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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Variation with salinity

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Academic literature on the topic 'Variation with salinity'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Variation with salinity"

1

Paskausky, David F. "Salinity variation." Physics Teacher 25, no. 2 (February 1987): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2342160.

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Rimper, Joice R. T. S. L., Silvana D. Harikedua, and Veibe Warouw. "The size variation of rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis cultivated with different feed at 40 ppt salinity." AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 7, no. 1 (September 21, 2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jasm.7.1.2019.25043.

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Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Variasi ukuran rotifer Brachionus rotundiformisyang diberi pakan berbeda pada salinitas 40 ppt RotiferBrachionus rotundiformisis a group of zooplankton which is used by fish larvae for feeding to initiate their growth. This zooplankton is widely favored by marine fauna larvae because of its small size can fits well with various larval mouth; thus, it is easily preyed by larvae. This study aimed to determine the variation of rotifer B. rotundiformismorphometry if cultured with different feed at 40 ppt. The use of 40 ppt salinity is expected to provide a variable morphometric size because B. rotundiformishas a polymorphism property. Microalgae used as feed for rotifer B. rotundiformiswere Prochloronsp. and Nanochloropsis oculata. Microalgae were cultured with Hirata medium. In the early stages, B. rotundiformiswas cultured at optimum temperature (28 ºC) and salinity 20 ppt, then it was cultured at salinity 40 ppt. Salinity adaptation was done by raising the salinity of the medium by 2 ppt every two days in a 10 ml reaction tube containing 10 individuals. After adaptation, B. rotundiformiswas transferred in a 1000 ml container with a density of 50 individuals. For the morphometric aspect, the total length, the length of the lorica, the width of the lorica and the anterior width were measured. The result showed the morphometric of rotiferB. rotundiformisfed with microalgae Prochloronsp. at 40 ppt salinity was smaller than that of the rotifer fed with N. oculata. Based on that finding it can be concluded that B. rotundiformis fed with Prochloronsp. at a salinity of 40 ppt has the potential to be developed as feed for fish larvae. Further investigations on how to accelerate the cultivation of microalgae Prochloronsp. as feeding for B. rotundiformisare needed.RotiferBrachionus rotundiformismerupakan golongan zooplankton yang digunakan sebagai makanan bagi larva ikan. Zooplankton ini banyak disukai oleh larva fauna laut, karena ukurannya kecil yang cocok dengan berbagai bukaan mulut larva. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi morfometri rotifer B. rotundiformis, jika dikultur pada salinitas yang tinggi (40 ppt) dengan pemberian pakan berbeda. Penggunaan salinitas 40 ppt diharapkan bisa memberikan ukuran morfometrik yang bervariasi, karena rotifer jenis ini memiliki sifat polimorfisme. Alga mikro yang digunakan sebagai pakan adalah Prochloronsp. Dan Nanochloropsis oculata.Alga mikro tersebut dikultur dalam media Hirata. Pada tahap awal, B. rotundiformisdikultur pada suhu optimum (28 ºC) dengan salinitas 20 ppt; kemudian, dikultur pada salinitas 40 ppt. Adaptasi salinitas dilakukan dengan menaikkan salinitas medium sebanyak 2 ppt setiap dua hari dalam tabung reaksi berukuran 10 ml, yang berisi 10 individu. Setelah diadaptasikan, rotifer dipindahkan ke wadah berukuran 1000 ml dengan kepadatan sebanyak 50 individu dan dikultur pada salinitas 40 ppt. Aspek morfometri berupa panjang total, panjang lorica, lebar lorica, dan lebar anterior diukur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa panjang total rotifer B. rotundiformis, yang diberi pakan Prochloronsp. berukuran lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan rotifer yang diberi pakan N. oculata. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan, bahwa B. rotundiformisyang diberi pakan Prochloronsp. pada salinitas 40 ppt memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan pakan bagi larva ikan. Penelitian lebih lanjut tentang cara mempercepat budidaya microalgae Prochloronsp. sebagai makan untuk B. rotundiformis diperlukan.

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Tusifujiang, Yelike, Xueni Zhang, and Lu Gong. "The relative contribution of intraspecific variation and species turnover to the community-level foliar stoichiometric characteristics in different soil moisture and salinity habitats." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): e0246672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246672.

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BackgroundTrait-based approaches have been used to demonstrate the responses of plant functional traits to environmental change may manifest both among- and/or within-species. However, how community-level foliar stoichiometric characteristic variations respond to aridity and salinity is still not well-known.MethodsWe calculated community weighted means (CWMs) and non-weighted means (CMs) of foliar C, N, and P concentrations (and their ratios) in a dryland plant community respond to high (HSW) and low soil moisture and salinity (LSW). Based on a sum of squares decomposition method, we determined the relative contributions of intraspecific variation and species turnover in both HSW and LSW habitats.ResultsThe CWMs of foliar C, C:N and C:P, and CM of N in the HSW habitat were significantly greater than those in the LSW habitat. The trait variations in two habitats were mainly driven by intraspecific variation, and its contribution to trait variation mostly declined with the decrease of soil moisture and salinity. The CWMs of foliar C-related stoichiometric characteristics were mainly dominated by species turnover in both habitats. Moreover, the contribution of species turnover to C and C:P variations showed an increasing trend in the LSW habitat. For CWMs, negative covariations between intraspecific variation and turnover occurred in HSW and positive covariations (except N:P) occurred in LSW; however, CMs were generally positively correlated in both habitats.ConclusionsThe intraspecific variation declined as drought stress intensified, which indicates that the adaptability of desert plants declined when the stress changed from salinity to aridity. The total variation of C-related traits in both habitats were mainly dominated by species turnover. These findings highlight the importance of intraspecific variation in driving desert plant response of community functional composition to salt stress, and the joint role of intraspecific variation and species turnover in resisting drought stress.

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Chevalier, C., M. Pagano, D. Corbin, and R. Arfi. "The salinity responses of tropical estuaries to changes in freshwater discharge, tidal mixing and geomorphology: case study of the man-affected Senegal River Estuary (West Africa)." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 11 (2014): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13169.

