Relevant bibliographies by topics / Varnish removal

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Varnish removal'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Varnish removal"

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Johnson, Duval, Enrique Dominguez, Elizabeth Montalvo, Zhen Zhou, and Ashlie Martini. "Quantifying Varnish Removal Using Chemical Flushes." Tribology Transactions 61, no. 6 (July 3, 2018): 1067–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2018.1468520.

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Martines de Souza, Beatriz, Mariele Vertuan, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, and Ana Carolina Magalhães. "The Impact of the Demineralized Organic Matrix on the Effect of TiF4 Varnish on the Progression of Dentin Erosive Loss." Caries Research 51, no. 3 (2017): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475534.

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This in vitro study compared the effect of TiF4 varnish with that of NaF varnish, applied on pre-eroded bovine dentin samples, with respect to the progression of erosive loss, in the presence or absence of the demineralized organic matrix (DOM). One hundred and sixty bovine dentin samples were pre-eroded (0.1% citric acid, pH 2.5, 30 min). Half of the samples were subjected to the DOM removal (collagenase solution, 5 days). Samples with and without the DOM were treated according to the groups (n = 20 with DOM and 20 without DOM/group): TiF4 varnish (2.45% F), NaF varnish (2.45% F), placebo varnish (without fluoride) and control (no treatment). Thereafter, the treated samples were submitted to erosive challenges 4 × 90 s/day (0.1% citric acid, pH 2.5) during 7 days. Between the challenges, the samples were immersed in artificial saliva. The dentin erosive loss was measured using contact profilometry (µm, n = 15). Five dentin samples per group were prepared for energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Data were compared using 2-way ANOVA/Bonferroni test (p < 0.05). Both fluoride varnishes were effective in reducing the erosive loss progression regardless of the dentin condition when compared to placebo varnish and control groups. Despite the fact that the TiF4 varnish was more effective than the NaF varnish for both dentin conditions (p < 0.001), its effect was significantly reduced in the absence of DOM (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that the TiF4 varnish is the best treatment in reducing the progression of dentin erosive loss (100%) in vitro, but its protective effect is more pronounced in the presence of DOM.
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Pereira, Catarina, Tito Busani, Luis C. Branco, Ineke Joosten, and Irina Crina Anca Sandu. "Nondestructive Characterization and Enzyme Cleaning of Painted Surfaces: Assessment from the Macro to Nano Level." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, no. 6 (August 14, 2013): 1632–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613013196.

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AbstractThis work establishes a multiscale and multitechnique nondestructive approach as valid methodology for monitoring surface properties and evaluating the effectiveness of enzymatic removal of varnishes from paintings/polychrome artefacts.Mock-up samples (documented reconstructions of oil, tempera, and gilded layers on canvas and wooden supports) were covered with different proteinaceous varnishes (egg white, animal and fish glue, casein) and then characterized before and after the removal of these coatings with enzyme-based solutions. The varnish was cleaned in several steps (two dry swabs and two wet swabs) with a clearance step for removing the residues from proteinaceous varnish or from enzyme solution.Microscopy [stereomicroscopy (SM), optical microscopy (OM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] and colorimetric (CIE L*a*b* system) techniques were used for characterization of the reconstruction surfaces at different scales (macro-scale by SM and OM; micro-scale by SEM and nano-scale by AFM). These techniques were also used to monitor the cleaning treatment.Although results presented in this work were obtained for the specific treatment of enzyme removal, the methodology could be extended to other types of materials and cleaning. Further experiments on real works of art are needed for a complete validation of the methodology.
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Al-Emam, Ehab, Victoria Beltran, Steven De Meyer, Gert Nuyts, Vera Wetemans, Karolien De Wael, Joost Caen, and Koen Janssens. "Removal of a Past Varnish Treatment from a 19th-Century Belgian Wall Painting by Means of a Solvent-Loaded Double Network Hydrogel." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162651.

