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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Variation'
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Hunter, Sally E. "Spatial and temporal variation in contourite sedimentation : link to variations in palaeocirculation." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/145875/.
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Yang, Hokyung. "12 variations on Paganini's 24th caprice : an analysis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11263.
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Raattamaa, Tomas. "Searching for Variation." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-58977.
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Bloxham, J. "Geomagnetic secular variation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372644.
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Dahlqvist, Louise, and Annika Wilson. "Variation för motivation!" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen för Pedagogik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19426.
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BAKGRUND:Forskning visar att monotona inlärningsmetoder gör att eleverna förlorar intresset förmatematik. Detta anser vi vara intressant för vår kommande profession som lärare och serdet som vår uppgift att skapa en lärandemiljö som inspirerar eleverna till vidareutveckling.SYFTE:Syftet med studien är, att ta reda på hur pedagogerna upplever att de arbetar och hur deskulle vilja arbeta, för att hålla elevernas motivation uppe och inspirera alla elever tillvidareutveckling vad det gäller ämnet matematik.METOD:Studien är genomförd med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod, där vi valt redskapet self reportvilka har besvarats av nio verksamma lärare.RESULTAT:Resultatet i vår studie visar, att de gemensamma drag som våra respondenter har, när detgäller hur de upplever att de arbetar för att motivera och inspirera sina elever tillvidareutveckling i matematik, var att variera undervisningsmetoderna, kommuniceramatematik och verklighetsanknyta undervisningen. Genom att möta varje elev på dennesnivå och förutsättningar göra matematiken intressant upplevde respondenterna att elevernasmotivation ökade.
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Gustavsson, Lisa. "Variation och Personlighet." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-168580.
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Mariefred, en småstadsidyll vid Mälaren med bevarad trähusbebyggelse och stadsplan från 1700-talet. Detta projekt tog ursprung i den variation som finns bland bebyggelsen i trästaden. Med små skillnader i uttryck, färgsättning, till- och ombyggnader skapas en speciell karaktär i Mariefred. Med projektet ville jag sammanföra den karaktären och känslan av variation med hotellet för att bryta av mot den traditionella hotellbyggnaden med långa korridorer och generella uttryck. Ett trähus för att knyta an till trästaden men en modernare version än vad som finns där idag. Det huvudsakliga greppet för att skapa denna variation är en förskjutning av våningsplanen. Förskjutningen skapar olika takhöjder på bottenplanet och genom detta bryts korridoren mellan hotellrummen upp och fördelar rummen på flera halvplan. För Mariefred skapas ett hotell i entrén till staden med plats för allmänheten genom restaurang med uteservering, plats för personalen och verksamheten och plats för gäster genom rum med variation som ska få bidra till att ge en mer personlig hotellmiljö och upplevelse av vistelsen i Mariefred.Mariefred, a charming small town just by the lake Mälaren with preserved wooden house buildings and a city plan from the late 1700s. This project started with the variation that exists among the buildings in the old town of wooden houses. With small differences in their expression, colouring, extensions and rebuilding a special character is created in Mariefred. With the project I wanted to combine that character and the sense of variation with the hotel to break the traditional hotel building with corridors and a general expression. A wooden building to connect to the city but with a more modern style then what is there today. The main way to create this variation was a shifting of the floor heights. The shift makes different heights in the rooms on the bottom floor and on the other floors the shift breaks the corridors between the hotel rooms and divide the rooms to different levels. Mariefred is given a hotel at the entrance of the city with space for the public through a restaurant, space for the staff and the activity and space for the guests by rooms with variation that gives the hotel environment and the stay in Mariefred more personality.
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Ridley, Victoria Anne. "Jovimagnetic secular variation." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/10175/.
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Planetary dynamos, resulting from fluid flow in electrically conductive parts of their interior, are thought to be highly time dependent. Currently, our understanding of temporal variation of these fields is limited because we only have observations for one example, the Earth. To overcome this, data acquired by 6 NASA space missions between 1973-2003 are used to investigate possible time variation (secular variation) of Jupiter's magnetic field. Previous attempts to constrain jovimagnetic secular variation have been inconclusive or ineffective for various reasons. We attempt to resolve these issues in a number of ways. All data available within 12 Jovian radii are considered and modelling of the external field takes place for each individual orbit. Whilst we find that non-uniqueness limits resolution of Jupiter's magnetodisk configuration, it does not prevent the resulting field from being constrained: we find this field does not vary greatly with time and conclude that solar activity is not a strong control on its generation. Of particular significance is our regularised minimum norm approach to modelling the planetary field. This approach allows construction of numerically stable models with small-scale (high spherical harmonic degree) structure that directly fit the observations. Two models of Jupiter's magnetic field are presented: the first time-averaged over the whole dataset, whilst the second allows for linear time variation of the field. With the inclusion of secular variation, we find an improved fit with fewer additional parameters, suggesting that changes to the field can be resolved. Our favoured solution indicates a 0.012%/year increase in Jupiter's dipole magnetic moment over the investigated time period; this value is roughly a factor of four less then that currently observed at Earth. Relating field changes to internal dynamics, we use our models of secular variation to infer the motion of material at the top of the dynamo source. Velocities on the order of 200km/year are found, approximately an order of magnitude faster then at Earth, but with similarities in flow configuration. Further analysis shows that our optimal solution may be too conservative and that we are able to approximate a polar configuration previously only attained by models employing the additional constraint of auroral footprint position. In doing so, the models favour reversed polar flux, which has important dynamical implications for the interior. The longitude of data used in these models are defined relative to the System III 1965.0 rotation period, itself defined by the magnetic field. Thus, some of the secular variation could result from inaccuracies in the determination of this reference frame. We find that such an affect cannot explain all the observed secular variation. The constraint of our magnetic models on changes to planetary rotation rate, allows a bound to be placed on angular momentum transfer between the atmosphere and deep interior, analogous with variations in Earth's observed length-of-day. This provides strong observational evidence against models directly linking surface winds to deep Jovian convection.
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Lingmerth, Edvin, and Gustav Rex. "Variation i revision : En kvantitativ studie om revisorers variation i väsentlighetsbedömningen." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105666.
