Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Variety effects'

Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-53).
This research shows that mating mindsets, which consumers commonly experience, can have a crucial impact on consumers' variety seeking tendencies. In two studies, we find that male consumers in a long-term mating mindset (versus a non-mating mindset) exhibit more (versus less) variety seeking behavior. For male consumers, the effects of mating mindsets on variety seeking are driven by sensitivity to errors of omission. However, for female consumers, variety seeking behavior and sensitivity to errors of omission were not significantly different across mating and non-mating conditions. In closing, the author discusses theoretical and managerial implications..
by Yu-Wei Hu.
S.M. in Management Research

Master of Science
Food Science
Fadi Aramouni
Nutrition from whole grains has become an integral part of a healthy diet. Consumers are focused on adding fiber and whole grains to be healthy and want the benefits of whole grain with the taste and appearance of refined flour. A review of current commercial whole wheat flour in the marketplace indicated many options for food processors to use. However, many of these options required processing changes and added ingredients to provide the consumer with a quality product. A milling and baking study was done to compare commercially and experimentally milled whole wheat flours from both white and red wheat varieties. Both white and red wheat varieties were kept identity preserved. Experimental milling was done with a hammer mill and a roll stand to closely replicate the commercial milling process. Baking was done using a sponge and dough method to closely replicate commercial baking conditions. The results showed both particle size and wheat variety impact bake performance of whole wheat flour. The most significant impact appeared to be dependent on the variety of wheat being milled. The milling process also had an impact. As particle size decreased, bake functionality improved. However, some decreased functionality was seen when particle size became very fine. It was concluded that additional work on a commercial flour mill needed to be done to determine if an optimal particle size for milling whole wheat flour exists. Experimental milling equipment was not adequate enough to replicate particle size distributions of commercial whole wheat mills.

The overall purpose of this dissertation was to examine variety in exercise, and investigate the extent to which the experience of variety in exercise is an additional psychological experience (i.e., when examined alongside satisfaction of the needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy, embedded within self-determination theory) that has implications for increasing exercise behaviour and exercise-related well-being. The primary purpose of Study 1 was to develop an instrument to measure perceived variety in exercise, and examine whether ratings of perceived variety in exercise prospectively predict unique variance in indices of exercise-related well-being (when examined alongside the three basic psychological needs within self-determination theory, Deci & Ryan, 2002). The results indicate that perceived variety in exercise explains an important amount of variance in indices of exercise-related well-being, in addition to satisfaction of the needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy. In Study 2 we examined whether perceived variety in exercise complements satisfaction of these three needs by prospectively predicting variance in exercise behaviour, through the mediating role of autonomous and controlled motivation. Results showed that perceived variety, competence, and relatedness were unique indirect positive predictors of exercise behaviour via autonomous motivation, and autonomy was found to negatively predict controlled motivation. Subsequently, we conducted a field-based experimental investigation for Studies 3 and 4 to examine whether the experience of variety in exercise causally influences exercise adherence behaviour and exercise-related well-being, respectively. Findings from Study 3 showed that greater exercise-related variety support influenced perceptions of variety in exercise, but not perceptions of competence, relatedness, or autonomy in exercise. Furthermore, greater variety support lead to improved exercise adherence, and that relationship was explained by perceived variety in exercise. In Study 4, we found evidence that exercise-related variety support led to higher scores on indices of exercise-related well-being, and that these relationships were mediated by perceptions of variety in exercise. Studies 3 and 4 provide evidence for the utility of targeting the experience of variety to influence exercise behaviour and exercise-related well-being. Combined, these investigations further our understanding of the predictive and causal implications that variety in exercise may have for exercise behaviour and exercise-related well-being.
Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate

The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.
Many cotton field trials were conducted in central Arizona to compare various early season pesticide treatments on several commercially available cultivars for plant growth responses and thrips control. Treated plots received either aldicarb (Temik), at planting or first square, or acephate (Orthene), one to three foliar applications during early squaring. Although results were quite variable, general trends included: most treatments did reduce thrips populations; fewer shed squares occurred in plots treated at first square; plants compensated for this square shed; treated plots may be earlier in boll production than untreated areas; and most tests showed no statistical differences in healthy square production or in yield.

Bibliography: leaves 145-147.
This thesis investigates the effects of variety on the manufacturing operations system of a automotive component (shock absorber) manufacturer, Gabriel South Africa Pty Ltd. Effective ways to manage this variety are also considered. By variety is meant the total number of possible states that a system can have. The measure of variety can also be considered as the extent of complexity of a system. The variety of product, people (from different cultures, backgrounds, etc.), processes machines and equipment, etc. and a continually changing environment creates a complex situation in which management decisions have to be made. Over the last three years, 1992 to 1994, Gabriel SA Pty Ltd has implemented world class manufacturing initiatives, for example, cellular manufacture, kanban, employee involvement programs, strategic business units, a Total Quality Management System, etc., but the anticipated results of increased production throughput did not occur. A situation has developed where changes had been implemented and there is now a difference between the actual and expected results. This thesis investigates possible causes for this difference. In order to conduct a rigorous and structured inquiry into the problem situation a theoretical research framework was developed. This framework was developed from the ideas of the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce (CSP) and that of Chris Argyris. Checkland's, Ackoff's et. al. views on system thinking were also used to form this framework.

The space environment influences spacecraft design and material selection in many ways. Two aspects of the space environment that were of interest for this research are the vacuum and atomic oxygen (AO) environments. This project used the outgassing testing chamber and the AO chamber in the Cal Poly Space Environments lab to test multiple common spacecraft materials and determine whether AO affects the outgassing properties of those materials. This research has relevant applications in the design and material selection for spacecraft in low-Earth orbits. AO and outgassing are both known to be individual contributors of spacecraft material mass loss and degradation, but laboratory tests on the synergy are rare. ASTM E595 standardized test procedures were used to determine the Total Mass Loss (TML) and Collected Volatile Condensable Materials (CVCM) values for each material, at which point the test group of materials were subjected to AO exposure according to ASTM E2089 while the control group remained under similar vacuum and temperature conditions. Finally, all of the materials were subjected to a second ASTM E595 test. The results show a statistically significant effect of AO on some materials' outgassing properties. In particular, three of the four silicone materials tested showed a lower TML for the AO exposed group compared to the control group which can be explained by the glassification of silicone due to AO exposure. This explanation was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. More testing is recommended to confirm the trends found during the testing and to re-test the materials whose wide variation in outgassing values prevented conclusions from being drawn.

The current study assessed the effectiveness of a training package, delivered in the form of a manual, to teach a parent to increase the variety and amount of food consumed by her son. The participant was a 5-year-old boy with Pervasive Developmental Disorder and limited food consumption. A changing criterion design across two variables, variety of food and quantity of food, was used. Results were that the parent who used the manual, with limited assistance from the experimenter, did succeed in increasing food variety and quantity of target foods.

