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Journal articles on the topic 'Varnish removal'
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Johnson, Duval, Enrique Dominguez, Elizabeth Montalvo, Zhen Zhou, and Ashlie Martini. "Quantifying Varnish Removal Using Chemical Flushes." Tribology Transactions 61, no. 6 (July 3, 2018): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2018.1468520.
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Martines de Souza, Beatriz, Mariele Vertuan, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, and Ana Carolina Magalhães. "The Impact of the Demineralized Organic Matrix on the Effect of TiF4 Varnish on the Progression of Dentin Erosive Loss." Caries Research 51, no. 3 (2017): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475534.
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This in vitro study compared the effect of TiF4 varnish with that of NaF varnish, applied on pre-eroded bovine dentin samples, with respect to the progression of erosive loss, in the presence or absence of the demineralized organic matrix (DOM). One hundred and sixty bovine dentin samples were pre-eroded (0.1% citric acid, pH 2.5, 30 min). Half of the samples were subjected to the DOM removal (collagenase solution, 5 days). Samples with and without the DOM were treated according to the groups (n = 20 with DOM and 20 without DOM/group): TiF4 varnish (2.45% F), NaF varnish (2.45% F), placebo varnish (without fluoride) and control (no treatment). Thereafter, the treated samples were submitted to erosive challenges 4 × 90 s/day (0.1% citric acid, pH 2.5) during 7 days. Between the challenges, the samples were immersed in artificial saliva. The dentin erosive loss was measured using contact profilometry (µm, n = 15). Five dentin samples per group were prepared for energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Data were compared using 2-way ANOVA/Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Both fluoride varnishes were effective in reducing the erosive loss progression regardless of the dentin condition when compared to placebo varnish and control groups. Despite the fact that the TiF4 varnish was more effective than the NaF varnish for both dentin conditions (p < 0.001), its effect was significantly reduced in the absence of DOM (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the TiF4 varnish is the best treatment in reducing the progression of dentin erosive loss (100%) in vitro, but its protective effect is more pronounced in the presence of DOM.
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Pereira, Catarina, Tito Busani, Luis C. Branco, Ineke Joosten, and Irina Crina Anca Sandu. "Nondestructive Characterization and Enzyme Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Assessment from the Macro to Nano Level." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 6 (August 14, 2013): 1632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613013196.
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AbstractThis work establishes a multiscale and multitechnique nondestructive approach as valid methodology for monitoring surface properties and evaluating the effectiveness of enzymatic removal of varnishes from paintings/polychrome artefacts.Mock-up samples (documented reconstructions of oil, tempera, and gilded layers on canvas and wooden supports) were covered with different proteinaceous varnishes (egg white, animal and fish glue, casein) and then characterized before and after the removal of these coatings with enzyme-based solutions. The varnish was cleaned in several steps (two dry swabs and two wet swabs) with a clearance step for removing the residues from proteinaceous varnish or from enzyme solution.Microscopy [stereomicroscopy (SM), optical microscopy (OM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] and colorimetric (CIE L*a*b* system) techniques were used for characterization of the reconstruction surfaces at different scales (macro-scale by SM and OM; micro-scale by SEM and nano-scale by AFM). These techniques were also used to monitor the cleaning treatment.Although results presented in this work were obtained for the specific treatment of enzyme removal, the methodology could be extended to other types of materials and cleaning. Further experiments on real works of art are needed for a complete validation of the methodology.
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Al-Emam, Ehab, Victoria Beltran, Steven De Meyer, Gert Nuyts, Vera Wetemans, Karolien De Wael, Joost Caen, and Koen Janssens. "Removal of a Past Varnish Treatment from a 19th-Century Belgian Wall Painting by Means of a Solvent-Loaded Double Network Hydrogel." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162651.
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Polymeric materials have been used by painting conservator-restorers as consolidants and/or varnishes for wall paintings. The application of these materials is carried out when confronting loose paint layers or as a protective coating. However, these materials deteriorate and cause physiochemical alterations to the treated surface. In the past, the monumental neo-gothic wall painting ‘The Last Judgment’ in the chapel of Sint-Jan Berchmanscollege in Antwerp, Belgium was treated with a synthetic polymeric material. This varnish deteriorated significantly and turned brown, obscuring the paint layers. Given also that the varnish was applied to some parts of the wall painting and did not cover the entire surface, it was necessary to remove it in order to restore the original appearance of the wall painting. Previous attempts carried out by conservator-restorers made use of traditional cleaning methods, which led to damage of the fragile paint layers. Therefore, gel cleaning was proposed as a less invasive and more controllable method for gently softening and removing the varnish. The work started by identifying the paint stratigraphy and the deteriorated varnish via optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A polyvinyl alcohol–borax/agarose (PVA–B/AG) hydrogel loaded with a number of solvents/solvent mixtures was employed in a series of tests to select the most suitable hydrogel composite. By means of the hydrogel composite loaded with 10% propylene carbonate, it was possible to safely remove the brown varnish layer. The results were verified by visual examinations (under visible light ‘VIS’ and ultraviolet light ‘UV’) as well as OM and FTIR spectroscopy.
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Pacheco, Maria Filipa, Ana Isabel Pereira, Luís C. Branco, and A. Jorge Parola. "Varnish removal from paintings using ionic liquids." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 24 (2013): 7016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10679a.
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Schmalz, G., F. Hellwig, RF Mausberg, H. Schneider, F. Krause, R. Haak, and D. Ziebolz. "Dentin Protection of Different Desensitizing Varnishes During Stress Simulation: An In Vitro Study." Operative Dentistry 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): E35—E43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/16-068-l.
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SUMMARY Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate dentin protection of different desensitizing varnishes (light- and self-curing) during acid action/abrasion stress and thermocyclic loading in vitro. Methods: Dentin discs of 2 mm thickness were cut from 120 human molars, embedded, and polished. Specimens were randomized into five groups (n=24): A, negative control; B, Gluma Desensitizer; C, Cervitec plus (self-curing); D, Seal&Protect; and E, Admira Protect (light-curing). In groups B-E, varnish was applied on two-thirds of the dentin surface, and one-third acted as internal control. Stress cycle (2 cycles/day) for specimens were as follows: 1, acid action (pH: 2.9: five minutes); 2, remineralization (synthetic saliva: 60 minutes); 3, brushing (100 strokes); 4, thermocycling (five cycles); and 5, remineralization (synthetic saliva: six hours) for each group (n=12) for 30 (15 days) or 60 times (30 days). Specimens were analyzed using an incident light microscope. Substance loss was measured in micrometers. Statistical analysis was performed with the multiple contrast test (p<0.05). Results: Groups B and C had a significantly lower dentin loss than A (p<0.01). After 30 days, group A showed the highest dentin loss (p<0.01), whereas the other groups lacked a significant difference regarding their substance loss (dentin and/or varnish; p>0.05). Varnish layer loss was shown for groups D and E with a remaining protective layer; groups A-C showed dentin removal. Conclusion: All four varnishes are protective compared with an untreated control. Light-curing varnishes might provide higher dentin protection than self-curing materials.
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Freese, Silvia, Samar Diraoui, Anca Mateescu, Petra Frank, Charis Theodorakopoulos, and Ulrich Jonas. "Polyolefin-Supported Hydrogels for Selective Cleaning Treatments of Paintings." Gels 6, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6010001.
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Surface decontamination is of general concern in many technical fields including optics, electronics, medical environments, as well as art conservation. In this respect, we developed thin copolymer networks covalently bonded to flexible polyethylene (PE) sheets for hydrogel-based cleaning of varnished paintings. The syntheses of acrylates and methacrylates of the surfactants Triton X-100, Brij 35, and Ecosurf EH-3 or EH-9 and their incorporation into copolymers with acrylamide (PAM) and N-(4-benzoylphenyl)acrylamide are reported. Photocrosslinked polymer networks were prepared from these copolymers on corona-treated PE sheets, which can be swollen with aqueous solution to form hydrogel layers. The cleaning efficacy of these PE-PAM hydrogel systems, when swollen with appropriate cleaning solutions, was evaluated on painting surfaces in dependence of the PAM copolymer composition and degree of crosslinking. Specifically, soil and varnish removal and varnish surface solubilization were assessed on mock-ups as well as on paintings, indicating that even surfactant-free cleaning solutions were effective.