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Polymeric materials have been used by painting conservator-restorers as consolidants and/or varnishes for wall paintings. The application of these materials is carried out when confronting loose paint layers or as a protective coating. However, these materials deteriorate and cause physiochemical alterations to the treated surface. In the past, the monumental neo-gothic wall painting ‘The Last Judgment’ in the chapel of Sint-Jan Berchmanscollege in Antwerp, Belgium was treated with a synthetic polymeric material. This varnish deteriorated significantly and turned brown, obscuring the paint layers. Given also that the varnish was applied to some parts of the wall painting and did not cover the entire surface, it was necessary to remove it in order to restore the original appearance of the wall painting. Previous attempts carried out by conservator-restorers made use of traditional cleaning methods, which led to damage of the fragile paint layers. Therefore, gel cleaning was proposed as a less invasive and more controllable method for gently softening and removing the varnish. The work started by identifying the paint stratigraphy and the deteriorated varnish via optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A polyvinyl alcohol–borax/agarose (PVA–B/AG) hydrogel loaded with a number of solvents/solvent mixtures was employed in a series of tests to select the most suitable hydrogel composite. By means of the hydrogel composite loaded with 10% propylene carbonate, it was possible to safely remove the brown varnish layer. The results were verified by visual examinations (under visible light ‘VIS’ and ultraviolet light ‘UV’) as well as OM and FTIR spectroscopy.
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Pacheco, Maria Filipa, Ana Isabel Pereira, Luís C. Branco, and A. Jorge Parola. "Varnish removal from paintings using ionic liquids." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 1, no. 24 (2013): 7016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta10679a.

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Schmalz, G., F. Hellwig, RF Mausberg, H. Schneider, F. Krause, R. Haak, and D. Ziebolz. "Dentin Protection of Different Desensitizing Varnishes During Stress Simulation: An In Vitro Study." Operative Dentistry 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): E35—E43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/16-068-l.

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SUMMARY Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate dentin protection of different desensitizing varnishes (light- and self-curing) during acid action/abrasion stress and thermocyclic loading in vitro. Methods: Dentin discs of 2 mm thickness were cut from 120 human molars, embedded, and polished. Specimens were randomized into five groups (n=24): A, negative control; B, Gluma Desensitizer; C, Cervitec plus (self-curing); D, Seal&Protect; and E, Admira Protect (light-curing). In groups B-E, varnish was applied on two-thirds of the dentin surface, and one-third acted as internal control. Stress cycle (2 cycles/day) for specimens were as follows: 1, acid action (pH: 2.9: five minutes); 2, remineralization (synthetic saliva: 60 minutes); 3, brushing (100 strokes); 4, thermocycling (five cycles); and 5, remineralization (synthetic saliva: six hours) for each group (n=12) for 30 (15 days) or 60 times (30 days). Specimens were analyzed using an incident light microscope. Substance loss was measured in micrometers. Statistical analysis was performed with the multiple contrast test (p&lt;0.05). Results: Groups B and C had a significantly lower dentin loss than A (p&lt;0.01). After 30 days, group A showed the highest dentin loss (p&lt;0.01), whereas the other groups lacked a significant difference regarding their substance loss (dentin and/or varnish; p&gt;0.05). Varnish layer loss was shown for groups D and E with a remaining protective layer; groups A-C showed dentin removal. Conclusion: All four varnishes are protective compared with an untreated control. Light-curing varnishes might provide higher dentin protection than self-curing materials.
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Freese, Silvia, Samar Diraoui, Anca Mateescu, Petra Frank, Charis Theodorakopoulos, and Ulrich Jonas. "Polyolefin-Supported Hydrogels for Selective Cleaning Treatments of Paintings." Gels 6, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels6010001.

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Surface decontamination is of general concern in many technical fields including optics, electronics, medical environments, as well as art conservation. In this respect, we developed thin copolymer networks covalently bonded to flexible polyethylene (PE) sheets for hydrogel-based cleaning of varnished paintings. The syntheses of acrylates and methacrylates of the surfactants Triton X-100, Brij 35, and Ecosurf EH-3 or EH-9 and their incorporation into copolymers with acrylamide (PAM) and N-(4-benzoylphenyl)acrylamide are reported. Photocrosslinked polymer networks were prepared from these copolymers on corona-treated PE sheets, which can be swollen with aqueous solution to form hydrogel layers. The cleaning efficacy of these PE-PAM hydrogel systems, when swollen with appropriate cleaning solutions, was evaluated on painting surfaces in dependence of the PAM copolymer composition and degree of crosslinking. Specifically, soil and varnish removal and varnish surface solubilization were assessed on mock-ups as well as on paintings, indicating that even surfactant-free cleaning solutions were effective.
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Ulbrich, Dariusz, Jakub Kowalczyk, Arkadiusz Stachowiak, Wojciech Sawczuk, and Jaroslaw Selech. "The Influence of Surface Preparation of the Steel during the Renovation of the Car Body on Its Corrosion Resistance." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040384.