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Salinity in estuaries is influenced by a variety of processes including tidal advection and diffusion and river discharge. The effect of hydrodynamic features on salinity was studied in the Senegal River Estuary (SRE). This estuary is of strategic importance for large populations, but it has been greatly affected by human action (regulation of the freshwater inflow, change in the location of the river mouth ...), which has caused major changes in salinity and ecological functioning. To analyse the impacts of these changes and to determine the spatial and temporal variations in salinity in the SRE, we used a combination of three-dimensional modelling and field measurements. The overall salinity depends on freshwater inflow and tidal fluctuations. Salinity variation is mainly driven by ebb and flood near the mouth and by fortnightly cycles upstream. The enlargement of the mouth increases salinity, whereas its shifting location changes the location of the salinity front and creates a slack water zone downstream. Connection and disconnection of the tributaries also affects the salinity. The present study explains how the recent modifications have increased spatial variation and reduced seasonal differences of salinity and provides a tool for managing the water in the estuary.

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Katsura, Shota, Eitarou Oka, Bo Qiu, and Niklas Schneider. "Formation and Subduction of North Pacific Tropical Water and Their Interannual Variability." Journal of Physical Oceanography 43, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 2400–2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-031.1.

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Abstract Formation and subduction of the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW), its interannual variability, and its associated mechanisms were investigated by using gridded Argo-profiling float data and various surface flux data in 2003–11. The NPTW has two formation sites in the center of the North Pacific subtropical gyre, corresponding to two regional sea surface salinity maxima. Mixed layer salinity variations in these two NPTW formation sites were found to be significantly different. While seasonal variation was prominent in the eastern formation site, interannual variation was dominant in the western site. The mixed layer salinity variation in the eastern site was controlled mainly by evaporation, precipitation, and entrainment of fresher water below the mixed layer and was closely related to the seasonal variation of the mixed layer depth. In the western site, the effect of entrainment is small due to a small vertical difference in salinity across the mixed layer base, and excess evaporation over precipitation that tended to be balanced by eddy diffusion, whose strength varied interannually in association with the Pacific decadal oscillation. After subduction, denser NPTW that formed in the eastern site dissipated quickly, while the lighter one that formed in the western site was advected westward as far as the Philippine Sea, transmitting the interannual variation of salinity away from its formation region.

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Robins, Joseph G., B. Shaun Bushman, Blair L. Waldron, and Paul G. Johnson. "Variation within Poa Germplasm for Salinity Tolerance." HortScience 44, no. 6 (October 2009): 1517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.6.1517.

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As competition for water resources in areas of western North America intensify as a result of increasing human populations, the sustainability of turfgrass irrigation with limited water resources is questionable. A potential part of the solution is the use of recycled wastewater for landscape irrigation. However, as a result of high levels of salt, successful irrigation with recycled wastewater will likely need to be coupled with selection for increased salinity tolerance in turfgrass species. Additionally, salinity-tolerant turfgrass will allow production on soils with inherently high salt levels. The study described here characterized the relative salinity tolerance of 93 accessions of Poa germplasm from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). Control cultivars of tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire], perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were also evaluated for comparison. Kentucky bluegrass accessions exhibited a wide range of LD50 (salinity dosage necessary to kill 50% of plants) values from 811 ECdays (PI 369296 from Russia) to 1922 ECdays (PI 371768 from the United States). Five kentucky bluegrass accessions exhibited salinity tolerance equal to or better than that of the tall fescue (LD50 = 1815 ECdays) and perennial ryegrass (LD50 = 1754 ECdays) checks. Thus, there is sufficient variation within this species to develop bluegrass with substantially higher salinity tolerance.

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Nguyen, Trang Cong, Hoa Van Au, Giang Trung Tran, Phuong Thanh Nguyen, and Ut Ngoc Vu. "Phytoplankton community composition variation under natural and prolonged saline intrusion simulations." International Journal of Limnology 58 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2022001.

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This study assessed phytoplankton community composition variation under two discrete salinity intrusion rate experiments. Experiment 1 simulated salinization under short-term, natural tidally induced rates of salinity change typical of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (0–30‰ in 6 h), while Experiment 2 simulated salinization under a longer, more gradual rate of salinity change (0–30‰ at 5‰ increase per week). Phytoplankton community composition was, overall, more abundant following prolonged salinity change (Experiment 2) than rapid, tidally-induced salinity change (Experiment 1). Under both experimental conditions phytoplankton species number and density varied with changes in salinity, indicating a strong effect of salinity regardless of its rate of change. At the end of the salinity acclimation, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta and Bacillariophyta were all most abundant at a salinity of 5‰ after a short-term tidally simulated change in salinity, but with a longer, more gradual change in salinity, the abundance of different groups varied with salinity; With a longer, more gradual change in salinity, Chlorophyta was most abundant at 5–10‰ salinity, while Cyanobacteria, Euglenophyta and Bacillariophyta were all most abundant at a salinity of 5‰. The species composition in treatments of less than 10‰ had high similarity with the freshwater environment while treatments of 30‰ (Experiment 1) and 25‰ (Experiment 2) had high similarity with the natural seawater environment. This study demonstrates the utility of mesocosm experiments for understanding phytoplankton community composition variation in natural aquatic ecosystems under rapid and prolonged saline intrusion rates and predicting associated impacts on food webs in natural water bodies and aquaculture systems.

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FUKUOKA, Shoji, Ayako YAMAMOYO, Seiji OKAMURA, and Isamu MIZOYAMA. "ESTIMATION OF SALINITY FLUX AND VARIATION OF SALINITY IN LAKE SHINJI." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 49 (2005): 1249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.1249.

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Marcum, Kenneth B., Nicholas P. Yensen, and John E. Leake. "Genotypic variation in salinity tolerance of Distichlis spicata turf ecotypes." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07164.