Background: Understanding about factors that can improve psychological wellbeing is important because such wellbeing is linked to the prevention of mental and physical illness, improved learning and educational attainment, and greater work productivity. Whilst there is a growing body of research highlighting the role of forgiveness in improving some aspects of mental health, few studies have examined its relationship to a variety of psychological health outcomes. Even fewer studies have explored the process of state forgiveness, particularly among under-studied religious/spiritual and nonreligious/spiritual samples outside of a US context. Methods: To address these gaps, a mixed methods study was undertaken and applied in three phases. In phase one, I conducted qualitative interviews to explore how participants practiced interpersonal forgiveness, the mechanisms that facilitated and obstructed this process, and perceptions about the effects of choosing to forgive in response to being hurt. In phase two, I tested the qualitative study results by conducting an internet survey study of under-studied samples within a UK context to explore links between state (real life) forgiveness and wider dimensions of wellbeing as well as testing for any moderator effects. In phase three, I conducted a systematic review of the effectiveness of forgiveness-based interventions. RCT studies were retrieved using electronic databases and reference sections of previous reviews; each study was assessed for risk of bias. Standardized mean differences and confidence intervals were used to assess treatment effects. Results: The results of the qualitative study indicated that factors that assisted forgiveness entailed accepting responsibility, meditation, prayer, a focus on positive qualities, beliefs in being spiritually connected with others, talking, as well as the offender making amends. Key barriers to forgiveness were blame, not feeling understood or acknowledged, powerlessness, constantly thinking about the hurt, wanting revenge, ongoing transgressions and a need for physical distance. All interview participants described experiencing a variety of benefits as a result of forgiving such as reductions in negative affect, increases in event-specific and general positive emotions, a sense of meaning and purpose in life, positive relations, empowerment as well as spiritual development. The qualitative results also suggested that forgiveness entailed a shift from negative resentment based emotions, thoughts and behaviours towards an experience of positive regard for the offender. Differences were also identified in relation to conditional and unconditional forms of forgiveness. The survey data was analysed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The results of the survey suggested that forgiveness significantly predicts some components of mental wellbeing (i.e. eudaimonic) over and above the level of variance accounted by other important variables such as age, employment, meditation and connectedness. The survey results did not indicate that connectedness and meditation moderate (or mediate) the association between forgiveness and wellbeing. Results of the review showed that forgiveness interventions reduce depression, stress and distress as well as promote general positive affect. The results also indicated a low to moderate quality of evidence. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this research project suggest that forgiving a variety of real life interpersonal offenses can facilitate the reduction of a range of mental health problems, promote general positive emotions and increase eudaimonic wellbeing. This study also suggests that a range of mechanisms can act to assist or hinder state forgiveness and indicated important differences in how forgiveness is practiced, and the influence this can have on psychological functioning. Further research is, however, needed.

Research in multiple team membership is limited. Even more scarce is empirical work in perceived multiple team membership variety (Perceived MTM variety), which is the perceived diversity in the teams’ members belong to. This thesis sought to address the gap in literature by examining the effects of perceived MTM variety on the individual and team outcomes of productivity and innovation. Through the challenge-hindrance framework I investigated the potential benefits and costs of perceived MTM variety at the individual and team level of enquiry. A valid and reliable scale that measured the perceived MTM variety construct was developed as there was no valid scale that psychometrically measures the perceived MTM variety construct. Through a sample of 216 employees in 50 teams from a public sector organisation in Nigeria, I hypothesised that perceived MTM variety at both levels of enquiry will positively predict challenge stressors (time pressure and cognitive demand) and hindrance stressors (role conflict and role ambiguity). I hypothesised that challenge stressors will elicit positive responses from individuals and teams alike in the form of positive coping responses such as time management and knowledge integration at the individual level and information elaboration at the team level. The moderating effect of polychronicity on both group of stressors at the individual level was examined. The obtained findings supported the prediction of a relationship between perceived MTM variety and challenge and hindrance stressors at both the individual level and teamlevel, however, there was no support for the relationship between challenge stressors and positive coping responses. This research did find support for the negative coping responses of hindrance stressors, as team role ambiguity negatively mediated the relationship between perceived team MTM variety and team productivity, role ambiguity at the individual level negatively mediated the relationship between perceived MTM variety and productivity at the individual level. In addition, team members with higher levels of polychronicity experienced higher levels of time pressure.

Two greenhouse studies were undertaken: (1) To assess the effects of prescribed fire frequency on AM spore abundance, species variety, and AM percent root colonization of Sudan grass Sorghum sudanese L., between an annually burned site, and a seven-year burned site on a loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L. stand, at Schenck Forest, Wake County, NC., (2) To determine the effects of two levels of fire intensity of pile burning (343oC- 371oC and >470oC), at two depths (0-2cm and 3-6cm), by year and season, on AM fungal spore abundance, AM species variety, and AM percent root colonization of Sudan grass Sorghum sudanese L. at James Goodwin Forest, Moore County, NC. All soil samples were air-dried at room temperature (23oC), stored at 4oC prior to use as inoculum in a greenhouse trap culture. At Schenck Forest, repeated fire was found to impact AM spore abundance though less affecting the species variety. The seven-year burned site had higher number of spores overall. The percent root colonization study revealed non-significant effects of repeated fire between the annually burned and the seven-year burned sites. The percent AM fungal root colonization in spring was always significantly higher than in summer at the annually burned site, but always higher in summer than in spring at the seven-year burned site. Summer had significantly more spores than spring. At James Goodwin Forest, fire disturbance coupled with mild soil surface erosion induced a highly significant difference in AM percent colonization between the control and the disturbed sites pre-burn and burn. Fire disturbance significantly affected AM root colonization by depth compared with unburned. The response of AM root colonization to disturbance is very significantly site specific. The effect of fire intensity is significantly affected by vertical distribution of the propagules. Species variety at both Schenk Forest and James Goodwin Forest non-significantly decreased, propagules survived from high intensity fire but spore numbers were significantly reduced.

