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Journal articles on the topic 'VARS2'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Baertling, Fabian, Bader Alhaddad, Annette Seibt, Sonja Budaeus, Thomas Meitinger, Tim M. Strom, Ertan Mayatepek, et al. "Neonatal encephalocardiomyopathy caused by mutations in VARS2." Metabolic Brain Disease 32, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-016-9890-2.

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2

Millan, B. San, A. Blazquez, A. Delmiro, L. Rufian, C. Navarro, S. Teijeira, and M. Martin. "Variable skeletal muscle involvement in VARS2 mitochondrial encephalomyopathy." Neuromuscular Disorders 26 (October 2016): S178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2016.06.333.

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3

Ruzman, Lucija, Ivana Kolic, Jelena Radic Nisevic, Antonija Ruzic Barsic, Ingrid Skarpa Prpic, and Igor Prpic. "A novel VARS2 gene variant in a patient with epileptic encephalopathy." Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 124, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03009734.2019.1670297.

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4

Bruni, Francesco, Ivano Di Meo, Emanuele Bellacchio, Bryn D. Webb, Robert McFarland, Zofia M. A. Chrzanowska-Lightowlers, Langping He, et al. "Clinical, biochemical, and genetic features associated with VARS2 -related mitochondrial disease." Human Mutation 39, no. 4 (February 7, 2018): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.23398.

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5

Kováčová, Tatiana, Přemysl Souček, Pavla Hujová, Tomáš Freiberger, and Lucie Grodecká. "Splicing Enhancers at Intron–Exon Borders Participate in Acceptor Splice Sites Recognition." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186553.

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Acceptor splice site recognition (3′ splice site: 3′ss) is a fundamental step in precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Generally, the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor (U2AF) heterodimer recognizes the 3′ss, of which U2AF35 has a dual function: (i) It binds to the intron–exon border of some 3′ss and (ii) mediates enhancer-binding splicing activators’ interactions with the spliceosome. Alternative mechanisms for 3′ss recognition have been suggested, yet they are still not thoroughly understood. Here, we analyzed 3′ss recognition where the intron–exon border is bound by a ubiquitous splicing regulator SRSF1. Using the minigene analysis of two model exons and their mutants, BRCA2 exon 12 and VARS2 exon 17, we showed that the exon inclusion correlated much better with the predicted SRSF1 affinity than 3′ss quality, which were assessed using the Catalog of Inferred Sequence Binding Preferences of RNA binding proteins (CISBP-RNA) database and maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) predictor and the U2AF35 consensus matrix, respectively. RNA affinity purification proved SRSF1 binding to the model 3′ss. On the other hand, knockdown experiments revealed that U2AF35 also plays a role in these exons’ inclusion. Most probably, both factors stochastically bind the 3′ss, supporting exon recognition, more apparently in VARS2 exon 17. Identifying splicing activators as 3′ss recognition factors is crucial for both a basic understanding of splicing regulation and human genetic diagnostics when assessing variants’ effects on splicing.

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6

Chae, Yee Soo, Soo Jung Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Byung Woog Kang, Jong Gwang Kim, Sang Kyun Sohn, Jin Hyang Jung, et al. "VARS2 V552V variant as prognostic marker in patients with early breast cancer." Medical Oncology 28, no. 4 (May 26, 2010): 1273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12032-010-9574-4.

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7

Cheong, Hyun Sub, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Su Jong Yu, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Hyo-Suk Lee, Jae Youn Cheong, Sung Won Cho, et al. "Association of VARS2-SFTA2 polymorphisms with the risk of chronic hepatitis B in a Korean population." Liver International 35, no. 8 (January 10, 2015): 1934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/liv.12740.

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8

Wu, Xiao-Hui, Shuang-Zhu Lin, Yan-Qiu Zhou, Wan-Qi Wang, Jia-Yi Li, and Qian-Dui Chen. "VARS2 gene mutation leading to overall developmental delay in a child with epilepsy: A case report." World Journal of Clinical Cases 10, no. 24 (August 26, 2022): 8749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v10.i24.8749.

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9

Fayez, Alaaeldin. "Using postgenome-wide association study analysis; Vars2-Pic3ca-AKT is novel putative interactive pathway associated with conotruncal heart defects." Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ) 2, no. 4 (2018): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_106_18.

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10

Chin, Hui-Lin, Denise Li-Meng Goh, Furene Sijia Wang, Stacey Kiat Hong Tay, Chew Kiat Heng, Claudia Donnini, Enrico Baruffini, and Ophry Pines. "A combination of two novel VARS2 variants causes a mitochondrial disorder associated with failure to thrive and pulmonary hypertension." Journal of Molecular Medicine 97, no. 11 (September 16, 2019): 1557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-019-01834-5.

