Relevant bibliographies by topics / Variation of interpretation of verbs

Academic literature on the topic 'Variation of interpretation of verbs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Variation of interpretation of verbs.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Variation of interpretation of verbs"

1

Barbiers, Sjef, Hans Bennis, and Lotte Dros-Hendriks. "Merging verb cluster variation." Romance Parsed Corpora 18, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 144–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.00008.bar.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract In this paper we argue that verb clusters in Dutch varieties are merged and linearized in fully ascending (1-2-3) or fully descending (3-2-1) orders. We argue that verb clusters that deviate from these orders involve non-verbal material: adjectival participles, or nominal infinitives. As a result, our approach does not involve any unmotivated movements that are specific for verb clusters. Support for our analysis comes from (i) the interpretation of verb clusters; (ii) the fact that order variation depends on the types of verbs involved, which can be explained by selectional requirements of the verbs; and (iii) the geographic co-occurrence patterns of various orders. First, the 1-3-2 and 3-1-2 orders are argued to be ascending orders with a non-verbal 3. Indeed these orders occur in grammars that have ascending, rather than descending, verb clusters. Secondly, the 1-3-2 order is argued to be an interrupted V1-V2 cluster with a non-verbal 3. Indeed, this order is most common in the region where non-verbal material can interrupt the verb cluster. Our analysis of word order variation in verb clusters in terms of principles of grammar is further supported by an experiment in which we asked a large number of speakers distributed over the Dutch language area to rank all logically possible orders, including orders that are not common in their own variety of Dutch. The results demonstrate that speakers apply their syntactic knowledge to rank verb cluster orders that they do not use themselves. We argue that this knowledge cannot be due to familiarity with the various orders.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Rankin, Tom. "Variational learning in L2." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 4 (December 8, 2014): 432–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.4.02ran.

Full text
Abstract:
This study examines the interpretation of constituent wh-questions in L2 English by learners whose L1 is Austrian German. Austrian German and English share identical surface word order patterns for a range of question forms, but with distinct semantic interpretations. Non-target patterns of interpretation show that the learners ay high levels of proficiency continue to optionally parse English questions with the L1 syntax. The continued presence of thematic verb movement and head-final VP syntax in L1 German-L2 English interlanguage challenges previous findings that headedness is reset very early and that V2 is realised by auxiliary verbs. This is analysed as an instance of Variational Learning (Yang, 2002), whereby the L1 grammar is accessed to parse L2 input where possible. The L1 syntactic representation thus continues to be available at high proficiency levels to parse input strings that are linearly compatible, giving rise in the case of L1 German-L2 English to non-target parses and interpretation of wh-questions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Ambar, Manuela. "Inflected Infinitives Revisited: Genericity and Single Event." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 43, no. 1 (March 1998): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100020417.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThis article argues for a minimalist approach to the variation between Romance languages with respect to the generic interpretation associated with infinitival complements of epistemic verbs. It is proposed that epistemic verbs have inherent temporal features and that they assign a tense feature to their complement. These features are checked under a Spec-head relation through two temporal projections, related either to the object position or the subject position. The variation observed between Portuguese and French, Italian and Spanish with respect to the event interpretation of infinitives is formulated in terms of the strong/weak status of the [+specific] feature of Tense. The difference in the temporal interpretation of the inflected infinitives with respect to the presence or absence of thehave+ past participle sequence is derived from the hypothesis that the tense of the participle raises to the TP projection that c-commands it when it is morphologically invisible, the indicative present being visible in Portuguese, but not in the other languages.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Levshina, Natalia. "Verbs of letting in Germanic and Romance languages." Languages in Contrast 16, no. 1 (March 3, 2016): 84–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.16.1.04lev.

Full text
Abstract:
This study compares eleven verbs of letting in six Germanic and five Romance languages. The aim of this paper is to pinpoint the differences and similarities in the semasiological variation of these verbs, both across and within the two language groups they represent. The results of a Multidimensional Scaling analysis based on a parallel corpus of film subtitles show that the verbs differ along several semantic dimensions, such as letting versus leaving, factitive versus permissive causation, as well as modality and discourse function. Although the main differences between the verbs lend themselves to a genealogical interpretation (Germanic vs. Romance), a distributional analysis of constructional patterns in which the verbs occur reveals that these differences are in fact distributed areally, with a centre and a periphery.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Cameron, Richard. "Ambiguous agreement, functional compensation, and nonspecific tú in the Spanish of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Madrid, Spain." Language Variation and Change 5, no. 3 (October 1993): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001526.