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Sammanfattning Magisteruppsats, Civilekonomprogrammet Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitetet, VT 2021 Författare: Edvin Lingmerth och Gustav Rex Handledare: Sven-Olof Yrjö Collin Medbedömare: Elias Bengtsson Examinator: Andreas Jansson Titel: Variation i revison, en kvantitativ studie om revisorers variation iväsentlighetsbedömningen Bakgrund: En grundpelare i dagens revisioner är för revisorn att professionellt bedömaväsentlighet. Väsentlighet är däremot ett komplext begrepp som innefattar flera svårigheter,vilket utgör en problematik av att enskilda revisorer varierar. En variation missgynnar yrketsom helhet och kan ge skada till professionens legitimitet. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att förklara variationen i väsentlighetsnivån. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie med enkätutformning. Syftet med enkäten var att kvalificerade revisorer utförde en väsentlighetsbedömning i form av en planeringsväsentlighet på ett angivet fall. För att ytterligare studera variationen följde frågor om kvalitativa och kvantitativa faktorer i form av bransch, vinst och ägarstruktur med hjälp av likertskalor. Slutsats: Studien har funnit en variation i väsentlighetsnivåer bland revisorer både vid bedömning av fallet och kvantitativa faktorer vid förändrade förutsättningar. Studiens slutsats är att revisionsbyråer är en bidragande faktor till variationen i väsentlighetsnivån, vilket därmed är den faktor som studien påvisar har en påverkan på revisorns professionalitet. Den relationen som studien finner är den mellan revisorns byråtillhörighet och väsentlighetsnivåer, där framförallt revisorer från Big4 bedömer högre väsentlighetsnivåer samt att revisorerna verksamma inom Big4 byråer uppvisar en högre standardavvikelse. Teoretiska förklaringen på resultaten relaterar till kvalitet i revisionen, deep pocket och specialisering i de stora firmorna.Studien belyser även att egenskaper hos revisorn som undersöks inte kan bevisas påverka vid beslut om väsentlighetsnivån, trots sin koppling till professionalitet som är av vikt vid beslutet.Abstract Master Thesis (one year) in Business Administration School of business and economics at Linnaeus University, VT 2021 Authors: Edvin Lingmerth and Gustav Rex Supervisor: Sven-Olof Yrjö Collin Co-assessor: Elias Bengtsson Examiner: Andreas Jansson Title: Variation in audit, a quantitative study about differences in auditors decision making of materiality. Background: A foundation of audit today is the auditors professional decision of materiality. Deciding materiality is a complex process which includes many factors and difficulties, which creates a problem that make auditors take different decisions. Variation is problematic because it may give cause to question the legitimacy of audit. Aim of study: To explain about the variation in level of materiality. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional survey study. The purpose with the survey was to give auditors the opportunity to perform a materiality decision through deciding overall materiality. To further examine the variation in materiality, the auditors were given following qualitative and quantitative questions about industry, earnings and ownership structure. Conclusion: The study has identified a variation in level of materiality between auditors when performing the case and answering further questions related to quantitative factors. The conclusion of the study is that firms cause differences in both auditor professionalism and differences in level of materiality between auditors. The conclusion is supported by the main findings of the study which is the recognized relation between audit firm and level of materiality. The results show that larger firms, mainly Big4, has a tendency to determine higher overall materiality and that larger firms as a group have higher deviations than smaller firms. The theoretical explanation that is given to the relationship relates to quality in audit, deep pocket phenomena and specialization within big firms. The characteristics included in the study cannot be demonstrated to affect the level of materiality, despite their clear connection to professionalism.
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Al-Murani, Thabit. "The Deliberate Use of Variation to Teach Algebra: A Realistic Variation Study." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486965.
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This thesis investigates the effect(s) that deliberate and systematic use of dimensions of variation (DoV) in the teaching of mathematics can have for the students' learning. Variation theory, together with its practical application as an educational approach, is introduced (Marton and Booth, 1997). A realistic quasi-experimental longitudinal intervention called the Dimensions of Variation Programme, DVP, was designed and implemented to examine how this approach can potentially influence the understanding of students in algebra classrooms. The design was realistic because careful consideration was given to how the realities of the educational environment 'could be appropriately incorporated into the intervention in order to increase pragmatic validity. Convenience sampling was used to obtain a cohort of approximately 300 students. This sample corresponded to ten intact classes drawn from eight Oxfordshire schools. Six of the classes were taught by intervention teachers with the remaining four classes being taught by comparison teachers. The students were followed over a 14 month period between Year 7 and Year 8. The intervention teachers formed a research community which met regularly to discuss and jointly plan how the algebra content could be handled with awareness to dimensions of variation. o Classes were observed for eight lessons in total during the 14 months, four consecutive algebra lessons at the beginning of the intervention and four consecutive lessons toward .the end of the intervention. During these observations the mathematical dimensions of variation, together with some contextual details, were recorded. This formed the predictive data for the study. The students were pre-, post-, and delayed post-tested using national SAT exams. Scores from these were used as the primary outcome measure. These data were subsequently analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to identify any differences that might exist between the intervention and comparison groups. The findings suggest that the intervention teachers handled the content in qualitatively different ways to the comparison teachers. The principle distinguishing characteristic between groups was that the intervention teachers exhibited an awareness for 'systematicity of inference' while the comparison teachers did not. There is some evidence to suggest that the intervention significantly affected students' learning outcomes in algebra between Year 7 and Year 8.
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Seghir, Driss. "Calcul des variations et contrôle optimal dans des espaces de fonctions à variation bornée." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30102.
