialmente el de la economía de plataformas, tanto a nivel económico como laboral. Las plataformas digitales han iniciado un proceso de adaptación a este nuevo contexto para ajustarse a las nuevas necesidades de consumidores, empresas y trabajadores. Sin embargo, todavía existe poca información acerca de la magnitud de los impactos de la COVID-19 en la economía de plataformas y sobre las medidas que el sector está tomando para adaptarse a esta nueva realidad. Por ello el laboratorio de Digital Future Society (DFS Lab) y el laboratorio de innovación del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID Lab) han elaborado este informe en el que se recoge la voz de 34 plataformas laborales digitales que operan en España y/o en América Latina en alguno de los tres sectores analizados: los repartos, los cuidados y los servicios virtuales. Este informe presenta sus experiencias en relación con el impacto de la COVID-19 y su percepción del futuro de la economía de plataformas.
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Plueddemann, Albert, Benjamin Pietro, and Emerson Hasbrouck. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-19 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown October 14 - November 1, 2020. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27012.

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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-18 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-19 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. Deep ocean temperature and salinity are measured at approximately 38 m above the bottom. The mooring turnaround was done on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-20-06, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 14 October and 1 November 2020. The NTAS-19 mooring was deployed on 22 October, with an anchor position of about 14° 49.48° N, 51° 00.96° W in 4985 m of water. A 31-hour intercomparison period followed, during which satellite telemetry data from the NTAS-19 buoy and the ship’s meteorological sensors were monitored. The NTAS-18 buoy, which had gone adrift on 28 April 2020, was recovered on 20 October near 13° 41.96° N, 58° 38.67° W. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.
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Harris, Melissa, and Alexia Pretari. Going Digital – Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI): Lessons learned from a pilot study. Oxfam GB, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7581.

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In this sixth instalment of the Going Digital Series, we share our experiences of using computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) software, which was researched and piloted following the outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent need for improved remote data collection practices. CATI is a survey technique in which interviews are conducted via a phone call, using an electronic device to follow a survey script and enter the information collected. This paper looks at the experience of piloting the technique in phone interviews with women in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq.
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Coultas, Mimi, Ruhil Iyer, and Jamie Myers. Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document, Edition 3. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.001.

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Frequent and proper handwashing with soap is vital to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In response, the Sanitation Learning Hub at the Institute of Development Studies has developed this Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings. Bringing existing information from different organisations into one place, the compendium provides guidance, local examples of and further resources on accessible low-cost handwashing facilities, environmental cues and physically distanced hygiene promotion. The compendium is a living document which will be updated regularly as learning emerges. It has been developed and disseminated quickly so immediate, relevant and timely actions can be taken. Please share feedback and contributions via email (SLH@ids.ac.uk) or Twitter (@SanLearningHub). For those with limited internet access, individual sections of the compendium can also be sent upon request.
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Coultas, Mimi, Ruhil Iyer, and Jamie Myers. Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document, Edition 3. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.008.

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Frequent and proper handwashing with soap is vital to prevent the spread of COVID-19. In response, the Sanitation Learning Hub at the Institute of Development Studies has developed this Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings. Bringing existing information from different organisations into one place, the compendium provides guidance, local examples of and further resources on accessible low-cost handwashing facilities, environmental cues and physically distanced hygiene promotion. The compendium is a living document which will be updated regularly as learning emerges. It has been developed and disseminated quickly so immediate, relevant and timely actions can be taken. Please share feedback and contributions via email (SLH@ids.ac.uk) or Twitter (@SanLearningHub). For those with limited internet access, individual sections of the compendium can also be sent upon request.
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