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11

Duarte, Margarida, and Arnaldo Videira. "Defective valyl-tRNA synthetase hampers the mitochondrial respiratory chain in Neurospora crassa." Biochemical Journal 448, no. 3 (November 21, 2012): 297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20120963.

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Respiratory chain deficiency can result from alterations in mitochondrial and/or cytosolic protein synthesis due to the dual genetic origin of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In the present paper we report a point mutation (D750G) in the bifunctional VARS (valyl-tRNA synthetase) of the fungus Neurospora crassa, associated with a temperature-sensitive phenotype. Analysis of the mutant strain revealed decreased steady-state levels of VARS and a clear reduction in the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis. We observed a robust induction of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase with a concomitant decrease in the canonical respiratory pathway, namely in cytochrome b and aa3 content. Furthermore, the mutant strain accumulates the peripheral arm of complex I and depicts decreased levels of complexes III and IV, consistent with severe impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The phenotypic alterations of the mutant strain are observed at the permissive growth temperature and exacerbated upon increase of the temperature. Surprisingly, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were similar in the wild-type and mutant strains, whereas mitochondrial activities for succinate dehydrogenase and alternative NADH dehydrogenases were increased in the mutant strain, suggesting that the VARSD−G mutation does not affect overall cytosolic protein synthesis. Expression of the wild-type vars gene rescues all of the mutant phenotypes, indicating that the VARSD−G mutation is a loss-of-function mutation that results in a combined respiratory chain deficiency.

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12

Shuoshan, Xie, Xiao Changjuan, Zhu Honglin, Zeng Qinghua, Ouyang Shaxi, Wang Qi, and Zhang Lihua. "Genetic variants related to systemic lupus erythematosus revealed using bioinformatics." European Journal of Inflammation 20 (January 2022): 205873922110704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20587392211070407.

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Objectives Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving multiple organs and is characterized by immune inflammation. The pathogenesis of SLE is complex and involves genetic and environmental components. Methods In this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) closely related to SLE were searched through integration analysis of public gene expression profiles from Gene Expression Omnibus and European Bioinformatics Institute data, and immunochip data in a genome-wide association study. Results SLE-associated SNPs were identified in 17 genes common among datasets. The mRNA expression levels of three genes among them were verified to differ between SLE patients and healthy controls subjects based on real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The GG genotype frequency of rs116253043 in LY6G6D was significantly lower in SLE patients and the GC genotype frequency of rs328 on LPL was significantly higher in SLE patients than in controls. VARS2 levels were significantly higher in SLE PBMCs than controls, but there was no significant difference in allele or genotype frequencies of the two SNPs (rs115470445 [C/T] and rs114394807 [A/G]) between groups. Conclusion Our results suggest that the GG genotype of rs116253043 plays a protective role against SLE, whereas the C allele of rs328 is a risk factor for SLE and rs116253043 with the GC genotype is an SLE-susceptibility SNP.

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13

Kim, J., Y. Chae, S. Sohn, B. Kang, S. Lee, K. Lim, G. Choi, and J. Baek. "-93G>A polymorphism of hMLH1 associated with prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 4039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.4039.

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4039 Background: Polymorphisms in the DNA repair genes may contribute to variation in DNA repair capacity, thereby affecting the risk of carcinogenesis and prognosis of colorectal cancer. Accordingly, the present study analyzed polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and their impact on the prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: Three hundred and ninety- seven consecutive patients with curatively resected colorectal adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the present study. The genomic DNA was extracted from fresh colorectal tissue and 14 polymorphisms of DNA repair genes (XRCC1, hMLH1, ERCC2, ERCC4, VARS2[rs2074511, rs2249459], XPA, XPC, POLR2A, POLR2B, RFC1, RFC4, XAB2, DNMT3B) determined using a PCR-RFLP assay. Results: The median age of the patients was 63 years (range, 21–85), and 218 (54.9%) patients had colon cancer and 179 (45.1%) patients rectal cancer. Pathologic stages after surgery were as follows: stage 0/I (n=86, 21.7%), stage II (n=146, 36.8%), stage III (n=145, 36.5%), and stage IV (n=20, 5.0%). Multivariate survival analysis including stage, differentiation, age, and CEA level showed that the survival for the patients with the -93AA genotype of hMLH1 was worse than for the patients with the combined -93GG and GA genotype (overall survival: hazard ratio [HR]=2.953, 95% Confidential Interval [CI], 1.273–6.850, P=0.012; disease-free survival: HR=2.299, 95% CI, 1.417–3.730, P=0.001), whereas the other polymorphisms were not associated with survival. Conclusions: The -93G>A polymorphism of hMLH1 was found to be an independent prognostic marker for patients with colorectal cancer. Accordingly, in addition to the pathologic stage, the analysis of -93G>A polymorphism of hMLH1 can help identify patient subgroups at high risk of a poor disease outcome. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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14

Minică, Camelia C., Giulio Genovese, Christina M. Hultman, René Pool, Jacqueline M. Vink, Michael C. Neale, Conor V. Dolan, and Benjamin M. Neale. "The Weighting is the Hardest Part: On the Behavior of the Likelihood Ratio Test and the Score Test Under a Data-Driven Weighting Scheme in Sequenced Samples." Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.7.

