Relevant bibliographies by topics / VCCT

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'VCCT'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "VCCT"

1

Zhou, Li Ming, Guang Wei Meng, Feng Li, and Hui Wang. "Cell-Based Smoothed Finite Element Method-Virtual Crack Closure Technique for a Piezoelectric Material of Crack." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/371083.

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In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of solving fracture parameters of piezoelectric materials, a piezoelectric element, tailored for the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), was used to study piezoelectric materials containing a crack. Recently, the cell-based smoothed finite element method (CSFEM) and VCCT have been used to simulate the fracture mechanics of piezoelectric materials. A center cracked piezoelectric materials with different material properties, crack length, mesh, and smoothing subcells at various strain energy release rates are discussed and compared with finite element method-virtual crack closure technique (FEM-VCCT). Numerical examples show that CSFEM-VCCT gives an improved simulation compared to FEM-VCCT, which generally simulates materials as too stiff with lower accuracy and efficiency. Due to its simplicity, the VCCT piezoelectric element demonstrated in this study could be a potential tool for engineers to practice piezoelectric fracture analysis. CSFEM-VCCT is an efficient numerical method for fracture analysis of piezoelectric materials.
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Liu, Bing, Jie Meng, Zhen Yang, Ying Wang, Hua Zhi Xie, Wen Chao Zhang, Cheng Ming He, and Xiang Yang Deng. "Exploration of the Relationship of the Voltage Critical Clearing Time and the Voltage Transient Transmission Capacity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 488-489 (January 2014): 905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.488-489.905.

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Both the voltage critical clearing time (VCCT) and the voltage transient transmission capacity (VTTC) are always used to evaluate the stability of the system transient voltage, and their relationships are studied and clarified in the paper. The stability of the transient voltage is mainly depended on the dynamic reactive characteristics of load and the transmission characteristics of voltage and power. Based on the analysis on the dynamic reactive characteristics of load and the transmission characteristics of a power transmission network, the characteristics of the VCCT and the VTTC are studied in this paper. Finally, a conclusion, i.e. the margin of the VCCT and the VTTC has a nonlinear characteristic, is obtained by simulations on the actual power grid. According to the conclusion, the voltage stability cannot be exactly reflected by the VCCT margin.
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Krscanski, Sanjin, and Josip Brnic. "Prediction of Fatigue Crack Growth in Metallic Specimens under Constant Amplitude Loading Using Virtual Crack Closure and Forman Model." Metals 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10070977.

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This paper considers the applicability of virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) for calculation of stress intensity factor range for crack propagation in standard metal specimen geometries with sharp through thickness cracks. To determine crack propagation rate and fatigue lifetime of a dynamically loaded metallic specimen, in addition to VCCT, standard Forman model was used. Values of stress intensity factor (SIF) ranges ΔK for various crack lengths were calculated by VCCT and used in conjunction with material parameters available from several research papers. VCCT was chosen as a method of choice for the calculation of stress intensity factor of a crack as it is simple and relatively straightforward to implement. It is relatively easy for implementation on top of any finite element (FE) code and it does not require the use of any special finite elements. It is usually utilized for fracture analysis of brittle materials when plastic dissipation is negligible, i.e., plastic dissipation belongs to small-scale yielding due to low load on a structural element. Obtained results showed that the application of VCCT yields good results. Results for crack propagation rate and total lifetime for three test cases were compared to available experimental data and showed satisfactory correlation.
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Miravete, Antonio, and Miguel A. Jime´nez. "Application of the finite element method to prediction of onset of delamination growth." Applied Mechanics Reviews 55, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1450763.

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The present article is concerned with the application of the finite element method to the analysis of the onset of delamination growth in composites by means of the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). The article reviews first the application of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) to the analysis of delamination, as well as the reasons why the VCC technique is the standard method of combining LEFM and the finite element method to predict onset of delamination growth. The article also reviews the different solutions proposed in the literature to deal with the oscillatory singularity associated with a crack between two dissimilar materials (as is the case for a delamination) and the practical details of the VCCT application in a general 3D analysis. Finally, the results of a numerical study of the mixed mode bending (MMB) interlaminar fracture test are shown. The study applies the concepts reviewed along the rest of this article and presents some practical recommendations for the analysis of a delamination front using finite elements. This review article includes 77 references.
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Zhou, Li Ming, Guang Wei Meng, Xiao Lin Li, and Feng Li. "Analysis of Dynamic Fracture Parameters in Functionally Graded Material Plates with Cracks by Graded Finite Element Method and Virtual Crack Closure Technique." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8085107.

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Based on the finite element software ABAQUS and graded element method, we developed a dummy node fracture element, wrote the user subroutines UMAT and UEL, and solved the energy release rate component of functionally graded material (FGM) plates with cracks. An interface element tailored for the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) was applied. Fixed cracks and moving cracks under dynamic loads were simulated. The results were compared to other VCCT-based analyses. With the implementation of a crack speed function within the element, it can be easily expanded to the cases of varying crack velocities, without convergence difficulty for all cases. Neither singular element nor collapsed element was required. Therefore, due to its simplicity, the VCCT interface element is a potential tool for engineers to conduct dynamic fracture analysis in conjunction with commercial finite element analysis codes.
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Wang, Changsong. "Asymmetries in two types ofde-related verb-copying constructionsin Mandarin Chinese." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 241–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.20007.wan.