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Water quantity and quality issues are accelerating the search for alternative xeriphytic and halophytic turf species. Growth and physiological responses to salinity of eight Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene genotypes were observed to elucidate salinity tolerance mechanisms operating in the species. Accession 1043 was superior in salinity tolerance to other genotypes, as indicated by percentage canopy green leaf area, relative (to control) shoot growth, relative root growth, and rooting depth, when exposed to increasing salinity up to 1.0 mol/L NaCl. Salinity tolerance was associated with complete, though minimal, shoot osmotic adjustment, maintenance of low shoot saline ion levels, and high shoot K+/Na+ ratios, all of which were facilitated by high leaf salt gland ion excretion rates.

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Rabbani, Davarkhah, MohammadHadi Fattahi, Nima Mazroii, and Rouhullah Dehghani. "Salinity variation in kashan plain groundwater resources." International Archives of Health Sciences 5, no. 3 (2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/iahs.iahs_6_18.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Variation with salinity"

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Gillespie, Trudi. "Genetic variation in salt tolerance of four African Acacia species." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327422.

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Mcgaw, Iain James. "Behavioural responses of the shore crab Carcinus maenus to salinity variation." Thesis, Bangor University, 1991. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/behavioural-responses-of-the-shore-crab-carcinus-maenus-to-salinity-variation(b75f6f70-c663-4702-a955-0eb37bb01e25).html.

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Behavioural responses of the colour forms of Carcinus maenas to salinity variation were investigated, and related to their physiology and distribution in an estuary. Red males, characterised by a thicker carapace were unable to survive in as low salinities as green males; this was reflected in their poorer osmoregulatory capabilities. Haemolymph osmolality and ion concentrations of red crabs decreased at a faster rate and reached lower levels than in green crabs. Haemolymph osmolality and choice behaviour did not vary with size. In the tidally mixed estuary male and female crabs occurred in roughly similar proportions. Most were green and generally smaller than their open shore counterparts. Migration out of the estuary in winter was reversed in late spring. Differences in salinity tolerance of red and green crabs were reflected in salinity preference behaviour. Green crabs persisted longer in the lowest range of salinities tested, especially if a shelter was available. Prior acclimation affected the timing of choice behaviour; the lower the salinity of acclimation the faster the time of exit from the lowest range of salinities tested, and vice versa. Estuarine green crabs exhibited endogenous locomotor activity of circatidal periodicity and were less responsive to episodes of low salinity than open shore red and green crabs. Constant low salinity initiated a rhythm of circatidal periodicity in arhythmic red and green crabs; red crabs reacted faster and were more active upon salinity change than green crabs. The amount of locomotor activity induced after prior acclimation was similar within each acclimation salinity tested. Carcinus detected salinity variation by responding to the concentrations of Na and Cl in seawater, and was able to differentiate between salinities separated by as little as 0.5ppt., - General physiological changes appear to occur before behavioural responses are mediated; they probably act as cues for the behavioural responses, which appear not to be triggered by specific receptors. Behavioural and physiological responses combing to enhance, the survivability of crabs in changing salinities.

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Borrino, E. M. "Plant tissue culture : an analysis of variation of in-vitro response to salinity." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316040.

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Polites, Harry Gregory. "The Respiratory Response of Busycon canaliculatum (L) to Seasonal Variation of Water Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen." W&M ScholarWorks, 1987. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625387.

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Hebert, Elizabeth Michele. "Spring phytoplankton dynamics in a shallow, turbid coastal salt marsh system undergoing extreme salinity variation, South Texas." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2268.

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The contribution of phytoplankton productivity to higher trophic levels in salt marshes is not well understood. My study furthers our understanding of possible mechanisms controlling phytoplankton productivity, abundance, and community composition in salt marshes. Across three consecutive springs (2001 to 2003), I sampled the upper Nueces Delta in south Texas, a shallow, turbid, salt marsh system stressed by low freshwater inflow and wide ranging salinity (<15 to >300 ppt). Water column productivity and respiration were estimated using a light-dark bottle technique, and phytoplankton biovolume and community composition were determined using inverted light microscopy. To determine their effect on the phytoplankton community, zooplankton and bacterioplankton abundance and several physical parameters were also assessed. Meaningful relationships among the numerous variables evaluated in this study were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Despite high turbidity, phytoplankton productivity and biovolume were substantial. Resuspension appeared to play a major role in phytoplankton dynamics, as indicated by a positive relationship between ash weight and biovolume that explained up to 46% of the variation in the PCA. Negative relationships between zooplankton grazers and pennate diatoms of optimal sizes for these grazers suggested a functional grazing food chain in this system. Salinity also may have been important in phytoplankton dynamics, whereas nutrients appeared to play a minor role. Salinity increases may have been responsible for a decoupling observed between phytoplankton and grazers during late spring. Findings suggest hypotheses for future studies focused on the role of phytoplankton in salt marshes, particularly those stressed by reduced freshwater inflow and high salinities.