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Sequence-based association studies are at a critical inflexion point with the increasing availability of exome-sequencing data. A popular test of association is the sequence kernel association test (SKAT). Weights are embedded within SKAT to reflect the hypothesized contribution of the variants to the trait variance. Because the true weights are generally unknown, and so are subject to misspecification, we examined the efficiency of a data-driven weighting scheme. We propose the use of a set of theoretically defensible weighting schemes, of which, we assume, the one that gives the largest test statistic is likely to capture best the allele frequency–functional effect relationship. We show that the use of alternative weights obviates the need to impose arbitrary frequency thresholds. As both the score test and the likelihood ratio test (LRT) may be used in this context, and may differ in power, we characterize the behavior of both tests. The two tests have equal power, if the weights in the set included weights resembling the correct ones. However, if the weights are badly specified, the LRT shows superior power (due to its robustness to misspecification). With this data-driven weighting procedure the LRT detected significant signal in genes located in regions already confirmed as associated with schizophrenia — the PRRC2A (p = 1.020e-06) and the VARS2 (p = 2.383e-06) — in the Swedish schizophrenia case-control cohort of 11,040 individuals with exome-sequencing data. The score test is currently preferred for its computational efficiency and power. Indeed, assuming correct specification, in some circumstances, the score test is the most powerful test. However, LRT has the advantageous properties of being generally more robust and more powerful under weight misspecification. This is an important result given that, arguably, misspecified models are likely to be the rule rather than the exception in weighting-based approaches.

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15

Read, Tony. "VARst improvement." Computerised Manufacturing 1989, no. 2 (1989): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cm.1989.0028.

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16

Zhang, Dongmei, Yuyang Zhang, Bohou Jiang, Xinwei Jiang, and Zhijiang Kang. "Gaussian Processes Proxy Model with Latent Variable Models and Variogram-Based Sensitivity Analysis for Assisted History Matching." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174290.

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Reservoir history matching is a well-known inverse problem for production prediction where enormous uncertain reservoir parameters of a reservoir numerical model are optimized by minimizing the misfit between the simulated and history production data. Gaussian Process (GP) has shown promising performance for assisted history matching due to the efficient nonparametric and nonlinear model with few model parameters to be tuned automatically. Recently introduced Gaussian Processes proxy models and Variogram Analysis of Response Surface-based sensitivity analysis (GP-VARS) uses forward and inverse Gaussian Processes (GP) based proxy models with the VARS-based sensitivity analysis to optimize the high-dimensional reservoir parameters. However, the inverse GP solution (GPIS) in GP-VARS are unsatisfactory especially for enormous reservoir parameters where the mapping from low-dimensional misfits to high-dimensional uncertain reservoir parameters could be poorly modeled by GP. To improve the performance of GP-VARS, in this paper we propose the Gaussian Processes proxy models with Latent Variable Models and VARS-based sensitivity analysis (GPLVM-VARS) where Gaussian Processes Latent Variable Model (GPLVM)-based inverse solution (GPLVMIS) instead of GP-based GPIS is provided with the inputs and outputs of GPIS reversed. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GPLVM-VARS in terms of accuracy and complexity. The source code of the proposed GPLVM-VARS is available at https://github.com/XinweiJiang/GPLVM-VARS.

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17

Zakharia, Katia. "Jean-Georges Varsy et l’« Histoire d’Ali Baba » : révélations et silences de deux manuscrits récemment découverts." Arabica 62, no. 5-6 (November 5, 2015): 652–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341375.

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Première partie d’une étude à paraître en deux temps, consacrée aux versions arabes du conte d’Ali Baba, cet article est centré sur l’orientaliste Jean-Georges Varsy. En opposition avec le point de vue de Mohsen Mahdi, qui considère que « Varsy [. . .] a composé [Ali Baba] comme un quelconque écolier français aurait pu le faire en grec ou latin » et souligne son « indigence » « stupide » et « ridicule », cette étude établit que Varsy était un arabisant compétent, avec une solide connaissance de la langue et de la civilisation arabes. À cet effet, je me suis appuyée sur des documents imprimés portant sur la Campagne d’Égypte, du matériau généalogique et, surtout, sur deux manuscrits que j’ai récemment découverts : une autobiographie de Varsy et un commentaire qu’il a rédigé en arabe du Qāmūs d’al-Fīrūzābādī.