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Abstract This article studies Chinese V-de sentences from the perspective of verb-copying constructions (VCC) and presents some more evidence in favor of the distinction between descriptive V-de constructions and resultative V-de constructions. VCC with descriptive V-de sentences (VCCD) and VCC with resultative V-de sentences (VCCR) are linearly described as [NP1+ V1+ NP2 + V2 + de +XP]. Five asymmetries, though not very sharp, have been observed between VCCD and VCCR: (a) the movement asymmetry of [V1+NP2], (b) the questioning asymmetry between weishenme ‘why’ and shenme ‘what’, (c) the definiteness asymmetry of NP2, (d) the repetition asymmetry of V1, and (e) the asymmetry of subject-oriented adverb guyi ‘intentionally’. To explain these differences, we assume that [V1+NP2] in VCCD is a constituent, acting as an internal topic. While similar analysis cannot be extended to VCCR. We propose instead that [NP1+V1+NP2] is a constituent in VCCR, projecting further into a complex NP and acting as a sentential subject. These structural differences can well explain the five asymmetries from the island effects, and the semantic and pragmatic constraints (on internal topics and subject-oriented adverbs). Meanwhile, based on the restriction of manner adverbial modification, the V2 in VCCD and VCCR is assumed to be externally merged at the morphological level via External Morphological Merger to satisfy the affixal properties of de. The copying of V1 as V2 is not driven syntactically, but morphologically. This morphosyntactic approach to VCCD and VCCR provides a new perspective to explore V-de sentences and VCC, which may shed light on the morphosyntactic studies of Mandarin Chinese from a crosslinguistic perspective.
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Zhou, Hong Liang. "Implementation of Crack Problem of Functionally Graded Materials with ABAQUSTM." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.297.

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An implementation method of the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) for fracture problems of non-homogeneous materials such as functionally graded materials (FGMs) with commercial finite element software ABAQUSTMis introduced in this paper. In order to avoid the complex post proceeding to extract fracture parameters, the interface crack element based on the VCCT is developed. The heterogeneity of FGMs is characterized though user subroutine UMAT and the interface crack element is implemented by user subroutine UEL. Several examples are analyzed to demonstrate the accuracy of the present method.
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Xi, Liang, Xiu Li Zhao, Chong Wei Shang, Guang Ming Kong, and Xu Liu. "Fatigue Crack Propagation Life Prediction of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy Based on VCCT." Advanced Materials Research 1081 (December 2014): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1081.196.

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The fatigue crack propagation behavior of the prior corrosion 2A12 aluminum alloy fastener involving a central hole was investigated. The virtual crack closure technique (VCCT), is straightforward and not sensitive to the FEA mesh size, was carried out to calculate strain energy release rate and SIFs of AA 2A12 under different stress levels and corrosion years. Based on the VCCT, the simulation carried out to analyze the corrosion fatigue crack growth behavior. It was proved to be convenient to simulate the crack propagation life and the predicted crack growth curve was in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Zhong, Zhi Peng, Shui Wan, and Lin Yun Zhou. "A new Interface Element Method on Computation of the Interface Crack Propagation Energy Release Rate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 4573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.4573.

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A new interface element method was proposed to calculate the strain energy release rates(SERR) based on the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). A Lagrange multiplier was introduced between the node pair at crack tip to obtain the internal forces. Then from the VCCT, the SERR was solved by using the forces and displacements near the crack tip. Examples for stationary cracks under the two typical cases are given. Meanwhile, the relationship curves between crack energy release rate and the length of crack, plate depths were plotted respectively.The example shows that the interface element used to calculate the SERR is simple, efficient, and highly accurate in analysis of 2D crack growth problems, and without requiring the special singularity element or collapsed element at crack tip.
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Kocur-Bera, Katarzyna, and Szymon Czyża. "Socio-Economic Vulnerability to Climate Change in Rural Areas in the Context of Green Energy Development—A Study of the Great Masurian Lakes Mesoregion." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3 (February 2, 2023): 2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032689.

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Green energy production has become a common and recognized method of electricity generation. Giving up reliance on non-renewable energy sources is an important trend in the economies of many countries. The paper presents an analysis of the impact of indicators like increased green energy production on the level of vulnerability to climate change. The model of the Climate Change Vulnerability Index (VCC) recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (considering three aspects: exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity of the studied spatial unit/society) was applied. Sensitivity analysis, spatial heterogeneity, and temporal dynamics of indicators characterizing changes in electricity consumption, renewable energy production, greenhouse gas emissions, and variability of financial losses due to extreme weather events and their number were implemented. Several findings arose. First, the vulnerability to climate change (the level of the VCC index), does not decrease after the implementation of a single action, like the development of green energy production. The level of index of vulnerability to climate change (VCC1) from the reference year (2017) relative to VCC2 (2021) has changed slightly, despite the development of RES. The variation does not exceed a 1% reduction in the value of the VCC1 index. Second, the decrease in the level of the vulnerability requires global, coordinated action. The value of the VCC3 index, reflecting, including changes in green energy production (X15), electricity consumption/inhabitant (X38), and green-house gas emissions (X14), exhibited more favorably the impact of these indicators on vulnerability to climate change, compared to the VCC1 reference value. In eleven poviats, the VCC3 index decreased between 1 and 4%. In seven of these poviats, green energy production increased, resulting in an average 10% decrease in the X15 indicator, the X14 indicator representing green-house gas emissions decreased by an average of 7%, while the X38 indicator describing electricity consumption/per capita decreased by an average of 16%. Third, harmonized and inclusive action by the population holds the potential to be the clue to reducing vulnerability to climate change
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "VCCT"

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Bellomo, Vito. "Damage tolerance analysis for Blackshape BS 115 programme, EASA CS VLA & CS-23." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8070/.