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Lintnaar, Melissa. "The physiological responses of salinity stressed tomato plants to mycorrhizal infection and variation in rhizosphere carbon dioxide concentration." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52002.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This investigation was undertaken to determine whether elevated concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) supplied to plant roots could improve plant growth and alleviate the effects of salinity stress on tomato plants infected with arbuscular mycorrhizae. Lycopersicon esculentum cv. FI44 seedlings were grown in hydroponic culture (pH 5.8) with 0 and 75 mM NaCI and with or without infection with the fungus Glomus mosseae. The root solution was aerated with ambient CO2 (360 ppm) or elevated CO2 ( 5 000 ppm) concentrations. The arbuscular and hypha I components of mycorrhizal infection as well as the percentages total infection were decreased or increased according to the variation in seasons. The plant dry weight of mycorrhizal plants was increased by 30% compared to non-mycorrhizal plants at elevated concentrations of CO2, while the dry weight was decreased by 68% at ambient CO2 concentrations. Elevated CO2 also stimulated the growth of the mycorrhizal fungus. Elevated CO2 increased the plant dry weight and stimulated fungal growth of mycorrhizal plants possibly by the provision of carbon due to the incorporation of HCO)- by PEPc. Plant roots supplied with elevated concentrations of CO2 had a decreased CO2 release rate compared to roots at ambient CO2. This decrease in CO2 release rate at elevated CO2 was due to the increased incorporation of HC03- by PEPc activity. Under conditions of salinity stress plants had a higher ratio of N03-: reduced N in the xylem sap compared to plants supplied with 0 mM NaCI. Under salinity stress conditions, more N03- was transported in the xylem stream possibly because of the production of more organic acids instead of amino acids due to low P conditions under which the plants were grown. The N03· uptake rate of plants increased at elevated concentrations of CO2 in the absence of salinity because the HCO)- could be used for the production of amino acids. In the presence of salinity, carbon was possibly used for the production of organic acids that diverted carbon away from the synthesis of amino acids. It was concluded that mycorrhizas were beneficial for plant growth under conditions of salinity stress provided that there was an additional source of carbon. Arbuscular mycorrhizal infection did not improve the nutrient uptake of hydroponically grown plants.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie was die effek van verhoogde konsentrasies opgeloste anorganiese koolstof wat aan plant wortels verskaf is, getoets om te bepaal of dit die groei van plante kan verbeter asook of sout stres verlig kon word in tamatie plante wat met arbuskulêre mikorrhizas geïnfekteer was. Lycorpersicon esculentum cv. FJ44 saailinge was in water kultuur gegroei (pH 5.8) met 0 en 75 mM NaCI asook met of sonder infeksie met die fungus Glomus mosseae. Die plant wortels was bespuit met normale CO2 (360 dele per miljoen (dpm)) sowel as verhoogde CO2 (5 000 dpm) konsentrasies. Die arbuskulere en hife komponente, sowel as die persentasie infeksie was vermeerder of verminder na gelang van die verandering in seisoen. Die plant droë massa van mikorrhiza geïnfekteerde plante by verhoogde CO2 konsentrasies was verhoog met 30% in vergelyking met plante wat nie geïnfekteer was nie, terwyl die droë massa met 68% afgeneem het by gewone CO2 konsentrasies. Verhoogde CO2 konsentrasies het moontlik die plant droë massa en die groei van die fungus verbeter deur koolstof te verskaf as gevolg van die vaslegging van HCO)- deur die werking van PEP karboksilase. Plant wortels wat met verhoogde CO2 konsentrasies bespuit was, het 'n verlaagde CO2 vrystelling getoon in vergelyking met die wortels by normale CO2 vlakke. Die vermindering in CO2 vrystelling van wortels by verhoogde CO2 was die gevolg van die vaslegging van HC03- deur PEPk aktiwiteit. Onder toestande van sout stres, het plante 'n groter hoeveelheid N03- gereduseerde N in die xileemsap bevat in vergelyking met plante wat onder geen sout stres was nie, asook meer NO)- was in die xileemsap vervoer moontlik omdat meer organiese sure geproduseer was ten koste van amino sure. Dit was die moontlike gevolg omdat die plante onder lae P toestande gegroei het. Die tempo van NO.; opname was verhoog onder verhoogde CO2 konsentrasies en in die afwesigheid van sout stres omdat die HCO)- vir die produksie van amino sure gebruik was. In die teenwoordigheid van sout was koolstof moontlik gebruik om organiese sure te vervaardig wat koolstof weggeneem het van die vervaardiging van amino sure. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat mikorrhizas voordelig is vir die groei van plante onder toestande van sout stres mits daar 'n addisionele bron van koolstof teenwoordig is. Arbuskulere mikorrhiza infeksie het 'n geringe invloed gehad op die opname van voedingstowwe van plante wat in waterkultuur gegroei was.

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Mota, Andressa Cristina Ramaglia. "Analise da expressão gênica da Na+/K+-ATPase e dos parâmetros fisiológicos no siri Callinectes danae submetido a cenários futuros de acidificação oceânica em laboratório." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/153350.