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Ulbrich, Dariusz, Jakub Kowalczyk, Arkadiusz Stachowiak, Wojciech Sawczuk, and Jaroslaw Selech. "The Influence of Surface Preparation of the Steel during the Renovation of the Car Body on Its Corrosion Resistance." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040384.
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The article presents the influence of the applied method used for removing the varnish coat on the corrosion resistance of the car body sheet. The tests were carried out on samples prepared from factory-painted car body elements with pearlescent, metallized and acrylic varnish. Removal of the varnish coat was performed by sandpaper grinding, glass bead blasting, disc blaze rapid stripping, soda blasting and abrasive blasting with plastic granules. The average thickness of the factory-painted coating depending on the type of lacquer ranged from about 99 to 140 µm. On the other hand, after removing the varnish, the thickness of the protective zinc coating ranged from 2 to 12.7 µm. The highest values of the zinc coating were obtained for samples in which the varnish was removed by the method such as soda blasting and abrasive blasting with plastic granules. For these two methods of surface preparation, the damage to the zinc layer protecting the steel against corrosion is the smallest and the percentage of zinc in the surface layer ranges from 58% to 78%. The final stage of the research was to test the samples after removing the varnish coat in a two-hour exposure to the corrosive environment in a salt spray chamber. Samples with the surface prepared by grinding with sandpaper reached the level of surface rusting Ri 5, while in the case of soda blasting and the use of plastic granules, no corrosion centers were observed on the surface of the car body sheet.
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Macholdt, Dorothea S., Abdullah M. Al-Amri, Husam T. Tuffaha, Klaus Peter Jochum, and Meinrat O. Andreae. "Growth of desert varnish on petroglyphs from Jubbah and Shuwaymis, Ha’il region, Saudi Arabia." Holocene 28, no. 9 (June 12, 2018): 1495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618777075.
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Petroglyphs, engraved throughout the Holocene into rock varnish coatings on sandstone, were investigated in the Ha’il region of northwestern Saudi Arabia, at Jabal Yatib, Jubbah, and Shuwaymis. The rock art has been created by removing the black varnish coating and thereby exposing the light sandstone underneath. With time, the varnish, a natural manganese (Mn)-rich coating, grows back. To study the rate of regrowth, we made 234 measurements by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) on intact varnish and engraved petroglyphs. Since many petroglyphs can be assigned to a specific time period, a relationship between their ages and the Mn surface densities (DMn) of the regrown material could be derived. This relationship was improved by normalizing the DMn in the petroglyphs with the DMn of adjacent intact varnish. In turn, we used this relationship to assign a chronologic context to petroglyphs of unknown ages. Following the removal of the varnish by the artist and prior to the beginning of Mn oxyhydroxide regrowth, a thin Fe-rich film forms on the underlying rock. This initial Fe oxyhydroxide deposit may act as catalyst for subsequent fast Mn oxidation. After a few decades of relatively rapid growth, the regrowth of the Mn-rich varnish slows down to about 0.017 µg cm–2 a–1 Mn, corresponding to about 0.012% a–1 Mn of the intact varnish density, or about 1.2 nm a–1, presumably due to a change of the catalytic process. Our results suggest that petroglyphs were engraved almost continuously since the pre-Neolithic period, and that rock varnish growth seems to proceed roughly linear, without detectable influences of the regional Holocene climatic changes.
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Oujja, M., S. Psilodimitrakopoulos, E. Carrasco, M. Sanz, A. Philippidis, A. Selimis, P. Pouli, G. Filippidis, and M. Castillejo. "Nonlinear imaging microscopy for assessing structural and photochemical modifications upon laser removal of dammar varnish on photosensitive substrates." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 34 (2017): 22836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02509b.
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Nonlinear optical microscopy imaging serves to characterize the in-depth morphological and photochemical modifications induced by pulsed UV laser removal of dammar varnish applied on a photosensitive substrate.
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Striova, Jana, Barbara Salvadori, Raffaella Fontana, Antonio Sansonetti, Marco Barucci, Enrico Pampaloni, Eleonora Marconi, Luca Pezzati, and Maria Perla Colombini. "Optical and spectroscopic tools for evaluating Er:YAG laser removal of shellac varnish." Studies in Conservation 60, sup1 (August 2015): S91—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0039363015z.000000000213.
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Oujja, Mohamed, Ana García, Carolina Romero, Javier R. Vázquez de Aldana, Pablo Moreno, and Marta Castillejo. "UV laser removal of varnish on tempera paints with nanosecond and femtosecond pulses." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13, no. 10 (2011): 4625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp02147d.
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Ghofrani, Mohammad, Fatemeh Zahra Mirkhandouzi, and Alireza Ashori. "Effects of extractives removal on the performance of clear varnish coatings on boards." Journal of Composite Materials 50, no. 21 (July 28, 2016): 3019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998315615205.
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Linhares, João, Liliana Cardeira, Ana Bailão, Ruben Pastilha, and Sérgio Nascimento. "Chromatic changes in paintings of Adriano de Sousa Lopes after the removal of aged varnish." Conservar Património 34 (July 31, 2020): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14568/cp2018064.
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Pruteanu, Silvea, Ion Sandu, and Viorica Vasilache. "Modern Procedures Used in Cleaning Old, Illegibly and Blackened Icons." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2015-0016.
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Abstract In order to restore the original aesthetic aspect, to improve the state of the age patina and of the gold halo, similar processes are required. The cleaning process is one of the most important aspects for an artwork and is considering a series of deteriorations and degradations, like dirt deposits (clogged or unclogged) opalescent varnish, colors blackening, burns, blisters, gaps (missing ground, painting layer or varnish). This step in the restoration process includes physical and mechanical proceedings like dusting (with a vacuum), brushing (with a brush), scraping (with a scalpel), removal or polishing etc. The scalpel and the milling process are rough unconventional means that are used only in exceptional cases. The wet cleaning of dirt includes classic washing processes, with water or other complex systems of organic solvents (emollients, surface additives or surfactants, mixtures of solvents). Cleaning the clogged dirt deposits with unconventional methods can be done by means of electronic laser, ion and thermal exchange or ultrasounds. Laser cleaning is often used in removing unwanted dirt deposits from different layers of the art piece. A lot of attention goes towards the controlled elimination of the exterior protection layer (varnish), which can be photo- degraded and oxidized by atmospheric exposure. Visual analysis, with enlargers (OM, SEM, AFM etc.) combined with transmission or penetration techniques (radiography, endoscopy, X-ray diffraction etc.) provides information on the superficial structures of the art work. In order to determine the modifications of the desiccant oils, SEM was used to observed the changes in the morphology of the oil painting layers. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) can be used to detrmine detergent residues on the painting layer.
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Nobel, Petria, Esther Van Duijn, Erma Hermens, Katrien Keune, Annelies Van Loon, Susan Smelt, Gwen Tauber, and Robert Erdmann. "An Exceptional Commission." Rijksmuseum Bulletin 66, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 308–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52476/trb.9762.
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This article focuses on the conservation history and recent treatment (2016-2018) of the newly acquired pendant portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit painted by Rembrandt in 1634. Much new information is brought to light about the nineteen-fifties treatments by William Suhr in New York and Henricus Hubertus Mertens in Amsterdam, particularly their varnishing methods. An impressive array of scientific analyses gave insight into the nature of the old varnish layers that were found on top of Rembrandt’s paint layers. The recent treatment, carried out in the paintings conservation studio of the Rijksmuseum, restored much of the stunning detail and original colour contrasts in the two portraits. This consisted of removal of the 1950s varnish layers, along with (partial) reduction of a degraded and discoloured egg-white varnish. Scientific and computational analyses carried out as part of the conservation process also led to important new insights regarding the genesis of the portraits and Rembrandt’s early painting technique. Macro-x-ray fluorescence (xrf) imaging showed significant changes in the composition of the backgrounds that Rembrandt later painted over with a curtain. Novel data gained from forensic imaging analysis of the canvas supports indicate that Marten and Oopjen are painted on two lengths of canvas that were cut from the same roll; however, more research is needed to conclude whether the portraits were initially intended as one composition. High resolution imaging and scientific analyses alsoreveal Rembrandt’s extraordinary skill and inventiveness, for instance in painting bobbin lace using black on top of white, and his mastery in creating subtle modulations of light and tone through unusual additions of pigments.