Full text
Abstract:
ABSTRACTRichness of subject-verb agreement is implicit in the functional compensation interpretation of variable second person /-s/ in Puerto Rican Spanish (PRS). Because /-s/ is not variable in Madrid Spanish (MS), richer agreement is assumed, and a lower rate of pronominal expression is expected. Central to this interpretation are effects associated with ambiguous marking of person on finite singular verbs. Although an increase of pronominal expression correlates to ambiguous marking for PRS speakers, a similar result has not been reported for MS speakers. Nonetheless, a varbrul analysis yields similar weights for this constraint in both dialects. Moreover, ambiguity effects are best understood as constraints on null subject variation that interact with switch reference. Identity of varbrul weights for constraints on pronominal and null subject variation in PRS and MS also supports the Constant Rate Hypothesis. However, the two dialects do show a diametrically opposed effect associated with nonspecific tú.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Huschová, Petra. "EXPLORING MODAL VERBS CONVEYING POSSIBILITY IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE." Discourse and Interaction 8, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/di2015-2-35.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper explores the occurrence and use of the English modal verbs CAN/COULD and MAY/MIGHT conveying possibility meanings in academic texts dealing with linguistics and attempts to reveal the contextual factors determining the interpretation of the verbs. The paper discusses the semantic components of the examined modal verbs in relation to syntactic co-occurrence patterns and stylistic variation, focusing on the factors governing the distribution and usage of their epistemic and root possibility readings. Finally, the paper comments on the possibility readings of CAN/COULD and MAY/MIGHT which can be employed as hedging devices.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Skrebtsova, Tatiana. "Parenthetical Verb Phrases with the Russian Verbs govorit’ and skazat’: A Constructional Approach." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 5 (October 2022): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.5.10.

Full text
Abstract:
The research urgency is explicable due to the fact that parenthetical phrases are complicated in their essence, which is stipulated by their semantic and syntactic peculiarities. However, traditional approaches to the description and classification of parenthetical expressions are marked by heterogeneity, subjectivity and blurred boundaries between the posited groups. The paper suggests a novel perspective on the phenomenon from a construction grammar viewpoint. Theoretical prerequisites of construction grammar are claimed to ensure a well-integrated, systemic framework to account for parenthetical expressions. The key advantage is seen in the specific interpretation of the notion of construction, according to which constructions allow for a certain degree of lexical variation. Parenthetical word combinations with the verbs govorit' and skazat' are analyzed within structural and semantic aspects. The author has identified parenthetical verb phrases of various abstraction degree, listed them in hierarchical structures, and revealed their semantic interrelations. The parenthetical combinations with the verbs govorit' and skazat' are noted to be brought together in a constructional network, which on the one hand reveals intrinsic systematic arrangement of the corresponding language unit, and on the other hand demonstrates its openend character, external links and capability of replenishment with new items. The overall picture thus corroborates the vision of language as an integrated network of constructions of various degree of complexity.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ask, Sofia. "‘She had it coming?’: An experimental study of text interpretation in a police classroom setting." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 41, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 133–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586518000094.

Full text
Abstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate how modifications of reporting verbs, modality, style and use of quotation marks in an authentic police report can lead to different interpretations by two groups of trainee police officers. Data was collected through an experiment in a classroom setting, where police trainees discussed two versions of the same police report in focus group discussions. The trainees’ statements were categorised into three themes: impression of the victim, impression of the accused, and assessment of the situation's severity. The results show that modifications such as formal or informal choice of words and the use of scare quotes proved to be influential linguistic modifications. In contrast, variation of reporting verbs and modality appeared less significant. The two versions of the text created different impressions of both the victim and the accused, and the interpretations of the severity of the situation depicted in the text varied between the two trainee groups. This highlights the importance of further study of the linguistic constructions of victims and perpetrators in police texts, in order to ensure credibility and equality before the law.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Bleotu, Adina Camelia, Anton Benz, and Roxana Pătrunjel. "You must worry! The interpretation of <em>mustn’t</em> varies with context and verbal complement." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 2 (January 27, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.2.5372.

Full text
Abstract:
We investigate experimentally whether American English adult speakers are influenced in their interpretation of mustn’t by pragmatic context (contexts favoring lack of necessity/necessity not to readings) and/or the semantic properties of the verbal complements of the modal (verbs denoting events in the physical realm vs. verbs expressing undesirable mental activities). In an experiment combining a forced choice task and a gradient acceptability task, participants saw sentences containing mustn’t and physical events/negative mental activities in lack of necessity/necessity not to contexts (e.g., You mustn’t worry. The woman will give you money) They had to choose the most suitable interpretation of mustn’t ('it is necessary not to'/'it is not necessary' interpretations). They then had to rate the acceptability of the sentences containing mustn’t in context on a Likert scale from 1 to 7. We find that participants split into two groups: an Interdiction Group, which always treated mustn’t as expressing interdiction, and a Variation Group, which tended to interpret mustn’t as lack of necessity when the context favored such a reading and when the verbal complement the modal combined with was a negative mental activity. We argue that the lack of necessity reading of mustn’t is obtained via pragmatic weakening from its primary interdiction reading, and that this process is sensitive to context, as well as to the cognitive difficulty of imposing or forbidding mental (but not physical) activities to others.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Lapata, Maria, and Alex Lascarides. "A Probabilistic Account of Logical Metonymy." Computational Linguistics 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 261–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120103322145324.

Full text
Abstract:
In this article we investigate logical metonymy, that is, constructions in which the argument of a word in syntax appears to be different from that argument in logical form (e.g., enjoy the book means enjoy reading the book, and easy problem means a problem that is easy to solve). The systematic variation in the interpretation of such constructions suggests a rich and complex theory of composition on the syntax/semantics interface. Linguistic accounts of logical metonymy typically fail to describe exhaustively all the possible interpretations, or they don't rank those interpretations in terms of their likelihood. In view of this, we acquire the meanings of metonymic verbs and adjectives from a large corpus and propose a probabilistic model that provides a ranking on the set of possible interpretations. We identify the interpretations automatically by exploiting the consistent correspondences between surface syntactic cues and meaning. We evaluate our results against paraphrase judgments elicited experimentally from humans and show that the model's ranking of meanings correlates reliably with human intuitions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Variation of interpretation of verbs"

1

Gordeeva, Ksenia. "Aspectual Prefix Variation in the Novel Russian Verbs." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24219.