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Acidificação oceânica, processo resultante das emissões de gás carbônico (CO2) na atmosfera pelas atividades de natureza antrópica, vem causando nas últimas décadas uma modificação no equilíbrio químico do sistema bicarbonato/carbonato e consequentemente uma diminuição do pH dos oceanos. Estimativas apontam que esta diminuição pode ser de 0,7 unidades até ano de 2300, o que pode afetar o crescimento, reprodução e até mesmo a sobrevivência das espécies. Nesse sentido, são necessários estudos que avaliem o impacto da acidificação oceânica ao nível fisiológico e molecular nas diferentes espécies marinhas. O siri Callinectes danae é um importante recurso ecológico e econômico da Região da Baixada Santista e habitante de diferentes faixas de salinidade. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da acidificação oceânica no siri C. danae sobre um conjunto de parâmetros fisiológicos (consumo de oxigênio, excreção de amônia, razão O:N, índice hepatossomático e capacidade osmo-e ionorregulatória da hemolinfa), e a expressão gênica da Na+/K+- ATPase, enzima importante no processo de osmorregulação e equilíbrio ácido base. Os animais foram mantidos em diferentes salinidades (20, 25, 30, 35 e 40) e nos pHs 8,0 (controle) e 7,3 (acidificado) por um período de três e trinta dias. Foi observado aumento no consumo de oxigênio nas salinidades 25 (3 dias), 20 e 40 (30 dias) provavelmente devido a uma maior necessidade energética para a manutenção de sistemas relacionado a regulação ácido-base. Também foi observada depressão metabólica na salinidade de 30 (30dias). A excreção de amônia sofreu redução nas salinidades 30 (3 dias), 25, 30 e 35 (30 dias) possivelmente devido a competição entre os transportadores Na+/H+ e Na+/NH+4. O índice hepatossomático teve aumento nas salinidades de 30 (3 dias) e 40 (30 dias) devido a uma possível necessidade acumulo de reservas em situações estressantes. O substrato energético e o padrão osmorregulatório permaneceram inalterados em todos os tratamentos. Já a concentração de Cl- e Na+ foram reduzidas nas salinidades de 25 e 35 (30dias), provavelmente devido a alguma alteração nos seus transportadores. Molecularmente, foi observada uma regulação da expressão da Na+/K+ ATPase, com diminuição nas salinidades de 35 e 40 (3 dias), e posterior aumento no período de 30 dias. O trabalho foi o primeiro a avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos e moleculares de C.danae em diferentes salinidades. Os animais que permaneceram por mais tempo sobre a exposição de alta pCO2 são mais afetados negativamente do que os animais que foram expostos em 3 dias. As alterações observadas podem indicar que apesar de C. danae ser um animal eurialino e habitar diferentes ambientes, a acidificação oceânica pode alterar seus padrões fisiológicos e moleculares, tirando os organismos de sua homeostase, tendo consequências no crescimento, no desenvolvimento e na distribuição da espécie.
Oceanic acidification, a process resulting from the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere by activities of anthropic nature, has been causing in recent decades a change in the chemical balance of the bicarbonate / carbonate system and consequently a decrease in the pH of the oceans. Estimates indicate that this decrease can be 0.7 units per year of 2300, which can affect the growth, reproduction and even survival of the species. In this sense, studies are needed to evaluate the impact of oceanic acidification on physiological and molecular levels in different marine species. The Callinectes danae crab is an important ecological and economic resource of the Region of the Baixada Santista and inhabitant of different ranges of salinity. The present study evaluated the effects of ocean acidification on C. danae crab on a set of physiological parameters (oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, O: N ratio, hepatosomatic index and osmo-and ionoregulatory capacity of hemolymph), and gene expression of Na + / K + - ATPase, an important enzyme in the process of osmoregulation and acid base balance. The animals were kept at different salinities (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40) and at pHs 8.0 (control) and 7.3 (acidified) for a period of three and thirty days. It was observed an increase in the oxygen consumption in salinities 25 (3 days), 20 and 40 (30 days) probably due to a greater energy requirement for the maintenance of systems related to acid-base regulation. Metabolic depression was also observed at the salinity of 30 (30 days). Ammonia excretion decreased in salinities 30 (3 days), 25, 30 and 35 (30 days) possibly due to competition between Na + / H + and Na + / NH + 4 transporters. The hepatosomatic index had an increase in salinities of 30 (3 days) and 40 (30 days) due to a possible accumulation of reserves in stressful situations. The energy substrate and the osmoregulatory pattern remained unchanged in all treatments. However, the Cl- and Na + concentrations were reduced at the salinity of 25 and 35 (30 days), probably due to some changes in their transporters. Molecularly, a regulation of Na + / K + ATPase expression was observed, with a decrease in salinities of 35 and 40 (3 days), and a subsequent increase in the period of 30 days. The work was the first to evaluate the physiological and molecular parameters of C.danae in different salinities. Animals that remained longer on exposure to high pCO2 are more negatively affected than animals that were exposed in 3 days. The observed changes may indicate that although C. danae is an eurialan animal and inhabits different environments, ocean acidification can alter its physiological and molecular patterns, taking organisms out of their homeostasis, having consequences on the growth, development and distribution of the species .

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Nyberg, Sofia. "EGG BUOYANCY AND SURVIVAL PROBABILITIES OF BALTIC FLOUNDER (PLATICHTHYS FLESUS) : DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPAWNING AREAS AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIATION IN CONDITIONS FOR REPRODUCTION." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-305655.

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The reproductive success for pelagic spawning Baltic flounders is strongly linked to the hydrodynamics in the spawning areas. Egg survival is dependent upon the ability to achieve neutral buoyancy at a depth interval where temperature and oxygen concentrations are favourable for egg development. The main focus of this thesis was to compare egg survival probabilities of pelagic eggs from Baltic flounder in the Bornholm, Gdansk and Gotland basins, prior to and after the saline water inflow in December 2014. The results showed greatly enhanced survival probabilities in Bornholm basin 2015 (p<0.01), as egg survival increased from 47% in 2014 to 100% the following year. In Gdansk basin the situation was similar, and survival probability increased from 13% to 100% (p<0.01). In Gotland basin no difference in survival probability was identified, although the dominant cause of mortality shifted from sedimentation, i.e. due to low salinity conditions in 2014, to oxygen deficiency in 2015 (p<0,01).
BONUS INSPIRE-project, the joint Baltic Sea research and development programme (Art 185), funded jointly by the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological development and demonstration and the Swedish Research Council Formas

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McDonald, Kathi. "Variation in morphology, salinity and waterlogging tolerance and resource allocation in strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.) : implications for its use in mildly saline soils in southern Australian farming systems." University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0105.

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[Truncated abstract] In southern Australian farming systems the replacement of deep-rooted perennial native vegetation with shallow-rooted annual crops and pastures has resulted in rising groundwater tables and an increased incidence of dryland salinity. It has been suggested that to address this issue by restoring hydrological balance, large areas of agricultural land need to be vegetated with perennial plants. One of the most agriculturally productive ways to do this is to introduce perennial pastures, both into upslope groundwater

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Fall, Andras. "Application of fluid inclusions in geological thermometry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30265.