Doutoramento em Química
The sustainable viticulture of a region passes, among other aspects, for maximizing the varieties potential minimizing subsequent interventions during winemaking, which should contribute to the production of quality wines maintaining their typicity and rationalizing costs. The detailed knowledge of each Appellation specificities, namely vineyard parcel (soil type and topographical peculiarities) and harvest climatic conditions is crucial for sustainability in this sector. Thus, in line with this current trend, the starting point for the development of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the oenological potential of different varieties cultivated throughout Bairrada Appellation (Portugal). During maturation several changes in grape varieties occur, namely berries become sweeter, less acidic, and they develop flavour, aroma and colour properties. The development of these characteristics is essential to define grapes oenological potential, i.e. to estimate the possibility of their usage to produce specific wines. A three years sampling plan was designed to evaluate the effect of harvest year and parcel characteristics on V. vinifera cv. Arinto, Bical, Sauvignon Blanc, Baga, Castelão, Touriga Nacional, and Sousão grapes composition. For each variety, 3 parcels with different characteristics were selected. Several physicochemical parameters were evaluated, during maturation: berry weight, pH, titratable acidity, sugar and phenolic contents, antiradical activity, and volatile composition (free fraction). Special attention was devoted to grapes at technologic maturity, since, besides these parameters, glycosidically-linked fraction was also considered. By using the results obtained at technologic maturity, a comprehensive approach was applied to identify the significance of harvest and parcel characteristics effects on each variety composition. Considering all the parameters under study, it may be highlighted some significant differences. According to the obtained results determined during maturation, it was possible to conclude that Arinto, Bical and Sauvignon Blanc grapes from parcels with clay-sandy and clay-calcareous soils have higher phenolic content and antiradical activity. Otherwise, Sauvignon Blanc presented similar volatile composition for grapes cultivated in the 3 parcels, while Arinto and Bical exhibited higher volatile content in grapes from claysandy and clay-calcareous soils. For Baga, Castelão and Touriga Nacional red varieties, grapes with higher phenolic content, antiradical activity, and volatile content were obtained from clayey and clay-calcareous soils. Furthermore, for Touriga Nacional, parcels altitude seems also to modulate grapes composition. Beyond parcel effect, harvest year conditions also influence grapes composition: 2011 harvest was related with lower phenolic and volatile contents, as well as lower antiradical activity.For grapes collected at technologic maturity, analysis of variance-simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) was applied combining all the parameters under study, in order to assess the influence of harvest and parcel characteristics on each variety oenological potential. The results obtained using this comprehensive approach is closely related with those observed during maturation and revealed that harvest was the main factor that influenced grapes composition (53% to 68% of the total data set variance) followed by parcel characteristics, explaining ca. 15-19% of the total data set variance. The oenological potential of each variety may be different from one parcel to another, i.e., clay-sandy and clay-calcareous related-environments seem to favour Arinto and Bical white grapes composition, but for the red varieties, grapes composition was favoured by clayey and clay-calcareous soils. Besides, also higher altitude seems to favour Touriga Nacional grapes composition. Sauvignon Blanc seems to be a variety well adapted to the different parcel characteristics. In order to go forward in the valuation of these varieties, the aroma properties of 6 monovarietal wines were studied based on an aroma network-approach, linking molecular data related to volatile composition and aroma data about the key odor active molecules. This approach allowed to identify different wine aroma properties and to infer about the consumer’s sensory perception. It was found that aroma properties differ from one wine variety to another: while Arinto and Sauvignon Blanc wine exhibited higher tree fruity, sweety and flowery aromas, related essentially with ester compounds and C13 norisoprenoids, the opposite was obtained for Bical wine, corroborating the aroma sensory perceptions of the trained panel. Sauvignon Blanc also exhibited higher toasted aromas (related with thiols, mainly with 2-methyl-3-furanthiol). Touriga Nacional red wine exhibited higher tree, tropical, and berry fruits notes (sensory described as sweet fruits), toasted and flowery aromas, while these are similar for the other red wines under study. Besides Portuguese Bairrada wines, this aroma network approach is a tool that can be used to explain the aroma properties of wines worldwide. The grape and wine data generated under the present PhD thesis, in the context of Bairrada Appellation, shows the unique character of each variety, and may be used by growers and wine producers as a support for decisionmaking based on objective criteria, increasing the sustainability in this sector. For instance, it is possible to take advantage of the natural resources and produce products with different characteristics obtained from the same variety, minimizing costs during the winemaking process.
A viticultura sustentável de uma região passa, entre outros aspetos, pela maximização das potencialidades das castas, minimizando posteriores intervenções ao nível da vinificação, contribuindo para a produção de vinhos de qualidade mantendo a sua tipicidade e racionalizando custos. O conhecimento detalhado das especificidades de cada região, nomeadamente as características da parcela de vinha (tipos de solo e dados topográficos) e as condições climatéricas do ano, é fundamental para a sustentabilidade neste setor. Assim, em linha com esta tendência atual, o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento da presente tese de doutoramento consistiu em avaliar o potencial enológico de diferentes castas cultivadas na Região Demarcada da Bairrada em Portugal. Ao longo da maturação as uvas das diferentes variedades sofrem várias alterações, tais como, os bagos tornam-se mais doces e menos ácidos, e desenvolvem as suas propriedades de sabor, aroma e cor. O desenvolvimento dessas características é essencial para definir o potencial enológico das uvas, ou seja, para estimar a possibilidade da sua utilização para a produção de vinhos com características específicas. Foi desenhado um plano de amostragem de três anos para avaliar o efeito do ano de colheita e das características da parcela na composição das uvas V. vinifera cv. Arinto, Bical, Sauvignon Blanc, Baga, Castelão, Touriga Nacional e Sousão. Para cada casta foram selecionadas 3 parcelas com diferentes características. Foram avaliados diversos parâmetros físico-químicos, ao longo da maturação: peso do bago, pH, acidez titulável, conteúdo de açúcar e compostos fenólicos totais, atividade anti-radicalar e composição volátil (fração livre). Para as uvas maduras foi também feita a análise da fração glicosidicamente ligada. A análise abrangente aplicada aos resultados obtidos para as uvas maduras, permitiu avaliar a significância dos efeitos do ano de colheita e das características da parcela na composição de cada casta. Considerando todos os parâmetros em estudo, foi possível destacar algumas diferenças significativas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos ao longo da maturação, foi possível concluir que as uvas Arinto, Bical e Sauvignon Blanc provenientes das parcelas com solos argilo-arenosos e argilo-calcários tinham maior teor em compostos fenólicos e maior atividade anti-radicalar. Por outro lado, a casta Sauvignon Blanc apresentou uma composição volátil semelhante para as uvas provenientes das 3 parcelas, enquanto que as uvas Arinto e Bical provenientes dos solos argilo-arenosos e argilo-calcários apresentaram maior teor em compostos voláteis. Para as castas tintas Baga, Castelão e Touriga Nacional, uvas com teores mais elevados de compostos fenólicos totais, de atividade anti-radicalar e de compostos voláteis foram obtidos a partir das parcelas com solos argilosos e argilo-calcários. Para a Touriga Nacional, a altitude das parcelas também parece modular a composição das uvas. Para além do efeito da parcela, as condições do ano de colheita também influenciaram a composição das uvas: a colheita de 2011 está relacionada com menor teor em compostos fenólicos totais e menor composição volátil, bem como menor atividade anti-radicalar. Para as uvas maduras, a análise de variância-análise simultânea de componentes (ASCA) foi aplicada combinando todos os parâmetros em estudo, a fim de avaliar a influência das características da parcela e do ano de colheita no potencial enológico de cada casta. Os resultados obtidos com esta abordagem global estão estritamente relacionados com os resultados observados ao longo da maturação e revelaram que o ano de colheita é o principal fator que influencia a composição uvas (53% a 68% da variabilidade total dos dados), seguido das características da parcela que explicaram 15% a 19% da variabilidade total dos dados. O potencial enológico de cada casta é diferente de uma parcela para outra, ou seja, um ambiente relacionado com solos argilo-arenoso e argilo-calcários parece favorecer a composição das castas brancas Arinto e Bical, no entanto para as castas tintas a composição das uvas parece ser favorecidas pelos solos argilosos e argilo-calcários. Para além disto, altitudes mais elevadas parecem também favorecer a composição das uvas Touriga Nacional. O Sauvignon Blanc parece ser uma casta bem adaptada às diferentes características das parcelas. Com o intuito de ir mais além na valorização destas castas, as propriedades de aroma de 6 vinhos monovarietais foram estudadas usando uma rede de aroma, que combina dados moleculares relacionados com a composição volátil e as moléculas ativas chave do aroma. Esta abordagem permitiu identificar diferentes propriedades no aroma dos vinhos e inferir sobre a perceção sensorial do consumidor. Verificou-se que as propriedades de aroma diferem entre castas: enquanto os vinhos Arinto e Sauvignon Blanc exibiram mais aromas a frutos de árvore, doces e florais, relacionados essencialmente com ésteres e norisoprenóides em C13, o oposto foi obtido para o vinho Bical. Estas perceções sensoriais de aroma foram corroboradas pelo painel treinado. Os vinhos da casta Sauvignon Blanc também exibiram mais aromas tostados, relacionados com tióis, principalmente com o 2-metil-3-furantiol. O vinho tinto da casta Touriga Nacional exibiu mais aromas a frutos de árvore, tropicais e a bagas (descrito sensorialmente como fruta doce), e mais aromas tostados e florais, enquanto estes são semelhantes para os outros vinhos tintos em estudo. Para além dos vinhos Portugueses da Bairrada, esta abordagem de rede de aroma é uma ferramenta que pode ser usada para explicar as propriedades de aroma dos vinhos em todo o mundo. No âmbito da presente tese de doutoramento, os dados obtidos para as uvas e vinhos das castas em estudo, provenientes da Região Demarcada da Bairrada, mostram o caráter único de cada casta e podem ser utilizados pelos produtores de uvas e vinhos como um suporte para a tomada de decisões com base em critérios objetivos, aumentando a sustentabilidade neste sector. Por exemplo, é possível tirar proveito dos recursos naturais e produzir vinhos com características diferentes, obtidos a partir da mesma casta, minimizando os custos durante o processo de vinificação.