Full text
Abstract:
The study compared prefix variation in novel verbs to prefix variation in standard Russian. Thirty-seven native speakers of Russian participated in the designed experiment. The experiment elicited the perfective verbs formed from the borrowed English nouns. The novel prefixed perfective verbs attested during the experiment were analyzed in comparison with databases for CSR. The analysis revealed significant prefix variation among the novel perfective verbs. It is caused by the broad semantics of the novel verbs and the absence of the restrictions and rules in the language for their formation. The aspectual prefix za- demonstrated dominance over other prefixes in the formation of the perfective forms. The Overlap Hypothesis has proven effective for the prediction of the prefixes used for the perfectivization on the basis of the semantic tie between the prefix and the verb’s base.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Mellor, Martin D. "Aspects of aspectual verbs in English and Russian." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/525.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis develops a theory of a spectual interpretation based on a representation of eventuality reference which is implicit in any sentence uttered in natural language. Language users categorise real world events into various types, termed aspectual class, and these event types can be identified by diagnostic tests,which rely on inferences between sentences and co-occurence with certain temporal adverbials and other aspectual forms.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Cunha, Wilson de Angelo. "The interpretation of the Yiqtol verbs in Psalm 47.4-5." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2007. http://www.tren.com.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Goundry, Katrin. "Regional variation and change in the history of English strong verbs." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7764/.

Full text
Abstract:
This thesis investigates how the strong verb system inherited from Old English evolved in the regional dialects of Middle English (ca. 1100-1500). Old English texts preserve a relatively complex system of strong verbs, in which traditionally seven different ablaut classes are distinguished. This system becomes seriously disrupted from the Late Old English and Early Middle English periods onwards. As a result, many strong verbs die out, or have their ablaut patterns affected by sound change and morphological analogy, or transfer to the weak conjugation. In my thesis, I study the beginnings of two of these developments in two strong verb classes to find out what the evidence from Middle English regional dialects can tell us about their origins and diffusion. Chapter 2 concentrates on the strong-to-weak shift in Class III verbs, and investigates to what extent strong, mixed and weak past tense and participle forms vary in Middle English dialects, and whether the variation is more pronounced in the paradigms of specific verbs or sub-classes. Chapter 3 analyses the regional distribution of ablaut levelling in strong Class IV verbs throughout the Middle English period. The Class III and IV data for the Early Middle English period are drawn from A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, and the data for the Late Middle English period from a sub-corpus of files from The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English and The Middle English Grammar Corpus. Furthermore, The English Dialect Dictionary and Grammar are consulted as an additional reference point to find out to what extent the Middle English developments are reflected in Late Modern English dialects. Finally, referring to modern insights into language variation and change and linguistic interference, Chapter 4 discusses to what extent intra- and extra-linguistc factors, such as token and type frequency, stem structure and language contact, might correlate with the strong-to-weak shift and ablaut levelling in Class III and IV verbs in the Middle English period. The thesis is accompanied by six appendices that contain further information about my distinction of Middle English dialect areas (Appendix A), historical Class III and IV verbs (B and C) and the text samples and linguistic data from the Middle English text corpora (D, E and F).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Knouse, Stephanie Michelle. "Variation in aspectual morphology stative verbs in the Spanish of Salamanca /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025145.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Ward, Nick. "The Semantics of ja and ye: Semantic variation in Marathi motion verbs." Thesis, Department of Linguistics, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5837.

Full text
Abstract:
Ja and ye ('go' and 'come' respectively, from the Indian language Marathi) are first semantically examined as basic verbs of physical motion. Then instances which vary from this basic 'sense' of the words are analysed with respect to theories of polysemy via semantic extension (through metaphor and metonymy), and deixis. Some evidence is found to support theories of 'figurative' deixis, utilizing the concept of 'subjectivity' as a primary grounding force in our construction of meaning. Subjectivity is also implicated in the dominant mechanism of semantic shift by 'result' metonymy, wherein the word designating the event is semantically narrowed to designate only the result or outcome of the event. In discussing semantic extension through metaphor, the fundamental problem of distinguishing metaphorical from literal meaning is addressed, and 'image schemas' are invoked in the analysis of ja and ye. Data are chiefly from books on Ayurveda, and hence largely focus on the use of the ja and ye with reference to the human body.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Tozer, Wade Colin. "Nitrogen Isotope Variation in the Environment: Implications for Interpretation." The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2558.