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The article presents the influence of the applied method used for removing the varnish coat on the corrosion resistance of the car body sheet. The tests were carried out on samples prepared from factory-painted car body elements with pearlescent, metallized and acrylic varnish. Removal of the varnish coat was performed by sandpaper grinding, glass bead blasting, disc blaze rapid stripping, soda blasting and abrasive blasting with plastic granules. The average thickness of the factory-painted coating depending on the type of lacquer ranged from about 99 to 140 µm. On the other hand, after removing the varnish, the thickness of the protective zinc coating ranged from 2 to 12.7 µm. The highest values of the zinc coating were obtained for samples in which the varnish was removed by the method such as soda blasting and abrasive blasting with plastic granules. For these two methods of surface preparation, the damage to the zinc layer protecting the steel against corrosion is the smallest and the percentage of zinc in the surface layer ranges from 58% to 78%. The final stage of the research was to test the samples after removing the varnish coat in a two-hour exposure to the corrosive environment in a salt spray chamber. Samples with the surface prepared by grinding with sandpaper reached the level of surface rusting Ri 5, while in the case of soda blasting and the use of plastic granules, no corrosion centers were observed on the surface of the car body sheet.
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Macholdt, Dorothea S., Abdullah M. Al-Amri, Husam T. Tuffaha, Klaus Peter Jochum, and Meinrat O. Andreae. "Growth of desert varnish on petroglyphs from Jubbah and Shuwaymis, Ha’il region, Saudi Arabia." Holocene 28, no. 9 (June 12, 2018): 1495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618777075.

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Petroglyphs, engraved throughout the Holocene into rock varnish coatings on sandstone, were investigated in the Ha’il region of northwestern Saudi Arabia, at Jabal Yatib, Jubbah, and Shuwaymis. The rock art has been created by removing the black varnish coating and thereby exposing the light sandstone underneath. With time, the varnish, a natural manganese (Mn)-rich coating, grows back. To study the rate of regrowth, we made 234 measurements by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) on intact varnish and engraved petroglyphs. Since many petroglyphs can be assigned to a specific time period, a relationship between their ages and the Mn surface densities (DMn) of the regrown material could be derived. This relationship was improved by normalizing the DMn in the petroglyphs with the DMn of adjacent intact varnish. In turn, we used this relationship to assign a chronologic context to petroglyphs of unknown ages. Following the removal of the varnish by the artist and prior to the beginning of Mn oxyhydroxide regrowth, a thin Fe-rich film forms on the underlying rock. This initial Fe oxyhydroxide deposit may act as catalyst for subsequent fast Mn oxidation. After a few decades of relatively rapid growth, the regrowth of the Mn-rich varnish slows down to about 0.017 µg cm–2 a–1 Mn, corresponding to about 0.012% a–1 Mn of the intact varnish density, or about 1.2 nm a–1, presumably due to a change of the catalytic process. Our results suggest that petroglyphs were engraved almost continuously since the pre-Neolithic period, and that rock varnish growth seems to proceed roughly linear, without detectable influences of the regional Holocene climatic changes.
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Oujja, M., S. Psilodimitrakopoulos, E. Carrasco, M. Sanz, A. Philippidis, A. Selimis, P. Pouli, G. Filippidis, and M. Castillejo. "Nonlinear imaging microscopy for assessing structural and photochemical modifications upon laser removal of dammar varnish on photosensitive substrates." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 34 (2017): 22836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02509b.

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Nonlinear optical microscopy imaging serves to characterize the in-depth morphological and photochemical modifications induced by pulsed UV laser removal of dammar varnish applied on a photosensitive substrate.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Varnish removal"

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Carter, Kathleen. "Uncovering Faces: the Removal of Discolored Varnish from Tudor Portraits." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/178.