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18

Stock, James H., and Mark W. Watson. "Vector Autoregressions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2001): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.15.4.101.

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This paper critically reviews the use of vector autoregressions (VARs) for four tasks: data description, forecasting, structural inference, and policy analysis. The paper begins with a review of VAR analysis, highlighting the differences between reduced-form VARs, recursive VARs and structural VARs. A three variable VAR that includes the unemployment rate, price inflation and the short term interest rate is used to show how VAR methods are used for the four tasks. The paper concludes that VARs have proven to be powerful and reliable tools for data description and forecasting, but have been less useful for structural inference and policy analysis.

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19

Zakharia, Katia. "La version arabe la plus ancienne de l’« Histoire d’Ali Baba » : si Varsy n’avait pas traduit Galland ? Réhabiliter le doute raisonnable." Arabica 64, no. 1 (March 17, 2017): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341442.

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This article intends to reintroduce a reasonable doubt concerning the received idea – following Mohsen Mahdi’s research – according to which the Arabic version of the Ali Baba Tale as recorded by Jean Varsy is in fact a poor translation provided by the said Varsy from the French text of the same tale as found in Galland. To achieve this aim, intertextual data have been studied (such as Varsy’s signature in various recently discovered manuscripts, the use of formulae in the Arabic text, coranic and religious references . . .), as well as intratextual data (the structure and scansion of the tale, notably through the formulae) and the data linked to the linguistic ideology showing that the assessment of this text is completely different before and after the identification of Varsy as allophone transcriber. The conclusion opens the study on the vivid relevance of the tale in the islamic world and its transformation in connection with the development of the islamist strands. Cet article vise à réintroduire le doute raisonnable à propos de l’idée admise, en continuité avec les travaux de Mohsen Mahdi, selon laquelle la version arabe du Conte d’Ali Baba, consignée par Jean Varsy, serait en fait une traduction médiocre. Jean Varsy l’aurait réalisée à partir du texte français du même conte chez Galland. À cet effet, sont étudiés respectivement des données intertextuelles (les signatures de Varsy dans différents manuscrits récemment découverts, les formules utilisées dans le texte arabe; les références coraniques et religieuses), des données intratextuelles (la structure du conte et sa scansion, notamment par les formules) et des données liées à l’idéologie linguistique, montrant que l’évaluation de ce texte n’est pas du tout la même avant et après l’identification de Varsy en tant que son consignateur allophone. La conclusion ouvre l’étude sur la vivacité toujours actuelle du Conte dans le monde islamique et ses transformations en lien avec le développement des courants islamistes. This article is in French.

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20

Namwat, Wises, Chang-Kwon Lee, Hiroshi Kinoshita, Yasuhiro Yamada, and Takuya Nihira. "Identification of the varR Gene as a Transcriptional Regulator of Virginiamycin S Resistance inStreptomyces virginiae." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 6 (March 15, 2001): 2025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.6.2025-2031.2001.

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ABSTRACT A gene designated varR (for virginiaeantibiotic resistance regulator) was identified in Streptomyces virginiae 89 bp downstream of a varS gene encoding a virginiamycin S (VS)-specific transporter. The deduced varRproduct showed high homology to repressors of the TetR family with a conserved helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif. Purified recombinant VarR protein was present as a dimer in vitro and showed clear DNA binding activity toward the varS promoter region. This binding was abolished by the presence of VS, suggesting that VarR regulates transcription of varS in a VS-dependent manner. Northern blot analysis revealed that varR was cotranscribed with upstream varS as a 2.4-kb transcript and that VS acted as an inducer of bicistronic transcription. Deletion analysis of thevarS promoter region clarified two adjacent VarR binding sites in the varS promoter.

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21

Christiano, Lawrence J., Martin S. Eichenbaum, and Robert J. Vigfusson. "Assessing Structural VARs." International Finance Discussion Paper 2006, no. 866 (August 2006): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2006.866.

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22

Pedroni, Peter. "Structural Panel VARs." Econometrics 1, no. 2 (September 24, 2013): 180–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/econometrics1020180.

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23

Virtue, David C. "Remembering Gordon Vars." Middle School Journal 43, no. 4 (March 2012): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2012.11461814.

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24

Qi, Yafei, Xiaomin Wang, Pei Lei, Huimin Li, Liru Yan, Jun Zhao, Jingjing Meng, et al. "The chloroplast metalloproteases VAR2 and EGY1 act synergistically to regulate chloroplast development in Arabidopsis." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 1036–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011853.