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Manu, Roxana, Mihaela Răescu, and Cornelia Florentina Bîcleşanu. "Hard dental structure conservation by using modern laser fluorescence diagnostic (DIAGNOdent Pen 2190) and minimally invasive treatment – case report." Romanian Journal of Stomatology 61, no. 2 (June 30, 2015): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjs.2015.2.14.
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Caries diagnosis should be done in the early stages in order to preserve long-term hard dental structures. In addition to that, the cavity lesions treatment should use adhesive materials for crown obturation which allow strictly carious lesion removal and do not require the creation of retention forms, involving an additional sacrifice of dental tissues, thus jeopardizing the tooth resistance. The study presents the case of a 9 years old, male patient who had multiple cavities in the mixed dentition. The designed treatment plan aimed, firstly, at assessing the degree of damage, trough cavities, of the four 6-year molars existing on the arcades and the choice of techniques and materials for coronal restoration following ART concept (Atraumatic Restorative Treatement). Cavities diagnosis was made by combining conventional methods (visual inspection, inspection and palpation by probe, retro alveolar radiography and OPG) and modern methods (laser fluorescence DIAGNOdent Pen 2190). The prime molars 36, 46 treatment consisted in the creation of some VI class cavities, than plugged with glassionomer cement (Fuji IX) due to increased and prolonged release of fluoride, while the 16, 26 molars treatment was achieved by incipient lesions remineralization by topical application of a fluoride varnish containing 5% sodium fluoride (Profluorid varnish, Voco GmbH).
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Younis, M. A., and H. Alawi. "Effects of Impregnation of Grinding Wheel on Grinding Hardened Tool Steel." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1985-0006.
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The high hardness and chemical effects of tool steels M2 and T15 cause a rapid grinding wheel wear and micro structural changes in the ground surface. The performance of sulphur-, wax-, and varnish-impregnated grinding wheels in grinding hardened tool steels M2 and T15 is investigated and compared with the performance of conventional alumina wheels. Impregnation with sulphur had in all cases beneficial effects by decreasing the grinding forces, increasing the maximum metal removal rate, improving surface integrity, and increasing considerably the grinding ratio. It also gave cost saving compared to the plain grinding wheel. The improvement was a result of the sulphur being more efficiently supplied into the chip formation process as compared to using grinding coolant only.
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Pouli, Paraskevi, Irina-Alexandra Paun, Giannis Bounos, Savas Georgiou, and Costas Fotakis. "The potential of UV femtosecond laser ablation for varnish removal in the restoration of painted works of art." Applied Surface Science 254, no. 21 (August 2008): 6875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.04.106.
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Sucevic Miklin, Maja. "Overpaints and inpainting on the “Black flag” by Ljubo Babić." Ge-conservacion 18, no. 1 (December 10, 2020): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v18i1.848.
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This paper will present the restoration carried out at the end of 2017 on an oil painting called the “Black flag”, by Ljubo Babić, that stands today as one of the five more important paintings in Croatian modern art history. The focus will be on previous interventions – retouches and overpaintings – that were found on such an important painting, as well as the complex process of inpainting.
After a partial removal of the previous interventions, some particles of dirt were still left embedded in the texture. This condition and the artist's paint effects determined the inpainting process. A mimetic inpainting method was chosen, consisting into a two stages process, intermediated with a varnish application: gouache colours to reconstruct the image and pigments mixed with Canada balsam to finish the process. This method resulted in a good reintegration of the retouch and in the overall appearance of the painting.
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De Luca, Mariana P., Juçara R. Franca, Filipe Augusto F. F. Macedo, Liliana Grenho, Maria Esperanza Cortes, André Augusto G. Faraco, Allyson N. Moreira, and Vagner R. Santos. "Propolis Varnish: Antimicrobial Properties against Cariogenic Bacteria, Cytotoxicity, and Sustained-Release Profile." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/348647.
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Varnishes are preparations that differ in the polymeric matrix and therapeutical agents. In dentistry they are used to prevent caries. In this study we developed a propolis varnish, considering propolis properties against cariogenic bacteria. To a chitosan polymeric base (CHV) was added ethanolic propolis extract in different concentrations: PV1 (5%), PV2 (10%), and PV3 (15%). Antimicrobial activity was carried out againstStreptococcus mutans(SM),Streptococcus sanguinis(SG),Streptococcus salivarius(SS), andLactobacillus casei(LC) through agar diffusion method. The three propolis concentrations incorporated were effective in inhibiting the growth of all microorganisms, but without significant difference between the zones of inhibition observed. Cytotoxicity assay was done by MTT method. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test. None of the varnishes were cytotoxic, keeping 80% of viable cells, while CHV allowed cellular proliferation (120%). Sustained-release test was carried out by applying 40 μL of each varnish in the buccal surface of bovine teeth and kept in an ethanol/water solution removed in regular times. According to the “independent model approach,” the release profiles were distinct from each varnish and the most prolonged was PV3 (8 weeks). Varnish formulations had satisfactory antimicrobial activity against cariogenic bacteria and have a low cytotoxicity (<50%).
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Maziero, Eliane Cristina Sanches, Ana Elisa Bauer de Camargo Silva, Maria de Fátima Mantovani, and Elaine Drehmer de Almeida Cruz. "Adherence to the use of the surgical checklist for patient safety." Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem 36, no. 4 (December 2015): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2015.04.53716.
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Objective: Evaluate adherence to the checklist of the Programa Cirurgias Seguras (safe surgery programme) at a teaching hospital. Methods: Evaluative study conducted at a teaching hospital in the south of Brazil in 2012. Data were collected by means of non-participant observation in 20 hip and knee replacement surgeries and an instrument that was created for research based on the checklist and used by the institution. Results: In the observed procedures (n = 20) there was significant adhesion (p<0.05) to the instrument in relation to the verification of documentation, fasting, hair removal in the surgical site, absence of nail varnish and accessories, identification of the patient and surgical site on admission to the surgical unit, availability of blood and functionality of materials. However, there was no significant adherence to the checklist in the operating room in relation to patient identification, procedure and laterality, team introduction, surgical break and materials count. Conclusion: The results showed that the items on the checklist were verified nonverbally and there was no significant adherence to the instrument.
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Benkara, Dana Maria. "Restaurarea picturii Peisaj cu biserică, de Ștefan Popescu." Anuarul Muzeului Etnograif al Transilvaniei 30 (December 20, 2016): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47802/amet.2016.30.14.
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The paper presents some important aspects of the restoration- conservation process of a painted canvas, belonging to Ştefan Popescu, a romanian painter, whose creation, at the beginning of the 20th century, was famous especially through its landscapes. Stylistic and technological aspects of the painting were analyzed. The painting depicts a realistic landscape, with a house and an imposing stone church. A detailed account of the conservation state of the painting prior the restoration was made. The actual restoration process started with the cleaning of the superficial dirt and dust from the back of the painting. After protecting the entire face of the painting (by applying the Japanese paper), the old patch on the back of the painting (covering a small area of torn canvas) was replaced with a new one. The cleaning process (the removal of the light dirt and the old varnish layer) was followed by the filling of all the gaps of the painted layer with putty. The chromatic integration and the final varnishing ended the restoration process of the painted canvas.
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Iwanicka, Magdalena, Patrizia Moretti, Saskia van Oudheusden, Marcin Sylwestrzak, Laura Cartechini, Klaas Jan van den Berg, Piotr Targowski, and Costanza Miliani. "Complementary use of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Reflection FTIR spectroscopy for in-situ non-invasive monitoring of varnish removal from easel paintings." Microchemical Journal 138 (May 2018): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.12.016.
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Tornari, Vivi. "Delocalized Photomechanical Effects of UV ns Laser Ablation on Polymer Substrates Captured by Optical Holography Workstation: An Overview on Experimental Result." Advances in Optics 2014 (October 15, 2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/105482.