The central goal of the current thesis was to increase our understanding of how representations of individual faces are built from instances that vary. The prototype effect was used as a tool to probe the nature of our internal face representations. In face recognition, the prototype effect refers to the tendency to recognize, or find familiar, the average image of a face after having studied a series of similar face images. The experiments presented in this thesis investigated the modulating role of different variables on the prototype effect in face recognition. In the study phase, two or more different exemplars based on the same identity were presented. In the test phase, one of the seen exemplars, the unseen prototype, and an unseen exemplar of each studied identity were presented one at a time, and participants were asked to make a recognition judgement about the prior occurrence of either the exact image or the person’s face. Variants of each face identity were either unaltered images of real people’s faces, or they were created artificially by manipulating images of faces using several different techniques. All experiments using artificial variants produced strong prototype effects. The unseen prototype image was recognized more confidently than the actually studied images. This was true even when the variants were so similar that they were barely perceptually discriminable. Importantly, even when participants were given additional exposure to the studied exemplars, no weakening of the prototype effect was observed. Surprisingly, in the experiments using natural images of real people’s faces, no clear recognition advantage for the prototype image was observed. Results suggest that the prototype effect in face recognition might not be tapping an averaging mechanism that operates solely on variations within the same identity.

Mestrado Vinifera Euromaster - Viticulture and Enology - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of blends of wood from different botanical species in a white wine from Encruzado variety; the botanical species used in this study were French oak (Quercus peatraea), American oak (Quercus alba) and Cherry (Prunus avium) during a 60 days maceration period, with sampling done after 15, 30 and 60 days. The blends were obtained by combining 2 woods species in a ratio of 1:1, obtaining 3 blends; that is, Cherry and American oak (Ch+Am), French and American oak (Fr+Am), and Cherry and American oak (Ch+Am). In addition to these treatments 3 Control treatments were created by adding single wood of Cherry (CCh), American oak (CAm) and French oak (CFr), moreover a treatment without wood was kept (C). The amount of wood used was the same for all the treatments, that is 0,5 g/l. on the different sampling days were run both sensory analysis, by a panel of judges, evaluating aroma and taste parameters, and chemical analysis, that is, total phenols, non flavonoids and flavonoids phenols, color evolution, maderization test and tanning power. At the end of the experiment statistical analysis showed relevant data in almost all the analysis, for the chemical analysis cherry showed the highest level of total phenols and flavonoids, which is reflected also in the blends with other woods, while the French oak and its blends showed significant levels of non flavonoids phenols. The browning potential showed an decrease in wines in contact with wood except for CCh, while tanning power showed an increase in all the wines in contact with wood with the blend of cherry and American being the highest tannicity. In the sensory analysis we can observe how the global appreciation of the wines decrease with increasing maceration period with the wood both for the taste and aroma parameters, with C being the most appreciated wine at the last sampling, while the sampling of 15 and 30 days shows the wine with cherry and with American oak showing the highest values
N/A

Dans cette thèse, on donne une démonstration détaillée et complétée d'un important résultat de S. Mori affirmant l'existence de courbes rationnelles dans les varietés de Fano (varietés projectives lisses et connexes sur un corps algébriquement clos dont le fibre anticanonique est ample). Le chapitre 1 étudie le foncteur des s-morphismes d'un s-schéma x dans un s-schéma y prolongeant un s-morphisme donne sur un sous-s-schéma fermé z de x, en particulier sa représentabilité, l'étude infinitésimale puis locale permettant de minorer sa dimension. Le chapitre 2 démontre un théorème d'existence de courbes rationnelles en caractéristique non nulle sous l'hypothèse plus faible que le fibre canonique n'est pas numériquement effectif. Le résultat général en est déduit au chapitre 4 par application notamment des résultats généraux sur les schémas de Jacobson établis au chapitre 3

Magnetic, magnetocaloric, magnetotransport and magnetoelastic properties of Ni-Mn-X (X = In, and Ga) Heusler alloys and La-Fe-Si based rare earth compounds have been synthesized and investigated by x-ray diffraction, magnetization, strain, and electrical resistivity measurements. The phase transitions, magnetic, magnetocaloric, magnetotransport and magnetoelastic properties strongly depend on the composition of these systems. In Ni50Mn50-xInx with x = 13.5, magnetocaloric and magnetotransport properties associated with the paramagnetic martensitic to paramagnetic austenitic transformation were studied. It was shown that magnetic entropy changes (SM) and magnetoresistance (MR) associated with this transformation are larger and the hysteresis effect is significantly lower when compared to that associated with paramagnetic-ferromagnetic transitions or ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic/paramagnetic transitions in other systems. The Hall resistivity and the Hall angle shows unusual behavior in the vicinity of the martensitic phase transition for Ni50Mn50-xInx with x = 15.2. The observed Hall resistivity and Hall angle are 50 μ*cm and , respectively. It was observed that the presence of Ge, Al and Si atoms on the In sites strongly affects the crystal structure, and the electric and magnetic behaviors of Ni50Mn35In15. It was found that the partial substitution of In atoms by Si in Ni50Mn35In15 results in an increase in the magnetocaloric effect, exchange bias and shape memory effect. In Ni50Mn35In15-xSix, the peak values of positive SM for magnetic field changes H = 5 T were found to depend on composition and vary from 82 Jkg-1K-1 for x = 1 (at T = 275 K) to 124 Jkg-1K-1 for x = 3 (at T = 239 K). The partial substitution of Ni by Co in Ni50Mn35In15 significantly improves the magnetocaloric effect and MR in the vicinity of martensitic transition. In addition, significantly large inverse SM and MR were observed at the inverse martensitic phase transitions of the Ga-based magnetic shape memory Heusler alloys Ni50-xCoxMn32-yFeyGa18. The phase transition temperatures and magnetic properties were found to be correlated with the degree of tetragonal distortion in these samples. In LaFe11.57Si1.43Bx the crystal cell parameters and Curie temperatures were found to increase linearly with increasing B concentration up to ~ 0.1 % and 9 %, respectively. It was found that the characteristics of the magnetocaloric effect of LaFe11.57Si1.43 can be adjusted by a change in B concentration in the LaFe11.57Si1.43Bx system. A study of the influence of a small substitution of Ni, Cu, Cr, and V for Fe in LaFe11.4Si1.6 revealed that the magnetic, magnetocaloric, and magnetovolume coupling constant is related to an increase in the average Fe-Fe interatomic distances, leading to a change in the d-d exchange interaction.