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Chloroplast development and photosynthesis require the proper assembly and turnover of photosynthetic protein complexes. Chloroplasts harbor a repertoire of proteases to facilitate proteostasis and development. We have previously used an Arabidopsis leaf variegation mutant, yellow variegated2 (var2), defective in thylakoid FtsH protease complexes, as a tool to dissect the genetic regulation of chloroplast development. Here, we report a new genetic enhancer mutant of var2, enhancer of variegation3–1 (evr3–1). We confirm that EVR3 encodes a chloroplast metalloprotease, reported previously as ethylene-dependent gravitropism-deficient and yellow-green1 (EGY1)/ammonium overly sensitive1 (AMOS1). We observed that mutations in EVR3/EGY1/AMOS1 cause more severe leaf variegation in var2–5 and synthetic lethality in var2–4. Using a modified blue-native PAGE system, we reveal abnormal accumulations of photosystem I, photosystem II, and light-harvesting antenna complexes in EVR3/EGY1/AMOS1 mutants. Moreover, we discover distinct roles of VAR2 and EVR3/EGY1/AMOS1 in the turnover of photosystem II reaction center under high light stress. In summary, our findings indicate that two chloroplast metalloproteases, VAR2/AtFtsH2 and EVR3/EGY1/AMOS1, function coordinately to regulate chloroplast development and reveal new roles of EVR3/EGY1/AMOS1 in regulating chloroplast proteostasis in Arabidopsis.

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25

Středová, Hana, Josef Krása, Petr Štěpánek, and Ivan Novotný. "Comparison of two methods of erosive rains determination." Contributions to Geophysics and Geodesy 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/congeo-2015-0005.

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Abstract Number of erosive rains, kinetic energy of erosive rains and factor of erosive efficiency of rains according to the USLE methodology were assessed by two methods of erosive rains determination. The first method (VAR1) defined erosive rains by intensity ≥ 0.4 mm· min-1; total ≥ 12.5 mm and the second method (VAR2) by intensity ≥ 6 mm· 15 min-1; total ≥ 12.5 mm. Database contained one minute precipitation data from four automatic stations in the Czech Republic for the period of 2000-2005. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a statistically highly significant difference between the annual number of erosive rains determined by the two methods. The rains simultaneously complying with two following criteria (30 min intensity lower than 15 mm·h−1 and sum of 40 mm) were not generally classified as erosive rains according to VAR2. The number of erosive rains determined by VAR2 most often reached 40 to 50% of VAR1 results. Two-way ANOVA proved highly significant differences between the kinetic energy values for the erosive rains determined by VAR1 a VAR2. According to VAR2 the rains with kinetic energy lower than 3 MJ·ha −1 are generally not considered as erosive rains. The results of kinetic energy of the erosive rains determined by VAR2 most often reached 60 to 70% of VAR1 results. Two-way ANOVA has not proved a statistical difference between annual values of R factor of erosive rains determined by the two methods. According to VAR2 the rains with R factor lower than 5 are in general not included into annual R factor value. The results of annual R factor values of erosive rains determined by VAR2 are about 25% lower than the results of VAR1. Correlation between number of erosive rains, kinetic energy of erosive rains and annual R factor value assessed by both methods showed a statistically significant relationship. The conversion formulas between results of the two methods (VAR1 and VAR2) were derived by linear regression. As conclusion we can state that when using present automatic stations in R factor analyses, we have to be aware of overestimating the erosivities compared to historical data based on ombrograms, where only low temporal resolution data were available.

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26

Haukioja, Timo. "Varsi-sanue kognitiivisen semantiikan valossa." Sananjalka 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30673/sja.86533.

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27

Jang, Jeyoun, Kyung-Tae Jung, Jungchan Park, Cheon-Kwon Yoo, and Gi-Eun Rhie. "The Vibrio cholerae VarS/VarA two-component system controls the expression of virulence proteins through ToxT regulation." Microbiology 157, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1466–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.043737-0.

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Although the conditions for inducing virulence protein expression in vitro are different, both classical and El Tor biotypes of Vibrio cholerae have been reported to regulate the expression of virulence proteins such as cholera toxin (CT) and toxin-coregulated pili (Tcp) through the ToxR/S/T system. The transcription activator ToxR responds to environmental stimuli such as pH and temperature and activates the second transcriptional regulator ToxT, which upregulates expression of virulence proteins. In addition to the ToxR/S/T signalling system, V. cholerae has been proposed to utilize another two-component system VarS/VarA to modulate expression of virulence genes. Previous study has shown that VarA of the VarS/VarA system is involved in the regulation of virulence proteins in the classical V. cholerae O395 strain; however, no further analysis was performed concerning VarS. In this study, we constructed varS mutants derived from the classical O395 and El Tor C6706 strains and demonstrated that VarS is also involved in the expression of the virulence proteins CT and Tcp from the V. cholerae classical and El Tor strains. This expression is through regulation of ToxT expression in response to environmental changes due to different toxin-inducing conditions.