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The thesis project has been developed in partnership with the Design Department of Blackshape Spa, a carbon – fiber ultra – light airplane company in Monopoli (Bari, Italy). The main goal is the assessment of a starting point for a damage tolerant concept during the design and certification phases of the Blackshape BS 115 airplane, with respect to EASA CS VLA & CS 23 Regulations. This approach has been carried out starting from an initial literary review as far as the way of modeling composites fractures is concerned. Further on, three finite element models have been generated and implemented in order to simulate defects occurring during manufacturing and service phases. At last, the procedures of non - destructive inspections have been taken into account, in order to establish how to investigate primary structures defects and delaminations during maintenance.
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Mikulik, Zoltan Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Application of fracture mechanics to predict the growth of single and multi-level delaminations and disbonds in composite structures." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41560.

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The high stiffness to weight ratio and fatigue resistance make carbon fibre composites suitable for both military and large civil aircraft. The limited ability of current numerical methods to capture the complex growth of damage in laminated composites leads to a conservative design approach applied in today??s composite aircraft structures. The aim of the presented research was to develop an improved methodology for the failure prediction of laminated composites containing delaminations located between arbitrary layers in the laminate, and to extend the investigations to composite structures subjected to barely visible impact damage (BVID). The advantages of fracture mechanics-based methodologies to predict interlaminar failure in composite structures were identified, from which the crack tip element (CTE) approach and the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) were selected for assessment. Extensive validation of these fracture mechanics methods is presented on a number of composite structures ranging from coupons to large stiffened panels. It was shown that the VCCT was relatively insensitive to the crack front mesh size, whilst predictions using the CTE methodology were significantly influenced by the element size. Based on the obtained results modelling guidelines for the VCCT and CTE were established. Significant contribution of this research to the field of the analysis of composite structures was the development of a novel test method for the evaluation of embedded single and multi-level delaminations. The test procedure of the single delamination specimen was proposed as an analogous test to conventional compression experiments. The transverse test overcame the inherent problems of in-plane compression testing and produced less scatter of experimental measurements. Quantitative analysis of numerical results employing the validated finite element modelling approaches showed that the failure load and location were in agreement with experiments. Furthermore, new modelling techniques for composite structures containing BVID proposed in this research produced good correlation with test data from the compression after impact (CAI) test. The study of BVID provided a significant contribution toward the knowledge of the applicability of implicit FE solvers to predict failure of CAI specimens as well as the criticality of centrally impacted specimens.
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Ozcan, Riza. "Fatigue And Fracture Analysis Of Helicopter Fuselage Structures." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615497/index.pdf.

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In this study a methodology is developed for the fatigue and fracture analysis of helicopter fuselage structures, which are considered as the stiffened panels. The damage tolerance behavior of the stiffened panels multiaxially loaded is investigated by implementing virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). Validation of VCCT is done through comparison between numerical analysis and the studies from literature, which consists of stiffened panels uniaxially loaded and the panel with an inclined crack. A program based on Fortran programming language is developed to automate the crack growth analysis under mixed mode conditions. The program integrates the prediction of the change in crack propagation direction by maximum circumferential stress criterion and the computation of energy release rate by VCCT. It allows reducing the computation time for damage tolerance evaluation for mixed mode cases through finite element analysis and runs the procedure file of MSC.Marc/Mentat for numerical analysis and the program generated by Patran Command Language (PCL) of MSC.Patran for remeshing. The developed code is verified by comparing the crack growth trajectories obtained by numerical analysis with the experimental studies from literature. A submodeling technique is utilized to analyze a particular fuselage portion of helicopter tail boom. Effects of different skin/stringer configurations of the helicopter fuselage structure on stress intensity factor are studied by means of the developed program. Fatigue crack growth analysis is performed by using stress intensity factors obtained from numerical analysis and fatigue propagation models proposed in literature.
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Durand, Camille. "Etude thermomécanique expérimentale et numérique d'un module d'électronique de puissance soumis à des cycles actifs de puissance." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0007/document.

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De nos jours, la durée de vie des modules d’électronique de puissance est désormais limitée par les technologies standards de conditionnement, telles que le câblage par fils et le brasage. Ainsi une optimisation des technologies actuellement employées n’est pas suffisante pour satisfaire les futures exigences de fiabilité. Pour dépasser ces limites, un nouveau module de puissance remplaçant les fils de connexion par des clips en cuivre a été développé. Ce design innovant vise à améliorer la fiabilité du module puisqu’il empêche la dégradation des fils de connexion, constituant bien souvent la principale source de défaillance. La contrepartie de ce gain de fiabilité réside dans la complexification de la structure interne du module. En effet, l’emploi d’un clip en cuivre nécessite une brasure supplémentaire fixant le clip à la puce. Ainsi, le comportement thermomécanique et les différents modes de rupture auxquels le composant est soumis lors de son utilisation doivent être caractérisés. Cette étude utilise la simulation numérique pour analyser avec précision le comportement de chaque couche de matériaux lors des cycles actifs de puissance. De plus, une étude de sensibilité à la fois expérimentale et numérique concernant les paramètres de tests est réalisée. Les zones critiques du module ainsi que les combinaisons critiques des paramètres de tests pour les différents modes de rupture sont mis en évidence. Par ailleurs, une analyse en mécanique de la rupture est conduite et la propagation des fissures à différentes zones clés est analysée en fonction des différents paramètres de tests. Les résultats obtenus permettent la définition de modèles de prédiction de durée de vie
Today a point has been reached where safe operation areas and lifetimes of power modules are limited by the standard packaging technologies, such as wire bonding and soft soldering. As a result, further optimization of used technologies will no longer be sufficient to meet future reliability requirements. To surpass these limits, a new power module was designed using Cu clips as interconnects instead of Al wire bonds. This new design should improve the reliability of the module as it avoids wire bond fatigue failures, often the root cause of device failures. The counterpart for an improved reliability is a quite complicated internal structure. Indeed, the use of a Cu clip implies an additional solder layer in order to fix the clip to the die. The thermo-mechanical behavior and failure mechanisms of such a package under application have to be characterized. The present study takes advantage of numerical simulations to precisely analyze the behavior of each material layer under power cycling. Furthermore an experimental and numerical sensitivity study on tests parameters is conducted. Critical regions of the module are pointed out and critical combinations of tests parameters for different failure mechanisms are highlighted. Then a fracture mechanics analysis is performed and the crack growth at different locations is analyzed in function of different tests parameters. Results obtained enable the definition of lifetime prediction models
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Islam, Mohammad Majharul. "Global-local Finite Element Fracture Analysis of Curvilinearly Stiffened Panels and Adhesive Joints." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38687.

