Journal articles on the topic 'Variation of interpretation of verbs'
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Barbiers, Sjef, Hans Bennis, and Lotte Dros-Hendriks. "Merging verb cluster variation." Romance Parsed Corpora 18, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 144–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00008.bar.
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Abstract In this paper we argue that verb clusters in Dutch varieties are merged and linearized in fully ascending (1-2-3) or fully descending (3-2-1) orders. We argue that verb clusters that deviate from these orders involve non-verbal material: adjectival participles, or nominal infinitives. As a result, our approach does not involve any unmotivated movements that are specific for verb clusters. Support for our analysis comes from (i) the interpretation of verb clusters; (ii) the fact that order variation depends on the types of verbs involved, which can be explained by selectional requirements of the verbs; and (iii) the geographic co-occurrence patterns of various orders. First, the 1-3-2 and 3-1-2 orders are argued to be ascending orders with a non-verbal 3. Indeed these orders occur in grammars that have ascending, rather than descending, verb clusters. Secondly, the 1-3-2 order is argued to be an interrupted V1-V2 cluster with a non-verbal 3. Indeed, this order is most common in the region where non-verbal material can interrupt the verb cluster. Our analysis of word order variation in verb clusters in terms of principles of grammar is further supported by an experiment in which we asked a large number of speakers distributed over the Dutch language area to rank all logically possible orders, including orders that are not common in their own variety of Dutch. The results demonstrate that speakers apply their syntactic knowledge to rank verb cluster orders that they do not use themselves. We argue that this knowledge cannot be due to familiarity with the various orders.
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Rankin, Tom. "Variational learning in L2." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 432–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.4.02ran.
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This study examines the interpretation of constituent wh-questions in L2 English by learners whose L1 is Austrian German. Austrian German and English share identical surface word order patterns for a range of question forms, but with distinct semantic interpretations. Non-target patterns of interpretation show that the learners ay high levels of proficiency continue to optionally parse English questions with the L1 syntax. The continued presence of thematic verb movement and head-final VP syntax in L1 German-L2 English interlanguage challenges previous findings that headedness is reset very early and that V2 is realised by auxiliary verbs. This is analysed as an instance of Variational Learning (Yang, 2002), whereby the L1 grammar is accessed to parse L2 input where possible. The L1 syntactic representation thus continues to be available at high proficiency levels to parse input strings that are linearly compatible, giving rise in the case of L1 German-L2 English to non-target parses and interpretation of wh-questions.
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Ambar, Manuela. "Inflected Infinitives Revisited: Genericity and Single Event." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 1 (March 1998): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100020417.
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AbstractThis article argues for a minimalist approach to the variation between Romance languages with respect to the generic interpretation associated with infinitival complements of epistemic verbs. It is proposed that epistemic verbs have inherent temporal features and that they assign a tense feature to their complement. These features are checked under a Spec-head relation through two temporal projections, related either to the object position or the subject position. The variation observed between Portuguese and French, Italian and Spanish with respect to the event interpretation of infinitives is formulated in terms of the strong/weak status of the [+specific] feature of Tense. The difference in the temporal interpretation of the inflected infinitives with respect to the presence or absence of thehave+ past participle sequence is derived from the hypothesis that the tense of the participle raises to the TP projection that c-commands it when it is morphologically invisible, the indicative present being visible in Portuguese, but not in the other languages.
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Levshina, Natalia. "Verbs of letting in Germanic and Romance languages." Languages in Contrast 16, no. 1 (March 3, 2016): 84–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.16.1.04lev.
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This study compares eleven verbs of letting in six Germanic and five Romance languages. The aim of this paper is to pinpoint the differences and similarities in the semasiological variation of these verbs, both across and within the two language groups they represent. The results of a Multidimensional Scaling analysis based on a parallel corpus of film subtitles show that the verbs differ along several semantic dimensions, such as letting versus leaving, factitive versus permissive causation, as well as modality and discourse function. Although the main differences between the verbs lend themselves to a genealogical interpretation (Germanic vs. Romance), a distributional analysis of constructional patterns in which the verbs occur reveals that these differences are in fact distributed areally, with a centre and a periphery.
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Cameron, Richard. "Ambiguous agreement, functional compensation, and nonspecific tú in the Spanish of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Madrid, Spain." Language Variation and Change 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001526.
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ABSTRACTRichness of subject-verb agreement is implicit in the functional compensation interpretation of variable second person /-s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Because /-s/ is not variable in Madrid Spanish (MS), richer agreement is assumed, and a lower rate of pronominal expression is expected. Central to this interpretation are effects associated with ambiguous marking of person on finite singular verbs. Although an increase of pronominal expression correlates to ambiguous marking for PRS speakers, a similar result has not been reported for MS speakers. Nonetheless, a varbrul analysis yields similar weights for this constraint in both dialects. Moreover, ambiguity effects are best understood as constraints on null subject variation that interact with switch reference. Identity of varbrul weights for constraints on pronominal and null subject variation in PRS and MS also supports the Constant Rate Hypothesis. However, the two dialects do show a diametrically opposed effect associated with nonspecific tú.
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Huschová, Petra. "EXPLORING MODAL VERBS CONVEYING POSSIBILITY IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE." Discourse and Interaction 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2015-2-35.
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This paper explores the occurrence and use of the English modal verbs CAN/COULD and MAY/MIGHT conveying possibility meanings in academic texts dealing with linguistics and attempts to reveal the contextual factors determining the interpretation of the verbs. The paper discusses the semantic components of the examined modal verbs in relation to syntactic co-occurrence patterns and stylistic variation, focusing on the factors governing the distribution and usage of their epistemic and root possibility readings. Finally, the paper comments on the possibility readings of CAN/COULD and MAY/MIGHT which can be employed as hedging devices.
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Skrebtsova, Tatiana. "Parenthetical Verb Phrases with the Russian Verbs govorit’ and skazat’: A Constructional Approach." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 5 (October 2022): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.5.10.
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The research urgency is explicable due to the fact that parenthetical phrases are complicated in their essence, which is stipulated by their semantic and syntactic peculiarities. However, traditional approaches to the description and classification of parenthetical expressions are marked by heterogeneity, subjectivity and blurred boundaries between the posited groups. The paper suggests a novel perspective on the phenomenon from a construction grammar viewpoint. Theoretical prerequisites of construction grammar are claimed to ensure a well-integrated, systemic framework to account for parenthetical expressions. The key advantage is seen in the specific interpretation of the notion of construction, according to which constructions allow for a certain degree of lexical variation. Parenthetical word combinations with the verbs govorit' and skazat' are analyzed within structural and semantic aspects. The author has identified parenthetical verb phrases of various abstraction degree, listed them in hierarchical structures, and revealed their semantic interrelations. The parenthetical combinations with the verbs govorit' and skazat' are noted to be brought together in a constructional network, which on the one hand reveals intrinsic systematic arrangement of the corresponding language unit, and on the other hand demonstrates its openend character, external links and capability of replenishment with new items. The overall picture thus corroborates the vision of language as an integrated network of constructions of various degree of complexity.
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Ask, Sofia. "‘She had it coming?’: An experimental study of text interpretation in a police classroom setting." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586518000094.