Full text
Abstract:
Natural abundance of 15N varies greatly and unpredictably within and between environments. The unpredictable nature of 15N limits the use of N isotope natural abundance (d15N) in tracing the flow and fate of N in environments. Recent investigations have, however, revealed consistent and repeatable patterns of 15N in some ecosystem components. These patterns suggest that d15N may yet provide a tool to investigate and illuminate ecosystem N cycling processes. Identifying and quantifying the sources of isotopic variation must precede any significant advance in the application of this technique, and to this end an assessment of isotopic variation associated with major ecosystem components has been carried out in this thesis. d15N patterns have been established, hypotheses proposed and tested, and conclusions about the application of the technique are presented. 15N patterns in surface and groundwater were measured in a variety of different land-use catchments in an attempt to identify distinct isotopic 'fingerprints'. High levels of 15N variation were measured in both stream and groundwaters, resulting in strongly overlapping land-use 'fingerprints'. Environmental 15N variation in streams and groundwaters was found to be too great to differentiate between land-uses based on d15N alone. In contrast, the artificially 15N enriched signature of effluent N was used to trace its flow and fate, following irrigation, in a forested catchment. The effluent d15N signature allowed it to be traced into the major ecosystem components, permitting a first order N budget to be determined for effluent N storage and loss. N sources with significantly different 15N signatures to that of 'background ecosystem N' can therefore be used to trace the flow and fate of N in ecosystems. During the course of this work a number of higher and lower order plants were observed to have highly depleted (lt; -8 ) d15N signatures. Epiphytes and lithophytes, strongly reliant on atmospheric N sources, were consistently depleted in 15N, with signatures as low as -24 , measured in a range of environments. A similar level of depletion was measured in a wide range of plants growing in early primary succession sites (as low as -22.3 ), which could not be accounted for by any abiotic or biotic factor or significantly depleted N source. The absence of any measurable driver of depletion suggested a universal fractionating mechanism which acts in a wide range of environments and vegetation types. Diffusive uptake of atmospheric NH3(g) and the proportional uptake of a supplied N source were two proposed mechanisms that could theoretically account for the level and universal nature of depletion. Diffusive uptake of atmospheric NH3(g) was tested as a primary fractionating mechanism in plants. Strongly N deficient plants were capable of utilising NH3(g) as a nutritional source, but the level of 15N depletion measured in these plants closely approximated that of the inherent NH3(g) d15N signature. No significant additional fractionation is associated with NH3(g) diffusive uptake. Diffusive uptake of atmospheric NH3(g) by plants cannot alone account for the level of depletion measured in early primary succession plant communities. Proportional uptake of a N source as a primary fractionating mechanism was tested by growing plants in various concentrations and rates of applied N. Fractionation attributed to the proportional uptake of a supplied N source, as a consequence of P limitation or rapid flow over roots, resulted in a significant level of 15N depletion in plants. The level of depletion attributed to this mechanism was, however, not sufficient to account for the level measured in early primary succession plant communities. Individual 15N fractionating mechanisms cannot alone explain the level of depletion observed in early primary succession plants, however a combination of fractionating mechanisms can. Fractionation attributed to the proportional uptake of an already depleted N source, i.e., wet deposited N, largely accounts for the level of depletion measured in early succession plant communities. This two-step fractionation model can act on both higher and lower plants, independent of ecosystem biotic and abiotic factors. Additional, and less dramatic fractionations attributed to atmospheric NH3(g) uptake, mycorrhizal associations, internal remobilisation, and taxon-specific N acquisition strategies, will contribute to the level of d15N depletion. This thesis presents the first extensive survey of highly depleted d15N signatures in terrestrial vegetation. Furthermore, thorough testing of theoretically plausible mechanisms has resulted in a full account of the highly depleted d15N signatures measured in a wide range of vegetation types and environments.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Brohman, Kathryn. "Explaining variation in data warehouse usage, an interpretation perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/NQ58115.pdf.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Gómez, Vázquez Diana. "Posture verbs and internally-caused verbs in romance and germanic languages: causativity, stationary motion, and intransitive-locative alternations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669400.

Full text
Abstract:
La presente tesis se ocupa del estudio de la variación interlingüística con los verbos de postura y los verbos de causación interna en las lenguas romances y germánicas. Tomando como punto de partida el marco teórico de Ramchand (2008, 2014, 2018), se estudian varias construcciones en las que aparecen estas raíces verbales. En el capítulo 1 se presenta el enfoque constructivista de la estructura argumental propuesto por Ramchand (2008, 2014, 2018) y se considera cómo tratar la variación interlingüística en este marco teórico. Además, se inquiere la diferencia entre el significado estructural, el contenido cognitivo-conceptual separable del lenguaje y el significado enciclopédico. En el capítulo 2 se trata de mostrar en qué medida la codificación de la causatividad y la trayectoria son parámetros relevantes que tener en cuenta para explicar la variación interlingüística en el significado causativo de los verbos de postura en las lenguas romances y germánicas. Se identifican, además, los factores que influyen en la variación intralingüística en las lenguas germánicas. En el capítulo 3, una vez asumida la caracterización aspectual y estructural de los verbos procesuales de postura del capítulo anterior, se explora la variación intralingüística en la expresión de movimiento estático con estos verbos. En oposición a Talmy (1991, 2000), se descarta que exista un co-evento en el significado estático de posición de los verbos de postura y se discute el proceso de gramaticalización por el que los verbos procesuales de postura se convierten en cópulas. En el capítulo 4, se investigan dos tipos diferentes de alternancia locativa intransitiva con los verbos de postura y los verbos de causación interna. El hecho de que los verbos procesuales de postura aparezcan en esta construcción tanto en las lenguas romances como en las lenguas germánicas corrobora la asunción previa de que los verbos de postura no incluyen un co-evento en su significado estático de posición. Por último, se estudian las propiedades de los verbos de causación interna en español y su capacidad de aparecer en la alternancia locativa intransitiva, donde el argumento locativo asume el papel de sujeto de la predicación. En el capítulo 5, se presenta un resumen de las conclusiones principales, se enumeran las contribuciones de la tesis y se discuten futuros temas de investigación.
The present dissertation is devoted to the study of cross-linguistic variation with posture verbs and internally-caused verbs in Romance and Germanic languages. Using Ramchand’s (2008, 2014, 2018) first phase syntax, I examine a diverse range of constructions in which these verbal roots may appear. In chapter 1 I present Ramchand’s (2008, 2014, 2018) constructivist approach to argument structure and explore how cross-linguistic variation can be dealt with in it. I also consider the difference between structural meaning, pre-linguistic cognitive conceptual content, and encyclopedic meaning. In chapter 2 I endeavor to show that causativity and path encoding are both relevant parameters to account for cross-linguistic variation in the causative sense of posture verbs in Romance and Germanic languages. I identify intra-linguistic differences in Germanic languages and link them to the mentioned parameters. In chapter 3, building on the previous chapter’s characterization of process posture verbs, I explore intra-linguistic variation in the expression of stationary motion with these verbs. Against Talmy (1991, 2000), I discard the existence of a co-event in the simple position sense of posture verbs and discuss the grammaticalization of process posture verbs into copulas. In chapter 4 I concentrate on two different types of the intransitive-locative alternation with posture verbs and internally-caused verbs. The fact that process posture verbs in both Romance and Germanic languages appear in this construction confirms the absence of a co-event with posture verbs when they denote stationary motion. Finally, I look into the properties of internally-caused verbs in Spanish and their ability to enter the stative-locative alternation, where the location argument takes on the role of subject of the predication. In chapter 5 I summarize the main conclusions, present the contributions of the dissertation, and sketch future venues of research.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Stenlund, Hans. "Improving interpretation by orthogonal variation : Multivariate analysis of spectroscopic data." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43476.