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28

Luckett, M. "Have VArs, can travel." IEE Review 45, no. 5 (September 1, 1999): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ir:19990506.

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29

Eraker, Bjørn, Ching Wai (Jeremy) Chiu, Andrew T. Foerster, Tae Bong Kim, and Hernán D. Seoane. "Bayesian Mixed Frequency VARs." Journal of Financial Econometrics 13, no. 3 (September 24, 2014): 698–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbu027.

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30

Eriksen, MK, LL Thomsen, and J. Olesen. "The Visual Aura Rating Scale (VARS) for Migraine Aura Diagnosis." Cephalalgia 25, no. 10 (October 2005): 801–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00955.x.

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To supplement the traditional ICHD-2 diagnosis for migraine with aura (MA) we developed a diagnostic scale for migraine aura that quantifies the importance of the cardinal characteristics of MA. Since more than 99% of MA patients have visual aura, we developed for simplicity a Visual Aura Rating Scale (VARS). In total 427 patients with MA (ICHD-2) or nonaura visual disturbances were diagnosed in a validated semistructured interview by a trained physician. The patients were separated into a derivation sample and a validation sample. By regression analysis we identified the visual aura characteristics associated with MA in the derivation sample. Based on the identified characteristics we developed VARS and derived a predictive VARS score which was tested in the validation sample. The VARS score is the weighted sum of the presence of five visual symptom characteristics: duration 5-60 min (3 points), develops gradually ≤5 min (2 points), scotoma (2 points), zig-zag lines (2 points), and unilateral (1 point). The maximum score is 10 points. A VARS score of 5 or more diagnosed MA with a sensitivity of 96% (95% CI 92-99%) and a specificity of 98%(95% CI 95-100%) in the derivation sample, and a sensitivity of 91% (95% CI 86-95%) and a specificity of 96% (95% CI 91-100%) in the validation sample. VARS adds evidence based weights to a number of clearly specified characteristics; it is easy to learn, apply and teach and may therefore be a valuable addition to traditional ICHD-2 diagnosis.

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Liu, Xiayan, Fei Yu, and Steve Rodermel. "Arabidopsis Chloroplast FtsH, var2 and Suppressors of var2 Leaf Variegation: a Review." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 52, no. 8 (July 13, 2010): 750–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00980.x.

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Lee, Chang-Kwon, Yuka Kamitani, Takuya Nihira, and Yasuhiro Yamada. "Identification and In Vivo Functional Analysis of a Virginiamycin S Resistance Gene (varS) from Streptomyces virginiae." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 10 (May 15, 1999): 3293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.10.3293-3297.1999.

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ABSTRACT BarA of Streptomyces virginiae is a specific receptor protein for virginiae butanolide (VB), one of the γ-butyrolactone autoregulators of the Streptomyces species, and acts as a transcriptional regulator controlling both virginiamycin production and VB biosynthesis. The downstream gene barB, the transcription of which is under the tight control of the VB-BarA system, was found to be transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA with its downstream region, and DNA sequencing revealed a 1,554-bp open reading frame (ORF) beginning at 161 bp downstream of the barBtermination codon. The ORF product showed high homology (68 to 73%) to drug efflux proteins having 14 transmembrane segments and was namedvarS (for S. virginiae antibiotic resistance). Heterologous expression of varS with S. lividans as a host resulted in virginiamycin S-specific resistance, suggesting that varS encoded a virginiamycin S-specific transport protein. Northern blot analysis indicated that the bicistronic transcript of barB-varS appeared 1 to 2 h before the onset of virginiamycin M1 and S production, at which time VB was produced, while exogenously added virginiamycin S apparently induced the monocistronic varS transcript.

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AYDIN, Hasene. ""VARSIN YIKILSINDI NE VARSA." YAPISININ DÜŞÜNDÜRDÜKLERİ." International Journal of Languages' Education 1, Volume 4 Issue 2 (January 1, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.614.

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Nowak, Anna, and Hubert Markowski. "Korona Warszawy - najwyższe z najwyższych. VARSO." BUILDER 266, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3423.

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Aktualnie w Warszawie powstaje wieżowiec, który po zakończeniu budowy stanie się najwyższym budynkiem Unii Europejskiej, osiągając 310 metrów wysokości. Budynek o tak gigantycznej kubaturze i powierzchni zabudowy 18 000 mkw. wymaga szczególnego przygotowania technicznego, organizacyjnego, ale również formalnoprawnego. Artykuł przybliża proces budowy z zastosowanymi rozwiązaniami.

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35

Lisowska, Anna, Anna Pikuła, Justyna Opolska, Agnieszka Jasik, Anna Kycko, and Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz. "Virulence Properties of GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in Poland and Efficacy of Different Vaccination strategies." Pathogens 10, no. 5 (April 26, 2021): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050522.