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A brief overview of results from an experimental investigation performed on polymer materials to examine delocalized photomechanical effects generated due to UV laser ablation is provided. Delocalized structural modifications were observed in PMMA, PS by means of optical holographic interferometry. The integrity of samples was examined before and after irradiation in 193 and 248 nm (15 ns) above and below ablation threshold, F = 0.1–1.0 J/cm2. A value of structural continuity was initially determined for each sample by generation of a reference holographic image before irradiation. Microscopic discontinuities were intentionally induced to act as preexistent defects. Sequential holographic recording monitored the growth of morphological alterations according to the number of pulses in the neighbor as well as far from the preexistent discontinuities. The imposed alterations are visually observable at the whole extent of the irradiated sample in distances far off the ablation spot as local cracks and voids. The induced flaws cannot be classified as transient or instantly generated. Fracture follows a long-term emergence and deterioration pattern. Extensively fluctuated long-term effects were also observed in laser-assisted varnish removal of multilayered technical samples simulating Byzantine icons with decrease of effect duration and fluctuation being according to increase in sample homogeneity.
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Celik, Cigdem, Sevi Burcak Cehreli, and Neslihan Arhun. "Resin composite repair: Quantitative microleakage evaluation of resin-resin and resin-tooth interfaces with different surface treatments." European Journal of Dentistry 09, no. 01 (January 2015): 092–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.149652.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim was to evaluate the effect of different adhesive systems and surface treatments on the integrity of resin-resin and resin-tooth interfaces after partial removal of preexisting resin composites using quantitative image analysis for microleakage testing protocol. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 human molar teeth were restored with either of the resin composites (Filtek Z250/GrandioSO) occlusally. The teeth were thermocycled (1000×). Mesial and distal 1/3 parts of the restorations were removed out leaving only middle part. One side of the cavity was finished with course diamond bur and the other was air-abraded with 50 μm Al2O3. They were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10) to receive: Group 1: Adper Single Bond 2; Group 2: All Bond 3; Group 3: ClearfilSE; Group 4: BeautiBond, before being repaired with the same resin composite (Filtek Z250). The specimens were re-thermocycled (1000×), sealed with nail varnish, stained with 0.5% basic fuchsin, sectioned mesiodistally and photographed digitally. The extent of dye penetration was measured by image analysis software (ImageJ) for both bur-finished and air-abraded surfaces at resin-tooth and resin-resin interfaces. The data were analyzed statistically. Results: BeautiBond exhibited the most microleakage at every site. Irrespective of adhesive and initial composite type, air-abrasion showed less microleakage except for BeautiBond. The type of initial repaired restorative material did not affect the microleakage. BeautiBond adhesive may not be preferred in resin composite repair in terms of microleakage prevention. Conclusions: Surface treatment with air-abrasion produced the lowest microleakage scores, independent of the adhesive systems and the pre-existing resin composite type. Pre-existing composite type does not affect the microleakage issue. All-in-one adhesive resin (BeautiBond) may not be preferred in resin composite repair in terms of microleakage prevention.
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Eastes, John W., Paul P. Hearn, and John F. McCauley. "Weathering of a Metal Artifact in a Saharan Environment: Evidence for a Novel Form of Desert Varnish." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 5 (July 1988): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884429111.
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A dark-brown coating on the exterior of a World War II metal fuel can recovered in southwestern Egypt may be a variation of the desert varnish that develops on rock surfaces in arid regions. This suggestion is supported by results of infrared spectroscopic work, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopic studies, and x-ray fluorescence. Exterior portions of the can resemble heavily varnished rock, differing completely in appearance and texture from rusty areas which had developed on portions of the interior surface. The coating consists principally of microscopic mineral deposits, some of which appear to be largely Fe-oxides and Fe-oxy-hydroxides. However many deposits are assemblages of Fe-oxides, clay minerals, and other elements typically occurring in forms of desert varnish often observed on the undersides of desert pavement stones in contact with the soil. Associated with the mineral matter is an organic component apparently deriving from residues of an original paint layer which had been removed by wind/sand scouring.
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Rodrigues, Jonas Almeida, Cristiane Meira Assunção, Rogério Nanini Macanhão, Leila Canarin Vieira, and Angela Scarparo. "Effect of an erosive challenge on the enamel-composite resin interface in primary teeth: an in vitro study." Journal of Research in Dentistry 3, no. 3 (December 16, 2015): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v3e32015688-696.
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AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether different adhesive systems (etch-and-rinse or self-etch) render enamel-composite resin interface in primary teeth more susceptible to erosive challenge. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty enamel specimens from caries-free primary incisors were selected and cavities were prepared for restoration. According to adhesive protocols, specimens were divided into groups: G1 (Adper Single Bond 2), G2 (Adper SE Plus), and G3 (35% phosphoric acid + Adper SE Plus). After restorative procedures, half of the surface of enamel and restorative material was protected with nail varnish, thus, only half of the sample was subjected to the erosive challenge (immersion in Coca-Cola®, 3 cycles of 5 minutes, for 5 days). Samples were analysed quantitatively through Knoop microhardness, the indentations were made on enamel-composite interface. Data were submitted to statistical analysis (Student’s t test, two-way ANOVA, p<0.05). RESULTS: It showed that different adhesive systems did not significantly affect the percentage of superficial microhardness change after an erosive challenge (p=0.387). However, although no significant difference was observed, G2 (self-etch system) showed the lowest percentage of superficial microhardness change. CONCLUSION: The use of different adhesive systems did not influence superficial microhardness of enamel-composite interface after an erosive challenge. The incomplete removal of the smear layer, though self-etch systems, suggests a greater ability to withstand the erosive challenge on the enamel-resin interface.
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Santamaría, Ruth M., N. P. T. Innes, Vita Machiulskiene, Julian Schmoeckel, Mohammad Alkilzy, and Christian H. Splieth. "Alternative Caries Management Options for Primary Molars: 2.5-Year Outcomes of a Randomised Clinical Trial." Caries Research 51, no. 6 (2017): 605–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000477855.
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Less invasive caries management techniques for treating cavitated carious primary teeth, which involve the concept of caries control by managing the activity of the biofilm, are becoming common. This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy (minor/major failures) and survival rates (successful cases without any failures) of 3 carious lesion treatment approaches, the Hall Technique (HT), non-restorative caries treatment (NRCT), and conventional restorations (CR), for the management of occlusoproximal caries lesions (ICDAS 3-5) in primary molars. Results at 2.5 years are presented. A total of 169 children (3- to 8-year-olds) were enrolled in this secondary care-based, 3-arm parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Participants were allocated to: HT (n = 52; sealing caries with stainless-steel crowns without caries removal), NRCT (n = 52; opening up the cavity and applying fluoride varnish), CR (n = 65; control arm, complete caries removal and compomer restoration). Statistical analyses were: non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. One hundred and forty-two participants (84%; HT = 40/52; NRCT = 44/52; CR = 58/65) had follow-up data of 1-33 months (mean = 26). Overall, 25 (HT = 2, NRCT = 9, CR = 14) of 142 participants (17.6%) presented with at least 1 minor failure (reversible pulpitis, caries progression, or secondary caries; p = 0.013, CI = 0.012-0.018; Mann-Whitney U test). Ten (HT = 1, NRCT = 4, CR = 5) of 142 participants (7.04%) experienced at least 1 major failure (irreversible pulpitis, abscess, unrestorable tooth; p = 0.043, CI = 0.034-0.045). Independent comparisons between 2 samples found that NRCT-CR had no statistically significant difference in failures (p > 0.05), but for CR-HT (p = 0.037, CI = 0.030-0.040) and for NRCT-HT (p = 0.011, CI = 0.010-0.016; Kruskal-Wallis test) significant differences were observed. Cumulative survival rates were HT = 92.5%, NRCT = 70.5%, and CR = 67.2% (p = 0.012). NRCT and CR outcomes were comparable. HT performed better than NRCT and CR for all outcomes. This study was funded by the Paediatric Dentistry Department, Greifswald University, Germany (Trial registration No. NCT01797458).
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Sleibi, A., A. Tappuni, D. Mills, GR Davis, and A. Baysan. "Comparison of the Efficacy of Different Fluoride Varnishes on Dentin Remineralization During a Critical pH Exposure Using Quantitative X-Ray Microtomography." Operative Dentistry 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): E308—E316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/18-014-l.