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Many geologic processes occur in association with hydrothermal fluids and some of these fluids are eventually trapped as fluid inclusions in minerals formed during the process. Fluid inclusions provide valuable information on the pressure, temperature and fluid composition (PTX) of the environment of formation, hence understanding PTX properties of the fluid inclusions is required. The most important step of a fluid inclusion study is the identification of Fluid Inclusion Assemblages (FIA) that represent the finest (shortest time duration) geologic event that can be constrained using fluid inclusions. Homogenization temperature data obtained from fluid inclusions is often used to reconstruct temperature history of a geologic event. The precision with which fluid inclusions constrain the temperatures of geologic events depends on the precision with which the temperature of a fluid inclusion assemblage can be determined. Synthetic fluid inclusions trapped in the one-fluid-phase field are formed at a known and relatively constant temperature. However, microthermometry of synthetic fluid inclusions often reveals Th variations of about ± 1- 4 degrees Centigrade, or one order of magnitude larger than the precision of the measurement for an individual inclusion. The same range in Th was observed in well-constrained natural FIAs where the inclusions are assumed to have been trapped at the same time. The observed small variations are the result of the effect of the fluid inclusion size on the bubble collapsing temperature. As inclusions are heated the vapor bubble is getting smaller until the pressure difference between the pressure of the vapor and the confining pressure reaches a critical value and the bubble collapses. It was observed that smaller inclusions reach critical bubble radius and critical pressure differences at lower temperatures than larger inclusions within the same FIA. Homogenization temperature (Th) variations depend on many factors that vary within different geological environments. In order to determine minimum and acceptable Th ranges fro FIAs formed in different environments we investigated several geologic environments including sedimentary, metamorphic, and magmatic hydrothermal environments. The observed minimum Th ranges range from 1-4 degrees Centigrade and acceptable Th range from 5-25 degrees Centigrade. The variations are mostly caused by the fluid inclusion size, natural temperature and pressure fluctuations during the formation of an FIA and reequilibration after trapping. Fluid inclusions containing H₂O-CO₂-NaCl are common in many geologic environments and knowing the salinity of these inclusions is important to interpret PVTX properties of the fluids. A technique that combines Raman spectroscopy and microthermometry of individual inclusions was developed to determine the salinity of these inclusions. In order to determine the salinity, the pressure and temperature within the inclusion must be known. The pressure within the inclusions is determined using the splitting in the Fermi diad of the Raman spectra of the CO₂ at the clathrate melting temperature. Applying the technique with to synthetic fluid inclusions with known salinity suggests that the technique is valid and useable to determine salinity of H₂O-CO₂-NaCl fluid inclusions with unknown salinity.
Ph. D.

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Books on the topic "Variation with salinity"

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Stoker, Yvonne E. Salinity distribution and variation with freshwater inflow and tide, and potential changes in salinity due to altered freshwater inflow in the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.

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Reed, Ronald K. Water properties over the Bering Sea shelf: Climatology and variations. Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, 1995.

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Environmental Research Laboratories (U.S.), ed. Water properties over the Bering Sea shelf: Climatology and variations. Silver Spring, Md: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, 1995.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Temporal variations in the benthic communities at four intertidal sites in San Francisco Bay, California, 1983-85. Denver, CO: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Brazil/U.S. Workshop on Physical Oceanography (1987 Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory). Brazil/U.S. Workshop on Physical Oceanography Held on 3-6 August 1987. Durham, NH: Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, 1987.

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California. Division of Water Resources and Raymond Matthew. Variation and Control of Salinity in Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Upper San Francisco bay, 1931: No.27. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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Matthew, Raymond, and California Division of Water Resources. Variation and Control of Salinity in Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Upper San Francisco Bay, 1931: No.27. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.

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Variation and Control of Salinity in Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Upper San Francisco bay, 1931: No.27. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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Modelling Approaches to Understand Salinity Variations in a Highly Dynamic Tidal River: The Case of the Shatt Al-Arab River. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Abdullah, Ali Dinar. Modelling Approaches to Understand Salinity Variations in a Highly Dynamic Tidal River: The Case of the Shatt Al-Arab River. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.

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Book chapters on the topic "Variation with salinity"

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Yang, Dongfang, Danfeng Yang, Haixia Li, Dong Lin, and Qi Wang. "The monthly variation characteristics of salinity in the waters of Jiaozhou Bay." In Advances in Geology and Resources Exploration, 541–47. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308584-77.

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Chakma, Nidhi, Moutoshi Chakraborty, Salma Bhyan, and Mobashwer Alam. "Molecular breeding for combating salinity stress in sorghum: progress and prospects." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 421–32. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0024.

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Abstract This chapter discusses current progress and prospects of molecular breeding and strategies for developing better saline-tolerant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties. Most molecular breeding techniques for salt tolerance have been carried out in controlled environments where the plants were not exposed to any variation of the surrounding environment, producing reliable results. Due to the polygenic nature of salt tolerance, the identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) could be false QTLs. Therefore, QTL validation is important in different plant populations and field conditions. Subsequently, marker validation is important before utilizing marker-assisted selection for screening salt-tolerant plants. Combining molecular breeding with conventional breeding can hasten the development of salt-tolerant sorghum varieties.

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Wickramasooriya, Ashvin, and Viran Samarawera. "Variation of Salinity Levels in Water Bodies in and Around Weligama Bay Due to Effect of Hydrological Processes." In Advances in Geoethics and Groundwater Management : Theory and Practice for a Sustainable Development, 183–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59320-9_39.

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Sainte-Marie, Bernard. "A review of the reproductive bionomics of aquatic gammaridean amphipods: variation of life history traits with latitude, depth, salinity and superfamily." In VIIth International Colloquium on Amphipoda, 189–227. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3542-9_19.

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Du, Jun, Peiling Yang, Yunkai Li, Shumei Ren, Xianyue Li, Yandong Xue, Lingyan Wang, and Wei Zhao. "An Analysis on the Inter-annual Spatial and Temporal Variation of the Water Table Depth and Salinity in Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia, China." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IV, 155–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18333-1_21.

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Leyva-Díaz, J. C., A. Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. González-López, and J. M. Poyatos. "Effect of Salinity Variation on the Autotrophic Kinetics of the Start-up of Membrane Bioreactor and Hybrid Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor-Membrane Bioreactor at Low Hydraulic Retention Time." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 523–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58421-8_82.

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Zhang, Jicai, Dongdong Chu, Ping Wang, Joseph Hughes, and Jun Cheng. "Hydrodynamic modelling of salinity variations in a semi-engineered mangrove wetland." In Contributions to Modern and Ancient Tidal Sedimentology, 5–19. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119218395.ch1.

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Tee, K. T. "Modelling of low-frequency salinity variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary." In Dynamics and Exchanges in Estuaries and the Coastal Zone, 209–30. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce040p0209.

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Tee, Kim-Tai. "Meteorologically and buoyancy induced subtidal salinity and velocity variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary." In Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 51–70. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ce039p0051.

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Tee, Kim-Tai. "Meteorologically and Buoyancy Induced Subtidal Salinity and Velocity Variations in the St. Lawrence Estuary." In Oceanography of a Large-Scale Estuarine System, 51–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7534-4_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Variation with salinity"

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Kishore, N. K., and Manish Bhagat. "Study of soil resistivity variation with salinity." In First International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciis.2006.365624.