There are about 40 durum wheat varieties registered in Turkey. Around 10 varieties are being commonly cultivated. Amanos 97, Ç
esit 1252, Ege 88, Firat 93, Fuatbey 2000, Burgos, Kiziltan 91, Sariç
anak 98, Svevo and Zenith durum wheat varieties were used in this study. Semolina and pasta have been produced in an industrial plant under constant process conditions from these varieties. In general, pasta quality is determined by three main factors, the raw materials, the production recipe and the production process. In this study, the production recipe and the production process were fixed and only durum wheat varieties were variable. So, the effects coming from the production recipe and the production process on pasta quality were eliminated. Physical, chemical and sensory properties of these pasta were determined and the effect of different durum wheat varieties on pasta quality has been investigated to give a clear idea to the Turkish pasta industry about the most commonly grown durum wheat varieties in Turkey, hoping that Turkish pasta in domestic and international Markets will continue to grow with the help of clear understanding about the quality characteristics of the durum wheat they are using. v The important criteria of acceptability of pasta products is its cooking quality and cooking quality of pasta products is of importance to consumers and also to wheat producers, breeders and manufacturers. The pasta samples produced from Svevo, Zenith and Firat 93 varieties got the higher scores than others in pasta cooking quality while those produced from Sariç
anak 98, Ç
esit 1252, Kiziltan 91, and Fuatbey 2000 durum wheat were evaluated as relatively low. The main reasons of cooking quality differences can be interpreted as a result of the difference in protein quantity and quality of the varieties. The bright yellow color of pasta products, rather than cooking behavior taste, is reported to be one of the most important considerations in assessing durum wheat quality. In this study, the pasta samples produced from Svevo, Zenith and Burgos varieties got the higher scores than others in pasta color (yellowness) while that produced from Firat 93 had the lowest yellow color. The main reasons of yellow color differences can be interpreted as a result of the differences in carotenoid pigments, lipoxygenase and peroxidase enzymes contents of the varieties.

Four cotton varieties, each differing in leaf pubescence, and three nitrogen (N) levels were investigated for effects upon development of SPWF populations. The N treatments appeared to have no effect upon population development. However, there was a direct correlation of increased SPWF numbers with increased hairiness. Both DPL 5415 and SALCOTIO had significantly lower seasonal means of all stages than did the more hairy varieties of CB1135 and STV453.

Peppers (Capsicum) are a valuable commodity throughout the world. They provide food, coloring additives, vitamins, and ornamental aesthetics. Peppers can be grown in many different areas of the world and their success is based on variety selection. Breeding cultivars for superior performance is critical to success. Recent consumer desire for less chemical use throughout the growing process has resulted in new cultivar developments.. The objective of this research was to investigate how cultivar and type affect the yield and weight of field grown peppers. This study provides valuable information for growers in determining which cultivars are suitable for production in Kentucky. The research was conducted at the Western Kentucky University Agriculture Research and Education Complex in Bowling Green, Kentucky in 2016. Plants were provided by Ball Horticultural and Pan American Seed, Elburn, Illinois. The experimental design was a random design, with a 12 plant experimental unit consisting of four three plant rows. Thirty-six cultivars were divided into groups based on the type of pepper produced. Harvest occurred approximately every 7 days and were grouped into 3 periods. Data were obtained on yield, weight, and mean weight. Individual group selection is determined by the producers and their goals for production. There were wide differences in the types of peppers, including size, shape, and color. When comparing all groups, two of the thirty six cultivars, Cultivar 23 (Tapered) and Cultivar 34 (Chili) performed best for both yield and mean weight.

The aim of this research programme was to investigate the effects of different music applications: The differentiated exposure of music and the synchronous application of music. In Study 1, participants completed a series of 10-km cycling time trials under four single-blinded conditions: No-music control, music 0-10 km (M1), music 0-5 km (M2), and music 5-10 km (M3). The largest performance gains were noticed under M1, followed by M3, when compared to control, while the most positive psychological response was observed only in M3. Study 2 further examined the notion of differentiated music exposure by incorporating both quantitative and qualitative modes of inquiry. In addition, participants were given foreknowledge of the experimental conditions. Although no performance gains were found across conditions, M3 significantly reduced perceived exertion and prevented affective decline. Qualitative findings suggest that prolonged exposure to music may have negative psychological and psychophysical consequences. The last study contrasted the effects of synchronous and asynchronous application of music in a 6-min submaximal cycling task. Synchronous music was more effective than asynchronous music in terms of reducing perceptions of exertion and increasing subjective arousal. Although no changes in oxygen uptake were found across conditions, auditory-motor synchronisation appeared to reduce heart rate. The contribution of this thesis is twofold. Firstly, the provision of music in the latter stages of a task appears to have significant psychological and psychophysical benefits when compared against constant music exposure. Secondly, more positive effects, in terms of perceived exertion and subjective arousal, are observed when music is applied synchronously compared to asynchronously; this suggests a need for a separate conceptual framework for the application of synchronous music.

The effect of foliar treatments for prevention of Alternaria leaf spot was evaluated in the field on six varieties of Pima cotton. Disease was significantly reduced by protective sprays of mancozeb and micronized sulfur but not by foliar applications of urea in trials at the University of Arizona Safford Agricultural Center in Safford, AZ. Treatments had no significant effects on yields. Significantly fewer lesions developed on Pima variety UA 4 than on the other varieties. Disease pressure was relatively light, and even though scheduled preventive sprays with mancozeb were effective, fungicide applications probably would not increase yields under the environmental conditions of this experiment.

It is not uncommon for eyewitnesses to recall things at later interviews that were not recalled at previous interviews (reminiscence). Many legal decision makers assume that inconsistent eyewitnesses are necessarily inaccurate witnesses. Consequently, their testimony may be prematurely discredited or dismissed. In order to examine the effectiveness of various retrieval cues in eliciting reminiscence, participants watched a videotaped mock crime and were tested for recall on two occasions using the same or different cues. Results supported the hypothesis that varying retrieval cues increases the amount of reminiscence. Furthermore, all participants exhibited some reminiscence. Finally, reminiscence was not significantly correlated with overall accuracy of testimony. These findings suggest that many of the assumptions legal decision makers hold regarding inconsistent testimony are erroneous.

L'objet principal de cette these est l'etude des fibres en droites numeriquement effectifs sur les varietes complexes compactes et les proprietes des varietes kahleriennes compactes a classe de ricci nef. Dans une premiere partie, nous demontrons que la notion d'effectivite numerique, generalisee au sens de la courbure des metriques hermitiennes, est invariante par image inverse via les morphismes surjectifs entre varietes complexes compactes. Dans le cadre des varietes de moishezon, ceci implique l'equivalence des deux formulations de l'effectivite numerique, au sens de la courbure d'une part, au sens algebrique usuel de la non-negativite du degre sur les courbes d'autre part. En utilisant des techniques analytiques de j. -p. Demailly, nous donnons ensuite deux caracterisations de cette notion en termes de restrictions a des sous-varietes analytiques. Dans la seconde partie, nous nous interessons principalement aux proprietes du groupe fondamental et des 1-formes holomorphes des varietes kahleriennes compactes a classe de ricci nef, en nous appuyant sur les outils de la geometrie des espaces a courbure de ricci minoree. En combinant des techniques de demailly, peternell et schneider avec une version du lemme de margulis demontre par cheeger-colding, nous montrons la presque-nilpotence du groupe fondamental des varietes kahleriennes compactes a classe de ricci nef. Pour certaines classes de telles varietes, nous ameliorons nettement ce resultat et demontrons que le groupe fondamental est presque abelien. En ce qui concerne les 1-formes holomorphes, nous demontrons que la dimension de l'espace vectoriel qu'elles engendrent est toujours majore par la dimension complexe de la variete. Nous obtenons egalement des informations qualitatives pour les 1-formes holomorphes, en estimant la variation en moyenne de leur norme. Comme application, nous donnons une reponse partielle a une conjecture de demailly, peternell et schneider.