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SUMMARY Objectives: The objective of this in vitro study was to quantify the amount of mineral change in demineralized dentin at pH 5.5 after the application of dental varnishes containing fluoride with casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate, fluoride and bioglass, or fluoride alone. Methods and Materials: A total of 12 extracted human sound mandibular premolar root samples were coated with an acid-resistant varnish, leaving a 2 × 3 mm window at the outer root surface. These root specimens were then randomly divided into four groups and separately subjected to the demineralizing cycle at a pH of 4.8 for five days to create artificial caries-like lesions in dentin. Subsequently, each sample was imaged using quantitative x-ray microtomography (XMT) at a 15-μm voxel size. Each test group then received one of the following treatments: dental varnish containing casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate and fluoride (CPP-ACP, MI varnish, GC Europe), bioglass and fluoride (BGA, Experimental, Dentsply Sirona), or fluoride alone (NUPRO, Dentsply Sirona), as well as a control group, which received no treatment. These samples were kept in deionized water for 12 hours. The thin layer of varnish was then removed. All samples including the nonvarnish group were subjected to the second demineralizing cycle at pH 5.5 for five days. The final XMT imaging was then carried out following the second demineralizing cycle. XMT scan was also carried out to varnish samples at 25 μm voxel size. The change in mineral concentration in the demineralized teeth was assessed using both qualitative and quantitative image analysis. Results: There was an increase in radiopacity in the subtracted images of all varnish groups; a significant increase in mineral content, 12% for the CPP-ACP and fluoride (p≤0.05 and p≤0.001), 25% BGA (p≤0.001), and 104% fluoride alone varnish (p≤0.001). There was an increase in the size of radiolucency in the lesion area with a significant decrease in mineral content in the nonvarnish group, 10% (p≤0.05 and p≤0.001). Conclusions: There was encouraging evidence of a remineralization effect following the application of dental varnish on dentin and also an observed resistance to demineralization during the acidic challenge in all cases. However, a dental varnish containing fluoride alone appeared to have a much greater effect on dentin remineralization when compared with CPP-ACP with fluoride and bioglass with fluoride.
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Prati, Silvia, Francesca Volpi, Raffaella Fontana, Paola Galletti, Loris Giorgini, Rocco Mazzeo, Laura Mazzocchetti, Chiara Samorì, Giorgia Sciutto, and Emilio Tagliavini. "Sustainability in art conservation: a novel bio-based organogel for the cleaning of water sensitive works of art." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0507.
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Abstract Organo- and hydrogels have been proposed in the restoration field to treat different types of surfaces. The possibility to retain solvents and to have a controlled and superficial action allowed to use these materials for the removal of very thin layers applied on ancient historical objects, when the under paint layers are particularly delicate and water sensitive. In the last years, an increased attention has been devoted to the proposal of more healthy products to guarantee the safeguard of the operators. Few attention has been devoted to the development of green methods which foresee the use of renewable and biodegradable materials. The aim of this paper is to test a green organo-gel for the cleaning of water sensitive surfaces like varnished egg tempera paintings. The gel has been tested experimented on mock ups varnished with natural and synthetic materials and has been validated on a small portion of a Cimabue painting for the removal of two varnishes applied on two different test areas of the painting.
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Fatima, Nazish, and Mehwish Hussain. "Sealing ability of two commonly used root canal sealers with and with out smear layer." Journal of Research in Dentistry 2, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v2e42014327-334.
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AIM: The aim of current research was to find out the sealing ability of two commonly used sealers in the presence and absence of smear layer at different time interval. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total of 180 single rooted vital teeth were used. Transversal section was made with the help of digital slow speed cutting saw to divide the root and crown part. After removal of crown roots part was instrumented and prepared. The 180 teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=90) 1 and 2. In group 1 the smear layer was kept intact but it was removed from group 2 with EDTA (17%). Group 1 was then divided into two sub-groups, A1, A2. Group 2 was again separated into two sub-groups, B1 and B2. Each sub-group contained of 45 samples. In sub-groups A1 and B1, AH Plus sealer, in sub-groups A2 and B2, Ketac-endo sealer and cold lateral condensation technique was used for obturation with gutta percha. All samples were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 24 hours, with help of nail polish/varnish all samples root surfaces was painted only excluding apical area after words each sub group were further divided in to three groups of 15 to represent immersion periods of 7,15 and 30 days. All samples were then kept in 5 % methylene blue dye solution at 37o c for their respective time periods. After specific time period, the roots of every group were cut longitudinally and evaluate under a stereomicroscopes to evaluate apical micro leakage in millimeter. Data was subjected to Repeated measure ANOVA with post-hoc analysis using Tukey and bonferroni tests. RESULTS: Overall analysis indicated significant reduction in sealing ability canals in with and without smear layer over different time periods (p <0.0001). CONCLUSION: Current study has concluded that AH plus sealer provides significantly better seal in the absence of smear layer than in the presence of smear layer in addition it gave better seal than Ketac-Endo sealer in the absence and presence of smear layer.
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Lolayekar, Nikita, Sham Bhat, and Sundeep Hegde. "Sealing Ability of ProRoot MTA and MTA-Angelus Simulating a One-Step Apical Barrier Technique- An in vitro Study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2009): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.33.4.gp472416163h7818.
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Endodontic treatment of the pulpless tooth with an immature root apex poses a special challenge for the clinician due to lack of an apical stop against which to compact an interim dressing of calcium hydroxide, or the final obturation material. A one-visit apexification protocol with MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) has be seen as an alternative to the traditional treatment practices with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of MTA as a 5mm apical barrier by comparing sealing ability of ProRoot MTA to that of MTA-Angelus. 50 freshly extracted Maxillary and Mandibular single canal sound human incisor teeth were used in this study, which were decoronated to standardized 10mm root lengths. The root segments were prepared to simulate the clinical situation of an open apex with Gates Glidden burs # 5-1 and randomly assigned into 2 experimental groups of 20 samples each (Group A: ProRoot MTA, Group B: MTA-Angelus) and 10 root segments were used as control (Group C) where no apical barrier was used. After obturation the coronal portion of all samples were sealed with Glass Ionomer and stored at 37°C and 100% humidity for 4 weeks. The root segments were then double coated with nail varnish except for the apical 1mm and apical ends of all root segments were suspended vertically in methylene blue dye for 48 hours at room temperature. After removal from the dye, the samples were sectioned longitudinally and linear dye penetration was measured using a Grid and stereomicroscope. The measurements were tabulated and statistically analyzed. The mean percentage of dye leakage for Group A was 55.5% and for Group B was 53.25%. The results showed no statistically significant difference in the sealing ability of ProRoot MTA and MTA-Angelus when used as apical barriers.
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Kulkarni, Vinay, Anthony Murray, Rajat Mittal, David Spence, Gabrielle O’Kane, and Ian Incoll. "Microbial counts in hands with and without nail varnish after surgical skin preparation: a randomized control trial." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 43, no. 8 (March 20, 2018): 832–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193418764287.
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Nail varnish is commonly removed from fingernails prior to surgical procedures. We report the results of a randomized controlled trial comparing the microbial counts in hands with and without nail varnish applied, following surgical skin preparation. Forty-three patients were randomized; three patients were lost to follow-up. Each patient had one hand painted with nail varnish and had both hands tested 1 week later. There was no significant difference in terms of positive microbial growth between the nail plates or hyponichia with or without nail varnish applied. Our results demonstrate that the presence of nail varnish does not have an effect on the microbial counts of hands following surgical skin preparation. Level of evidence: I
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Diniz, M., P. Campos, M. Souza, R. Guaré, C. Cardoso, A. Lussi, and E. Bresciani. "The Evaluation of Different Treatments of Incipient Caries Lesions: An in Situ Study of Progression Using Fluorescence-based Methods." Operative Dentistry 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/19-268-l.