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A discussion of possible means by which the varnish of Master John's portrait of Katherine Parr (c.1545) might be conserved, providing historical context and a description of new conservation methods.
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Pereira, Catarina Luísa Cortes. "Application of ionic liquids and enzymes for the removal of proteinaceous layers from polychrome of works of art and evaluation of the cleaning effectiveness." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9062.

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Dissertação Apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Conservação, especialização em Pintura
A novel use of ionic liquids as alternative solvents for enzymes in cleaning treatments for the removal of proteinaceous materials from painted or gilded surfaces is presented. The ionic liquids are potentially green solvents to be applied in restoration treatments being also called designer solvents, because of their peculiar properties which can be adjusted by selecting different cationanion combinations. Two ionic liquids were selected: IL1)1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4])and IL2) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM][EtSO4]). Formulations were prepared with these ionic liquids and two different proteases: one acid (pepsin) and one alkaline (from Aspergillus sojae). Additionally aqueous gel formulations were prepared with these enzymes for reference purpose. A third enzyme provided by the Bromatology Department at the Faculty of Pharmacy from the Porto University was tested only in gel formulation in order to assess its potential use in cleaning treatments. To understand the enzyme activity of these formulations and predict their ability as cleaning agents, analyses were performed with ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) prior cleaning; and with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) after cleaning. These formulations were tested on mock-up samples prepared in accordance with documented and historical sources of artistic techniques of egg tempera and oil painting, and gilding. A non-invasive non-destructive multi-scale analytical protocol was carried out for cleaning effectiveness evaluation and surface characterization before and after treatment. Different surface analytical techniques were adopted to this purpose: stereomicroscopy (SM), optical microscopy (OM) with visible and fluorescence light, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and colorimetry (CIE L*a*b* system). The surface analytical protocol proved to be adequate, not only, for monitoring the cleaning process but also for complete characterization of the surface, before and after treatment, including information on the presence of residues and possible surface deterioration. It was also proved that the formulations of enzymes combined with ILs can be used successfully for the removal of proteinaceous material as alternatives to gel formulations. More studies should be conducted to determine the most suitable IL or group of ILs, the main concern should focus on improving aspects such as compatibility with other surface materials, and possible long-term effects of residues after cleaning.
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Rodriguez, Abigail E. "Playing With Fire: An Examination of the Context and Conservation of Jose Clemente Orozco's Prometheus." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/860.

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Tucked within Pomona College’s campus in Claremont, California, sits Frary Hall, the home of Mexican muralist Jose Clemente Orozco’s first work in the United States. The mural, titled Prometheus (1930), has been subjected to many instances of vandalism over the years. Thus, in 1980, a protective coating was applied. Today, the coating, a highly-reflective varnish, has been noted as a hindrance of the fresco’s original matte surface. Using case studies and art historical analysis, this thesis examines the importance of the mural within the history of Mexican muralism and the pros and cons of removing the protective coating. In addition, this research looks at the potential of art conservation as a means of reactivating the mural and promoting discussions across campus about the preservation of this cultural landmark. The thesis is culminated by a detailed proposal for the continued conservation of the mural, using Prometheus as a starting point for further discussions about aesthetics and ethics within the discourses of art history, art conservation and art restoration.
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Books on the topic "Varnish removal"

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Öhrström, Lars. The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199661091.001.0001.

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This is a book about discovery and disaster, exploitation and invention, warfare and science - and the relationship between human beings and the chemical elements that make up our planet. Lars Ohrstrom introduces us to a variety of elements from S to Pb through tales of ordinary and extraordinary people from around the globe. We meet African dictators controlling vital supplies of uranium; eighteenth-century explorers searching out sources of precious metals; industrial spies stealing the secrets of steel-making. We find out why the Hindenburg airship was tragically filled with hydrogen, not helium; why nail-varnish remover played a key part in World War I; and the real story behind the legend of tin buttons and the downfall of Napoleon. In each chapter, we find out about the distinctive properties of each element and the concepts and principles that have enabled scientists to put it to practical use. These are the fascinating (and sometimes terrifying) stories of chemistry in action.
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Atomic oxygen treatment for non-contact removal of organic protective coatings from painting surfaces. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Varnish removal"

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Vergeer, Michelle, Klaas Jan van den Berg, Saskia van Oudheusden, and Maartje Stols-Witlox. "Evolon® CR Microfibre Cloth as a Tool for Varnish Removal." In Conservation of Modern Oil Paintings, 587–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19254-9_44.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Varnish Remover." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 790. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12456.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Paint and Varnish Remover." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 515. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8365.