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The aim of this study is to investigate how modifications of reporting verbs, modality, style and use of quotation marks in an authentic police report can lead to different interpretations by two groups of trainee police officers. Data was collected through an experiment in a classroom setting, where police trainees discussed two versions of the same police report in focus group discussions. The trainees’ statements were categorised into three themes: impression of the victim, impression of the accused, and assessment of the situation's severity. The results show that modifications such as formal or informal choice of words and the use of scare quotes proved to be influential linguistic modifications. In contrast, variation of reporting verbs and modality appeared less significant. The two versions of the text created different impressions of both the victim and the accused, and the interpretations of the severity of the situation depicted in the text varied between the two trainee groups. This highlights the importance of further study of the linguistic constructions of victims and perpetrators in police texts, in order to ensure credibility and equality before the law.
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Bleotu, Adina Camelia, Anton Benz, and Roxana Pătrunjel. "You must worry! The interpretation of <em>mustn’t</em> varies with context and verbal complement." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 2 (January 27, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.2.5372.
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We investigate experimentally whether American English adult speakers are influenced in their interpretation of mustn’t by pragmatic context (contexts favoring lack of necessity/necessity not to readings) and/or the semantic properties of the verbal complements of the modal (verbs denoting events in the physical realm vs. verbs expressing undesirable mental activities). In an experiment combining a forced choice task and a gradient acceptability task, participants saw sentences containing mustn’t and physical events/negative mental activities in lack of necessity/necessity not to contexts (e.g., You mustn’t worry. The woman will give you money) They had to choose the most suitable interpretation of mustn’t ('it is necessary not to'/'it is not necessary' interpretations). They then had to rate the acceptability of the sentences containing mustn’t in context on a Likert scale from 1 to 7. We find that participants split into two groups: an Interdiction Group, which always treated mustn’t as expressing interdiction, and a Variation Group, which tended to interpret mustn’t as lack of necessity when the context favored such a reading and when the verbal complement the modal combined with was a negative mental activity. We argue that the lack of necessity reading of mustn’t is obtained via pragmatic weakening from its primary interdiction reading, and that this process is sensitive to context, as well as to the cognitive difficulty of imposing or forbidding mental (but not physical) activities to others.
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Lapata, Maria, and Alex Lascarides. "A Probabilistic Account of Logical Metonymy." Computational Linguistics 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 261–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145324.
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In this article we investigate logical metonymy, that is, constructions in which the argument of a word in syntax appears to be different from that argument in logical form (e.g., enjoy the book means enjoy reading the book, and easy problem means a problem that is easy to solve). The systematic variation in the interpretation of such constructions suggests a rich and complex theory of composition on the syntax/semantics interface. Linguistic accounts of logical metonymy typically fail to describe exhaustively all the possible interpretations, or they don't rank those interpretations in terms of their likelihood. In view of this, we acquire the meanings of metonymic verbs and adjectives from a large corpus and propose a probabilistic model that provides a ranking on the set of possible interpretations. We identify the interpretations automatically by exploiting the consistent correspondences between surface syntactic cues and meaning. We evaluate our results against paraphrase judgments elicited experimentally from humans and show that the model's ranking of meanings correlates reliably with human intuitions.
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FOLLI, RAFFAELLA, and HEIDI HARLEY. "The syntax of argument structure: Evidence from Italian complex predicates." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 1 (March 30, 2012): 93–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000072.
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This paper provides an analysis of Italian complex predicates formed by combining a feminine nominalization in -ata and one of three light verbs: fare ‘make’, dare ‘give’ and prendere ‘take’. We show that the constraints governing the choice of light verb follow from a syntactic approach to argument structure, and that several interpretive differences between complex and simplex predicates formed from the same verb root can be accounted for in a compositional, bottom–up approach. These differences include variation in creation vs. affected interpretations of Theme objects, implications concerning the size of the event described, the (un)availability of a passive alternant, and the agentivity or lack thereof of the subject argument.
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Duffley, Patrick, and Maryse Arseneau. "Tense and control interpretations in gerund-participle and to-infinitive complement constructions with verbs of risk." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no. 1 (March 2012): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000841310000219x.
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AbstractThis study investigates temporal and control interpretations with verbs of risk followed by non-finite complements in English. It addresses two questions: Why does the gerund-participle show variation in the temporal relation between the event it denotes and that of the main verb whereas the to-infinitive manifests a constant temporal relation? Why does the gerund-participle construction allow variation in control while the to-infinitive shows constant subject control readings? The study is based on a corpus of 1345 attested uses. The explanation is framed in a natural-language semantics involving the meanings of the gerund-participle, the infinitive, the preposition to, and the meaning-relation between the matrix and its complement. Temporal and control interpretations are shown to arise as implications grounded in the semantic content of what is linguistically expressed. It is argued that the capacity of a natural-language semantic approach to account for the data obviates the need to have recourse to purely syntactic operations to account for control.
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Novikova, Yana, and Maria Kiose. "From visual perception to comprehension: Variations in construal and gaze behavior." Languages and Modalities 2 (May 17, 2022): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/lamo.2.78693.
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The study explores the construal shifts from VISUAL PERCEPTION to COMPREHENSION image schemas (Grady, 2005) which the readers may face when they deal with the contexts employing the verb of visual perception видеть (see) in the Russian language. The aim of the study is to find out how different image schema types affect the readers’ gaze behavior and default interpretation. It develops a two-stage procedure which involves the corpus-based semantic analysis followed by the oculographic experiment and participants’ reports. The corpus-based search and semantic annotation help define a range of linguistic attractors (Gibbs, 2006) contingent on the image schema types of visual perception and comprehension with the latter exhibiting a more abstract character (Grady, 2005). To proceed, we appeal to the morphological, lexical, and syntactic attractors of the verbs of perception and abstract semantics outlined in (Kustova, 2004; Baicchi & Digonne, 2018; Béligon et al., 2019) and apply them for further samples annotation and contingency analysis. The typical attractors for VISUAL PERCEPTION image schema involve the verb in the perfective, visual semantics in pre-position, direct object in post-position, negation marker, animated direct object in post-position; whereas the COMPREHENSION image schema attractors are scarce and are restricted to attributes of evaluation in pre-position and several adverb types. The oculographic experiment tests the effects of perceptual construal priming and the construal entrenchment on gaze behavior and default interpretation. The experiment did not reveal significant schema type contingency on interpretation, however in terms of gaze behavior COMPREHENSION image schema was more demanding.
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Zeddari, Ikbal. "A Comparative Analysis of Locative and Directional Motion Events in English and Arabic." International Journal of Linguistics 8, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v8i4.9725.
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<p>This paper provides a contrastive analysis of locative and directional motion events in English and Arabic. Within a micro‑parametric approach to crosslinguistic variation, it argues that both languages encode the distinction between manner and direction in their inventory of motion verbs. In the prepositional domain, purely locative and directional prepositions are shown to exist in the two languages; they respectively derive locative and directional interpretations with manner of motion verbs. The class of ambiguous prepositions, which gives rise to both locative and directional interpretations, is shown to be distinctive of English. Implications of this contrastive analysis to the bidirectional acquisition of English and Arabic locative and directional motion constructions are discussed.</p>
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Amfo, Nana Aba Appiah. "Noun phrase conjunction in Akan." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.20.1.02amf.
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Noun phrase conjunction in Akan (Niger-Congo, Kwa) is performed by placing a connective between two noun phrases, but there is some variation in the forms used in the major dialects. In the Twi dialects the connective is ne, but Fante speakers may use nye or na depending on whether a comitative or a coordinative interpretation is intended. This paper focuses on the historical origins of the noun phrase connective n(y)e in Akan. It suggests that Akan patterns with other sub-saharan African languages such as Ewe, Ga, Yoruba and Hausa, which have noun phrase connectives originating from comitative verbs. This suggestion is based on the morpho-semantics of these connectives. In addition, the paper demonstrates that the origin of the connective n(y)e could be further traced to an equative copula in the language. This conclusion is based on syntactic and semantic evidence available in the language and strengthened by the cross-linguistic tendency for copula verbs to develop into noun phrase connectives in a number of unrelated languages.