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Clinical Relevance Effective methods to control incipient caries lesions are needed. In this investigation, several methods provide encouraging results. SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate in situ the inhibition of incipient caries lesion progression using different treatment protocols and to evaluate the effectiveness of fluorescence-based methods (DIAGNOdent, DIAGNOdent pen, and VistaProof fluorescence camera [FC]) in monitoring this process. The research was conducted in four phases: (1) at baseline, (2) after a first cariogenic challenge, (3) after treatment modalities, and (4) after a second cariogenic challenge. Sixteen volunteers used intraoral acrylic palatal appliances, each containing six enamel blocks (n=96). The cariogenic challenge was performed using a 20% sucrose solution over a 14-day period. The appliances were removed eight times a day and, upon removal, two drops of the solution were placed onto each enamel block. The enamel blocks were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: fluoride varnish ([FV] Duraphat; n=32), resin infiltrant ([RI] Icon; n=32), and adhesive system ([AS] Scotchbond; n=32). At the end of each phase, the surface microhardness (SMH) was measured, and two trained examiners evaluated the specimens using fluorescence-based methods. In addition, integrated mineral loss (ΔΔZ; vol%.min x μm) and lesion depth (ΔLD; μm) were evaluated using transverse microradiography. A two-way analysis of variance and a Tukey post hoc test were calculated (α=5%). Significant differences in SMH were observed according to the treatment, phases, and interaction of factors (p<0.001). Treatment with FV resulted in significantly higher SMH values in phases 3 and 4 compared to RI and AS, with the last two treatments resulting in similar values (p>0.05). The ΔΔZ value was similar for FV and AS but significantly higher for RI (p=0.016). ΔLD was not significantly different among the groups (p=0.126). Significant differences in the measurement of fluorescence for each fluorescence-based method were observed between each phase of the study (p<0.05). It can be concluded that all treatments were effective in inhibiting the in situ progression of incipient lesions, although to different degrees, with minor mineral loss changes observed for the AS and FV. Besides, all fluorescence-based methods tested, except for that using the FC device, were effective in monitoring caries lesion progression.
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Poli, Tommaso, Oscar Chiantore, Eliano Diana, and Anna Piccirillo. "Drying Oil and Natural Varnishes in Paintings: A Competition in the Metal Soap Formation." Coatings 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11020171.
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Metal soaps formation is a well-known issue in oil paintings. Along the lifetime of the painting, carboxylic acids coming from drying oil (free fatty acids, acids from hydrolysis of triglycerides and from oxidation processes) can react with cations of some pigments (in particular, smalt, lead white and zinc white) forming the related carboxylic salts. As observed by many authors, the formation of these carboxylates, with the tendency to migrate and to aggregate, not only modifies the behavior and the aspect of the paint film but also complicates the cleaning approach. In previous works we have demonstrated that a similar pigment reactivity is possible even in presence of natural resins (such as colophony, dammar, mastic, etc) historically used as final varnishes on paintings. In this case, in the reactions the terpenic acids, among the main components of the resins, are involved. In this work, the carboxylates formation kinetics has been studied starting from two representative acids (palmitic and abietic) of painting oils and natural varnishes. Successively, the reactivity of the palmitic acid with the potassium abietate and of the abietic acid with the potassium palmitate has been verified. This investigation aims at clarifying in which way terpenic acids can be involved in the metal soaps reactivity confirming that also surface varnishes may play a significant role in the carboxylates formation and reactivity. It is important to keep in mind that a finishing varnish can be removed and reapplied many times during the lifetime of a painting, thus renewing the provision of reactive terpenic acids at the interface of the painted layers.
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Santos, Mónica, Armando Almeida, Catarina Lopes, and Tiago Oliveira. "Risco Biológico e/ou Químico eventualmente associado ao uso de adereços pelo Trabalhador (como anéis, alianças, relógios, pulseiras)." Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional 9 (June 30, 2020): S40—S47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31252/rpso.04.04.2020.
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Introduction/ background/ objectives There are some manuals of Good Practices, in some professional sectors, that highlight the need to stop use jewelry at work (such as finger rings, watches, bracelets and/ or equivalent), relating to the potentialization of contact with biological agents and/ or chemical. The studies dedicated to this theme are very scarce and all related to health professionals; although, in many other sectors, it is a relevant topic, like in food production, tattooing, preparation of equipment that needs to be sterile and any sector that deals with chemical agents, for example. Methodology It is an Scoping Review, initiated through a research conducted in December 2019 in the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Database of Effects Review Abstracts, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Record, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: comprehensive, MedicLatina, Scopus and RCAAP ”. Content The use of finger rings decreases efficacy of hand washing, since some bacteria can remain in microscopic irregularities under the ring. In addition, they can tear the protective gloves; even so, the use of this individual protective equipment attenuates the microbial load of the rings. However, some investigators argue that there is no statistical evidence that the use of rings will alter postoperative infraction rates. Those with smooth surfaces, like classic wedding rings, do not appear to be so problematic. As for watches and bracelets, it appears that they do not contribute to a significant increase in the rate of infringement; yet some researchers recommend that they be removed, before hand washing. The use of nail varnish decreases efficacy of hand washing, since some bacteria can remain in the microscopic irregularities of the varnish; however, there is no robust statistical evidence that the use of varnishes alters the rate of postoperative infection. Long nails have a higher microbial load, especially if recovered by irregular varnish (with a few days). In addition, big nails can also increase the likelihood of tearing the glove, whether natural or artificial. So it makes sense that some professionals use them short. Since scientific evidence that correlates hospital infection to the use of artificial jewelry or nails among healthcare professionals is not very robust, the norms at some institutions are in the format of recommendations only. Conclusions Studies are scarce and do not appear to be concordant or robust on several occasions, so it would be useful that Occupational Health teams, from companies with biological and/ or chemical risk, design and carry out studies and, subsequently, publish it to specialty magazines. In doubt, until clear evidence appears, objects such as finger rings, rings, watches and bracelets should be removed before work and hand washing and the size of long/ artificial nails or varnish must be carefully pondered.
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dos Santos, Daiana Moreli Soares, Juliana Gonçalves Pires, Aline Braga Silva, Priscila Maria Aranda Salomão, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, and Ana Carolina Magalhães. "Protective Effect of 4% Titanium Tetrafluoride Varnish on Dentin Demineralization Using a Microcosm Biofilm Model." Caries Research 53, no. 5 (2019): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499317.
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This study evaluated the effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnish on the development of dentin carious lesions. Bovine root dentin samples were treated for 6 h with: (A) 4% TiF4 varnish (2.45% F); (B) 5.42% sodium fluoride (NaF) varnish (2.45% F); (C) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel – positive control; (D) placebo varnish; or (E) untreated – negative control (n = 4 × biological triplicate, n = 12). Treated dentin samples were exposed to human saliva mixed with McBain saliva (1:50) for the first 8 h in 24-well plates. Thereafter, the medium was removed, and McBain saliva containing 0.2% sucrose was applied for 16 h. From days 2 to 5, McBain saliva with sucrose was replaced daily (37°C, 5% CO2). The demineralization was measured using transverse microradiography, while the effect on biofilm was analyzed using viability, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), and lactic acid production assays. The data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). All treatments (fluorides and CHX) significantly reduced the biofilm viability compared to placebo varnish and negative control. However, none of them was able to reduce the colony-forming unit counting for total microorganism, total streptococci, and Streptococcus mutans. NaF significantly reduced the number of Lactobacillus sp. compared to negative control. No effect was seen on lactic acid production neither on EPS synthesis, except that CHX significantly reduced the amount of insoluble EPS. Both fluorides were able to reduce dentin demineralization compared to placebo varnish and negative control; TiF4 had a better effect in reducing mineral loss and lesion depth than NaF. Therefore, TiF4 varnish has the best protective effect on dentin carious lesion formation using this model.
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Costa, I. M., G. C. Taroco, E. M. Garcia, J. O. F. Melo, A. G. Souza, R. M. Balestra, and H. A. Taroco. "Electrochemical corrosion study via linear polarization in peas can." Scientific Electronic Archives 9, no. 4 (June 23, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/942016353.
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The aim of this work is to study the corrosion of tinplate can for peas. Firstly, the characterization of canning solution was made. The values of pH, conductivity, Brix, viscosity, density and content of Fe were, respectively, 5.88; 32.6 mS/cm; 6.6%; 3,42cP; 1.026 g/ml; 12.05 mg/kg. The corrosion rate in the cans was determined by linear polarization technique. The electrodes with and without varnish were analyzed in the first and fifth day of the experiment for the 3 parts of the can. The corrosion rate increased significantly when the coating was removed and the body showed a higher corrosion rate, reaching 1.7 mm/year in the absence of varnish. The microstructure of the samples was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The increase of iron on the surface, evidenced by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) may have contributed to the corrosion in the samples without varnish.