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Phenix, Alan, Richard C. Wolbers, Joyce Townsend, Stefan Zumbühl, Angelica Bartoletti, Judith Lee, and Bronwyn Ormsby. "Removal of varnish: organic solvents as cleaning agents." In Conservation of Easel Paintings, 549–73. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429399916-37.

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Dicso, Á., Z. Kántor, I. Sánta, C. Dobai, É. Galambos, and Z. Márton. "Comparative study of laser varnish removal from historical paintings." In Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks, 271–74. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203882085.ch43.

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"Varnish remover." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 1037. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_12215.

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"Paint and varnish remover." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 692. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_8224.

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de Groot, J., D. de Man, and K. Seymour. "Removal of varnish residues and overpaints from a fifteenth century Spanish tempera and gilded panel painting with a Pemulen™ TR2 gel." In Conserving Cultural Heritage, 25–27. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315158648-6.

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Öhrström, Lars. "War and Vanity." In The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199661091.003.0018.

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In my childhood, visits to Gothenburg would always include a long (it seemed at the time) tram ride with my mother, from the centre of town to the north-eastern districts, past the old, red brick, ball-bearing factory of SKF to the vast Kviberg Cemetery to put flowers on my grandmother’s grave. I never ventured on any longer excursions among the neat flower-decorated graves on these well-kept lawns, but had I done so I would perhaps have discovered a different, more uniform, part of the cemetery that relatives seldom visited: the war graves. War graves form a somewhat unexpected discovery in the suburbs of a country that was neutral in both world wars, but there it is. Among the mostly German, American, and British graves we find, in the Commonwealth section, that of Arthur Cownden who, at 17, was probably the youngest to be buried there. He was boy telegraphist on a Royal Navy destroyer, and on the morning of 1 June 1916 his body was washed ashore close to the small fishing village of Fiskebäckskil on the Swedish west coast. His ship, the HMS Shark , was one of many British losses during the preceding day’s Battle of Jutland—the only clash between the main forces of the Royal Navy and the German Hochseeflotte during World War I. By all accounts this was a terrible battle, with loss of lives in the thousands on both sides, and one of the largest naval battles ever fought. The Battle of Jutland remains somewhat controversial for two reasons: the enduring argument between the two British commanders, David Beatty and his superior John Jellicoe, and the purported role of the Royal Navy’s smokeless gunpowder cordite in the sinking of a number of its own ships. We have no business with naval tactics, but the cordite question is related to one of the lesser-known supply problems of World War I, that of acetone. You may be familiar with this molecule as nail varnish remover, but perhaps you also know the disastrous effect it has on the glossy surface of cars.
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Conference papers on the topic "Varnish removal"

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Farooq, Khalid. "Varnish Removal and Control in Turbine Lubrication Systems." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81173.

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Varnish deposits on metal surfaces in turbine lube system results in a number of adverse operational issues, especially the restriction and sticking of moving mechanical parts such as servo or directional control valves. The oil has limited solvency for the material, hence a typical turbine will have the majority of the material as deposits and a relatively small portion as suspended material in the oil phase in quasi-equilibrium with the deposits. The lube system needs to be cleaned by removing the suspended varnish precursors from the oil phase, which allows the deposits to re-entrain into the oil phase, until the majority of the transferable deposits from internal surfaces are removed and the oil carries no significant amount of the material to have any adverse effect. The methods used for the removal of varnish from turbine lube oil systems include chemical cleaning - flushing, and electrostatic charge induced agglomeration - retention and the adsorption of the oil suspended varnish on an adsorbent medium. The paper discusses an absorption based removal method that utilizes a fibrous medium that has pronounced affinity for the removal and retention of the varnish forming material from the oil and the deposits from surfaces that are in quasi-equilibrium with the varnish precursors in the oil. The filtration medium is composite cellulose with specially formulated, temperature cured binder resins. The absorptive medium that exhibits high structural and chemical integrity has been thoroughly tested on operating turbines, showing reduction in varnish levels from critical range to below normal range in a relatively short time. The experiences with the utilization of the absorptive medium in laboratory tests and in two operating turbines are presented.
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Lopez, Maxime, Xueshi Bai, Corinna Koch-Dandolo, Stéphane Serfaty, Nicolas Wilkie-Chancellier, and Vincent Detalle. "Nd:YAG vs Er:YAG : a comparative study of laser varnish removal on easel paintings." In Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology VII, edited by Piotr Targowski, Roger Groves, and Haida Liang. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2527437.