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Lundquist, Björn. "Localizing cross-linguistic variation in Tense systems: On telicity and stativity in Swedish and English." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 1 (May 2012): 27–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033258651200011x.
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It is well known that the aktionsart/lexical aspect of a predicate influences the temporal interpretation and the aspectual marking of a sentence, and also that languages differ with respect to which aktionsart properties feed into the tense-aspect system (see e.g. Bohnemeyer & Swift 2004). In this paper, I try to pin down the exact locus of variation between languages where the stative–dynamic distinction is mainly grammaticized (e.g. English, Saamáka) and languages where the telic–atelic distinction is mainly grammaticized (e.g. Swedish, Chinese and Russian). The focus will be on the differences between English and Swedish, and I will argue that these two languages crucially differ in the nature of Assertion Time (or Topic/Reference Time, Klein 1994, Demirdache & Uribe-Etxebarria 2000): whereas the assertion time in English is always punctual in imperfective contexts, assertion time in Swedish can extend to include minimal stages of events. The Assertion Time is introduced by a (viewpoint) aspect head that is present in both languages, but not phonologically realized. The difference can thus not be ascribed to the presence or absence of overt tense, aspect or verb morphology, or to a special tense value, as argued in one way or other by, for example, Giorgi & Pianesi (1997), Demirdache & Uribe-Etxebarria (2000) and Ramchand (2012). Once this factor (i.e. the nature of Assertion Time) has been isolated, it becomes evident that all verbs in English and Swedish, regardless of telicity or dynamicity, can be assigned either a perfective or an imperfective value. Moreover, I will argue that the English progressive–non-progressive (or ‘simple’) distinction is independent of viewpoint aspect (i.e. the perfective– imperfective distinction) made in, for example, the Romance languages.
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Mikulskas, Rolandas. "Aspectual variation in Lithuanian copular constructions." Lietuvių kalba, no. 9 (December 18, 2015): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2015.22627.
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In this article an attempt is made to pinpoint all possibilities of expressing aspectual meanings in Lithuanian copular constructions. The author departs from the tradition of distinguishing only perfective vs. imperfective aspect in Lithuanian. Instead, in testing various possibilities of expressing aspect in the constructions under discussion, the relevant meanings are chosen from a wider range of aspectual grams established in recent typological work on aspect.Until now the aspect of copular constructions had remained an understudied and underdescribed topic not only in Lithuanian. This is because the main concern of linguists has been with general problems of predication (or identification) in equative structures. Researchers (mainly of the formal persuasion) have based their accounts on copular sentences where the copula “be”, more specifically its present tense form, is taken to be the default case. Of course such ‘default’ copular constructions deliver an unproblematic aspectual meaning, that of imperfective state. Empirically, however, present tense (or zero) copulas are the default instance only in the case of identificational equatives, for identity statements typically assert general truths that are ‘timeless’ or ‘omnitemporal’. As this research has shown, the remaining types of copular constructions have a much wider potential for choosing the desired aspectual meaning. First of all, the functional−structural properties of these constructions and the contexts in which they are used provide much more space for aspect−tense variation in their copular verbs than in the default cases of identificational equatives. Secondly, the aspectual properties of the copular construction can be changed externally by introducing, at clausal level, specialized adverbials or periphrastic aspectual constructions, such as jau ‘already’, du kartus ‘twice’, buvo be-tampąs, bet… ‘he was about to become, but…’ etc.; in this case the aspectual interpretation of the copula is coerced in line with the overall aspectual profile of the construction. Thirdly, the range of aspectual meanings in the copular constructions becomes even wider if we take into account other copulas than “be”, viz. those of dynamic or locative origin. The typological research of recent decades in this field (Stassen 1997; Pustet 2003) has shown that cross-linguistically it is not unusual for copulas to be grammaticalized from different lexical sources. One may reasonably suppose that one of the motives for including new lexemes in the class of copulas was the need of expressing relevant aspectual meanings in the predication of identity, i.e. in various types of copular constructions. So languages tend to have, in addition to their main copula, a small number of verbs that can qualify as copulas and that mainly serve the needs of aspectual expression in their constructions. In Lithuanian these copular verbs are tapti, pasidaryti / darytis ‘become’, virsti ‘turn into’, likti ‘remain’. Depending on their tense and syntactic environment, ‘dynamic’ copulas can express ingressive, progressive or habitual aspect. The copula likti denotes continuation of the profiled situation, as does the prefixed form tebe-būti (tebe-(nebe-) being the usual marker of (phasal / aspectual) continuative meaning in Lithuanian).In the article due attention is also paid to the aspectual properties of the different types of copular constructions. In his earlier works the author has provided a new classification based on the idea of type instantiation, developed by Ronald Langacker (1991). In the second section of this paper these types are briefly passed in review, but the classification is updated and enriched with new discussion. The main idea behind the new classification is that all types of copular constructions are treated as instantiations of one archetype, that of the identity relation. What distinguishes these constructional types is the syntactic class of their predicative complements (adjective vs. noun) and additionally, in the case of predicative nominals, their referential properties. Before turning, in the fourth section, to a discussion of concrete aspectual meanings as expressed in different types of copular constructions, the author first makes a brief excursion, in the third section, to the typology of strategies for encoding predicatives as defined in Leon Stassen’s comprehensive typological study on intransitive predication (1997). This seemed necessary as one may suspect that variation in this domain of morphosyntactic encoding is to a great extent motivated by the need of expressing additional aspectual meanings in the constructions under discussion.
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Sudrajat, Didi. "INTERRELATION OF DISCOURSE AND GRAMMAR IN EFL CLASSROOM SETTING." IJOLTL: Indonesian Journal of Language Teaching and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/ijoltl.v2i1.233.
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This article describes relation between grammar and discourse in teaching perspectives. The concept basically examines that grammar and discourse are interrelated and coherence. In the interaction practices, the role of grammar is prominent to interpret meaning from which contexts are based. Meaning is contextual and interpretation comes from the surrounding context. Four dimensions proposed in this article appear to relate grammar and discourse: (1) three dimension grammar of language exist in terms of form, meaning, and function, (2) variations of words structure appear in sentences having direct and indirect objects (dative), (3) modality from which certainty is referred, and (4) verbs indicating future actions e.g. be going to and will are present.
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Theodoropoulou, Irene. "Sociolinguistic Variation in Athenian Suburban Speech." Journal of Greek Linguistics 13, no. 1 (2013): 30–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-13130104.
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This article focuses on the description and interpretation of the social meaning of sociolinguistic variation in Athenian suburban speech. A descriptive statistical and a Varbrul analysis of the syntactic variable Verb and presence or absence of Prepositional Phrase (V +/– PP), as it is used by native northern and western suburbanites of Athens, suggests that primarily the area (northern and western suburbia) and, to a lesser extent, the sex of the speakers are statistically significant macro social factors constraining variation. In an effort to tease out the social meaning of the variation, a further analysis of some micro factors within each area, including the group of speakers, the topic, and the stance towards the rivalry between the aforementioned suburban areas, suggests that variation in both areas is interactionally constrained, but in the northern area it tends to be more friendship group-constrained, while in the western area it is more education-constrained. In light of these findings, the sociolinguistic implications of the study translate into the analytical need to account for the relationship between interactional and social factors in the description of variable grammars.