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Global-local finite element analyses were used to study the damage tolerance of curvilinearly stiffened panels; fabricated using the modern additive manufacturing process, the so-called unitized structures, and that of adhesive joints. A damage tolerance study of the unitized structures requires cracks to be defined in the vicinity of the critical stress zone. With the damage tolerance study of unitized structures as the focus, responses of curvilinearly stiffened panels to the combined shear and compression loadings were studied for different stiffenersâ height. It was observed that the magnitude of the minimum principal stress in the panel was larger than the magnitudes of the maximum principal and von Mises stresses. It was also observed that the critical buckling load factor increased significantly with the increase of stiffenersâ height. To study the damage tolerance of curvilinearly stiffened panels, in the first step, buckling analysis of panels was performed to determine whether panels satisfied the buckling constraint. In the second step, stress distributions of the panel were analyzed to determine the location of the critical stress under the combined shear and compression loadings. Then, the fracture analysis of the curvilinearly stiffened panel with a crack of size 1.45 mm defined at the location of the critical stress, which was the common location with the maximum magnitude of the principal stresses and von Mises stress, was performed under combined shear and tensile loadings. This crack size was used because of the requirement of a sufficiently small crack, if the crack is in the vicinity of any stress raiser. A mesh sensitivity analysis was performed to validate the choice of the mesh density near the crack tip. All analyses were performed using global-local finite element method using MSC. Marc, and global finite element methods using MSC. Marc and ABAQUS. Negligible difference in results and 94% saving in the CPU time was achieved using the global-local finite element method over the global finite element method by using a mesh density of 8.4 element/mm ahead of the crack tip. To study the influence of different loads on basic modes of fracture, the shear and normal (tensile) loads were varied differently. It was observed that the case with the fixed shear load but variable normal loads and the case with the fixed normal load but variable shear loads were Mode-I. Under the maximum combined loading condition, the largest effective stress intensity factor was very smaller than the critical stress intensity factor. Therefore, considering the critical stress intensity factor of the panel with the crack of size 1.45 mm, the design of the stiffened panel was an optimum design satisfying damage tolerance constraints. To acquire the trends in stress intensity factors for different crack lengths under different loadings, fracture analyses of curvilinearly stiffened panels with different crack lengths were performed by using a global-local finite element method under three different load cases: a) a shear load, b) a normal load, and c) a combined shear and normal loads. It was observed that 85% data storage space and the same amount in CPU time requirement could be saved using global-local finite element method compared to the standard global finite element analysis. It was also observed that the fracture mode in panels with different crack lengths was essentially Mode-I under the normal load case; Mode-II under the shear load case; and again Mode-I under the combined load case. Under the combined loading condition, the largest effective stress intensity factor of the panel with a crack of recommended size, if the crack is not in the vicinity of any stress raiser, was very smaller than the critical stress intensity factor. This work also includes the performance evaluation of adhesive joints of two different materials. This research was motivated by our experience of an adhesive joint failure on a test-fixture that we used to experimentally validate the design of stiffened panels under a compression-shear load. In the test-fixture, steel tabs were adhesively bonded to an aluminum panel and this adhesive joint debonded before design loads on the test panel were fully applied. Therefore, the requirement of studying behavior of adhesive joints for assembling dissimilar materials was found to be necessary. To determine the failure load responsible for debonding of adhesive joints of two dissimilar materials, stress distributions in adhesive joints of the nonlinear finite element model of the test-fixture were studied under a gradually increasing compression-shear load. Since the design of the combined load test fixture was for transferring the in-plane shear and compression loads to the panel, in-plane loads might have been responsible for the debonding of the steel tabs, which was similar to the results obtained from the nonlinear finite element analysis of the combined load test fixture. Then, fundamental studies were performed on the three-dimensional finite element models of adhesive lap joints and the Asymmetric Double Cantilever Beam (ADCB) joints for shear and peel deformations subjected to a loading similar to the in-plane loading conditions in the test-fixtures. The analysis was performed using ABAQUS, and the cohesive zone modeling was used to study the debonding growth. It was observed that the stronger adhesive joints could be obtained using the tougher adhesive and thicker adherends. The effect of end constraints on the fracture resistance of the ADCB specimen under compression was also investigated. The numerical observations showed that the delamination for the fixed end ADCB joints was more gradual than for the free end ADCB joints. Finally, both the crack propagation and the characteristics of adhesive joints were studied using a global-local finite element method. Three cases were studied using the proposed global-local finite element method: a) adhesively bonded Double Cantilever Beam (DCB), b) an adhesive lap joint, and c) a three-point bending test specimen. Using global-local methods, in a crack propagation problem of an adhesively bonded DCB, more than 80% data storage space and more than 65% CPU time requirement could be saved. In the adhesive lap joints, around 70% data storage space and 70% CPU time requirement could be saved using the global-local method. For the three-point bending test specimen case, more than 90% for both data storage space and CPU time requirement could be saved using the global-local method.
Ph. D.
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Zhang, Li. "Structural study of the interaction between poxvirus-encoded cc chemokine inhibitor vcci and human mip-1beta." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85901.