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Zaggia, Caterina, Magdalena Kowalska, Magdalena A. Iwanicka, Giorgia Sciutto, Silvia Prati, and Piotr Targowski. "Application of optical coherence tomography for assessment of methodologies of varnish removal from easel paintings." In Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology (O3A) VIII, edited by Roger Groves and Haida Liang. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2595361.

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Hobbs, Matthew G., Janez Tomažin, and Peter T. Dufresne. "Advanced approach to the maintenance of hydraulic and turbine oils." In International conference Fluid Power 2021. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-513-9.20.

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In the growing power demands, turbine users want to feel confident that their equipment is reliable, efficient, and delivering peak performance every day. Proper care and maintenance of turbine oils is critical to avoiding disruptive and potentially costly downtime, and can help extend oil and component life. The ISO 55001 Asset Management and EN 17485 Maintenance within Physical Asset Management: “Framework for improving the value of the physical assets through their whole life cycle” provides an opportunity for companies to review and improve asset owner and service provider relationships, improve performance and utilisation of assets, reduce operational risk arising from the various stages of asset management and reduce the cost of insurance and ensure regulatory compliance. With such an approach and the use of the best available technology, turbine oil is becoming an asset. This article focuses on turbine oils quality, their degradation, additives and, varnish removal.
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Andrade, Luciano G. D., Ezequiel C. P. Pessoa, Alexandre Q. Bracarense, Weslley C. Dias, Leandro F. Ribeiro, and Stephen Liu. "The Effect of Base Metal and Core Rod Carbon Content on Underwater Wet Weld Porosity." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20877.

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Porosity is a common defect observed in underwater wet welding. Several research programs have been developed to understand how pores form in order to mitigate the problem. No superficial pores and a limited number of internal pores (based on size) are important requirements to classify underwater wet welds according to the American Welding Society – AWS D3.6M standard. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of base metal and core rod carbon content on weld metal porosity. A pressure chamber with 20 atmospheres capacity was used to simulate depth with fresh water. To perform the welds, a gravity feeding system able to open an electric arc and deposit the weld automatically was used. Beads-on-plate were made using Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN) configuration on two base metals with different carbon contents (C2 – 0.1 wt. pct. and C7 – 0.7 wt. pct.) at 50 meters water depth. Commercial E6013 grade electrodes were used to deposit the welds. These electrodes were produced with core rods with two different carbon content (E2 – 0.002 wt. pct. and E6 – 0.6 wt. pct.) and painted with varnish for waterproofing. Samples were removed from the beginning, middle and end of the BOP welds and prepared following metallographic techniques including macroetching and image analysis for weld porosity. A data acquisition system was used to record current, voltage and welding time at 1.0 kHz rate. The porosity measurements indicated an increase of about 85% and 70% when E6 electrodes were used instead of E2 electrode on C2 and C7 steel plates, respectively. Simultaneously, the increase in porosity was followed by an increase in short circuiting events, an increase in weld bead penetration and a decrease in welding voltage. These observations seem to confirm, a direct effect of carbon content of the core rod on weld metal porosity and that porosity is associated with the CO reaction that can occur during metal transfer in that molten droplets carry gas bubbles to the welding pool. On the other hand, the increase of carbon content in the base metal was seen to decrease the porosity in the weld metal. This result can be related with the decrease in penetration observed when changing C2 to C7 plates. The smaller participation of carbon from the base metal in the weld pool reactions should then reduce the CO formation and, consequently, the amount of pores in the weld.
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