Full text
Abstract:
The desire to use the tools and concepts of chemometrics when studying problems in the life sciences, especially biology and medicine, has prompted chemometricians to shift their focus away from their field‘s traditional emphasis on model predictivity and towards the more contemporary objective of optimizing information exchange via model interpretation. The complex data structures that are captured by modern advanced analytical instruments open up new possibilities for extracting information from complex data sets. This in turn imposes higher demands on the quality of data and the modeling techniques used. The introduction of the concept of orthogonal variation in the late 1990‘s led to a shift of focus within chemometrics; the information gained from analysis of orthogonal structures complements that obtained from the predictive structures that were the discipline‘s previous focus. OPLS, which was introduced in the beginning of 2000‘s, refined this view by formalizing the model structure and the separation of orthogonal variations. Orthogonal variation stems from experimental/analytical issues such as time trends, process drift, storage, sample handling, and instrumental differences, or from inherent properties of the sample such as age, gender, genetics, and environmental influence. The usefulness and versatility of OPLS has been demonstrated in over 500 citations, mainly in the fields of metabolomics and transcriptomics but also in NIR, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. In all cases, the predictive precision of OPLS is identical to that of PLS, but OPLS is superior when it comes to the interpretation of both predictive and orthogonal variation. Thus, OPLS models the same data structures but provides increased scope for interpretation, making it more suitable for contemporary applications in the life sciences. This thesis discusses four different research projects, including analyses of NIR, FTIR and NMR spectroscopic data. The discussion includes comparisons of OPLS and PLS models of complex datasets in which experimental variation conceals and confounds relevant information. The PLS and OPLS methods are discussed in detail. In addition, the thesis describes new OPLS-based methods developed to accommodate hyperspectral images for supervised modeling. Proper handling of orthogonal structures revealed the weaknesses in the analytical chains examined. In all of the studies described, the orthogonal structures were used to validate the quality of the generated models as well as gaining new knowledge. These aspects are crucial in order to enhance the information exchange from both past and future studies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Variation of interpretation of verbs"

1

1918-2015, Schwarcz June, Nelson, Harold B., 1947- author, Broun, Elizabeth, writer of foreword, and Renwick Gallery, eds. June Schwarcz: Invention & variation. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2017.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Wiederholung und Variation im Werk Adalbert Stifters. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Jyrkiäinen, Reijo. Form, monothematicism, variation and symmetry in Bela Bartok's string quartets. Helsinki: University of Helsinki, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Oswald von Wolkenstein: Literarische Tradition, Variation und Interpretation anhand ausgewählter Lieder. Roma: Aracne, 2009.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Tagliamonte, Sali. Variationist sociolinguistics: Change, observation, interpretation. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

The comedy of Menander: Convention, variation, & originality. London: Duckworth, 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

The comedy of Menander: Convention, variation, and originality. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ablbrecht, Schröder Klaus, Hoerschelmann Antonia, Asendorf Christoph 1955-, and Graphische Sammlung Albertina, eds. Edvard Munch: Theme and variation. Vienna: Albertina, 2003.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Martinsson-Wallin, Helene. Ahu--the ceremonial stone structures of Easter Island: Analyses of variation and interpretation of meanings. Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis, 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Iburg, Joachim. Messung und Interpretation der räumlichen, zeitlichen und witterungsabhängigen Variation der anorganischen Komponenten in luftgetragenen Stäuben. Frankfurt/M: Wissenschafts-Verlag W. Maraun, 1991.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Variation of interpretation of verbs"