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Bates, Elizabeth, Virginia Marchman, Donna Thal, Larry Fenson, Philip Dale, J. Steven Reznick, Judy Reilly, and Jeff Hartung. "Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of early vocabulary." Journal of Child Language 21, no. 1 (February 1994): 85–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008680.
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ABSTRACTResults are reported for stylistic and developmental aspects of vocabulary composition for 1, 803 children and families who participated in the tri-city norming of a new parental report instrument, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. We replicate previous studies with small samples showing extensive variation in use of common nouns between age o;8 and 1;4 (i.e. ‘referential style’), and in the proportion of vocabulary made up of closed-class words between 1;4 and 2;6 (i.e. ‘analytic’ vs. ‘holistic’ style). However, both style dimensions are confounded with developmental changes in the composition of the lexicon, including three ‘waves’ of reorganization: (1) an initial increase in percentage of common nouns from 0 to 100 words, followed by a proportional decrease; (2) a slow linear increase in verbs and other predicates, with the greatest gains taking place between 100 and 400 words; (3) no proportional development at all in the use of closed-class vocabulary between 0 and 400 words, followed by a sharp increase from 400 to 680 words. When developmental changes in noun use are controlled, referential-style measures do not show the association with developmental precocity reported in previous studies, although these scores are related to maternal education. By contrast, when developmental changes in grammatical function word use are controlled, high closed-class scores are associated with a slower rate of development. We suggest that younger children may have less perceptual acuity and/or shorter memory spans than older children with the same vocabulary size. As a result, the younger children may ignore unstressed function words until a later point in development while the older children tend to reproduce perceptual details that they do not yet understand. Longitudinal data show that early use of function words (under 400 words) is not related to grammatical levels after the 4OO-word point, confirming our ‘stylistic’ interpretation of early closed-class usage. We close with recommendations for the unconfounding of stylistic and developmental variance in research on individual differences in language development, and provide look-up tables that will permit other investigators to pull these aspects apart.
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Han, Chung-hye, Julien Musolino, and Jeffrey Lidz. "Endogenous sources of variation in language acquisition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (January 11, 2016): 942–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517094113.
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A fundamental question in the study of human language acquisition centers around apportioning explanatory force between the experience of the learner and the core knowledge that allows learners to represent that experience. We provide a previously unidentified kind of data identifying children’s contribution to language acquisition. We identify one aspect of grammar that varies unpredictably across a population of speakers of what is ostensibly a single language. We further demonstrate that the grammatical knowledge of parents and their children is independent. The combination of unpredictable variation and parent–child independence suggests that the relevant structural feature is supplied by each learner independent of experience with the language. This structural feature is abstract because it controls variation in more than one construction. The particular case we examine is the position of the verb in the clause structure of Korean. Because Korean is a head-final language, evidence for the syntactic position of the verb is both rare and indirect. We show that (i) Korean speakers exhibit substantial variability regarding this aspect of the grammar, (ii) this variability is attested between speakers but not within a speaker, (iii) this variability controls interpretation in two surface constructions, and (iv) it is independent in parents and children. According to our findings, when the exposure language is compatible with multiple grammars, learners acquire a single systematic grammar. Our observation that children and their parents vary independently suggests that the choice of grammar is driven in part by a process operating internal to individual learners.
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Petré, Peter, Lynn Anthonissen, Sara Budts, Enrique Manjavacas, Emma-Louise Silva, William Standing, and Odile A. O. Strik. "Early Modern Multiloquent Authors (EMMA): Designing a large-scale corpus of individuals’ languages." ICAME Journal 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 83–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icame-2019-0004.
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Abstract The present article provides a detailed description of the corpus of Early Modern Multiloquent Authors (EMMA), as well as two small case studies that illustrate its benefits. As a large-scale specialized corpus, EMMA tries to strike the right balance between big data and sociolinguistic coverage. It comprises the writings of 50 carefully selected authors across five generations, mostly taken from the 17th-century London society. EMMA enables the study of language as both a social and cognitive phenomenon and allows us to explore the interaction between the individual and aggregate levels. The first part of the article is a detailed description of EMMA’s first release as well as the sociolinguistic and methodological principles that underlie its design and compilation. We cover the conceptual decisions and practical implementations at various stages of the compilation process: from text-markup, encoding and data preprocessing to metadata enrichment and verification. In the second part, we present two small case studies to illustrate how rich contextualization can guide the interpretation of quantitative corpus-linguistic findings. The first case study compares the past tense formation of strong verbs in writers without access to higher education to that of writers with an extensive training in Latin. The second case study relates s/th-variation in the language of a single writer, Margaret Cavendish, to major shifts in her personal life.
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Bjeletic, Marta. "A contribution to the study of the psl *kovylъ/*kovylь ‘Stipa pennata’." Juznoslovenski filolog 76, no. 1 (2020): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2001041b.
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Contemporary etymological research is largely aimed at rethinking hitherto offered etymological solutions, especially for words that do not have a generally accepted interpretation. One of those words is PSl *kovyl? / *kovyl? ?feather-grass, Stipa pennata?, whose continuants are attested mainly in Eastern and Southern Slavic languages: Ru. kovy?, kovyl, Ukr. kovi?, kovila, Bel. kavy?, Bulg. kovil, koil, kofi l, Mac. kovil, kofi l, SCr. kovilje, Sln. kovilje. The etymological literature has drawn attention to the potential connection of PSl *kovyl? / *kovyl? with the verb *kovy?ati (s?) ?to swing, wobble, stagger?, even though this verb does not have a unanimously accepted interpretation either. This paper departs from the assumption that the phytonym and verb under consideration have a common origin, and that the prefi x *ko- is distinguished in both forms. The verb is related to PSl *v?lati, v?laj? ?to swing, swing on waves?, related to PSl *v?lna ?wave?, *valiti (s?) ?to roll?, and ultimately boils down to the IE root *?elH- ?to roll?. As among the continuants and derivatives of the PSl verb *v?lati there is a variation of the reduced vowels (-?- : -?-) at the root (cf. OCS v?lajati s? ?to oscillate (about waves)?, etc.), forms with the vocalism -?- could serve as a basis for the occurrence of the secondary ablaut *v?l- / *vyl-. Thus, from the unconfirmed prefixed form *ko-v?lati s? (a form without the prefix *v?lati s? is reconstructed!), an intense / iterative *kovyl(j)ati s? could be created in the same meaning. The variance of -ati / -jati can be explained from the original *kovylati, kovilj? (s?), with the subsequent spread of the palatal ? from the present tense stem to the infinitive stem. This also explains the variation of the palatal and non-palatal l at the end of the stem of the deverbal noun *kovyl? / *kovyl?.
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Jónsdóttir, Margrét. "Veik sögn verður sterk: Beygingarsaga sagnarinnar kvíða." Orð og tunga 18 (June 1, 2016): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.18.3.
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The Modern Icelandic verb kvíða‘be anxious about sth’ merits attention for a number of reasons, encapsulating as it does, a long history of re-interpretation. In the oldest sources, kvíða was a weak verb. In the 16th century, it became strong in all its forms, save for the present tense singular. However, from early in the 20th century, we have the first example of strong verbal endings turning up in the present tense singular, while from the latter part of the 20th century, the examples are only sporadic.This article undertakes the task of reconstructing the history of this verb, considering change and contemporary variation in its morphological class. A diachronic as well as synchronic treatment is discussed. Furthermore, the discussion offers some comparison with related languages, in particular Norwegian.