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L'auteur etudie des problemes vectoriels de calcul des variations et de controle optimal non coercifs dans les espaces de sobolev. Leur extension a des espaces de fonctions a variation bornee (bv en abrege) s'obtient par regularisation semi-continue inferieure pour la topologie faible etoile des espaces bv. Des resultats de representation integrale sont donnes pour les fonctionnelles regularisees lorsque les fonctions de recession des integrandes sont partout finies. D'autres resultats de semi-continuite sont obtenus pour des fonctionnelles explicitement definies sur l'espace bv lorsque cette condition sur les fonctions de recession n'est pas satisfaite. L'existence des solutions est alors obtenue par la methode directe du calcul des variations et les courbes-bv solutions des problemes etudies sont caracterisees par les solutions lipschitziennes d'un probleme parametrique auxiliaire. Ces methodes sont ensuite developpees pour des problemes de controle optimal gouvernes par des equations differentielles ordinaires avec donnees mesures. Certains resultats d'existence sont obtenus en l'absence de toute hypothese de convexite sur les integrandes des fonctionnelles etudiees
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Lind, Martin. "Functions of bounded variation." Thesis, Karlstad University, Division for Engineering Sciences, Physics and Mathematics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-209.
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The paper begins with a short survey of monotone functions. The functions of bounded variation are introduced and some basic properties of these functions are given. Finally the jump function of a function of bounded variation is defined.
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Walker, Tina Kay. "Genetic variation in schistosomes." Thesis, Brunel University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278245.
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Newby, Christopher James. "Modelling severe asthma variation." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27735.
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Asthma is a heterogeneity disease that is mostly managed successfully using bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs. Around 10%-15% of asthmatics however have difficult or severe asthma which is less responsive to treatments. Asthma and in particular severe asthma are now thought of a description of symptoms which may contain possible sub-groups with possible different pathologies which could be useful for targeting different drugs for different sub-groups. However little statistical work has been carried out to determine these sub-phenotypes. Studies have been carried out to partition severe asthma variables in to a number of sub-groups but the algorithms used in these studies are not based on statistical inference and it is difficult to select the number of best fitting sub-groups using such methods. It is also unclear where the clusters or sub-groups returned are actual sub-groups or reflect a bigger non-normal distribution. In the thesis we have developed a statistical model that combines factor analysis, a method used to obtain independent factors to describe processes allowing for variation over variables, and infinite mixture modelling, a process that involves determining the most probable number of mixtures or clusters thus allowing for variation over individuals. This model created is a Dirichlet process normal mixture latent variable model DPNMLVN and it is capable of determining the correct number of mixtures over each factor. The model was tested with simulations and used to analysis two severe asthma datasets and a cancer clinical trial. Sub-groups were found that reflect a high Eosinophilic group and an average eosinophilic group, a late onset older non atopic group and a highly atopic younger early onset group. In the clinical trial data 3 distinct mixtures were found relating to existing biomarkers not used in the mixture analysis.
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Crawford, Vivienne Lynda Shirley. "Circannual variation in mortality." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295407.
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Adli, Aria. "Grammatische Variation und Sozialstruktur /." Berlin : Akademie Verl, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392904091.
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Mosli, Bouksiaa Mohamed Said. "Performance variation considered helpful." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLL001/document.
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Comprendre les performances d'une application multi-thread est difficile. Les threads interfèrent quand ils accèdent à la même ressource, ce qui ralentit leur exécution. Malheureusement, les outils de profiling existants se focalisent sur l'identification des causes de l'interférence, et non pas sur ses effets.Le développeur ne peut donc pas conclure si l'optimisation d'une interférence identifiée par un outil de profiling peut mener à une meilleure performance. Dans cette thèse, on propose de compléter les outils existants par un outil orienté-effet capable de quantifier l'impact de l'interférence sur la performance, indépendamment de la cause de l'interférence. Avec une évaluation de 27 applications, on montre que notre outil réussit à identifier 12 bottlenecks causés par 6 types d'interférence différentsUnderstanding the performance of a multi-threaded application is difficult. The threads interfere when they access the same resource, which slows their execution down. Unfortunately, current profiling tools focus on identifying the interference causes, not their effects.The developer can thus not know if optimizing the interference reported by a profiling tool can lead to better performance. In this thesis, we propose to complete the profiling toolbox with an effect-oriented profiling tool able to indicate how much interference impacts performance, regardless of the interference cause. With an evaluation of 27 applications, we show that our tool successfully identifies 12 performance bottlenecks caused by 6 different kinds of interference
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Mosli, Bouksiaa Mohamed Said. "Performance variation considered helpful." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLL001.
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Comprendre les performances d'une application multi-thread est difficile. Les threads interfèrent quand ils accèdent à la même ressource, ce qui ralentit leur exécution. Malheureusement, les outils de profiling existants se focalisent sur l'identification des causes de l'interférence, et non pas sur ses effets.Le développeur ne peut donc pas conclure si l'optimisation d'une interférence identifiée par un outil de profiling peut mener à une meilleure performance. Dans cette thèse, on propose de compléter les outils existants par un outil orienté-effet capable de quantifier l'impact de l'interférence sur la performance, indépendamment de la cause de l'interférence. Avec une évaluation de 27 applications, on montre que notre outil réussit à identifier 12 bottlenecks causés par 6 types d'interférence différentsUnderstanding the performance of a multi-threaded application is difficult. The threads interfere when they access the same resource, which slows their execution down. Unfortunately, current profiling tools focus on identifying the interference causes, not their effects.The developer can thus not know if optimizing the interference reported by a profiling tool can lead to better performance. In this thesis, we propose to complete the profiling toolbox with an effect-oriented profiling tool able to indicate how much interference impacts performance, regardless of the interference cause. With an evaluation of 27 applications, we show that our tool successfully identifies 12 performance bottlenecks caused by 6 different kinds of interference
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Paulsrud, Emil. "Dialektal variation och förändring i Mora : Individuell variation som grund för språklig förändring." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201872.