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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important poultry pathogens, leading significant economic losses worldwide. IBV is characterised by highly genetic, serotype, and pathotypic variability. Despite extensive immunoprophylaxis strategies, the emergence of new genetic lineages is frequently observed in the field, causing disease control to be more complicated. In the last decade, the spread of variants assigned to the GI-23 lineage of IBV (formerly known as Var2) started from Middle-Eastern countries and reached Europe in the last few years. Recently, the introduction and fast spread of Var2-like IBVs in Poland was reported. In this study, the virulence properties and efficacy of different vaccination programmes were evaluated against infection with the IBV GI-23 strain gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016. The pathogenicity of the Var2 isolate was conducted in one-day-old and three-week-old SPF chickens and showed that the course of the disease is age dependent. Seven vaccination programmes using Mass, 793B, QX alone or in combination, and Var2 live vaccines were tested against the GI-23 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. All groups were scored according to the ciliostasis test at 5 days post challenge. Two immunoprophylaxis strategies generated full protection against gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016 infection—Var2 and Mass used in one-day-old chickens boosted by a combination of the QX and 793B vaccine (both with a ciliostasis score of 0 and 100% protection).

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36

Ribeiro, José R. I., and Augusto Ferrari. "Phylogenetic analysis of the Belostoma plebejum group sensu Nieser (Insecta, Hemiptera, Belostomatidae): the effect of adding continuous characters on its accuracy." Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 81 (January 16, 2023): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/asp.81.e87378.

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The Belostoma plebejum group comprises nine species, and the most evident characteristic shared by all species of the group is a phallus that is strongly curved ventrally. The difficulty in studying its species is much aggravated by the scarcity of identified material in Brazilian collections, and this has negatively impacted phylogenetic studies within the group. We tested the monophyly of the B. plebejum group using discrete and continuous characters under different weighting schemes and inferences. We described B. lanemeloisp. nov. and B. nieserisp. nov. and they served as the basis to study the phylogenetic relationships. A strict-consensus tree recovered under maximum parsimony and with implicit weighting scheme is as follows: (B. parvum, ((B. lanemeloisp. nov., (B. nessimiani, B. nieserisp. nov.)), (B. micantulum var1, (B. micantulum var2, (B. estevezae, ((B. plebejum, (B. minusculum var1, B. minusculum var2)), ((B. nicaeum var1, B. nicaeum var2), ((B. lariversi var1, B. lariversi var2), (B. pygmeum var1, B. pygmeum var2))))))))). The monophyly of the B. plebejum group is corroborated by four non-homoplastic synapomorphies, and the aforementioned condition of the phallus is one of them. We tested the phylogenetic integrity of some species of the B. plebejum group, and only the exemplars of B. micantulum did not constitute monophyletic clades. Comparing the topologies obtained by different approaches clearly showed the presence of different scenarios in terms of heterogeneity of evolutionary rates among characters, but this could also be influenced by the disproportionate number of discrete characters compared with continuous characters.

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Kumar, Prof Animesh, Om Singh Patel, and Nishi Yadav Pooja Shakya Muzzafar Ayub Khan. "Reduction in Size of Vars by using Different Materials in Generator." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 1589–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23473.

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38

Arató, N. Miklós, and László Martinek. "The Quality of Reserve Risk Calculation Models under Solvency II and IFRS 17." Risks 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10110204.

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We analyse four stochastic claims reserving methods in terms of their capability to estimate reserve risk and how successful they are at predicting distributions and VaRs of claim developments in particular. Both actual data and hypothetical claim triangles support our results. The appropriateness of the Solvency II risk margin on a one-year horizon and of the IFRS 17 risk adjustment in the long run largely vary by the chosen risk model. Despite the fact that IFRS 17 does not uniquely prescribe the metric for risk adjustment, we expect that VaR will be widely applied by insurance firms. Overall, actual data suggest that VaRs are predominantly underestimated by the models. Nevertheless, the 99.5%-VaRs under Solvency II are mostly sufficient on a 10-year-horizon to cover liabilities.

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Meyer, Daniël M., and Riaan Combrinck. "Kraakvorming in plastiese vars beton." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 40, no. 1 (January 2021): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36303/satnt.2021.40.1.854.

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40

Pesaran, M. Hashem, and Ron P. Smith. "Structural Analysis of Cointegrating VARs." Journal of Economic Surveys 12, no. 5 (December 1998): 471–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6419.00065.

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41

Forni, Mario, and Luca Gambetti. "Sufficient information in structural VARs." Journal of Monetary Economics 66 (September 2014): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2014.04.005.

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42

Bing, Franklin C. "Harry Morton Vars (1903–1983)." Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 711–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/116.5.711.