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Tagliamonte, Sali A., and R. Harald Baayen. "Models, forests, and trees of York English: Was/were variation as a case study for statistical practice." Language Variation and Change 24, no. 2 (July 2012): 135–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394512000129.
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AbstractWhat is the explanation for vigorous variation between was and were in plural existential constructions, and what is the optimal tool for analyzing it? Previous studies of this phenomenon have used the variable rule program, a generalized linear model; however, recent developments in statistics have introduced new tools, including mixed-effects models, random forests, and conditional inference trees that may open additional possibilities for data exploration, analysis, and interpretation. In a step-by-step demonstration, we show how this well-known variable benefits from these complementary techniques. Mixed-effects models provide a principled way of assessing the importance of random-effect factors such as the individuals in the sample. Random forests provide information about the importance of predictors, whether factorial or continuous, and do so also for unbalanced designs with high multicollinearity, cases for which the family of linear models is less appropriate. Conditional inference trees straightforwardly visualize how multiple predictors operate in tandem. Taken together, the results confirm that polarity, distance from verb to plural element, and the nature of the DP are significant predictors. Ongoing linguistic change and social reallocation via morphologization are operational. Furthermore, the results make predictions that can be tested in future research. We conclude that variationist research can be substantially enriched by an expanded tool kit.
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Nuhbalaoglu, Derya. "Resolving pronominal reference in local contexts: a referent selection task." Revista Linguíʃtica 16, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 198–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2020.v16n3a37412.
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Studies on global and local discourse have shown that sign languages indeed allow for occurrence of referentially unanchored pronominal index (ıx) signs referring to non-present antecedents to appear in ambiguous contexts. In local contexts, resolving the reference of these expressions has been suggested to either depend on a modality-specific anaphora resolution mechanism (localization) or on the next mention bias (first/second mention preference) influencing the salience of the referents. This paper presents a two-alternative forced choice referent selection task investigating the impact of a default localization pattern on the interpretation of referentially unanchored pronominal ix sign, in the local discourse with two competing antecedents. To do that, comparative response data was collected from right- and left-handed signers of German Sign Language (DGS) and Turkish Sign Language (TİD). Results provide evidence for second-mention or object preference for pronominal ix in both languages. In addition, the default localization pattern is identified only in restricted environments (i.e., with reciprocal verbs) to resolve pronominal reference. This modality-specific means is shown to be subject to variation across two unrelated sign languages under investigation. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------RESOLVENDO A REFERÊNCIA PRONOMINAL EM CONTEXTOS LOCAIS: UMA TAREFA DE SELEÇÃO DE REFERENTESEstudos existentes sobre discursos globais e locais mostram que as línguas de sinais claramente permitem que os sinais de apontação (ıx) pronominais referenciais não-ancorados referindo-se a antecedentes ausentes possam ocorrer em contextos ambíguos. Em contextos locais, sugere-se que a resolução da referência dessas expressões dependeriam tanto de um mecanismo de resolução anafórica específico da modalidade visual (localização), bem como de uma tendência de que a próxima menção (uma preferência pela primeira/segunda menção) influenciasse na saliência dos referentes que serão retomados. Este artigo apresenta uma tarefa de seleção de referentes feita obrigatoriamente a partir de duas alternativas que teve por objetivo investigar o impacto do padrão de localização default na interpretação do sinal de apontação pronominal referencial não-ancorado no discurso local, tendo como competidores, dois potenciais antecedentes. Para realizar tal tarefa, comparamos os dados obtidos das respostas de sinalizadores destros e canhotos da Língua de Sinais Alemã (DGS) e da Língua de Sinais Turca (TİD). Os resultados evidenciam que ıx pronominal retoma preferencialmente o segundo referente mencionado ou o objeto em ambas as línguas. Ainda, identificamos que o padrão de localização default só resolve a referência pronominal em ambientes restritos (ex: com verbos recíprocos). Mostramos que este modo de resolver a referência pronominal é específico da modalidade visual e está sujeito à variação paramétrica nas duas línguas de sinais investigadas, que não possuem relação de familiaridade.---Original em inglês.
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Kozis, M. V. "COGNITIVE INTERPRETATION OF OBJECTS’ STATE OF BEING." EurasianUnionScientists 7, no. 5(74) (June 14, 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.7.74.768.
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The paper focuses on language conceptualization of objects’ state of being within the framework of the frame approach studying cognitive frame of spatial position of entities. The author offers a linguistic overview of Russian metaphoric posture verbs stoyat', sidet', lezhat'. The analysis is based on a sample of over 1,500 Russian sentences from the Russian National Corpus, Google search results and utterances offered by native speakers of Russian.Distributive analysis allowed to define the co-occurrence of posture verbs with nouns denoting different objects and to hypothesize the verbs' meanings. Triangulation approach involving corpus experiment, semantics experiment and inquiries in searching systems revealed frequency and acceptability of the verbs stoyat', sidet', lezhat' in utterances representing various denotative situations, which allowed to verify the hypothesis on the verbs' meaning and describe their semantics. The study reveals variability in cognitive interpretation of physical objects’ sate of being and the key role of human prototype in conceptualization of spatial position of entities. The study shows that language representation of the frame “the object’s state of being in space” relies on its salient element –possible one-to-one correspondence between the object’s position and a human posture. The final stage of the research features semantic description of the verbs under study.
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ZANEVYCH, Olha. "LEXICOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATION OF THE REFLEXIVE VERBS." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 34 (2021): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2021-34-283-289.
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Melnyk, A. O. "Violin miniature in creativity by Liudmila Shukailo: features of the genre interpretation." Aspects of Historical Musicology 17, no. 17 (September 15, 2019): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum2-17.07.