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I den här undersökningen tittar jag närmare på dialektutjämningen i Mora genom en studie av två personers språkliga repertoar. Särskilt studeras individuell variation som grund för språklig förändring. I uppsatsen jämför jag språkbruket hos en äldre och en yngre informant, en mor och en vuxen son, i olika samtalssituationer. Den yngre informanten studeras därtill närmare för att se hur dennes individuella variation i tre olika samtalssituationer kan visa på språkliga förändringar i området. Utifrån undersökningen av informanternas språk kan jag visa att Mora-området präglas av en utjämningsprocess. Denna tar sig uttryck dels i att användandet av den traditionella dialekten minskar, dels i att flera traditionella dialektdrag minskar i användning mellan generationerna. Dessutom visar studien av den yngre informantens individuella variation på samma utjämningsprocess där han är mer dialektal i samtal med mer dialektala samtalsdeltagare medan han blir mindre kategoriskt dialektal och använder färre dialektala drag i andra samtalssituationer. Vidare visar en genomgång av den yngre informantens sociala nätverk kopplat till språkanvändning att den traditionella dialektens domäner minskar. I de sammanhang där traditionell dialekt tidigare var de självklara samtalsspråket gäller inte detta längre på samma sätt.
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Chen, Dongjin. "Legacies and Incentives:Explaining Variation in Local Healthcare Expenditure Variation in Post-Mao China." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1343052167.
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Kang, Xuedong. "Antigen Variation Untersuchungen zur GPI-Verankerung der varianten Oberflächenglycoproteine in Trypanosoma brucei = Antigenic variation /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963196952.
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Manning, Christina Jane. "Radiogenic isotopic and o18 O variation in Icelandic basalts : Source variation versus crustal contamination." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531327.
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Betote, Doumbe Akwa Martin Robert. "Identité lexicale et régulation de la variation sémantique : identité et variation du mot raison." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100025.
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Lönnborg, Louise. "Språklig variation i undervisning : En kvantitativ undersökning om lärares uppfattningar kring momentet språklig variation." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och interkultur (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78325.
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Följande studie är baserad på en undersökning med sociolingvistisk inriktning och syftar till att undersöka vad lärare väljer att inkludera i sin undervisning som rör språklig variation. Studien syftar även till att undersöka vad dessa val beror på och vilka konsekvenser dessa val kan tänkas få. Empirin utgörs av en kvantitativ enkätundersökning där lärare har fått delge information om sin undervisning samt sina åsikter och uppfattningar kring begreppet språklig variation. Tidigare forskning visar bland annat att språklig variation, eller snarare brister i kunskap, förståelse och tolerans kring språklig variation kan bidra till att vissa elever inte får samma förutsättningar för lärande. Den bearbetade och analyserade empirin visar att momentet språklig variation ingår i samtliga lärares undervisning i kursen Svenska 1. Det råder en samsyn kring begreppet språklig variation enligt lärarnas definitioner. Det framkommer dock att majoriteten av de tillfrågade anser att momentet får mindre tid och utrymme än andra moment i kursen Svenska 1 och att några av delområdena (lekterna) inom momentet inte inkluderas i samma utsträckning. Valet av stoff påverkas bland annat av elevgrupp, erfarenhet, intresse, aktualitet och den tid man har till sitt förfogande. Momentet språklig variation är en del av alla tillfrågade informanters undervisning och även om momentet inte får lika mycket tid och utrymme som andra moment i kursen Svenska 1, så skattas momentet som viktigt och betydelsefullt. Dessutom kan sägas att informanterna i följande undersökning berör de flest delar av momentet i större utsträckning än vad som först antogs.The following study is based on a study with a sociolinguistic focus and aims to investigate what teachers choose to include in their teaching regarding linguistic variation. The study also aims to investigate what these choices depend on and what consequences these choices might have.The empirical materialconsistsof a quantitative survey where teachers have been given information about their teaching as well as their opinions about the concept of linguistic variation. Previous research shows, among other things, that linguistic variation, or rather deficiencies inknowledge, understanding and tolerance around linguistic variation can contribute to the fact that some students do not have the same conditions for learning. The worked and analyzed empirical evidence shows that the element of linguistic variation is included in all teachers 'teaching in the course Swedish1. There is a consensus on the concept of linguistic variation according to the teachers' definitions. However, it turns out that the majority of those surveyed consider that the part gets less time andspace than other parts of the course and that some of the sub-areas within the part are not included to the same extent. The choice of material is influenced, among other things, by the group of students, experience, interest, timeliness and the time available to them. The subject linguistic variation is part of all the informants' teaching and although the subject does not get as much time and space as other parts of the course Svenska 1,linguistic variation is considered to be valuable and important. In addition, it can be said that the informants in the following survey includes most parts of thelinguistic variationin their teachingto a greater extent than was initially assumed.
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Zumstein, Franck. "Variation accentuelle, variation phonétique : étude systématique fondée sur des corpus lexico-phonétiques informatisés anglais." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT5025.
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Dans ce travail, nous abordons le problème de la variation accentuelle du lexique de l'anglais contemporain, tel qu'il se manifeste dans le mot "controversy" (schéma accentuel /1000/ ou /0100/), par exemple. Notre corpus de référence est une version électronique du "Longman Pronunciation Dictionary" de John Wells, dont la version papier fut publiée en 1990. Suite au traitement informatique du corpus, nous avons mené des analyses linguistiques dans le cadre de travaux de Lionel Guierre sur l'accentuation lexicale de l'anglais. Afin de déterminer le caractère archaïque ou [sic. ] émergent des variantes en jeu, nous avons également repris les enregistrements dictionnairiques de plusieurs lexicographes anglais des XVIIIè et XIXè siècles. Au terme de notre étude, nous avons pu dégager des constantes touchant aux facteurs déterminants de la variation et faire apparaître la directionnalité de la variation examinée. Parmi ces constantes, nous avons pu constater le rôle important de la sémantique lexicaleIn this piece of work is examined word-stress variation in contemporary English, such as in the word "controversy" (stressed /1000/ or /0100/). Our linguistic analyses are based on automatic data retrieval from a computer-readable version of John Well's "Longman Pronunciation Dictionary" published in 1990. Eighteenth and nineteenth century English dictionaries are also consulted so as to determine whether variants are old stressings or new patterns. The results of this study, which is a follow-up of Lionel Guierre's work on word stress in English, highlight the direction of the change of the alternating stress patterns and show that regular criteria, notably the meaning of words, account for such variations
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Lundberg, Eleonora. "Variation i musikundervisningen : Kvalitativ undersökning om lärares variation i musikundervisningen för elever i särskolan." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för musik och bild (MB), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-84755.