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are the most important food crop in the world after rice and wheat. Potato tubers contain many types of essential nutrients. They contain high concentrations of carbohydrates and also vitamins, minerals and protein. They also contain toxic compounds called glycoalkaloids. Potato is classed as a protective vegetable because of its high vitamin C content. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of different fertiliser types (composted cattle manure, mineral NPK fertiliser), pre-crop (beans, barley) crop protection protocols (organic, conventional) and growing season on the nutritional quality of vitamin C, glycoalkaloids and minerals and yield of different varieties of potato (Sante, Sarpo Mira, Nicola, Fontane, Agria and Cara). Field experiments were carried out during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons at Nafferton Farm (Newcastle University). The experiment was a split split split plot-design. The main plot was crop rotation, the sub-plot was crop protection, the sub-sub plot was fertility management and sub-sub-sub plot was variety. The vitamin C content was determined by two different methods of analyses; colorimetric titration and high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mineral content was assessed by the Dumas combustion method at Sabanci University, Turkey. Total glycoalkaloids were determined according to the AOAC method 997. 13. A significant effect of fertilisation was detected for potato yield for both of years. In plots treated with NPK fertilisers, higher yield, compared to compost was obtained for both seasons. In addition conventional crop protection increased yield in both years. Pre-crop significantly affected yield in both years, with higher yields being recorded after beans than barley in 2010 while, a pre-crop of barley resulted in the significantly higher yield than beans in 2011. However, no significant difference between varieties was detected. Also, no significant interactions were detected for tuber yield in 2010. However a significant 2-way interaction between crop protection and pre-crop was observed in 2011, with a pre-crop of beans resulting in the highest yields under conventional crop protection, while a pre-crop of barley resulted in the significantly higher yield under organic crop protection systems. Results of the second growing season (2011) were based on the NUE potato experiment and showed that there was significant difference (P < 0.05) in yield between varieties, fertilisation iii and crop protection. A significant interaction between fertilisation and variety was detected for the yield. There was a significant effect of variety on tuber vitamin C content (P < 0.001), in 2010 and 2011. The concentrations were higher in Sante than Sarpo Mira. There were no significant influences of other treatments (fertility, rotation, crop protection). However, a 2-way interaction between fertilisation and variety was detected in 2011. In 2011 there was a significant effect of varieties on vitamin C content, but no significant effect of fertility and crop protection treatments. However, a significant interactions between fertility, variety and crop protection treatments was detected but only for the titration analysis for vitamin C content. There were no significant effects (P > 0.05) of fertilisation, pre-crop and crop protection on glycoalkaloid concentrations. However, a significant 3-way interaction between fertilisation, variety and rotation was detected for alpha solanine in 2011. A significant 3-way interaction between crop protection, fertilisation and variety was detected for alpha chaconine in 2010. In 2010 the mineral content (N, P, K, Na and Ca) of potatoes was significantly affected by fertilisation treatments. N, P and Ca contents were significantly increased by NPK application while the K and Na contents were significantly increased by compost application. In 2011 Ca contents were affected by fertilisation treatments only. Effects of variety, rotation and crop protection and interactions between factors were also detected for macro mineral contents. However, in 2011 no effect of pre-crop on tuber macronutrient concentration was detected. There was a significant difference in micronutrient concentration between variety, fertilisation and crop protection. No significant effect of rotations was detected for micronutrient concentrations in both of seasons. In conclusion, in both years, 2010 and 2011, variety significantly affected vitamin C content of potato tubers, but there were no significant effects of fertility, pre-crop and crop protection treatments irrespective of the analytical method (titration and HPLC) analysis. Sante tubers contained about 20% more vitamin C than Sarpo Mira. Therefore, it appears that variety choice is a reliable means of manipulating vitamin C as a component of tuber quality compared with other agronomic treatments. In addition, mineral content was also affected by treatments (fertility, variety, rotation and crop protection) and was highly variable. iv For the two years, similar results were obtained in alpha solanine and alpha chaconine content. Significant interactions between rotation, fertilisation and variety were only detected on alpha solanine content during 2011. Also, significant interactions between variety, fertility and crop protection were observed on alpha chaconine content during 2010. The 2010 and 2011 growing seasons appeared to have a significant effect on alpha solanine, macro minerals and micro minerals but did not appear to affect yield, vitamin C and alpha chaconine contents.

This research study examines the effects of varied text structures and response formats on Turkish university students&rsquo
reading comprehension test performance. More precisely, it deals with investigating the effects of awareness of rhetorical organization on reading comprehension and on testing of comprehension through different procedures. First, a short review of the relevant research on the text structure and response formats and their effects on reading comprehension is presented. Then, the results of a reading experiment are given. In this experiment, four groups of upper-intermediate level EFL students (100 students) read two English passages written in &ldquo
description&rdquo
and &ldquo
cause-effect&rdquo
rhetorical organization formats. Then, their comprehension of the texts was tested through a cloze procedure and a multiple choice test. The tests were carried out on first year university students from different departments at the English Language Department of BaSkent University during the 2006-2007 Academic Year Fall Semester. After the research period finished, the data collected throughout the research period were transferred into MS Excel and SPSS spreadsheets and analyzed using the statistical procedure of the paired samples t-test. Relying on the analysis of the data, the hypotheses formulated for the study were weighed against the results in order to see if they were confirmed or rejected. The study showed significant difference between the varied text structures and subjects&rsquo
reading comprehension test performance. However, there was not any significant difference between the different response formats and the subjects&rsquo
reading comprehension test performance. Finally, the thesis ends with an interpretation and discussion of the results of the study.

This study investigated the effects of using a group contingency program with three students with disabilities in a small group special education setting. These students exhibited both academic and behavioral difficulties. With the use of Class Wide Function-Related Intervention Team (CW-FIT) students increased their active engagement and correct responses, as well as decreased their disruptive behaviors; however, these behaviors did not maintain over time. CW-FIT with high opportunities to respond showed an even greater improvement than CW-FIT with low opportunities to respond. Increased opportunities to respond resulted in higher levels of active engagement and correct responses and decreases in disruptive behavior for all three students. These results indicate that CW-FIT in combination with high opportunities to respond can help manage students' behavior and help them increase correct responding.