1

Coupé, Griet. "Modal verbs in long verb clusters." In Studies in Language Variation, 59–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.5.05cou.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Brandt, Silke. "Analysis and generalization across verbs and constructions." In Experience, Variation and Generalization, 135–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/tilar.7.08bra.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Benincà, Paola, and Cecilia Poletto. "Phrasal Verbs in Venetan and Regional Italian." In Language Variation – European Perspectives, 9–22. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.1.02ben.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Smitterberg, Erik. "The progressive and phrasal verbs: Evidence of colloquialization in nineteenth-century English?" In Studies in Language Variation, 269–89. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/silv.2.21smi.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Charzyńska-Wójcik, Magdalena. "Reflections on Structural Variation in Old English Verbs." In Second Language Learning and Teaching, 137–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20083-0_10.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Martins, Kellen Cozine, and Maria da Conceição de Paiva. "Chapter 14. Simple past with pluperfect interpretation." In Studies on Variation in Portuguese, 322–39. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.14.14mar.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Platzack, Christer. "Cross Germanic variation in the realm of support verbs." In Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 279–310. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/la.191.10pla.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Kennedy, Graeme. "4. Variation in the distribution of modal verbs in the British National Corpus." In Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation, 73–90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/scl.9.06ken.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Moneglia, Massimo. "The variation of action verbs in multilingual spontaneous speech corpora." In Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 152–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/scl.61.06mon.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Bülow, Lars, Hannes Scheutz, and Dominik Wallner. "Variation and change of plural verbs in Salzburg’s base dialects." In Studies in Language Companion Series, 95–134. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.207.04bul.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Variation of interpretation of verbs"

1

Letuchiy, A. B. "THE ANALOGUES OF TENSE INTERPRETATION IN RUSSIAN EMBEDDED CLAUSES: ABSOLUTE VS. RELATIVE MODALITY, ABSOLUTE VS. RELATIVE ASPECT." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-1065-1077.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper adresses parallels between tense, aspect and modality marking in Russian embedded clauses. It is widely known that tense forms of embedded verbs can be interpreted relatively or absolutely, and in some cases, the relative and absolute use seem to be in free variation. It turns out that the interpretation of modality and aspect can be described along the same lines and classified into the relative and absolute uses. For instance, subjunctive mood—one of the main instruments of irreality marking—can be interpreted as less real than the main event (relative interpretation) or less real than the moment of speech (and to the same degree as the main event; absolute interpretation). Similarly, aspect forms, depending on their interpretation, can describe the structure of the situation compared to the speech act or to the main event. I show that the parallelism between the three categories is not full: for instance, relative modality is mainly observed in triclausal constructions. Modality interpretation is sensitive to the opposition of clausal adjuncts vs. relative clauses. For the aspect interpretation, the contrast between finite forms and infinitive is relevant: infinitive allows for relative use of perfective aspect use much easier than finite forms. Finally, interpretations of the three categories are related to each other. For example, in complement clauses, the relative interpretation is perfectly acceptable for all the three categories.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Aksenova, Marina. "Peculiarities Of -Ing-Forms Of English Modal Verbs Interpretation Into Russian." In International Scientific Conference «Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism» dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Turkayev Hassan Vakhitovich. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.10.05.5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Babenko, Liudmila G. "Interpretation of the active verbs' world: two lexicographic views (exemplified in dictionaries of the Ural semantic school)." In Lexicography of the digital age. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-19-1-2021-7.

Full text
Abstract:
The article overviews cognitive strategies of the reflection of the active words exemplified in Russian verbs. It is presented in two ideographic dictionaries: the big explanatory dictionary of Russian verbs and the experimental syntactic dictionary of Russian verb sentences. Regularities and features of categorization of this fragment of the world are revealed.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

D’Urzo, Anthony, and Katrina D’Urzo. "Considerable variation exists among spirometry interpretation algorithms." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa2648.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Kustova, G. I. "SEMANTIC EFFECTS OF VERB TENSE IN PARENTHETICAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH MENTAL VERBS." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-485-499.

Full text
Abstract:
Parenthetical constructions with verbs of opinion (as I think) are considered as the result of the reduction of the main clause: Ja dumaju, chto priglashenie prislal professor Wiler → Priglashenie, kak ja dumaju, prislal professor Wiler. The meaning of the mental verb tense affects the interpretation of the sentence. In the present tense, construction as I think introduces an assumption with a neutral status: Eto proizojdet, kak ja dumaju, v samom blizhajshem budushchem [Ju. Semenov]—‘no one knows, P or non-P’. In the past tense, construction as I thought introduces a wrong assumption: Djadja, kotoryj, kak ja dumal, davno zabyl o podarennykh chasakh, vosprinjal etu novost’ boleznenno.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

"A Variation of Reporting Verbs in Thai EFL Graduate Student’s Academic Writing: A Corpus-Based Study." In 6th International Conference on Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities. Emirates Research Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/erpub.ea1216237.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Dobrovol’skij, D. O., and Anna A. Zalizniak. "Evidentiality and epistemic modality in the semantics of the German verbs sollen and wollen (based on the data from the German-Russian parallel corpus)." In Dialogue. RSUH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2022-21-132-140.