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Music is a subject in the school where variation can be used to include all students. The purpose of this study is to find out how teachers in the subject of music vary their teaching regarding children with learning disabilities. The result gives an idea of how teachers choose to vary their teaching in order to gain a knowledge development among the students. This leads to how teachers think about individualized teaching and how this can be explored based on the syllabus. The discussion is a mapping with background, previous research, purpose and results. This is discussed with a focus on how the teachers, based on the syllabus and the pupils differences, plan their teaching.
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Gallego, Bartolomé Ángel J. "Phase theory and parametric variation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/4888.
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El objetivo de esta tesis es explorar la Teoría de Fases de Chomsky (cf. Chomsky 2000; 2001; 2004; 2005; 2007; en preparación) y sus conexiones con la variación paramétrica. El estudio considera la hipótesis de que la computación sintáctica opera a través de pequeñas etapas derivacionales (las fases), prestando especial atención a los sistemas de Caso y concordancia, y al papel que desempeña la morfología en relación con la variación lingüística. El Capítulo I presenta las bases generales del marco teórico que se asume a lo largo de la tesis (el llamado Programa Minimista; cf. Chomsky 1993a hasta el presente), concentrándose tanto en las operaciones computacionales centrales (Fusión y Acuerdo) como en la naturaleza cíclica del sistema.
El Capítulo II se dedica a la noción de fase, cuyos criterios de identificación son considerados con detenimiento. Se adopta la hipótesis de Pesetsky & Torrego (2001) de que lo que normalmente se llama 'Caso' es en realidad un rasgo no interpretable de 'aspecto'/'tiempo' codificado en la categoría D y se explora la idea (presente en el sistema de Chomsky, así como en el de Pesetsky & Torrego) de que la morfología no interpretable puede usarse para procesos sintácticos solo durante un breve período de tiempo, que precisamente coincide con las fases.
Junto con Uriagereka (1999b), también se propone que las Lenguas de Sujeto Nulo (LSNs) recurren a un proceso adicional de Transferencia que es responsable de un macro-parámetro desencadenado por el movimiento del verbo, denominado aquí Corrimiento de Fase. Plausiblemente, este mecanismo explica el status particular de los sujetos en las LSNs (e.g., extracción, borrado del complementante, inversión obligatoria, etc.), además de otros fenómenos que previamente habían sido analizados en términos de nudos frontera, marcaje-L, rección o la distinción A/A-barra.
En el Capítulo III, la atención se centra en un micro-parámetro relacionado con la arista de los núcleos de fase (su Periferia Izquierda). Se discute un corte paramétrico que implica a lo que Uriagereka (1995a; 1995b; 2002b) llama "FP", una proyección relacionada con la semántica de corte discursivo (anteriormente, "interpretación superficial"). Se defiende que la actividad sintáctica 'caliente' de la F de Uriagereka no se limita a la capa SC, extendiéndose también al Sv*, de una manera paralela (de hecho, tal y como predice el análisis de Uriagereka 2002b, el patrón se extiende a entornos nominales): aquellas lenguas con un SC más activo tienen un Sv* más activo. Esta 'activación' del margen periférico se relaciona con la morfología explícita, una idea tradicional que se refina y relaciona con la morfología temporal y el movimiento de núcleos.
La segunda parte del capítulo aborda las estructuras VOS en las LSNs, para cuya formación se arguye que hay dos estrategias: batido de objeto o topicalización de SV (cf. Belletti 2004, Cardinaletti 2001b y Ordóñez 1997; 1998b). Con Ordóñez (1997; 1998b), se asume que el VOS del español se deriva mediante batido de objeto, se consideran las consecuencias para la asignación de Caso nominativo en términos de minimidad y, finalmente, se recupera un análisis basado en la equidistancia de Chomsky (1993a).
El Capítulo IV se dedica a la (sub-)extracción. En él se sostiene que una aproximación a las islas en términos estructurales (cf. Chomsky 1986a; 2004; en preparación) no es totalmente satisfactorio, siendo más adecuado tratar este fenómeno como una consecuencia de los efectos de paralización que surgen de la interacción entre el Caso y la concordancia (cf. Boeckx 2003a).
The goal of this dissertation is to explore Chomsky's Phase Theory (see Chomsky 2000; 2001; 2004; 2005; 2007; to appear) and its connections with parametric variation. The study considers the hypothesis that syntactic computation operates through small derivational leaps (the phases), paying special attention to the Case/agreement systems, and the role of overt morphology for linguistic variation.
Chapter I presents the general guidelines of the framework that shall be assumed throughout the dissertation (the so-called Minimalist Program; see Chomsky 1993a through the present), concentrating on both the core computational operations (Merge and Agree) and the cyclic nature of the system.
Chapter II is devoted to the notion of phase, whose identification criteria are considered at length. I adopt Pesetsky & Torrego's (2001) hypothesis that what is normally referred to as 'Case' is actually an uninterpretable 'aspect'/'tense' feature on D heads, and entertain the idea (present in Chomsky's system, as well as in Pesetsky & Torrego's) that uninterpretable morphology can be used for syntactic processes only within a short, phase-based, time span.
In line with Uriagereka (1999b), I further propose that Null Subject Languages (NSLs) resort to an additional process of Transfer that is responsible for a macro-parameter triggered by verb movement, which I call Phase Sliding. Plausibly, this mechanism explains the particular status of subjects in NSLs (e.g., subject extraction, that-deletion, obligatory inversion, etc.) and additional empirical facts, previously framed in terms of bounding nodes, L-marking, government, or the A/A-bar distinction.
In chapter III, attention is shifted to a micro-parameter related to the edge of phase heads (their Left Periphery). I argue for a parametric cut that concerns what Uriagereka (1995a; 1995b; 2002b) calls "FP," a projection related to discourse-oriented semantics (formerly, "surface interpretation"). I claim that the 'hot' syntactic activity of Uriagereka's F is not limited to the CP layer, but is actually found in the v*P too, in a parallel fashion (actually, as predicted by Uriagereka 2002b, the pattern extends to nominal environments): those languages with a more active CP, have a more active v*P. I relate this peripheral boost to overt morphology, a traditional idea that is sharpened and connected to tense morphology and head movement.