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Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) comprise a large family of proteins that recruit and activate leukocytes, giving chemokines a major role in both immune response and inflammation-related diseases. Viral CC chemokine inhibitor (vCCI) is a poxvirus encoded protein that has been shown to bind tightly and inhibit the action of many CC chemokines. This function suggests that vCCI could be explored as an antiinflammatory therapeutic, a possibility that has been supported in mouse studies. The structure of vCCI in unbound form was determined by others, but to date no structure has been reported of bound vCCI. We report the NMR structure of vCCI in complex with the human CC chemokine MIP-1[beta]. The non-aggregating MIP-1[beta] variant MIP-1[beta] 45AASA48 was used in this complex to allow sufficiently high concentration at pH 7 to carry out the solution structure determination. A combination of NOE distance restraints, torsion angle restraints, and residual dipolar coupling were used to determine the structure of the complex, which also required protein deuteration due to its relatively large size (34kDa). The structure shows that MIP-1[beta] binds to vCCI with 1:1 stoichiometry, forming a complex of 311 amino acids. vCCI uses residues from its [beta]- sheet II to interact with a surface of MIP-1[beta] that includes residues adjacent to its Nterminus, as well as residues in the 20's region, and the 40's loop. The structure of the MIP-1[beta]-vCCI complex reveals for the first time the regions of each protein involved in the interaction, and allows a greater understanding of the strategy used by vCCI to tightly bind numerous chemokines, while retaining selectivity for the CC chemokine subfamily.
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Larrinaga, Felix. "Efficient VCT-based strategies for mobile communication networks." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285984.

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Adkins, Michael Frank. "An Evaluation of the Vccs Developmental Math Redesign from A Faculty Perspective." W&M ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1499449918.

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Community colleges face an environment that requires them to increasingly focus on completion while simultaneously maintaining open admissions (Sydow & Alfred, 2013). Developmental math courses are a linchpin in improving college completion because approximately 60% of community college students are placed into developmental math courses, yet very few of those students make it through developmental courses and on toward degree completion (Bailey, 2009; Developmental Math Redesign Team, 2010). In 2009, the Virginia Community College System (VCCS) embarked on a system-wide redesign of developmental math courses (Developmental Education Task Force, 2009). However, such large-scale system change means challenges and previous experience highlights that approximately 50% – 80% of change initiatives fail to meet their goals (Black, 2013). This study evaluated the change process used to implement the VCCS developmental math redesign. A uniquely created survey based on Kotter’s (2012) change model was used to determine if faculty observed sound change practices at their institutions during the redesign. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the findings suggest that faculty saw evidence of Kotter’s (2012) change model in the implementation of the redesign. There were differences in how faculty perceived the change processes based on different demographic characteristics. There was evidence that Kotter’s (2012) model was fully implemented in the redesign, and there were some significant differences in faculty perceptions of Empowerment. This study concluded that positively framing the results of the redesign at the system level could have improved student outcomes and that it would be wise for colleges to assess the change processes they use.
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Merkouris, Panagiotis. "Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT and the principle of systemic integration." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/477.

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The proliferation of international courts and tribunals combined with the expansion of the areas and density of regulation of international law has given rise to a debate on the issue of fragmentation of international law. Within this context and as a possible response to this fear of fragmentation, the issue of interpretation with specific reference to Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties has come to the forefront. The overarching aim of the present thesis entitled ‘Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT and the Principle of Systemic Integration’ is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the content and the function of Article 31(3)(c) both as a conventional and as a customary rule (i.e. as principle of systemic integration). To this end, the thesis adopts a two-pronged approach. In the first Part of this thesis the analysis is based on the text of the provision itself, both on its written and unwritten elements (intertemporal law considerations). This analysis demonstrates that a proper understanding of Article 31(3)(c) leads us to the adoption of the proximity criterion as the only appropriate in the application of Article 31(3)(c). Having concluded the textual analysis, the thesis then, in the second Part, considers Article 31(3)(c) from a different vantage point. It examines Article 31(3)(c) from the more general perspective of the system as a whole and analyses what the effects of more systemic considerations to the content of Article 31(3)(c) are. Within these parameters two issues arise: i) The principles of conflict resolution, which the thesis proves can be applied, in certain scenarios, in the interpretative process of Article 31(3)(c) and ii) more importantly the notion of interpretation of customary law. The relevant Chapter establishes that customary international law can be the object of interpretation and in such an interpretation Article 31(3)(c), as custom, plays a pivotal role. Through this approach, both from a textual and a systemic perspective, the thesis offers a new and complete understanding of Article 31(3)(c) in all its manifestations and spheres of application.
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Lantz, Karl, and Martin Johansson. "Modeling of a step motor for position feedback in a climate system." Thesis, University West, Department of Technology, Mathematics and Computer Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-374.

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Books on the topic "VCCT"

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VCC. Zürich: Edition Patrick Frey, 2016.

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Pizer, Jason. Pizer's annotated VCAT Act. Pyrmont, N.S.W: Lawbook Co., 2001.

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Tarlow, David M. VCAT: Veterinary college admission test. St. Louis, Mo: Educational Testing Consultants, 2002.

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Marlis, Schweitzer, and University of Toronto at Mississauga., eds. VCC 306 : Gender & visual representation. Mississauga: University of Toronto at Mississauga, 2004.