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Kitchens, Michael, and Barry Owens. "Effect of Carbonated Beverages, Coffee, Sports and High Energy Drinks, and Bottled Water on the in vitro Erosion Characteristics of Dental Enamel." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 31, no. 3 (April 1, 2007): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.31.3.1157l653t8206100.
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Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, bottled and tap water, on the erosive potential of dental enamel with and without fluoride varnish protection. Materials and Methods: Beverages used in this study included: Coca Cola Classic, Diet Coke, Gatorade sports drink, Red Bull high-energy drink, Starbucks Frappuccino coffee drink, Dasani water (bottled), and tap water (control). Enamel surfaces were coated with Cavity Shield 5% sodium fluoride treatment varnish. Twenty-eight previously extracted human posterior teeth free of hypocalcification and caries were used in this study. The coronal portion of each tooth was removed and then sectioned transverse from the buccal to lingual surface using a diamond coated saw blade. The crown sections were embedded in acrylic resin blocks leaving the enamel surfaces exposed. The enamel surfaces were polished using 600 to 2000 grit abrasive paper and diamond paste. Test specimens were randomly distributed to seven beverage groups and comprised 4 specimens per group. Two specimens per beverage group were treated with a fluoride varnish while 2 specimens did not receive fluoride coating. Surface roughness (profilometer) readings were performed at baseline (prior to fluoride treatment and immersion in the beverage) and again, following immersion for 14 days (24 hours/day). The test beverages were changed daily and the enamel specimens were immersed at 37° C. Surface roughness data was evaluated using multiple factor ANOVA at a significance level of p<0.05. Results: Results showed that Coca-Cola Classic, Gatorade and Red Bull with/without fluoride revealed the highest post-treatment surface roughness measurements. Coca-Cola Classic, Diet Coke, Gatorade, and Red Bull all showed significantly higher post treatment readings than StarBucks coffee, Dasani water, and tap water. Fluoride varnish was not a significant impact factor; however, beverage (type) and exposure time were significant impact variables. Conclusion: Both carbonated and non-carbonated beverages displayed a significant erosive effect on dental enamel; however, fluoride varnish treatments did not demonstrate a significant protective influence on enamel surfaces.
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Lazidou, Dimitra, Dimitrios Lampakis, Ioannis Karapanagiotis, and Costas Panayiotou. "Investigation of the Cross-Section Stratifications of Icons Using Micro-Raman and Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 8 (May 29, 2018): 1258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818777772.
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The cross-section stratifications of samples, which were removed from six icons, are studied using optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and micro-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The icons, dated from the 14th to 19th centuries, are prominent examples of Byzantine painting art and are attributed to different artistic workshops of northern Greece. The following materials are identified in the cross-sections of the icon samples using micro-Raman spectroscopy: anhydrite; calcite; carbon black; chrome yellow; cinnabar; gypsum; lead white; minium; orpiment; Prussian blue; red ochre; yellow ochre; and a paint of organic origin which can be either indigo ( Indigofera tinctoria L. and others) or woad ( Isatis tinctoria L.). The same samples are investigated using micro-FT-IR which leads to the following identifications: calcite; calcium oxalates; chrome yellow; gypsum; kaolinite; lead carboxylates; lead sulfate (or quartz); lead white; oil; protein; Prussian blue; saponified oil; shellac; silica; and tree resin. The study of the cross-sections of the icon samples reveals the combinations of the aforementioned inorganic and organic materials. Although the icons span over a long period of six centuries, the same stratification comprising gypsum ground layer, paint layers prepared by modified “egg tempera” techniques (proteinaceous materials mixed with oil and resins), and varnish layer is revealed in the investigated samples. Moreover, the presence of three layers of varnishes, one at the top and other two as intermediate layers, in the cross-section analysis of a sample from Virgin and Child provide evidence of later interventions.
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Haslinda, Haslinda, Christine Anastasia Rovani, and Aries Chandra Trilaksana. "Apical microleakage of epoxy resin and methacrylate resin-based sealer with continuous wave obturation technique." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22208/jdmfs.1.1.2016.16-21.
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<p>The aim of this research was to determine the microleakage apical sealer based on epoxy resin and methacrylate resin with continuous wave obturation technique.Thirty permanent lateral incisors were selected at random and divided into 3 groups (N=10), namely AH Plus obturator group (epoxy resin), EndoREZ group (methacrylate resin), and negative control. The samples were decoronated, root canal preparation, then kept in incubator of 37°C for 72 hours. Sample were coated with nail varnish then immersed in methylene blue for 48 hours. The samples were washed with distilled water, dried and nail varnish removed. The samples were clearing. Penetration was measured using microscope and given score 0-4. Measurements were analyzed statistically. By using Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test, there is no significant difference between the apical microleakage of the the epoxy resin root canal sealer with methacrylate root canal sealer based (p>0,05). It means that the apical microleakage of the epoxy resin root canal sealer based comparable with merhacrylate root canal sealer based. It was concluded that the apical microleakage of epoxy resin based sealer does not different to the methacrylate resin based sealer.</p>
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Haslinda, Haslinda, Christine A. Rovani, and Aries C. Trilaksana. "Apical microleakage of epoxy resin and methacrylate resin-based sealer with continuous wave obturation technique." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v1i1.19.
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The aim of this research was to determine the microleakage apical sealer based on epoxy resin and methacrylate resin with continuous wave obturation technique.Thirty permanent lateral incisors were selected at random and divided into 3 groups (N=10), namely AH Plus obturator group (epoxy resin), EndoREZ group (methacrylate resin), and negative control. The samples were decoronated, root canal preparation, then kept in incubator of 37°C for 72 hours. Sample were coated with nail varnish then immersed in methylene blue for 48 hours. The samples were washed with distilled water, dried and nail varnish removed. The samples were clearing. Penetration was measured using microscope and given score 0-4. Measurements were analyzed statistically. By using Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney test, there is no significant difference between the apical microleakage of the the epoxy resin root canal sealer with methacrylate root canal sealer based (p>0,05). It means that the apical microleakage of the epoxy resin root canal sealer based comparable with merhacrylate root canal sealer based. It was concluded that the apical microleakage of epoxy resin based sealer does not different to the methacrylate resin based sealer
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Ciofini, Daniele, Mohamed Oujja, Maria Vega Cañamares, Salvatore Siano, and Marta Castillejo. "Spectroscopic assessment of the UV laser removal of varnishes from painted surfaces." Microchemical Journal 124 (January 2016): 792–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.10.031.
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Shenoi, Pratima Ramakrishna, Chetana Sachin Makade, Deepa Deepak Shori, Sonal Pradeep Dhote, Mohit Kumar Gunwal, and Ameya Vasudeo Paralikar. "To Compare and Evaluate the Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealer with and without Triple Antibiotic Paste using Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophotometric Analysis." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 4, no. 2 (2014): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1106.
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ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of current study was to compare and eva- luate the sealing ability of root canal sealer with and without triple antibiotic paste. Materials and methods Fifty extracted human single rooted teeth were selected and each test group had 25 teeth. The teeth were decoronated and then prepared with protaper rotary files till the no F2 in conjunction with 17% EDTA lubrication and 2 ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite irrigation. The teeth in group I were obturated using the zinc oxide sealer mixed with triple antibiotic paste and the teeth in group II were obturated using the zinc oxide sealer alone and then nail varnish was applied leaving the apical 3 mm of root exposed. The apical third was then immersed in 5 ml of 2% methylene blue dye in 15 ml screw capped bottle for 72 hours. The varnish was removed and the teeth were subsequently immersed in 35% nitric acid and kept again for 72 hours in a centrifugal tube. After the teeth were completely dissolved the solution was then filtered with a fine grit filter paper and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 1 minute. The collected solution was then subjected to spectrophotometric analysis. The data was evaluated statistically by Mann-Whitney U-test. Results The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the sealing ability of two groups evaluated. Conclusion Present study suggests that addition of triple anti-biotic paste to the sealer increased its sealing ability, reduced the microleakage and also imparts the antimicrobial property to the sealer. How to cite this article Shori DD, Shenoi PR, Dhote SP, Makade CS, Gunwal MK, Paralikar AV. To Compare and Eva- luate the Sealing Ability of Root Canal Sealer with and without Triple Antibiotic Paste using Ultraviolet-visible Spectrophoto- metric Analysis. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(2):48-51.