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Background. Rapidness of information flows of contemporary life enforces to concentrate a significant amount of information in small formats. This fact meaningfully increases social and practical significance, cultural and aesthetic value of miniature genres, in particularly, in the musical art. The violin miniature is a historically developed, typologically settled genre of professional musical creativity designed to solo music-making in the conditions of chamber or concert performance. Relevance of the genre is also due to its active inclusion in the programs of competitions and festivals. To the violin miniature genre the such outstanding masters of past were addressing as N. Paganini, H. Wieniawski, P. Tchaikovsky, E. Elgar, J. Sibelius, F. Kreisler, as well as the Ukrainian composers – M. Lysenko, V. Kosenko, L. Revutskyi, B. Liatoshynskyi, etc. True renaissance of violin miniature in Ukraine began in the 70’s of the XX century: about 30 miniatures were created by Yu. Ishchenko, I. Karabits, E. Stankovich, O. Kiva, V. Homoliaka, L. Bulhakov, S. Kolobkov and others. At the end of the XX century the Ukrainian artists written about a dozen miniatures and cycles, among the authors ‒ V. Sylvestrov, M. Skoryk, M. Karminskyi, K. Dominchen, H. Havrylets, O. Krasotov, V. Manyk. The 2000s years for the violin miniature genre became even more productive. Let us note the creative achievements of M. Skoryk, O. Hnatovska, I. Albova and M. Stetsiun. The miniatures by famous Kharkiv composer Liudmila Shukailo, who created a cycle of 10 plays, were an important contribution to the violin repertoire. The objective of the article is to consider the peculiarities of the genre interpretation of violin miniatures in the L. Shukailo’s creativity on the example of her collection «10 pieces for violin and piano». At the present stage the study of the genre of Ukrainian violin miniature is insufficient; in particular, L. Shukaylo’s miniatures were not considered by researchers. The methodological basis of this study is the concept of the genre of miniature by K. Zenkin (1997), E. Nazaikinskyi (2009), N. Ryabukhа (2004), L. Sviridovska (2007), N. Govar (2013), O. Harhai (2013), V. Zaranskyi (2009). The research results. Miniature is a genre that embodies a variety of lyrical emotions and subtle nuances of mental states and also presupposes clearness of a form, laconism and concentration of thought, the elegance of means of artistic expression and the chamber conditions for performance. The latter contribute to the passing of depth of its content and special intimacy of utterance. In the works of L. Shukailo all the characteristics of miniature genre are the means realization the composer’s artistic idea. There are a lot of miniatures for various instruments among her works. This genre attracts the artist with its exceptional feature: it is necessary to outline a specific laconic image without «blurring». Working on the violin miniature, the author seeks to achieve maximum effects by minimal means, taking into account the performing convenience and mobility of the chamber type of music. Creativity by Kharkiv composer Liudmila Shukailo, who for several decades has been working in the Kharkiv Middle Special Music School, attracts the attention of performers and art critics. All the time communicating with children, the composer creates a lot of various pieces for young performers. Thus, the original author’s solution demonstrates in the collection «10 pieces for violin and piano» formed on the principle of «school of playing», that is the increasing of degree of complexity. Most of the pieces have the names corresponding to different style traditions: Baroque (Passacalia), Romanticism (Elegy, Scherzino, Waltz, Intermezzo, Burlesque), some of plays are emphasized separately – «Ballet scene», «Variations» and «Spring duet». It is the contrast of genre attributes that promotes to join diverse miniatures into a cycle. The author traditionally prefers the genre of descriptive (programmed) miniature, because in it, in her opinion, it is easier to specify the content and create the vivid image that is very important for young musicians. The first piece of the collection, “Passacalia”, is stylized in the same named genre (moderate tempo, triple meter, elements of basso ostinato, etc.), however L. Shukailo uses the method of stylization creatively: she interprets this genre in the context of a new round of historical and stylistic development, with the maximum introduction of individual musical thinking. The piece “Ballet scene” marked by bright theatricality. Its waltz theme has a cross-cutting development, creates the illusion of whirling; the accents and underscores of weak shares add to it vividness and capriciousness. The piece “Oh, verbo, verbo” (“Oh, willow, willow”) is the miniature variations on the theme of Ukrainian folk song. The first variation resembles a waltz, the second – the Ukrainian dance “Cossack” with its characteristic rhythm and the third associates with the genre of Toccata due to monotonous rapid movement. The romantic quasi-vocal “Spring duet”, a musical dialogue of violin and piano, requires the ability to «sing» on the instrument, to fill the sound with a beautiful timbre. The next piece, “Allegro”, corresponds to its tempo and characteristic designation. The choice of the tonality of the miniature (“bright” C major), “grateful” for a violinist, adds a festive flavor and reveals the author’s goal: to address the music to beginners, taking into account their perception and performance capabilities. The monotony of the “canter” technical figurations, which is maintained throughout the play, unites “Allegro” with the etude and makes it possible to use it as an etude. Semantics of the next piece, “Elegies” in D minor, fully corresponds to the genre of the sad song. Its lyrical and psychological aura outlines the multifaceted image and its tense development. The contrast to the antecedent sad mood the piece “Scherzino” presents – the miniature with a characteristic for children’s music name. The stroke of staccato, the alternation of ascending and descending melodic movements, unexpected stops create a certain comic effect. Unfolded “Waltz” marked by virtuoso-improvisational character, continues the cycle. Song and recitation “Intermezzo” is characterized by the complication of the figurative and semantic aspects. The miniature has a pronounced lyrical and dramatic orientation. Modern harmonious style is manifested in the extension of tonal-harmonic relations, the introduction of alterated tones, tone oppositions, daring shifts-modulations. The piece is marked by equality of violin and piano parts, which seize the initiative from each other creating the continuity of musical development. The last miniature – “Burlesque”, with Rondo features, performs the final function in the cycle. The piece has virtuosic orientation – fast paced, rapid passages, pizzicato, dynamic contrasts and the solo Cadenza with bright loud double notes. Interpretation of this miniature can be complete only in terms of technical assimilation of all previous material. “Burlesque”, in fact, is a test of skill and can be recommended for performances in open concerts. Conclusions. Violin miniature is a conceptual genre of musical culture, performing self-sufficient artistic function like to other genres and being able to reflect the psychology of an author’s personality. In the Ukrainian composers creativity, the genre of violin miniatures is lifted on great artistic high, as the “10 pieces for violin and piano” by L. Shukailo evidenced, which are characterized by melodicism, clarity and persuasiveness of the creative idea, the logics of the musical language. The composer uses the program descriptiveness, genre stylization and folklore sources expressing in music her own emotions, impressions and feelings. Poetic imagery that fascinates with emotion and extremely romanticized reproduction of reality, as well as interesting findings in the field of form and expressive means give the works of self-containment and artistic value. L. Shukailo’s cycle “10 pieces for violin and piano” can be recommended both, for performing as an indivisible work and for using of the pieces in isolation with a methodical purpose. The cycle is aimed at the formation of not only the technical skills, but also on the possession of the specifics of adequate reproduction of the figurative and semantic content of a musical work. Prospects. The questions of scientific understanding of the individual composer’s style of L. Shukailo require the more detailed musicological analysis. Some of the observations obtained in this article can be applied in the study of a wider range of problems of modern violin art, in particular, the use of the latest composer techniques in the genre of violin miniatures. Further development of the theme will also contribute to the enrichment of the teaching and methodical repertoire in the genre of violin miniature, to identify its new genre varieties and to attract its best samples to the violin performance.
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Fera, Ardian. "PREPOSITIONS AND THEIR SYNTACTIC USE IN ALBANIAN AND ENGLISH." Knowledge International Journal 31, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij3102571f.
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A preposition is a word or set of words that indicates location or some other relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence. It refers to the word or phrase which shows the relationship between one thing and another, linking nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. They are abstract words that have no concrete meaning. They merely show the relationships between groups of words. Within a preposition, there are many different variations in meaning that are conveyed. The proper interpretation of prepositions is an important issue for automatic natural language understanding. Although the complexity of preposition usage has been argued for and documented by various scholars in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and computational linguistics, very few studies have been done on the function of prepositions in natural language processing (NLP) applications. The reason is that prepositions are probably the most polysemous category and thus, their linguistic realizations are difficult to predict and their cross-linguistic regularities difficult to identify. Prepositions play a major role in the syntactic structures of the English language and they often make an essential contribution to sentence meaning by signifying temporal and spatial relationships, as well as abstract relations involving cause and purpose, agent and instrument, manner and accompaniment, support and much more. They are sensitive linguistic elements that are culturally acceptable and very well known to all members of the same linguistic community. According to cognitive semantics, the figurative senses of a preposition are extended from its spatial senses through conceptual metaphors. In a pedagogical context, it may be useful to draw learners' attention to those aspects of a preposition's spatial sense that are especially relevant for its metaphorization processes. Prepositions have type restrictions on their arguments, they assign thematic roles, and they have a semantic content, possibly underspecified. The only difference with the other open-class categories like nouns, verbs or adjectives is that they do not have any morphology.