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Gupta, Mohit Kumar. Inadequacies of VCLT: Practice of two largest democracies. New Delhi: Satyam Law International, 2015.

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Yoder, P. Stanley. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV in Malawi: Public perspectives and recent VCT experiences. Calverton, Md: ORC Macro, 2004.

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B, Hanke, and University of Toronto at Mississauga. Institue of Communications and Culture., eds. VCC 201H: Introduction to visual culture. Mississauga: University of Toronto at Mississauga, 2007.

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Christine, Shaw, and University of Toronto at Mississauga., eds. VCC 411H : real space to cyberspace. Mississauga: University of Toronto at Mississauga, 2007.

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Christine, Shaw, and University of Toronto at Mississauga., eds. VCC 411H : real space to cyberspace. Mississauga: University of Toronto at Mississauga, 2007.

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Nsabagasani, Xavier. Social dynamics of VCT and disclosure in Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: UPHOLD Project, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "VCCT"

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Kim, T. W., H. Y. Jeong, J. H. Choe, and Y. H. Kim. "Prediction of the Fatigue Life of Tires Using CED and VCCT." In Key Engineering Materials, 102–7. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-978-4.102.

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Divakaran, Sumesh, Deepak D’Souza, and Nigamanth Sridhar. "Efficient Refinement Checking in VCC." In Verified Software: Theories, Tools and Experiments, 21–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12154-3_2.

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Dent, Benjamin, and Ray Collins. "Case studies." In A manual for agribusiness value chain analysis in developing countries, 56–103. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249361.0003.

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Abstract This section illustrates Value Chain Thinking (VCT) in practice, using a combination of our development project experiences and Australia Awards Africa case studies that we have mentored. It provides case studies on which VCT has been put into practice: These examples cover: aquaculture on Lake Victoria, Kenya; Pakistani mangoes; Ghanaian pineapples; livestock value chains covering Madagascan goats, Ugandan rabbits, Ghanaian guinea fowl, Nigerian catfish and Kenyan indigenous chicken; and vegetable value chains in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. Then the researchers offer two novel applications of VCT: (1) to improve children's nutrition in Madagascar, Cameroon and Zambia, as well as value chain members' livelihoods; and (2) to design and operate the Ghana Green Label scheme for food certification covering both safety and environmental assurances.
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Dent, Benjamin, and Ray Collins. "Our approach to value chain thinking and analysis." In A manual for agribusiness value chain analysis in developing countries, 3–24. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249361.0001.

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Abstract This paper introduces a new approach: Value Chain Thinking or VCT. VCT involves chain members collaborating to understand, create, deliver and share value as defined by shoppers and consumers. The aim of collaboration is that the value chain improves its effectivenes(maximising the opportunities for creating value) and its efficiency (creating and delivering that value at least cost and with minimum wastage). In this way, collaboration increases the size of the pie, and so chain members collectively can increase the size of each of their own slices without needing to reduce someone else's. VCT increases chain members' incomes by sharing the higher returns which come from: (1) Increasing revenue into the chain through understanding market opportunities, and cooperating to focus on creating and delivering what these opportunities require; (2) Reducing waste by tracing and tackling the root causes of waste across the chain; and (3) Everyone being a better supplier to their customers (more reliable and more consistent), and so avoiding the need to compete with other suppliers on price alone. The paper also provides case studies on which VCT can be applied and also tips on how to apply this new approach.
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Lee, Tzung-Je, and Wei-Ren Lin. "VCT Protection IC for Li-Ion Battery." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 649–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04573-3_81.

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Berner, Katharina. "Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Context: The 1969 VCLT." In Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Domestic Courts, 65–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54937-7_3.

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Cohen, Ernie, Markus Dahlweid, Mark Hillebrand, Dirk Leinenbach, Michał Moskal, Thomas Santen, Wolfram Schulte, and Stephan Tobies. "VCC: A Practical System for Verifying Concurrent C." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 23–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03359-9_2.

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Lehmkuhl, L., and E. Martuscelli. "General Electric Light Speed VCT and Discovery CT750HD." In Cardiac CT, 131–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14022-8_13.

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LaRue, William, Sherry Solden, and Bishnupriya Bhattacharya. "Functional and Performance Modeling of Concurrency in VCC." In Concurrency and Hardware Design, 191–227. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36190-1_6.

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Leinenbach, Dirk, and Thomas Santen. "Verifying the Microsoft Hyper-V Hypervisor with VCC." In FM 2009: Formal Methods, 806–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05089-3_51.

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Conference papers on the topic "VCCT"

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KRUEGER, RONALD, and NELSON V. DE CARVALHO. "DEVELOPMENT OF A C-ELS SPECIMEN-BASED NUMERICAL BENCHMARK FOR MODE II DELAMINATION AND ASSESSMENT OF TWO VCCT-BASED PROPAGATION STRATEGIES." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36366.