The second part of the chapter focuses on VOS structures in NSLs, for which I argue that there are two strategies: object scrambling and VP topicalization (see Belletti 2004, Cardinaletti 2001b, and Ordóñez 1997; 1998b). With Ordóñez (1997; 1998b), I take Spanish VOS to be derived through object scrambling, consider its consequences for nominative Case assignment in minimality terms, and eventually revamp an equidistance-based analysis, in the sense of Chomsky (1993a).
Chapter IV is dedicated to (sub-)extraction. I argue that islandhood cannot be entirely accounted for in structural terms (see Chomsky 1986a; 2004; to appear), being better understood if related to freezing effects that emerge from the interaction between Case and agreement (see Boeckx 2003a).
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Kujundzic, Nebojsa. "An Inquiry into Mental Variation." Thesis, Waterloo, Ont. : University of Waterloo [Dept. of Philosophy], 1995. http://etd.uwaterloo.ca//etd/nkujundz1995.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Waterloo, 1995.Includes bibliographical references (p. 216-223). Issued also in PDF format and available via the World Wide Web. Requires Internet connectivity, World Wide Web browser, and Adobe Acrobat Reader. Also available in microfiche format.
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Dodsworth, Robin M. "Linguistic variation and sociological consciousness." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1123115802.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 244 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 235-244). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Cai, Yong. "Regional mortality variation in China /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8899.
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Hutter, Stephan. "Natural variation in Drosophila melanogaster." Diss., lmu, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-74185.
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Madsen, Rasmus Kirkegaard. "Metabolic variation in autoimmune diseases." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59475.
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The human being and other animals contain immensely complex biochemical processes that govern their function on a cellular level. It is estimated that several thousand small molecules (metabolites) are produced by various biochemical pathways in humans. Pathological processes can introduce perturbations in these biochemical pathways which can lead to changes in the amounts of some metabolites.Developments in analytical chemistry have made it possible measure a large number metabolites in a single blood sample, which gives a metabolic profile. In this thesis I have worked on establishing and understanding metabolic profiles from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and from animal models of the autoimmune diseases diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1D) and RA.Using multivariate statistical methods it is possible to identify differences between metabolic profiles of different groups. As an example we identified differences between patients with RA and healthy volunteers. This can be used to elucidate the biochemical processes that are active in a given pathological condition.Metabolite concentrations are affected by a many other things than the presence or absence of a disease. Both genomic and environmental factors are known to influence metabolic profiles. A main focus of my work has therefore been on finding strategies for ensuring that the results obtained when comparing metabolic profiles were valid and relevant. This strategy has included repetition of experiments and repeated measurement of individuals’ metabolic profiles in order to understand the sources of variation.Finding the most stable and reproducible metabolic effects has allowed us to better understand the biochemical processes seen in the metabolic profiles. This makes it possible to relate the metabolic profile differences to pathological processes and to genes and proteins involved in these.The hope is that metabolic profiling in the future can be an important tool for finding biomarkers useful for disease diagnosis, for identifying new targets for drug design and for mapping functional changes of genomic mutations. This has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of disease pathology and thus improving health care.
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Strömberg, Anette. "Social Variation in Australian English." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-1258.
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Pocock, David Henry. "Molecular variation of bovine rotavirus." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46508.
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Lewandowski, Anna Zofia. "Antigenic variation in Bordetella pertussis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60480.pdf.
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Sheridan, Jennifer Ann. "Variation in Southeast Asian anurans." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3296894.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Apr. 7, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-138).
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O'Neill, Caitlin G. "Dialect variation in speaking rate." Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32122.
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Lind, Martin. "Functions of Generalized Bounded Variation." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för matematik och datavetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-26342.
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This thesis is devoted to the study of different generalizations of the classical conception of a function of bounded variation. First, we study the functions of bounded p-variation introduced by Wiener in 1924. We obtain estimates of the total p-variation (1<p<∞) and other related functionals for a periodic function f in Lp([0,1]) in terms of its Lp-modulus of continuity ω(f;δ)p. These estimates are sharp for any rate of decay of ω(f;δ)p. Moreover, the constant coefficients in them depend on parameters in an optimal way. Inspired by these results, we consider the relationship between the Riesz type generalized variation vp,α(f) (1<p<∞, 0≤α≤1-1/p) and the modulus of p-continuity ω1-1/p(f;δ). These functionals generate scales of spaces that connect the space of functions of bounded p-variation and the Sobolev space Wp1. We prove sharp estimates of vp,α(f) in terms of ω1-1/p(f;δ). In the same direction, we study relations between moduli of p-continuity and q-continuity for 1<p<q<∞. We prove an inequality that estimates ω1-1/p(f;δ) in terms of ω1-1/q(f;δ). The inequality is sharp for any order of decay of ω1-1/q(f;δ). Next, we study another generalization of bounded variation: the so-called bounded Λ-variation, introduced by Waterman in 1972. We investigate relations between the space ΛBV of functions of bounded Λ-variation, and classes of functions defined via integral smoothness properties. In particular, we obtain the necessary and sufficient condition for the embedding of the class Lip(α;p) into ΛBV. This solves a problem of Wang (2009). We consider also functions of two variables. Applying our one-dimensional result, we obtain sharp estimates of the Hardy-Vitali type p-variation of a bivariate function in terms of its mixed modulus of continuity in Lp([0,1]2). Further, we investigate Fubini-type properties of the space Hp(2) of functions of bounded Hardy-Vitali p-variation. This leads us to consider the symmetric mixed norm space Vp[Vp]sym of functions of bounded iterated p-variation. For p>1, we prove that Hp(2) is not embedded into Vp[Vp]sym, and that Vp[Vp]sym is not embedded into Hp(2). In other words, Fubini-type properties completely fail in the class of functions of bounded Hardy-Vitali type p-variation for p>1.Baksidestext The classical concept of the total variation of a function has been extended in several directions. Such extensions find many applications in different areas of mathematics. Consequently, the study of notions of generalized bounded variation forms an important direction in the field of mathematical analysis. This thesis is devoted to the investigation of various properties of functions of generalized bounded variation. In particular, we obtain the following results: sharp relations between spaces of generalized bounded variation and spaces of functions defined by integral smoothness conditions (e.g., Sobolev and Besov spaces); optimal properties of certain scales of function spaces of frac- tional smoothness generated by functionals of variational type; sharp embeddings within the scale of spaces of functions of bounded p-variation; results concerning bivariate functions of bounded p-variation, in particular sharp estimates of total variation in terms of the mixed Lp-modulus of continuity, and Fubini-type properties.