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Kissock, Madelyn. "Middle Verbs in Icelandic." American Journal of Germanic Linguistics and Literatures 9, no. 1 (1997): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1040820700001979.
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This paper presents an account ofst-(middle) verbs in Icelandic that treats -stas the head of a functional phrase-object agreement (AgrO)- and argues that, consequently,st-formation is a syntactic rather than a lexical process. Supporting evidence includes the fact that -stis a clitic rather than an inflectional or derivational element attached to the verb. This analysis has the advantage thatst-verbs, which on the surface appear disparate in their interpretation (e.g., reflexive vs. passive), can be unified under a single syntactic operation. The differences in interpretation fall out from argument structure properties of individual verbs. A consistent mapping between morphology and syntax is obtained.*
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Herlina, Herlina, Hamzah A. Machmoed, and Sukmawaty. "The Analysis of Sentence Construction and Meaning Interpretation of English Break Verbs and their Verbs Equivalence in Buginese Language." EDUVELOP 5, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/eduvelop.v5i2.1346.
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The purpose of this research is to compare the sentence form and meaning interpretation of 'Break' Verbs in English and Buginese. The sentence construction and the meaning interpretation of verbs confined to Break Verb from English and Buginese language were compared with regards to Dixon’s Affect Verbs Construction and Halliday’s Functional Grammar Construction. The data of this research were collected from two sources. The English data were collected from British National Corpus (BNC) while the Buginese Data was collected from field observation and interview on Soppeng Buginese speaking community. The data were collected and analyzed using Descriptive Qualitative Methods. According to the findings of this study, it was found eighteen Break Verbs in the English language and nineteen in the Buginese language; 2) The ‘Break’ Verbs in both languages are realized into sentences through a number of selections of constructions set up in the two theories that were examined in this research and some additional constructions where each construction plays some contribution to the meaning interpretation; 3) The Break Verbs found in both languages have some similarities and differences regarding their sentence construction and meaning interpretation.
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Kosheva, Dilrabo. "LEXICOGRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF SPEECH VERBS IN ENGLISH." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-6-15.
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The novelty of the article is reflected in the lexicographical interpretation of speech verbs in English. Short-term research on the World Wide Web alone proves that high-level Uzbek-English or English-Uzbek dictionaries do not exist in practice, and that there are only a few dictionaries belonging to several master linguists that have seen the world before lexicographic analysis and criticism and are waiting for improvement. Improving the micro structure of translation dictionaries remains a pressing issue.
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FUKUDA, SHIN. "The syntax of variable behavior verbs: Experimental evidence from the accusative–oblique alternations in Japanese." Journal of Linguistics 56, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 269–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226719000136.
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Japanese has two types of two-place motion verbs whose ‘objects’ can be marked as either accusative or oblique (accusative–oblique alternations). The accusative–goal verbs mark their objects with accusative case -o or the goal marker -ni, and the accusative–source verbs mark their objects with accusative -o or the source marker -kara. Previous studies describe systematic differences in the interpretation of the arguments of these verbs and the events they denote between the two structures. This study argues that these alternating verbs are variable behavior verbs that are linked to two distinct syntactic structures. The core evidence for this claim comes from the results of two acceptability judgment experiments with Japanese native speakers that examined: (i) selectional restrictions on the subjects of the alternating verbs and (ii) the ability of their subjects to license ‘floating’ numeral quantifiers. The results of the experiments demonstrate that the accusative–source verbs alternate between the transitive and unaccusative structures, whereas the accusative–goal verbs consistently behave like transitive verbs but assign two different structural cases to their objects. Thus, the study shows that there are multiple ways in which two-place motion verbs are mapped onto distinctive syntactic structures, whereby the core meaning of the verbs and their syntactic structures together determine their interpretation.
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Nakazawa, Tsuneko. "On interpretation of resultatives with locative alternation verbs." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4710.
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Resultative phrases in Japanese are generally believed to be predicated of the object of transitive verbs just like English counterparts (e.g., I painted the car yellow). However, some exceptions are also known in which resultatives describe an oblique argument (e.g., otoko-wa kabe-ni penki-o akaku nutta ‘the man smeared paint on the wall (so that the wall became) red)'. Using BCCWJ-NT corpus data, this paper shows that resultatives with locative alternation verbs in Japanese are generally interpreted as description of the argument that is lexically specified to undergo a change of state, rather than of the direct object.
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Martínez Linares, Antonia. "Sobre verbos eponímicos." Acta Hispanica 16 (January 1, 2011): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2011.16.67-82.
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This paper analyses the basic meaning underlying eponymic verbs which are derived from a current politician surname by the sujfixation of -igar, and the way of capturing their diverse lectures. I argue that these verbs share with other denominál verbs an underspecified causative meaning and that their interpretation, like the lectures of denominál verbs in general, is modulated by sublexical or encyclopedic information of the predicate arguments and of the base nouns.
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Travis, Catherine E., and Rena Torres Cacoullos. "Categories and Frequency: Cognition Verbs in Spanish Subject Expression." Languages 6, no. 3 (July 27, 2021): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6030126.
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Are semantic classes of verbs genuine or do they merely mask idiosyncrasies of frequent verbs? Here, we examine the interplay between semantic classes and frequent verb-form combinations, providing new evidence from variation patterns in spontaneous speech that linguistic categories are centered on high frequency members to which other members are similar. We offer an account of the well-known favoring effect of cognition verbs on Spanish subject pronoun expression by considering the role of high-frequency verbs (e.g., creer ‘think’ and saber ‘know’) and particular expressions ((yo) creo ‘I think’, (yo) no sé ‘I don’t know’). Analysis of variation in nearly 3000 tokens of unexpressed and pronominal subjects in conversational data replicates well-established predictors, but highlights that the cognition verb effect is really one of 1sg cognition verbs. In addition, particular expressions stand out for their high frequency relative to their component parts (for (yo) creo, proportion of lexical type, and proportion of pronoun). Further analysis of 1sg verbs with frequent expressions as fixed effects reveals shared patterns with other cognition verbs, including an association with non-coreferential contexts. Thus, classes can be identified by variation constraints and contextual distributions that are shared among class members and are measurably different from those of the more general variable structure. Cognition verbs in variable Spanish subject expression form a class anchored in lexically particular constructions.
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Gjervold, Jonas. "Prefix Variation: A Comparison between Slang and Contemporary Standard Russian." Poljarnyj vestnik 16 (December 9, 2013): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.2807.
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This paper explores prefix variation in Russian occasional verbs. Occasional words are words that are produced in speech, but don't recur as consolidated units in the language. The main aim is to determine whether prefix variation behaves differently in occasional verbs than in standardized Russian.
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Torgersen, Henrik, and Piotr Garbacz. "Morphophonological variation in Norwegian negative marker enclisis." Oslo Studies in Language 11, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 465–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.8513.
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The study looks at 4 variants of negative clitics in Norwegian, how frequently they are used and which types of verbs they combine with. Using corpora of spoken Norwegian, we look at how diffierent variants of the negative clitics vary in frequency of use and how each variant is constrained by the form of the verbs they cliticize to. In particular, we look at the preceding vowel interact with the negative clitic and how this interaction relates to the previous literature on Norwegian negative clitics.
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Kong, Stano. "Accounting for the asymmetrical interpretation of thematic and non-thematic verbs in L2 English." International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 57, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 327–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iral-2016-0079.