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43

Hwang, Youngjin. "Forecasting with Specification-Switching VARs." Journal of Forecasting 36, no. 5 (November 28, 2016): 581–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/for.2455.

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44

Soccorsi, Stefano. "Measuring nonfundamentalness for structural VARs." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 71 (October 2016): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2016.08.001.

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45

Koop, Gary. "Forecasting with dimension switching VARs." International Journal of Forecasting 30, no. 2 (April 2014): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijforecast.2013.09.005.

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46

Koop, Gary, and Dimitris Korobilis. "Large time-varying parameter VARs." Journal of Econometrics 177, no. 2 (December 2013): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2013.04.007.

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47

Tsou, Amy M., Zhi Liu, Tao Cai, and Jun Zhu. "The VarS/VarA two-component system modulates the activity of the Vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator HapR." Microbiology 157, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 1620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.046235-0.

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The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae uses quorum sensing to regulate the expression of a number of phenotypes, including virulence factor production, in response to changes in cell density. It produces small molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as cell density increases, and these autoinducers bind to membrane sensors once they reach a certain threshold. This binding leads to signalling through a downstream phosphorelay pathway to alter the expression of the transcriptional regulator HapR. Previously, it was shown that the VarS/VarA two-component system acts on a component of the phosphorelay pathway upstream of HapR to regulate HapR expression levels. Here, we show that in addition to this mechanism of regulation, VarS and VarA also indirectly modulate HapR protein activity. This modulation is mediated by the small RNA CsrB but is independent of the known quorum-sensing system that links the autoinducers to HapR. Thus, the VarS/VarA two-component system intersects with the quorum-sensing network at two levels. In both cases, the effect of VarS and VarA on quorum sensing is dependent on the Csr small RNAs, which regulate carbon metabolism, suggesting that V. cholerae may integrate nutrient status and cell density sensory inputs to tailor its gene expression profile more precisely to surrounding conditions.

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48

Asali, Muhammad. "vgets: A command to estimate general-to-specific VARs, Granger causality, steady-state effects, and cumulative impulse–responses." Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata 20, no. 2 (June 2020): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536867x20931004.

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Vector autoregression (VAR) estimation is a vital tool in economic studies. VARs, however, can be dimensionally cumbersome and overparameterized. The vgets command allows for a general-to-specific estimation of VARs— overcoming the potential overparameterization—and provides tests for Granger causality, estimates of the long-run effects, and the cumulative impulse–response of each variable in the system; it also offers diagnostics that facilitate a genuinecausality interpretation of the Granger causality tests.

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49

Prüser, Jan, and Christoph Hanck. "A Comparison of Approaches to Select the Informativeness of Priors in BVARs." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 241, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 501–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2020-0050.

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Abstract Vector autoregressions (VARs) are richly parameterized time series models that can capture complex dynamic interrelationships among macroeconomic variables. However, in small samples the rich parametrization of VAR models may come at the cost of overfitting the data, possibly leading to imprecise inference for key quantities of interest such as impulse response functions (IRFs). Bayesian VARs (BVARs) can use prior information to shrink the model parameters, potentially avoiding such overfitting. We provide a simulation study to compare, in terms of the frequentist properties of the estimates of the IRFs, useful strategies to select the informativeness of the prior. The study reveals that prior information may help to obtain more precise estimates of impulse response functions than classical OLS-estimated VARs and more accurate coverage rates of error bands in small samples. Strategies based on selecting the prior hyperparameters of the BVAR building on empirical or hierarchical modeling perform particularly well.

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Volpato, Graziele Hernandes, Sebastião Venâncio Martins, Joema Carvalho, and Luiz dos Anjos. "Accuracy and efficiency evaluation of point-centered quarter method variations for vegetation sampling in an araucaria forest." Revista Árvore 34, no. 3 (June 2010): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-67622010000300015.

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In order to verify Point-Centered Quarter Method (PCQM) accuracy and efficiency, using different numbers of individuals by per sampled area, in 28 quarter points in an Araucaria forest, southern Paraná, Brazil. Three variations of the PCQM were used for comparison associated to the number of sampled individual trees: standard PCQM (SD-PCQM), with four sampled individuals by point (one in each quarter), second measured (VAR1-PCQM), with eight sampled individuals by point (two in each quarter), and third measuring (VAR2-PCQM), with 16 sampled individuals by points (four in each quarter). Thirty-one species of trees were recorded by the SD-PCQM method, 48 by VAR1-PCQM and 60 by VAR2-PCQM. The level of exhaustiveness of the vegetation census and diversity index showed an increasing number of individuals considered by quadrant, indicating that VAR2-PCQM was the most accurate and efficient method when compared with VAR1-PCQM and SD-PCQM.

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