Full text
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of the semantics of the German modal verbs sollen and wollen and their translational equivalents identified in the German-Russian parallel subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus (RNC), the article demonstrates that the categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality should be considered as having an independent status. At the same time, these two linguistic meanings can be expressed simultaneously. We consider possible combinations of the types of evidential and epistemic meaning components expressed by these German verbs. We clarify the classification of indirect evidentiality types by introducing the third intermediate type – reportative-inferential evidentiality, i.e. a conclusion made by the speaker based on the interpretation of someone else’s utterance. Addressing the parallel corpus made it possible, on the one hand, to distinguish between the types of evidential meanings expressed by the verbs sollen and wollen, on the other hand, to clarify the semantics and identify the potential polysemy of the Russian translation equivalents.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Nasrabadi, Hadi, Abbas Firoozabadi, Rogerio Oliveira Esposito, and Alexandre Jaime Mello Vieira. "Interpretation of an Unusual Bubblepoint Pressure Variation in an Offshore Field." In Europec/EAGE Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/113574-ms.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Thomas, Thejas Mol, and Pretty Babu. "Event based sentence level interpretation of sentiment variation in twitter data." In 2015 6th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt.2015.7395176.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Zhou, C., and S. Sil. "Explore the Non-uniqueness on Interpretation of Amplitude Variation with Azimuth." In 74th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating EUROPEC 2012. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20148396.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Variation of interpretation of verbs"

1

Chen, Z., S. E. Grasby, C. Deblonde, and X. Liu. AI-enabled remote sensing data interpretation for geothermal resource evaluation as applied to the Mount Meager geothermal prospective area. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330008.

Full text
Abstract:
The objective of this study is to search for features and indicators from the identified geothermal resource sweet spot in the south Mount Meager area that are applicable to other volcanic complexes in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt. A Landsat 8 multi-spectral band dataset, for a total of 57 images ranging from visible through infrared to thermal infrared frequency channels and covering different years and seasons, were selected. Specific features that are indicative of high geothermal heat flux, fractured permeable zones, and groundwater circulation, the three key elements in exploring for geothermal resource, were extracted. The thermal infrared images from different seasons show occurrence of high temperature anomalies and their association with volcanic and intrusive bodies, and reveal the variation in location and intensity of the anomalies with time over four seasons, allowing inference of specific heat transform mechanisms. Automatically extracted linear features using AI/ML algorithms developed for computer vision from various frequency bands show various linear segment groups that are likely surface expression associated with local volcanic activities, regional deformation and slope failure. In conjunction with regional structural models and field observations, the anomalies and features from remotely sensed images were interpreted to provide new insights for improving our understanding of the Mount Meager geothermal system and its characteristics. After validation, the methods developed and indicators identified in this study can be applied to other volcanic complexes in the Garibaldi, or other volcanic belts for geothermal resource reconnaissance.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Liu, X., Z. Chen, and S. E. Grasby. Using shallow temperature measurements to evaluate thermal flux anomalies in the southern Mount Meager volcanic area, British Columbia, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330009.

Full text
Abstract:
Geothermal is a clean and renewable energy resource. However, locating where elevated thermal gradient anomalies exist is a significant challenge when trying to assess potential resource volumes during early exploration of a prospective geothermal area. In this study, we deployed 22 temperature probes in the shallow subsurface along the south flank of the Mount Meager volcanic complex, to measure the transient temperature variation from September 2020 to August 2021. In our data analysis, a novel approach was developed to estimate the near-surface thermal distribution, and a workflow and code with python language have been completed for the thermal data pre-processing and analysis. The long-term temperature variation at different depths can be estimated by modelling, so that the relative difference of deducing deeper geothermal gradient anomalies can be assessed. Our proposed inversion and simulation methods were applied to calculating the temperature variation at 2.0 meters depth. The results identified a preferred high thermal flux anomalous zone in the south Mount Meager area. By combining with previous studies, the direct analysis and estimation of anomalous thermal fields based on the collected temperature data can provide a significant reference for interpretation of the regional thermal gradient variation.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Newman-Toker, David E., Susan M. Peterson, Shervin Badihian, Ahmed Hassoon, Najlla Nassery, Donna Parizadeh, Lisa M. Wilson, et al. Diagnostic Errors in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer258.