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A finite element (FE) benchmark example inspired by the calibrated end-loaded split (C-ELS) specimen is developed and used to assess the performance of delamination propagation capabilities based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The C-ELS specimen has the advantage of a longer region of stable delamination propagation compared to the existing mode II benchmark case. The new benchmark example may therefore provide a better assessment tool by enabling more stable crack growth in regions further away from the boundary conditions or load application. First, a benchmark result is created manually using two-dimensional finite element models of the C-ELS specimen with different delamination lengths. Second, the performance of the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) delamination propagation capabilities in the Abaqus/Standard®1 FE code and the recently developed Progressive Release eXplicit-VCCT (PRX-VCCT) method are assessed by comparing the results to the benchmark case. Two examples with different starter delamination lengths are studied. A shorter starter length is chosen to create a scenario with unstable delamination propagation. A longer delamination encourages stable delamination propagation. Detailed results from three-dimensional analyses with aligned and misaligned meshes and two levels of mesh refinement are provided. In general, good agreement can be achieved between the results obtained from the quasi-static propagation analysis and the benchmark analysis. Numerical artifacts including anomalous unreleased nodes in the crack wake and zig-zag crack fronts occur for propagation analyses using Abaqus/Standard VCCT. In comparison, continuous, smooth, delamination fronts are observed for PRX-VCCT. The use of the benchmark case to assess different VCCT-based propagation strategies illustrates the value of establishing benchmark cases.
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Mate, Tamas, and Peter T. Zwierczyk. "A VCCT Approach Of Crack Propagation In Railway Wheels." In 34th International ECMS Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2020-0266.

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"The Delamination Study of Laminated Composites with XFEM/VCCT." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Materials Science, Machinery and Energy Engineering. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/msmee.2018.72127.

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Qin Qian, Chang-an Li, De Xie, and Guo-qing Li. "Life prediction of fatigue crack propagation of cracked structure based on VCCT." In 2009 Symposium on Piezoelectricity, Acoustic Waves, and Device Applications (SPAWDA 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawda.2009.5428949.

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Kim, Taewung, Sangyoon Hwang, and Hyun-Yong Jeong. "Durability Analysis for Tires by Using CED and VCCT Method With Consideration of Friction." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67197.

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In order to find out a physical quantity which controls the fatigue life of a structure and to predict the fatigue life of tires, a finite element simulation methodology to use the cracking energy density (CED) and the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) was proposed and applied to a tire. CED was calculated to predict the location and the plane of a newly created crack, and VCCT was used to obtain the strain energy release rate (SERR) at the tip of a newly created crack with consideration of friction. For the SERR calculation, the elements in front of and behind a crack should be split. Finite element simulations showed that as a tire rotated, SERR oscillated with its minimum occurring just before the center of the contact zone and its maximum occurring just after the center of the contact zone, and the amplitude of SERR could be determined from the simulation results. Then, the fatigue life was predicted based on Paris law using the amplitude of SERR, and it was compared with the durability test data of the tire. The comparison showed that the predicted fatigue life was in fair agreement with the test data.
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Abdi, Frank, Harsh Baid, Jalees Ahmad, Steve Gonczy, Gregory N. Morscher, Sung Choi, and Cody Godines. "Ceramic Matrix Composite Interlaminar Fracture Toughness (Mode I-II) Characterization." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-44047.

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The objective of this effort is to develop and demonstrate innovative interlaminar Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness analysis and test methods for ceramic matrix composites (CMC). Currently, there are number of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test standards for CMC’s at both ambient and elevated temperatures, including interlaminar tension and shear strength test methods. However, there are no standardized test methods for determination of interlaminar fracture toughness in CMC’s. Although research work exists on interlaminar Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness of various types of CMC’s, the test methods applied particularly in Mode II fracture toughness testing showed definite drawbacks and limitations. ASTM test standards for CMC’s may exhibit a zig-zag (wavy) crack path pattern, and fiber bridging. The experimental parameters that may contribute to the difficulty can be summarized as: specimen width and thickness, interface coating thickness, mixed mode failure evolution, and interlaminar defects. Modes I and II crack growth resistances, GI and GII, were analytically determined at ambient temperature using double cantilever beam (DCB) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) geometries. Three (3) CMC material systems were analyzed (Sylramic/IBN/MI, SiC/SiC CVI, and SiC/CAS). Several Finite Element (FE) based potential techniques were investigated: a) Multi-scale progressive failure analysis (MS-PFA); b) Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT); and c) Contour Integral (CI). Advantages and disadvantages of each were identified. The final modeling algorithm recommended was an integrated damage and fracture evolution methodology using MS-PFA and VCCT. The analysis results (Fracture energy vs. crack length, Fracture energy vs. load, Fracture energy vs. crack opening displacement) matched the Mode I and Mode II coupon tests and revealed the following key findings. Mode I-DCB specimen: 1) Sylramic/IBN/MI failure mode is due to interlaminar tension (ILT) only in the interface section and a zig-zag pattern observed 2) VCCT crack growth resistance of Sylramic/IBN/MI is well matched to the test data and 3) SiC/SiC CVI failure mode is a mixed mode behavior (ILT to interlaminar shear (ILS). Mode II ENF specimen MS-PFA analysis suggests mixed mode behavior and the zig-zag pattern similar to Mode I coupon tests.
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Abdi, Frank, Saber DorMohammadi, Jalees Ahmad, Cody Godines, Gregory N. Morscher, Sung Choi, Rabih Mansour, and Steve Gonczy. "Optimizing Ceramic Matrix Composite Interlaminar Fracture Toughness (Mode I) Wedge Test." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-58076.