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Galarza, Ballester Mª Teresa. "Antiguan Creole: Genesis and Variation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/77724.
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This thesis investigates Antiguan Creole (AC), including its socio-history and sociolinguistics.
Besides, it is concerned with the central strands of research in creolistics: the diachronic that
focuses on creole genesis and creole development, and the synchronic that emphasizes the
status of creoles as linguistic systems in their own right. The research has been organized in
three parts. The first part is preparatory and concerns theoretical and methodological issues. It
begins with a review of the literature concerning creole genesis and the creole continuum and
examines the hypotheses to be tested. Next, it is concerned with research techniques and
presents the fieldwork methods employed. The second part considers the following areas: the
language and its context. It outlines the historical circumstances that led to the emergence of
AC and then turns to the sociolinguistic situation of present-day Antigua. Subsequently, it
offers a phonological and grammatical description of AC. The third part deals with the
linguistic analyses that have been applied in order to test the hypotheses. This part provides a
linguistic analysis of three linguistic features of AC that have been soundly investigated in
other creole languages: palatal gliding after velars, copula system and its variability, and preverbal
markers and past-marking by verb inflection. Firstly, to examine palatal gliding, the
study begins with a historical account and then offers a synchronic description of the variable
use of the palatal/stop glide complex. Secondly, copular and attributive predication is
investigated from a historical perspective followed by a synchronic analysis of copula
variability in present affirmative contexts. Thirdly, the research looks at the origin of the
system encoding tense, mood and aspect and gives a synchronic analysis of the variable use of
past inflection. Finally, the thesis is concluded by relating the findings of the previous
chapters to issues concerning creole genesis on the one hand, and issues describing the speech
community and the validity of the creole continuum model on the other. It is hoped that the
present study offers a sound description of AC in order to demonstrate that AC deserves as
much linguistic attention as other better known Caribbean creole languages.Esta tesis tiene como objetivos la investigación de la lengua criolla de Antigua (AC), incluida su socio-historia y sociolingüística, así como los principales temas de investigación criollística: el diacrónico, centrado en la génesis de los criollos, y el sincrónico, que se ocupa de la variación lingüística. La investigación, atendiendo a su contenido, se ha estructurado en tres partes. La primera, que hace referencia a cuestiones teóricas y metodológicas, comienza con una revisión de la literatura sobre la génesis de los criollos y el creole continuum y examina las hipótesis que queremos comprobar. A continuación, se presentan las técnicas de investigación y los métodos empleados en la realización de trabajos de campo. La segunda parte profundiza en la lengua y su contexto, se esbozan las circunstancias históricas que condujeron a la aparición del AC y, seguidamente, se examina la situación sociolingüística del AC en la actualidad. Posteriormente, se ofrece una descripción fonológica y gramatical del AC. La tercera parte trata los análisis lingüísticos que se han aplicado con el fin de probar las hipótesis y muestra un análisis de tres características del AC que se han investigado extensamente en otras lenguas criollas: diptongación palatal tras velares, el sistema de cópula y su variación y, finalmente, el sistema pre-verbal y la variabilidad de la flexión verbal en el pasado. En primer lugar, para examinar la diptongación palatal, el estudio comienza analizando su génesis y, a continuación, encontramos una descripción sincrónica del uso variable de diptongación palatal. En segundo lugar, se estudia el sistema copulativo desde una perspectiva histórica y se completa con un análisis sincrónico de su variabilidad en contextos afirmativos. Finalmente, la investigación analiza el origen del sistema pre-verbal y presenta un análisis sincrónico del uso variable de la flexión verbal en el pasado. A modo de conclusión, la tesis establece una relación entre los hallazgos de las tres partes anteriores y las cuestiones relativas a la génesis criolla, por un lado, y a la validez del modelo del creole continuum, por otro. Esperamos que esta tesis ofrezca una descripción formal del AC para demostrar que esta lengua merece tanta atención lingüística como otras lenguas criollas más conocidas del Caribe.
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Douglas, Nigel William. "HIV sequence variation and pathogenicity." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412009.
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Urwin, Rachel. "Variation in meningococcal porb proteins." Thesis, Staffordshire University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246023.
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West, R. M. "Statistical aspects of spatial variation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382715.
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Pandya, Arpita. "Human Y-chromosomal DNA variation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298658.
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Vetayasuporn, Sopit. "Genetic variation in Pinus kesiya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301651.
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Macbeth, H. M. "Biological variation in human migrants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371698.
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Trevelyan, R. J. "Life history variation in birds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315861.
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Leimgruber, Jacob R. E. "Modelling variation in Singapore English." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517221.
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Kastanakis, Minas N. "Explaining variation in luxury consumption." Thesis, City University London, 2010. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8695/.
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This PhD study extends the existing knowledge on the consumption of luxuries, by bringing together the conspicuous consumption and luxury consumption literature with self-concept and trait theory, in order to develop a conceptual framework that explains the phenomenon of luxury consumption from a consumer behaviour perspective. The model developed in this study describes and explains a) the psychological antecedents of luxury consumption in the form of a general – personal or social – selfconcept orientation, as well as in the form of various luxury-specific individual traits, and b) describes and explains a range of different consumption patterns of luxury goods. It is shown how an individual’s self-concept impacts a variety of luxury consumption behaviours via these mediating trait mechanisms. This integrative and parsimonious model helps in understanding the behaviour of these consumers and assists managers a) to better segment their markets, and b) predict consumer reactions to changes in their offering or communications, based on the interaction of multiple controllable drivers of luxury product consumption. This study offers significant theoretical contributions, as well as having important practical implications. It is the first to: a) conceptualize and empirically verify a comprehensive model that explains both the dispositions and the behaviour of the consumers of luxury goods; b) shed more light and detail in an overall proposed personal vs. social orientation to luxury consumption; c) describe and explain in detail the various personality traits of the consumers of luxury goods; and d) delineate and demonstrate empirically the various behavioural patterns of such consumers.