The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) was conducted to determine the psychological and behavioural effects of adopting the roles of prisoners or prison guards. In various published research articles Zimbardo reported that he instructed the prison guards to maintain law and order (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973). However, in the Quiet Rage video (Zimbardo, 1989), Zimbardo gave the prison guards additional detailed instructions. To examine the effects of these different instructions on expected prison guard role behaviour, first year Psychology students were requested to predict expected prison guard role behaviour under two different conditions. In the order condition, participants received the instructions used in published research articles. While in the fear condition, participants received the instructions from the Quiet Rage video (Zimbardo, 1989). Participants estimated the likelihood of 50 guard behaviours. Participants in the order condition predicted more pleasant behaviour, while participants in the fear condition predicted more unpleasant behaviours. This indicates that the different instructions influenced their intent to perform the different behaviours. There was no significant difference between the fear and order conditions, and the control behaviours. Participants in both the fear and order conditions rated the control items as expected prison guard role behaviour. Participants in both conditions indicated that they would behave in this manner. Gender had no significant influence on expected prison guard role behavior.

Four short staple cotton varieties were grown with and without an application of PIX to see its affect on their growth, maturity and yield. PIX is a plant growth regulator thatmodifies plant architecture, Two of the tall -statured varieties, Delta Pine 90 and Acala 1517-75, showed increases in lint yield of 5.8 and 13.7%, respectively, coupled with a hastening of their maturity. Stoneville 506, a short- statured, medium- maturing variety was unaffected by the plant growth regulator. A tall, gangly variety, Germains GC 365, was shortened in height and in maturity, but exhibited a small decrease in yield.

Esta tese debruça-se sobre um fenómeno conhecido como Contextual Interference Effect (CIE) e sua aplicação ao estudo do reportório para clarinete, procurando avaliar e descrever as vantagens da sua utilização na preparação da performance musical. O CIE, aplicado à música, propõe uma forma diferente de trabalho, revelando grande eficácia na aquisição e retenção de competências motoras, e favorecendo, também, a transferência das mesmas para situações de performance. Esta descoberta de Battig (1966) baseia-se no princípio de que a transferência e aplicação de uma determinada competência em diferentes contextos é facilitada pela variação e interferência no contexto durante a sua aprendizagem. O autor descobriu que, durante o processo de aquisição de competências, os fatores que possam exagerar a dificuldade de uma tarefa, tornando-a mais complicada de executar, facilitam a sua memorização e consequente transferência para momentos distintos de performance; Abstract: The use of Contextual Interference Effect on the study of the clarinet repertoire: proposal of practice tools and work methods This thesis is about a phenomenon known as Contextual Interference Effect (CIE) and its use in the study of the clarinet repertoire, describing its advantages in the preparation for musical performance. This concept appears with Battig (1966) and it is based on the principle that the acquisition of motor competences is directly linked to the variables that interfere with the learning process during the acquisition of the same. The human brain is genetically wired to respond to new stimuli that are continually appearing, thus staying constantly alert and with an elevated capacity of reaction. On the contrary, the brain, when made to repeat the same action numerous times, tends to save itself, similar to when a computer enters into hibernation. These techniques, when applied to music, result in great efficacy in the learning process and in the transfer of skills to the performance.

碩士
明新科技大學
管理研究所碩士班
103
Abstract In daily life, consumers are in fact often subject to temperature changes and then impact the current purchase decision, such as: When we doing outdoor sports when the weather is hot, the purchase of drinks demand maybe more than usual, or when the weather is cold, contact with hot coffee will feel the warmth of feeling. So the temperature plays the very important role in consumer’s everyday life. Therefore, this study investigate the effect of product temperature on variety seeking behavior. Moreover, the mediate effect of need for affiliation is included. This research adopted the experimental method. There are two STUDIES in the research. Firstly, the STUDY 1 is design to explore the effect of product temperature on variety seeking behavior. The results indicated that the low temperature product had a significant influence on variety seeking behavior. Secondly, STUDY 2 added need for affiliation to explore the mediation of product temperature on variety seeking behavior. By adopting a 2 (product temperature: low v.s high) x 2 (need for affiliation: high v.s low) experimental design, the results indicated that, need for affiliation do not mediate the effect of product temperature on variety seeking behavior. Keyword：variety seeking behavior, product temperature, need for affiliation

博士
國立中央大學
企業管理研究所
98
Building upon previous research and in an attempt to better understand the influence of mood states on variety seeking (VS) tendency, this dissertation seeks to explore whether sad individuals incorporate more VS than happy ones and factors that moderate the relationship between mood states and VS. Nine experiments are investigated in this dissertation and specific emotional states (sadness and happiness) are manipulated. The results of Study 1 provide reliable evidence that sad individuals incorporate more VS than happy ones. Further, the results of Study 2 to 4 indicate that individuals’ personality, such as optimum stimulation level, self-monitoring and need for cognition, moderate the effects of mood states on VS. Study 5 and Study 6 seek to explore the effect of risky information on the relationship of mood states and VS behavior. Health warnings and nutritional labeling are used to examine the moderating effects on this relationship. The results indicate the presence of risky information attenuates the influence of mood states on VS, so that happy and sad individuals tend to incline to similar levels of VS. However, in the absence of risky information, sad individuals tend to incorporate significantly more VS than happy individuals. The results provide evidence that making risky information more salient might be a good way to decrease individuals’ VS tendency for high-fat snacks. Individuals are constantly making decisions among different product types (e.g., hedonic and utilitarian products). Study 7 examines these kinds of choices. The results demonstrate that sad individuals incorporate more VS than happy ones when they are offered hedonic products. However, contrary to expectations, sad and happy individuals do not demonstrate similar level of VS when they are offered utilitarian products. Study 8 examines the effect of product familiarity on the relationship between mood states and VS behavior. The findings provide evidence that sad individuals incorporate more VS than happy ones when they are offered familiar products. However, contrary to expectations, sad and happy individuals do not demonstrate similar level of VS when they are offered unfamiliar products. Price promotion is a common and effective strategy used in the retailing context. Study 9 aims at exploring the effect of price promotion on the relationship between mood states and VS behavior. Results indicate that price promotion mitigates the effect of affective states on VS. That is, individuals who are sad demonstrate more VS than those who are happy in the absence of price promotion. However, individuals in both mood states demonstrate similar level of VS in the presence of price promotion. Finally, implications and some suggestions for future research are discussed.

碩士
國立宜蘭大學
生物機電工程學系碩士班
103
Recently several media and website reported the daylily flower and root contained Colchicine. When people consumed fresh daylily, Colchicine will be oxidized to Oxydicolchicine. Therefore, the toxicity of Oxydicolchicine will be absorber rapidly by gastrointestinal tract. There were a few research related to the method of Colchicine analysis. The purpose of this research was to analyze the Colchicine content of five various daylily, i.e. TD6, TD7, PB, MA, HM. Various sections of daylily plant, i.e. root, stem, and leaf, were analyzed for the Colchicine content. Besides, the one day flower of variety HM samples were processed with different physical treatments, which were 25℃ water, 4℃ water, 5％ and 10％ salty water soaking, in order to understand the effect of physical treatments on reduction of Colchicine content. 95％ methanol, 95％ethanol, Petroleum ether and Dichloromethane were used for daylily sample extraction, and Colchicine content was determined using HPLC-PDA. Although the Lingering Front was found, the UV Scanned picture is not corresponding with the standard sample of Colchicine. The extract was analyzed using LC/MS/MS, and the extract using Petroleum ether and Dichloromethane had the element which matched the standard sample. Using Petroleum ether and Dichloromethane was the best method to get Colchicine. The recovery is 58%. In various parts of daylily for five different varieties, HM’s leaf in the spring time contained the highest Colchicine content, which was about 149 ppb. The flower bud(one day, two days, three days) for five different varieties, TD6 for one day flower contained the highest Colchicine content, which was about 2. 1ppb. Based on the evaluating report from European Medicine Agency, a 60 kg body weight adult should take over 3 kg daylily to have stomachache. The Colchicine content of three daylily varieties, such as TD6, PB, and HM, will decrease with the season, which can be presumed that Colchicine content reached the highest in spring time and reduced to the lowest content in the winter time. In the processes of physical treatment using 25℃ water, 4℃ water, 5％ and 10％ salty water , soaking can effectively reduce the Colchicine content. However, soaking with salty water could affect the quality of daylily bud, which was not recommended.