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ASTM test standards for CMC’s Crack Growth Resistance (CGR) may exhibit a zig-zag (wavy) crack path pattern, and fiber bridging. The experimental parameters that may contribute to the difficulty can be summarized as: specimen width and thickness, interface coating thickness, mixed mode failure evolution, and interlaminar defects. Modes I crack growth resistances, GI were analytically determined at ambient temperature using wedge test, a modified double cantilever beam (DCB). Several Finite Element (FE) based Multi-scale modeling potential techniques were investigated: a) Multi-scale progressive failure analysis (MS-PFA); b) Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT). Advantages and disadvantages of each were identified. The final modeling algorithm recommended was an integrated damage and fracture evolution methodology using combined MS-PFA and VCCT. The material tested in this study was a slurry-cast melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC composite with Tyranno ZMI fibers (Ube Industries, Kyoto, Japan) and a BN interphase. The fiber architecture consisted of eight plies of balanced 2-D woven five-harness satin. The total fiber volume fraction was about 30% with half of the fibers in the 0° direction and half in the 90° direction. All specimens had a nominal thickness of 4 mm. An alumina wedge with 18° head angle (2α) was used. In this method, a splitting force is created by inserting a vertically-moving wedge in a notch causing the arms to separate and forcing an interlaminar crack at the sharpest end of the notch The MS-PFA numerical model predicted the damage and fracture evolution and utilized the GENOA UMAT (User Material Subroutine) for Damage and FEM (Finite Element Model) stress intensity and LEFM (Linear elastic Fracture Model), Cohesive Model for Fracture. The analysis results (Fracture energy vs. crack length, Fracture energy vs. load, Fracture energy vs. crack opening displacement) matched the Mode I coupon tests and revealed the following key findings. Mode I-Wedge specimen exhibits: 1) failure mode is due to interlaminar tension (ILT) only in the interface section and a zig-zag pattern observed; 2) VCCT crack growth resistance is well matched to the test data; and 3) failure mode is a mixed mode behavior of Interlaminar tension (ILT) to interlaminar shear (ILS). The final Wedge test specimen configuration optimization includes the sensitivity of design parameters to CGR: a) wedge contact coefficient of friction; b) lever arms thickness, and c) inclined head angle, distance between the initial crack and wedge tip.
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MABSON, GERALD, NELSON DE CARVALHO, and RONALD KRUEGER. "VCCT with Progressive Nodal Release for Simulating Mixed-Mode Delamination: Formulation, Algorithmic Improvements and Implications." In American Society for Composites 2018. Lancaster, PA: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc33/26029.

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Chen, D. J. "Efficient Computation of Strain Energy Release Rate in Crack Growth Simulation." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0505.

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Abstract This paper utilizes an automated process to simplify the calculation of the strain energy release rate (SERR) during the crack propagation. The convergence of a finite element solution is achieved by adaptive re-meshing scheme with an error estimator of the linear strain triangular (LST) elements. As the desired mesh density is achieved, computation of the SERR using virtual crack closure technique (VCCT) can be obtained by using the static condensation scheme without re-analyzing the finite element models. Thus, the amount of computational and modeling time can be significantly reduced in the analysis of the crack propagation.
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Al-Dakheel, Hussain, Jafar Albinmousa, and Idris Temitope. "Characterizing Cohesive Zone Parameters to Model Crack Growth in Composite Materials." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22236-ea.

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Abstract CFRP is gaining interest in several industries such as aerospace, sports, and oil field. When this material is assembled, the adhesive is considered a preference over screws and fasteners as screws holes can lead to matrix delamination. Prior applying an adhesive, surface pre-treatment is done to enhance bonding. Due to the complexity of the composite material namely in complex geometry, one can consider finite element analysis as an optimum method to model the material behavior. Failure of crack growth under cyclic loading is typically modeled using the CZM. However, finding the constitutive behavior parameters is considered challenging. In this work, the maximum stress, which is difficult to calculate experimentally, is estimated using the virtual closure technique (VCCT) as it is considered less complicated and costy than the conventional methods. The VCCT is a finite element method that is employed to simulate monotonic crack growth. From this model, the maximum stress is recorded and used as the maximum traction stress in the cohesive zone model (CZM) to simulate fatigue crack growth. The bilinear traction separation law was employed to simulate the cohesive process zone. To calibrate the model results, an experiment is conducted on two samples those were treated by two different methods. One sample has a sandblasting surface pre-treatment and the other is pre-treated by peelply. Each pre-treatment enhances different material toughness and hence validity of the results if supported. Both samples were tested under both static and cyclic loadings. The maximum energy release rate and the crack length were selected as comparison parameters between the models results and the experimental observations. Overall, it was noticed that the results are considered having reasonable fit.
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Reports on the topic "VCCT"

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Cleland, Timothy J., David W. Forslund, and Catherine A. Cleland. VCAT: Visual Crosswalk Analysis Tool. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050471.

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Ogle, James P., Md Touhiduzzaman, Quan H. Nguyen, and Priya Thekkumparambath Mana. CReST-VCT System Integration Framework. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1601662.

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Nadeau, T., and C. Pignataro, eds. Pseudowire Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV): A Control Channel for Pseudowires. RFC Editor, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5085.

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Nadeau, T., and C. Pignataro, eds. Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for the Pseudowire Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV). RFC Editor, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc5885.

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Del Regno, N., and A. Malis, eds. The Pseudowire (PW) and Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV) Implementation Survey Results. RFC Editor, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7079.

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Govindan, V., and C. Pignataro. Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD) for Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV). RFC Editor, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7885.

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Steinmann, Peter. Does home-based HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) improve the uptake of HIV testing? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/161010.

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Knowledge about people’s HIV status is important for developing effective HIV prevention, treatment and care strategies. HIV testing is typically performed using Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) at dedicated VCT centres or healthcare facilities. However, many people lack access to VCT sites or prefer not to use them. One strategy to boost the uptake of HIV testing is to use trained counsellors or lay health workers to provide VCT in patients’ homes.
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Mirsky, G. Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV) Capability Advertisement for MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP). RFC Editor, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc7189.

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Ochieng, Ben, and Annabel Erulkar. Highlighting marital HIV risk and promoting premarital VCT in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Population Council, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh4.1105.

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Ogle, James P., Md Touhiduzzaman, and Priya Thekkumparambath Mana. Assessment of CReST-VCT Deployment in Real-Time Environments : Communication System Examination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1592714.

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