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Sidqy, R., A. S. Pamitran, M. P. Patria, and Fajri A. Rayhan. "Characteristics of seawater ice slurry generation with salinity variation." In THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL MEETING OF ADVANCES IN THERMOFLUIDS (IMAT 2018): Smart City: Advances in Thermofluid Technology in Tropical Urban Development. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5086571.

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Bin Cai and Jun Cheng Zuo. "Variation characteristics of salinity in the pacific in twentieth century." In 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/piers.2016.7735290.

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Daqamseh, Saleh T., Shattri Mansor, AR Mahmud, and S. Pirasteh. "Monitoring sea surface salinity season variation from MODIS satellite data." In IGARSS 2010 - 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2010.5651823.

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Yo-Ping Huang, Li-Jen Kao, and Frode Eika Sandnes. "Data mining and fuzzy inference based salinity and temperature variation prediction." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2007.4413739.

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Luke, Geresa-Leigh, and Andrew Michelson. "SALINITY VARIATION IN DUMP LAKE, RUM CAY, BAHAMAS OVER THE LAST MILLENNIUM." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-356691.

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Luke, Geresa-Leigh, Maura Neely, and Andrew V. Michelson. "SALINITY VARIATION IN DUMP LAKE, RUM CAY, BAHAMAS OVER THE LAST MILLENNIUM." In Joint 69th Annual Southeastern / 55th Annual Northeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020se-344981.

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Feng*, Cheng, Zhiqiang Mao, Hua Yang, Jinhua Fu, Yujiang Shi, Yumei Cheng, and Gaoren Li. "Origin of Formation Water Salinity Variation in Ultra-Low Permeability Clastic Reservoirs." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2204514.

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Mohammed, Tawakol I., Khaled J. Al-Qenae, and Yousef R. Al-Dhaferi. "Well Integrity Challenges vs Water Salinity Variation Across Al-Khafji Field Case Studies." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216537-ms.

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Abstract This paper presents an investigation into the sudden changes in water cut in oil producer wells and their impact on well integrity. The study proposes a comprehensive workflow supported by various case studies. Additionally, the research explores the salinity variation across different formations, the water samples acquired from various locations in the reservoirs, both aerially and vertically. The workflow, while straightforward, proves crucial in preventing significant well integrity issues that could have been addressed at an early stage. It commences as soon as the well experiences a sudden increase in water cut. First, a water sample is collected for geochemical analysis and salinity estimation, cross-referenced with the reservoir's aquifer data. If the figures match, it indicates that the water source is the aquifer; however, discrepancies may indicate casing leaks or water flow behind the casing. To confirm the external water source, a temperature log is conducted to detect abnormal temperature anomaly; i.e. cooling effect. If such anomaly is observed, a corrosion log is used to identify the casing leak depth in the well. Appropriate actions, such as cement squeeze, liner, scab liner or casing patching, are then undertaken. If no cooling effect is observed, USIT (ultrasonic Imaging tool) is used to asses the cement bond behind the casing. Additionally, a water flow log (WFL) is mandatory to confirm the presence of flow behind the casing, and a cement quality log is also obtained. A presence of a temperature anomaly suggests a hole puncture in the casing, while poor-quality cementing indicates flow behind the casing. Subsequently, remedial actions are implemented based on the obtained results. Adhering to this workflow enables an early resolution of potential well integrity issues, mitigating risks and ensuring smooth long-term operations. An investigation of three cases yielded significant findings, particularly a distinct observation of a cooling effect and temperature increase in a non-producing well. Prior to conducting the temperature logs, water samples were collected from all wells, revealing lower salinity values compared to the aquifer salinity. Subsequently, the temperature log confirmed the presence of a casing hole, which was promptly patched. In Case 1, the estimated salinity value was in the range of 100,000 ppm compared to the actual salinity of 170,000 ppm. The temperature log clearly indicated a notable increase in temperature along the wellbore, which is attributed to water influx from the shallow water-bearing zone during a shut-in period in the well's life. Case 2 also demonstrated a casing leak across a water-bearing zone, as the salinity dropped from 190,000 ppm to 97,000 ppm. Prompt remedial actions were taken to patch this casing hole. Regular temperature logging is now scheduled as a proactive measure in case of potential casing leaks. Various remedial actions are available, including water shut-off, cement squeeze, scab liners to seal leaking intervals, or running a smaller liner to seal the leaking zone. However, caution is required in selecting the appropriate method, as some options may reduce the well's ID and restrict production. In Case 3, a casing leak was also identified across a water-bearing zone, and a temperature anomaly was observed in the wellbore. The detection of this temperature anomaly provided a clear indication of potentially causing integrity issues in the area adjacent of the water-bearing zone. Upon further investigation, including the use of diagnostic techniques such as corrosion logging, the casing leak was confirmed. In conclusion, a well-detailed workflow has been established, striking a balance between logging, water salinity measurements, and well monitoring to prevent any integrity issues and crossflows in the wells. This time-efficient methodology assists engineers in identifying the source of produced water and maintaining well health. The implementation of simple water shut-off techniques, casing remedial actions, and strategic production strategies effectively address water-related issues, safeguarding well integrity against water flow from casing leaks.

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Parisi, S., F. Ursini, E. Vignati, and S. Quattrocchi. "Effect of Quick Salinity Variations in Virtual Meter Applied on Water Injection Wells." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214979-ms.