碩士
靜宜大學
食品營養研究所
91
Abstract Yam（Dioscorea spp.） is a healthy plant with various functions. Previous studies indicate that it has the hypolipidemic effects. It is worth discussing if the numerous sorts of Taiwanese yam tubers, with the properties of big quantity, high quality, low price and gorgeous taste have physical purposes. Therefore, the goal of this experiment is the effective of different varieties of raw and steamed yams on lipid metabolism in rats. 56 male Sprague-Dawley rats are randomly divided into 8 groups: control group，high fat comparing group（HF）（containing 15% lard+1%cholesterol） and 6 groups fed with yams, including Hua-Lian No.3 raw yam（HL3-RY）, Hua-Lian No.3 steamed yam（HL3-SY）, Horng Shuu raw yam（HS-RY）, Horng Shuu steamed yam（HS-SY）, Tainung No.2 raw-yam（TN2-RY）, Tainung No.2 steamed -yam（TN2-SY）（containing 20% yam powder, 15% lard and 1% cholesterol）. During eight weeks of experiment, rats are free to have food and drink water. Food intake is recorded daily and body weight once a week. In the baseline, 3rd and 6th week of the experiment, we collect blood from their tails and determine serum lipids. After the experiment, we observe the changes of food intake, feed efficiency, body weight, liver weight, body fat, epididymal fat pad, serum and liver lipid, fecal fat , fecal neutral steroids and bile acids. The outcome of the experiment is illustrated below. Firstly, comparing with HF group, food intake and body weight in all groups fed with yam are significantly lesser（p＜0.05）. The feed efficiency in groups fed with HS-RY and TN2 RY are also significantly lower（p＜0.05）. As far as the fecal excretion and moisture are concerned, the order from high to low is : raw-yam groups＞steamed–yam groups＞HF group and control group（p＜0.05）. Thirdly, for the groups fed with yam, raw or steamed yam, the body fat and epididymal fat pad are prominently lower than those of HF group（p＜0.05）. And those of the groups fed with raw yam tend to be lower than those of groups with steamed yam. With respect to the relative weight of liver, the groups fed with steamed yam is obviously lower than high-fat comparing group（p＜0.05）. The effects on lipid metabolism are explained as follows：the serum triglyceride of groups with yam becomes significantly lower than that of HF group（p＜0.05）in the 3rd week and that phenomenon lasts for 8weeks.. The serum total cholesterol contents in TN2-SY goes down to the degree that lower than HF group in the 6th week（p＜0.05）. In the 8th week, there is a great decrease in total cholesterol in groups of HS-SY, TN2-RY and TN2-SY（p＜0.05）. It is observed that the serum LDL-C decreases significantly in the 8th week in all yam groups（p＜0.05）. There is no significantly change in serum HDL-C in all groups. However, the HDL-C/TC ratio increases significantly（p＜0.05）in all yams’ groups. There is also a significantly decrease in liver triglyceride content of rats fed with yam diet, on the other hand, comparing to the HF group, total liver cholesterol lowers obviously in groups fed with steamed yam. The TN2-SY group has the most obvious result in the quantity of fecal total neutral steroids（p＜0.05）. The fecal total fat and total bile acids excretion are significantly higher than those of HF and control groups, and the steamed -yam groups were the best among them（p＜0.05）. In conclusion, adding 20% dose of Hua-Lian 3, Horng-Shuu and Tainung No2 yams,（it is be fine in both raw-and steamed conditions）to the diet of high-fat and high cholesterol has the following manifestly physical effects: decreasing the serum and liver lipids, increasing the excretion of fecal total fat and fecal total bile acids and reducing the accumulation of body fat. These facts may explain the fact that yam can increase fecal excretion of fecal fat and bile acids for the effects of lipid metabolism. However, it needs further study for the specification in metabolism of lipid and the analysis of the relevant lipid reducing ingredients of yam.

Current industry chilling practices with and without the application of 2 percent L-lactic acid were compared for their effectiveness at reducing levels of Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter coli, and common indicator organisms used in industry (aerobic plate count APC, Escherichia coli, and coliforms) on pork variety meats. Pork livers, hearts, intestines, and stomachs were either inoculated individually with 1 of the 3 pathogens or not inoculated and subjected to 1 of 5 treatments: 1 (water wash + lactic acid spray + freeze), 2 (freeze), 3 (water wash + lactic acid spray + chill + freeze), 4 (chill + freeze), and 5 (water wash + freeze). Samples were analyzed between treatment steps and after 2 months, 4 months, and 6 months of frozen storage. Results of effects of the steps within treatments showed that reductions in levels of pathogens after the water wash and lactic acid spray were significantly different (P<0.05) across variety meats. Treatment of variety meats with water wash and lactic acid before chilling resulted in >/= 0.5 log CFU/sample (P<0.05) reductions when compared to chilling alone. Regardless of treatments, reductions in levels of Salmonella and Y. enterocolitica of 0.6-1.3 log CFU/sample were observed after freezing (0 degrees C) overnight. Freezing reduced C. coli by >/= 2.2 log CFU/sample regardless of previous treatment. Throughout 6 months of frozen storage, reductions were observed in levels of all microorganisms equal to or greater than 1.3 log CFU/sample. The greatest reductions were observed on samples treated with lactic acid (Treatments 1 and 3) (1.3-5.0 log CFU/sample) while the smallest reductions were reported for samples without any spray treatment (Treatments 2 and 4) (0.7-4.5 log CFU/sample). Large reductions were observed in levels of C. coli (2.9-5.0 log CFU/sample) for all treatments. The results of this study suggest that, while the application of a water wash followed by freezing reduced levels of pathogens by approximately 1 log CFU/sample, the application of lactic acid before chilling and freezing variety meats results in significantly larger (P<0.05) reductions in microorganisms. Results also show that aerobic plate counts, E. coli, and coliforms follow similar trends to the pathogens.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
行銷與運籌研究所
99
As well as consumable level rise, the importance to consumer’s picking is increasing gradually. When sundry products appear in market, how to predict consumer’s behavior to create own profits is an import issue. 　　In the past, bundle strategy was always a common tactic in market, this study simulates that compare variety seeking in different product form and meddle on compulsive buying intention and emotion to research consumer’s behavior, expecting this study cause find new possibility on research of variety seeking. 　　This study use in cracker product as experiment product, classify to separate product and bundle product, and scan short films to manipulate subject’s emotion, surveying subject’s purchasing intention through paper and online questionnaire, sample retrieve total 341. By research analyze result that discover subjects have a higher variety seeking degree at bundle product than separate product, on personal characteristic aspect, compulsive buying intention have a positive effect with bundle product, and subjects have a higher variety seeking degree with positive emotion than negative emotion.