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Jiang, Li. "Nominal Arguments and Language Variation." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10495.
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This dissertation investigates nominal arguments in classifier languages (ClLs). There are two main goals. The first is to explore what is constant and what varies in the way ClLs form nominal arguments. The second goal is to understand the relationship between argument formation in classifier languages and argument formation more generally. Three classifier languages are the center of the discussion: Mandarin, a ClL without overt evidence of determiners, Yi, a head-final ClL which will be shown to have overt determiners, and Bengali, a ClL that has already been argued to have overt evidence of determiners. In addition to paying particular attention to these three ClLs, the discussion of nominal arguments also covers a wider range of ClLs and number marking languages (NMLs) from Romance, Germanic, and Slavic, as well as Hindi. In this dissertation we will argue for the following three points. First, numeral constructions (NCs) have identical syntax and semantics in ClLs and NMLs (possibly universally); specifically, we argue that NCs have a predicative interpretation and an argumental interpretation that arises via a choice function in the lexical entry of numerals. Secondly, we argue that language variation in the nominal domain is due primarily to two interrelated factors: what nouns denote (kinds or properties) and what low functional heads (i.e. number morphology (#) and classifiers) denote; we show how this variation in the nominal domain can be related to a more general macroparameter. Thirdly, we argue that determiners in ClLs are in fact expected, contrary to the standard view, but while they can combine with numeral-classifier phrases (ClPs) and numeral-less ClPs, they can never combine with bare nouns. The proposal is that bare nouns in ClLs are always argumental regardless of whether or not there are determiners. In the last chapter of this dissertation, we show that the developed analysis of nominal arguments and language variation yields an updated language typology of argument formation. With this proposed analysis of nominal arguments, we may be a few steps closer to a general theory of argument formation of wide cross-linguistic applicability.Linguistics
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Sguerra, Fabien. "Variation autour de la porphyrine." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840225.
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Ces travaux de thèse traitent de l'exploitation des nombreuses propriétés chimiques, physiques et structurales qu'offre le macrocycle porphyrinique.Le premier chapitre présente la sensibilisation de lanthanides émettant dans le proche-infrarouge par un chromophore porphyrinique. La synthèse d'une porphyrine substituée par deux 8-hydroxyquinoléines, sa métallation avec des lanthanides (La, Nd, Yb et Gd) ainsi que les propriétés photophysiques de ces complexes sont présentées. La synthèse de porphyrines fonctionnalisées par des oxamates orientés de façon convergente dans le but de diminuer les désactivations non radiatives du lanthanide par vibrations des liaisons est également étudiée. Le second chapitre décrit la synthèse de porphyrines substituées par deux groupements pyridyl et éthynylpyridyl en position méso-trans. La métallation du macrocyclique porphyrinique par du Zn(II) conduit à la formation de réseaux de coordination mono- ou bi-dimensionnels dont la topologie est dépendante de la nature de la porphyrine. Le troisième chapitre présente la fonctionnalisation de surface par chimi- ou par physi-sorption d'un réseau de coordination directionnel. Dans un premier temps la synthèse de porphyrines substituées par des pyridines et des terpyridines est présentée. Puis l'adsorption de ces tectons sur une surface de graphite est décrite. Enfin une dernière partie traite de la synthèse de porphyrines fonctionnalisées par deux ou quatre bras possédant des substituants soufrés, qui après chimisorption sur une surface d'or, pourraient servir de point d'ancrage à la construction d'un réseau de coordination directionnel perpendiculaire à la surface.
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Wennersten, Lena. "Population-level consequences of variation." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32522.
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Consequences of within population variation have recently attracted an increased interest in evolutionary ecology research. Theoretical models suggest important population-level consequences, but many of these predictions still remain to be tested. These issues are important for a deepened understanding of population performances and persistence, especially in a world characterized by rapid fragmentation of natural habitats and other environmental changes. I review theoretical models of consequences from intra population genetic and phenotypic variation. I find that more variable populations are predicted to be characterized by broader resource use, reduced intraspecific competition, reduced vulnerability to environmental changes, more stable population dynamics, higher invasive potential, enhanced colonization and establishment success, larger distribution ranges, higher evolvability, higher productivity, faster population growth rate, decreased extinction risk, and higher speciation rate, compared with less variable populations. To test some of these predictions I performed experiments and compared how different degree of colour polymorphism influences predation risk and establishment success in small groups. My comparisons of predation risk in mono- and polymorphic artificial prey populations showed that the risk of being eaten by birds does not only depend on the coloration of the individual prey item itself, but also on the coloration of the other members of the group. Two experiments on establishment success in small founder groups of Tetrix subulata pygmy grasshoppers with different degree of colour morph diversity show that establishment success increases with higher degree of diversity, both under controlled conditions in outdoor enclosures and in the wild. These findings may be important for re-stocking of declining populations or re-introductions of locally extinct populations in conservation biology projects. I report on remarkably rapid evolutionary shifts in colour morph frequencies in response to the changed environmental conditions in replicated natural populations of pygmy grasshoppers in fire ravaged areas. This finding 1 illustrates the high adaptive potential in a polymorphic species, and indicates the importance of preserved within-species diversity for evolutionary rescue. Finally, I review if theoretical predictions are supported by other published empirical tests and find strong support for the predictions that more variable groups benefit from reduced vulnerability to environmental changes, reduced population fluctuations and extinction risk, larger distribution ranges, and higher colonization or establishment success. In conclusion, my thesis illustrates how within-population variation influences ecological and evolutionary performances of populations both in the short and long term. As such, it emphasizes the need for conservation of biodiversity also within populations.