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Abstract Real Time Virtual Flowmeter (RTVFM) is a key digital technology for real time monitoring of well performances, for both production and injection wells. The main advantage of this tool is to provide estimations of well flow rates, based on wellbore pressure drop, using real-time (RT) pressure and temperature data measured by gauges installed in the well. This paper focuses on the effects of water properties on RTVFM application to water injection by evaluating their impact on the dynamic gradient and its implication in the rate estimation. Injected water can be a mix of different sources: sea water, fresh water, formation water and produced water. As a result of these different contributions, it is common to observe variations of salinity even on an hourly basis. A variation of water salinity impacts on density and viscosity, therefore changing the dynamic gradient. Salinity in injected water is commonly measured by sampling analysis, thus providing data with a much lower frequency than RT gauges. As a result, it is not usually possible to integrate salinity variation into the standard RTVFM workflow, leading to significant errors in the rate estimation. The innovative workflow presented in this paper, named Virtual Salinity, calculates water salinity in real time in wells equipped with reliable flowmeters. It regresses the dynamic gradient equation on salinity values. The results of this workflow improve the quality of RTVFM application to other wells injecting the same water mix. At each timestep, virtual salinity values are used to evaluate the correct pressure gradient for RTVFM calculation. The workflow has been successfully tested on a deepwater offshore asset, to prove its reliability. The Virtual Salinity has been applied on an offshore injection network: three wells injecting a mix of produced and sea water. The workflow, applied to all injectors, generated consistent salinity profiles. A reference virtual salinity profile has been used as an input for RTVFM simulations. For all of the injectors, RTVFM reproduced the independent flowmeter measurement with enough accuracy. The innovative methodology here presented provides a key tool to monitor salinity of injected water and can be used in field where injected salinity is not measured, providing a valuable information at minimal costs. Water salinity is one of the main inputs of production data analysis, that allows to maximize reservoir knowledge and consequently final recovery. Moreover, the greater accuracy of Virtual Meter rates significantly improves the injection monitoring, thus supporting an effective reservoir management.

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Reports on the topic "Variation with salinity"

1

Bray, Elizabeth, Zvi Lerner, and Alexander Poljakoff-Mayber. The Role of Phytohormones in the Response of Plants to Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613007.bard.

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Salinity is an increasing problem in many irrigated areas of crop production and is a significant factor in reducing crop productivity. Developmental, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity were studied in order to improve our understanding of these responses. Improvements in our understanding of plant responses to salinity are necessary in order to develop crops with improved salt tolerance. Previously, in Israel, it was shown that Sorghum biccolor can adapt to an otherwise lethal concentration of NaCl. These experiments were refined and it was shown that there is a specific window of development in which this adaption can occur. Past the window of development, Sorghum plants can not be adapted. In addition, the ability to adapt is not present in all genotypes of Sorghum. Cultivars that adapt have an increased coefficient of variation for many of the physiological parameters measured during the mid-phase of adaptation. Therefore, it is possible that the adaptation process does not occur identically in the entire population. A novel gene was identified, isolated and characterized from Sorghum that is induced in roots in response to salinity. This gene is expressed in roots in response to salt treatments, but it is not salt-induced in leaves. In leaves, the gene is expressed without a salt treatment. The gene encodes a proline-rich protein with a novel proline repeat, PEPK, repeated more than 50 times. An antibody produced to the PEPK repeat was used to show that the PEPK protein is present in the endodermal cell wall of the root during salt treatments. In the leaves, the protein is also found predominantly in the cell wall and is present mainly in the mesophyll cells. It is proposed that this protein is involved in the maintenance of solute concentration.

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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.

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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa

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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, Jakob Deutloff, Christiane Lösel, Paul J. Witting, Nils O. Niebaum, et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.

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Bartolino, Valerio, Birgit Koehler, and Lena Bergström, eds. Climate effects on fish in Sweden : Species-Climate Information Sheets for 32 key taxa in marine and coastal waters. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.4lmlt1tq5j.

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The purpose of this publication is to summarize the state of knowledge on the effects of environmental variability and climate change for individual species and stocks based on literature review, giving species-climate information for 32 key taxa in Swedish marine and coastal waters. The report is written in English. The extent and scale of recent changes in climate due to global warming is unprecedented and causes increasing effects on ecosystems. In oceans, ongoing warming leads to, for example, increased water temperatures, decreased ice cover and effects on hydrology and water circulation patterns that can in turn influence salinity. The environmental alterations affect species distribution, biology, and hence also the delivery of marine ecosystem services and human well-being. The results of this review on the effects of environmental variability and climate change on marine taxa are presented as species-climate information sheets designed in a user-friendly format aimed to enhance accessibility for professionals spanning different fields and roles, including e.g. scientific experts, NGOs affiliates and managers. The species-climate information sheets presented here cover 32 key taxa selected among the economically and ecologically most important coastal and marine fish and crustacean species in Swedish waters. The species-wise evaluations show that climate change leads to a wide range of effects on fish, reflecting variations in their biology and physiological tolerances. The review also highlights important data and knowledge gaps for each species and life stage. Despite the high variability and prevailing uncertainties, some general patterns appeared. On a general level, most fish species in Swedish marine and coastal waters are not expected to benefit from climate change, and many risks are identified to their potential for recruitment, growth and development. Boreal, marine and cold-adapted species would be disadvantaged at Swedish latitudes. However, fish of freshwater origin adapted to warmer temperature regimes could benefit to some extent in the Baltic Sea under a warming climate. Freshwater fish could also be benefitted under further decreasing salinity in the surface water in the Baltic Sea. The resulting effects on species will not only depend on the physiological responses, but also on how the feeding conditions for fish, prey availability, the quality of essential fish habitats and many other factors will develop. A wide range of ecological factors decisive for the development of fish communities are also affected by climate change but have not been explored here, where we focused on the direct effects of warming. The sensitivity and resilience of the fish species to climate change will also depend on their present and future health and biological status. Populations exposed to prolonged and intense fishing exploitation, or affected by environmental deterioration will most likely have a lower capacity to cope with climate change effects over time. For both the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, it is important to ensure continued work to update and improve the species-climate information sheets as results from new research become available. It can also be expected that new important and relevant biological information and improved climate scenarios will emerge continuously. Continued work is therefore important to update and refine the species-climate information sheets, help filling in currently identified knowledge gaps, and extend to other species not included here. Moreover, there is need to integrate this type of species-level information into analyses of the effects of climate change at the level of communities and ecosystems to support timely mitigation and adaptation responses to the challenges of the climate change.

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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.

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Salinity distribution and variation with freshwater inflow and tide, and potential changes in salinity due to altered freshwater inflow in the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system, Florida. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri924062.

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