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Abstract This study presents data from an experiment on the interpretation of thematic and non-thematic verbs in second language (L2) English by three groups of adult native Chinese speakers and a group of native English speakers. English allows non-thematic verbs to raise but requires thematic verbs to remain in-situ. In contrast, neither thematic nor non-thematic verbs are allowed to raise in Chinese. The results indicate that there is a discrepancy between native and non-native mental representations of the grammars concerned; whereas native grammars require English thematic verbs to remain in-situ but allow non-thematic verbs to raise, neither thematic nor non-thematic verbs are allowed to raise in learners L2 English grammars. Results of the study argue against the Valueless Features Hypothesis (Eubank 1993/94. On the transfer of parametric values in L2 development. Language Acquisition 3. 183–208, 1994. Optionality and the initial state in L2 development. In T. Hoekstra & B. Schwartz (eds), Language acquisition studies in generative grammar: Papers in Honour of Kenneth Wexler from the 1991 GLOW Workshop, 369–388. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996. Negation in early German-English interlanguage: More valueless features in the L2 initial state. Second Language Research 12. 73–106.), which posits that the L1 syntactic features of INFL are initially inert and are not transferred. Instead, the results support the Interpretability Hypothesis (Tsimpli and Dimitrakopoulou 2007. The interpretability hypothesis: Evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research 23. 215–242.), which argues for the inaccessibility of uninterpretable syntactic features beyond a critical period. In particular, it is argued that uninterpretable syntactic features not selected during early stages of primary language acquisition become inaccessible in subsequent language acquisition. The results suggest that there may be cases where apparent target-like performance conceals non-target-like underlying competence.
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Temkin Martínez, Michal. "Variation and Preferences in Modern Hebrew Nonce Verbs." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 4 (May 7, 2013): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.793.
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Hidajat, Lanny. "A DISTRIBUTED MORPHOLOGY ANALYSIS OF INDONESIAN KE-/-AN VERBS." Linguistik Indonesia 32, no. 1 (February 25, 2014): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v32i1.12.
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Indonesian ke-/-an verbs have a complex argument structure. Similarly to Indonesian passive di- verbs, ke-/-an verbs never have an agentive NP in the subject position and their subject NPs must be definite. However, unlike passive di- verbs, these verbs generally cannot be followed by an agentive prepositional phrase. In addition, when ke-/-an verbs have two arguments, the applied argument appears in the subject position instead of the internal one. In this study, the structure of Indonesian ke-/-an verbs is analyzed by using the Distributed Morphology framework (Folli dan Harley, 2002; Kratzer, 1996; Marantz, 1997; among others). Based on the verbs’ distribution and interpretation, this study argues that of ke-/-an verbs are derived by attaching the ke-/-an circumfix, which is an overt representation of a verbalizing head, to the projection ofROOT.
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Fursa, Valentyna. "Типові керовані форми дієслів руху / переміщення в українській літературній мові." Studia Ucrainica Varsoviensia, no. 9 (December 17, 2021): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2299-7237suv.9.5.
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In the article, on the basis of valence, a typical set of valence-driven governed components dependent on verbs of movement / moving is analyzed, a hierarchy of governed case and prepositional-case forms of these verbs is proposed, the main morphological means of their expression and their morphological variants are determined. According to such sets of governed components, a typology of verbal government is suggested. The differences between the traditional interpretation of grammatical government and the interpretation offered by the researchers of the latest Ukrainian linguistics are emphasized. The valence-determined government makes it possible to consider governed only notional verbally dependent components with semantic functions of the object, the addressee, the instrument (tool or means of action) and the locality (location, initial and end points of the motion, path of motion). The maximum quantity of typical governed components is shown by the verbs of movement / moving, they belong to multivalent ones. In typical expressions these verbs can have up to six governed components.
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Valentine, J. Randolph. "Variation in Body-Part Verbs in Ojibwe Dialects." International Journal of American Linguistics 68, no. 1 (January 2002): 81–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/466480.
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Yumoto, Yoko. "Variation in N-V compound verbs in Japanese." Lingua 120, no. 10 (October 2010): 2388–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2010.04.004.
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Tolmacheva, I. N. "REPRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF LINGUISTIC KNOWLEDGE BY FUNCTION VERBS." Kognitivnye Issledovaniya Yazyka 25 (2016): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/2071-9639-2016-25-529-535.
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Kastner, Itamar. "Factivity mirrors interpretation: The selectional requirements of presuppositional verbs." Lingua 164 (September 2015): 156–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.06.004.
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Gabriele, Alison, Gita Martohardjono, and William McClure. "Why swimming is just as difficult as dying for Japanese learners of English." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 29 (January 1, 2003): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.29.2003.170.
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While both Japanese and English have a grammatic al form denoting the progressive, the two forms (te-iru & be+ing) interact differently with the inherent semantics of the verb to which they attach (Kindaichi, 1950; McClure, 1995; Shirai, 2000). Japanese change of state verbs are incompatible with a progressive interpretation, allowing only a resultative interpretation of V+ te-iru, while a progressive interpretation is preferred for activity predicates. English be+ing denotes a progressive interpretation regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb. The question that arises is how we can account for the fact that change of state verbs like dying can denote a progressive interpretation in English, but not in Japanese. While researchers such as Kageyama (1996) and Ogihara (1998, 1999) propose that the difference lies in the lexical semantics of the verbs themselves, others such as McClure (1995) have argued that the difference lies in the semantics of the grammatical forms, be+ing and te-iru. We present results from an experimental study of Japanese learners’ interpretation of the English progressive which provide support for McClure’s proposal. Results indicate that independent of verb type, learners had significantly more difficulty with the past progressive. We argue that knowledge of L2 semantics-syntax correspondences proceeds not on the basis of L1 lexical semantic knowledge, but on the basis of grammatical forms.
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Calabreze, Claudio César. "Plato and the cave allegory. An interpretation beginning with verbs of knowledge." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 14, no. 2 (2020): 431–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2020-14-2-431-447.
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In this paper we study the organization of the allegory of the cavern through the investigation of knowledge verbs. First, we briefly follow the interpretations of the allegory of the cave that we consider most significant and our perspective: all are valid provided that each does not deny the others. At our core we analyze the verbs of knowledge: how they relate to each other and what structure of knowledge they establish. In the conclusion, we affirm that the verbs do not present a vision of being as "what is", but as "what is being"; this means, with respect to the allegory, that the relation between being and intelligibility means a pathway of mutual equalization, which the prisoner of the cave goes through; nevertheless, the attempt to reach a comprehensive intelligence of the being requires one more step: to integrate the phenomena to the comprehension of the real thing.
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Hendriks, Lotte. "Variation in verb cluster interruption." Linguistics in the Netherlands 31 (November 10, 2014): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.31.05hen.
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Except for finite verbs in main clauses, verbs in Standard Dutch cluster together in a clause-final position. In certain Dutch dialects, non-verbal material can occur within this verb cluster (Verhasselt 1961; Koelmans 1965, among many others). These dialects vary with respect to which types of elements can interrupt the verb cluster, varying from particles to various types of arguments and adverbs (Barbiers, van der Auwera, Bennis, Boef, de Vogelaer & van der Ham 2008). A study amongst forty Dutch dialect speakers reveals an ordered ranking of grammatical types, reflecting their acceptability in a verb cluster. I argue that this ranking directly follows from syntactic principles: The syntactic size and position of the intervening element affect its acceptance in a verb cluster. Potentially, these principles interact with a preference of performance dubbed ‘minimize domains’ (Hawkins 1994, 2003, 2004), which requires both the higher verb and the intervening element to be adjacent to the main verb, leading to two conflicting structures.