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Zudin, P. S., N. A. Tsalikova, V. A. Mitronin, A. A. Chunikhin, T. Y. Fokina, N. N. Belozerova, M. N. Zudina, and M. N. Kuvaeva. "ANALYSIS OF THE ADHESION OF MICROORGANISMS TO MODERN BASIC MATERIALS IN PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 25, no. 6 (December 21, 2018): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2018-25-6-96-99.
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Aim.The research was conducted for the study of the adhesion of samples of the domestic modern photopolymerizable base composite material in comparison with other materials for the manufacture of the denture bases.Materials and methods.Five samples of the materials were tested to conduct a microbiological study on the subject of primary adhesion of microorganisms to the surface of the base materials. The adhesion of microorganisms to the samples of the base composite materials was assessed using the index method.Results.As a result of a laboratory research, it can be concluded that the new photopolymerization material «Sample 1» used for the manufacture of the bases for the removable dentures has 1, 19 times lower adhesive activity to the colonyforming Prevotella intermedia microorganisms and Candida krusei mushrooms in comparison with the acrylic plastics and thermoplastic materials «Sample 2»; 1,14 times in comparison with the nylon material «Sample 3» and with the monomer material «Sample 4» with a statistically reliable variable number. It should be noted that the Axil-LC topcoat varnish supplied with the Sample 1 basic material kit increases microbial adhesion by 1.36 times.Conclusion.The adhesion of microorganisms to the materials that are used in dental practice is due to the surface tension coefficient – the greater the surface tension coefficient, the higher the probability of adhesion of microorganisms on the surface of these materials. The investigated new photopolymerization material «Sample 1» without coating with a protective varnish showed low adhesion to all major pathogens. Covering with a protective lacquer design, which is a part of the set of the material, significantly increases the adhesion of microorganisms on the surface of the material. The established indexes of microorganisms adhesion to the material «Sample 1» allow us to recommend it for the manufacture of bases for temporary dentures and immediate dentures in the treatment at the stages of dental implantation.
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Chu, C. H., E. C. M. Lo, and H. C. Lin. "Effectiveness of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride Varnish in Arresting Dentin Caries in Chinese Pre-school Children." Journal of Dental Research 81, no. 11 (November 2002): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0810767.
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Untreated dental caries in Chinese pre-school children is common. This prospective controlled clinical trial investigated the effectiveness of topical fluoride applications in arresting dentin caries. Three hundred seventy-five children, aged 3-5 years, with carious upper anterior teeth were divided into five groups. Children in the first and second groups received annual applications of silver diamine fluoride solution (44,800 ppm F). Sodium fluoride varnish (22,600 ppm F) was applied every three months to the lesions of children in the third and fourth groups. For children in the first and third groups, soft carious tissues were removed prior to fluoride application. The fifth group was the control. Three hundred eight children were followed for 30 months. The respective mean numbers of arrested carious tooth surfaces in the five groups were 2.5, 2.8, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.3 (p < 0.001). Silver diamine fluoride was found to be effective in arresting dentin caries in primary anterior teeth in pre-school children.
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Pianorsi, Maria Diletta, Martina Raudino, Nicole Bonelli, David Chelazzi, Rodorico Giorgi, Emiliano Fratini, and Piero Baglioni. "Organogels for the cleaning of artifacts." Pure and Applied Chemistry 89, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2016-0908.
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AbstractThe cleaning of artifacts must not alter the original properties of the objects. While the use of free solvents is risky, their confinement into polymeric networks can allow the safe removal of unwanted layers from artifacts. Recently, a methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate (MMA)-based organogel was formulated as loaded with butan-2-one (MEK), and used to remove aged varnishes from canvas paintings. However, this formulation is not enough retentive to allow its use on paper, where higher retentiveness is needed to avoid the uncontrolled spreading of MEK and dissolved materials. Here, a new PMMA-MEK gel was designed to overcome this limitation. The amount of cross-linker and monomer used in the synthesis of the gel were tuned to achieve optimal retentiveness. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) provided information on the solvent content, release rate, and mesoporosity of the gel as compared to the previous system. The lower solvent release rate of the new formulation allowed the safe removal of wax that jeopardized a 19th century paper document. The removal was confirmed through optical microscopy and ATR-FTIR, which also highlighted the absence of gel residues on the treated surface.
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Bril’, E. A., S. A. Moiseenko, V. G. Galonskiy, N. Yu Shishkov, A. S. Pustoshilova, and V. I. Bril’. "Primary prevention of the main dental diseases in children at different stages of orthodontic treatment with bracket systems." Kazan medical journal 100, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2019-221.
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Aim. Evaluation of the effective preventive methods of dental caries in children with dentoalveolar anomalies. Methods. Orthodontic treatment was received by 50 children aged 12-14 years with dentoalveolar anomalies who were treated by an orthodontist using ligature bracket and who had a compensated form of dental caries before the beginning of the hardware treatment. In the first group of children (control, 25 subjects) professional oral hygiene twice a year was followed by the coating of all teeth with fluoride. Children of the second group (25 subjects) after professional oral hygiene twice a year had their teeth covered with tooth enamel around brackets with Clinpro XT Varnish (3M ESPE) material containing fluorine, calcium and phosphate compounds. Dental examination every three months included assessment of oral hygiene and the state of the gums, the presence of carious defects, fillings and removed teeth, followed by the calculation of the main dental indices. Results. On the basis of studies of the dental status in children undergoing orthodontic treatment using brackets, the main dental indices such as DCF (decay/missing/filled), complex periodontal index, papillary-marginal-alveolar index were characterized at the stages of treatment. The analysis of the recorded values was performed in the comparison groups for each research method and the main statistically significant differences were identified. The study revealed that children from group 2 had positive dynamics of the state of periodontium within 18 months: the value of papillary-marginal-alveolar index among children from group 2 decreased by 5.4 times, the value of complex periodontal index decreased by 3.5 times. Children from group 2 had a significantly lower incidence of caries compared to the control group after 18 months of remineralizing therapy: the increase of complex periodontal index among children receiving orthodontic treatment with Clinpro XT Varnish coverage twice a year was only 1.42±0.16, incidence of caries of teeth surface reduced by 55%. Conclusion. On the basis of these studies, a comparative characteristics of the dental indices was performed at the stages of treatment using the brackets, depending on the used primary preventive measures; dental status of children at the stages of orthodontic treatment have their features: special oral hygiene tools should be guided by hygiene indices and complemented by remineralizing drugs.
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Pinheiro, Isauremi Vieira de Assunção, Boniek Castillo Dutra Borges, and Kenio Costa de Lima. "In vivo assessment of secondary caries and dentin characteristics after traditional amalgam restorations." European Journal of Dentistry 06, no. 03 (July 2012): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698960.
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ABSTRACTObjectives:This study aimed to evaluate in vivo the occurrence of secondary caries and dentin characteristics in permanent molars after traditional amalgam restorations, by means of clinical visual examination, radiographs and laser-induced fluorescence (LF) (DIAGNOdent).Methods:Thirty first permanent molars of 30 schoolchildren in the 7 to14 year-old age group were included. Caries was removed by hand. Thus, indirect pulp capping was performed with glassionomer cement (GIC), the cavity was varnished and amalgam filled. LF was measured before and after cavity preparation and after a 12-month observation period. Dentin color after cavity preparation and after the 12-month observation period was recorded. Recurrent caries was also investigated by visual clinical and radiographic examinations, in addition to dentin thickness between pulp and indirect GIC pulp capping. Data was analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measurements, paired “t” test and descriptive statistic.Results:There were statistically significant differences (P<.05) among LF scores for dentin in all periods evaluated, with the lowest scores shown after 12 month of observation. There was no statistical difference between dentin color after cavity preparation and following 12 months of observation. Moreover, there was no recurrent caries attack at 12-month follow-up; dentin thickness between pulp and indirect GIC pulp capping was similar between baseline and final observation periods. It was concluded that the clinical restorative procedure using hand caries removal, indirect pulp capping with GIC, varnishing and amalgam filling the cavity did not provide secondary caries and increased dentin mineral content after 12 months. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:263-269)