Full text
Abstract:
Objectives. Diagnostic errors are a known patient safety concern across all clinical settings, including the emergency department (ED). We conducted a systematic review to determine the most frequent diseases and clinical presentations associated with diagnostic errors (and resulting harms) in the ED, measure error and harm frequency, as well as assess causal factors. Methods. We searched PubMed®, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL®), and Embase® from January 2000 through September 2021. We included research studies and targeted grey literature reporting diagnostic errors or misdiagnosis-related harms in EDs in the United States or other developed countries with ED care deemed comparable by a technical expert panel. We applied standard definitions for diagnostic errors, misdiagnosis-related harms (adverse events), and serious harms (permanent disability or death). Preventability was determined by original study authors or differences in harms across groups. Two reviewers independently screened search results for eligibility; serially extracted data regarding common diseases, error/harm rates, and causes/risk factors; and independently assessed risk of bias of included studies. We synthesized results for each question and extrapolated U.S. estimates. We present 95 percent confidence intervals (CIs) or plausible range (PR) bounds, as appropriate. Results. We identified 19,127 citations and included 279 studies. The top 15 clinical conditions associated with serious misdiagnosis-related harms (accounting for 68% [95% CI 66 to 71] of serious harms) were (1) stroke, (2) myocardial infarction, (3) aortic aneurysm and dissection, (4) spinal cord compression and injury, (5) venous thromboembolism, (6/7 – tie) meningitis and encephalitis, (6/7 – tie) sepsis, (8) lung cancer, (9) traumatic brain injury and traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, (10) arterial thromboembolism, (11) spinal and intracranial abscess, (12) cardiac arrhythmia, (13) pneumonia, (14) gastrointestinal perforation and rupture, and (15) intestinal obstruction. Average disease-specific error rates ranged from 1.5 percent (myocardial infarction) to 56 percent (spinal abscess), with additional variation by clinical presentation (e.g., missed stroke average 17%, but 4% for weakness and 40% for dizziness/vertigo). There was also wide, superimposed variation by hospital (e.g., missed myocardial infarction 0% to 29% across hospitals within a single study). An estimated 5.7 percent (95% CI 4.4 to 7.1) of all ED visits had at least one diagnostic error. Estimated preventable adverse event rates were as follows: any harm severity (2.0%, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.6), any serious harms (0.3%, PR 0.1 to 0.7), and deaths (0.2%, PR 0.1 to 0.4). While most disease-specific error rates derived from mainly U.S.-based studies, overall error and harm rates were derived from three prospective studies conducted outside the United States (in Canada, Spain, and Switzerland, with combined n=1,758). If overall rates are generalizable to all U.S. ED visits (130 million, 95% CI 116 to 144), this would translate to 7.4 million (PR 5.1 to 10.2) ED diagnostic errors annually; 2.6 million (PR 1.1 to 5.2) diagnostic adverse events with preventable harms; and 371,000 (PR 142,000 to 909,000) serious misdiagnosis-related harms, including more than 100,000 permanent, high-severity disabilities and 250,000 deaths. Although errors were often multifactorial, 89 percent (95% CI 88 to 90) of diagnostic error malpractice claims involved failures of clinical decision-making or judgment, regardless of the underlying disease present. Key process failures were errors in diagnostic assessment, test ordering, and test interpretation. Most often these were attributed to inadequate knowledge, skills, or reasoning, particularly in “atypical” or otherwise subtle case presentations. Limitations included use of malpractice claims and incident reports for distribution of diseases leading to serious harms, reliance on a small number of non-U.S. studies for overall (disease-agnostic) diagnostic error and harm rates, and methodologic variability across studies in measuring disease-specific rates, determining preventability, and assessing causal factors. Conclusions. Although estimated ED error rates are low (and comparable to those found in other clinical settings), the number of patients potentially impacted is large. Not all diagnostic errors or harms are preventable, but wide variability in diagnostic error rates across diseases, symptoms, and hospitals suggests improvement is possible. With 130 million U.S. ED visits, estimated rates for diagnostic error (5.7%), misdiagnosis-related harms (2.0%), and serious misdiagnosis-related harms (0.3%) could translate to more than 7 million errors, 2.5 million harms, and 350,000 patients suffering potentially preventable permanent disability or death. Over two-thirds of serious harms are attributable to just 15 diseases and linked to cognitive errors, particularly in cases with “atypical” manifestations. Scalable solutions to enhance bedside diagnostic processes are needed, and these should target the most commonly misdiagnosed clinical presentations of key diseases causing serious harms. New studies should confirm overall rates are representative of current U.S.-based ED practice and focus on identified evidence gaps (errors among common diseases with lower-severity harms, pediatric ED errors and harms, dynamic systems factors such as overcrowding, and false positives). Policy changes to consider based on this review include: (1) standardizing measurement and research results reporting to maximize comparability of measures of diagnostic error and misdiagnosis-related harms; (2) creating a National Diagnostic Performance Dashboard to track performance; and (3) using multiple policy levers (e.g., research funding, public accountability, payment reforms) to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of solutions to address this critically important patient safety concern.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Honey authenticity: collaborative data sharing feasibility study. Food Standards Agency, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.fbt231.

Full text
Abstract:
According to the UN,1 there are more than 90 million managed beehives around the world producing about 1.9 million tonnes of honey worth more than £5 billion a year. That honey will then be packaged, as single origin or a blend of honey from different sources, and sold for consumption. Given the size of the market and the immense environmental benefits of beekeeping – three out of four crops depend on pollination by bees – it is an industry on which both livelihoods and lives depend. Target for adulteration As a labour-intensive, high-value expensive product with an often complex supply chain, honey is subject to internationally and nationally agreed definitions – and is a target for adulteration. Testing honey is therefore critical, but there is no single universal analytical method available which is capable of detecting all types of adulteration with adequate sensitivity. A variety of methods are used to detect honey adulteration, each test has strengths and weaknesses, and there are issues with interpretation. NMR analysis Testing for honey adulterated with added sugars may be based on analytical techniques using analytical tools, such as those using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This is especially helpful in detecting certain types of adulteration, such as the addition of cane or beet sugars. Bees generally forage on plants that use the same photosynthetic pathway as beet sugars. This makes it difficult for traditional tests based on isotopic differences to provide effective results. The ‘chemical fingerprint’ provided by NMR is specific to the sample that has been tested and can be compared with the fingerprint from other sample results enabling the user to assess consistency. Reference databases Interpretation of results depends on comparison against a reference database of authenticated samples. The reference database needs to be representative of the variation that can occur, which includes differing beekeeping practices, origins, seasonality and variations in climate. Information is also needed on the collection of reference samples, curation of databases, interpretation and reporting of data. The nature of the reference databases is key to understanding how the results have been interpreted. However, these reference databases are owned by and commercially sensitive for the testing laboratories that have developed them. How can such data be shared in a trustworthy way between key stakeholders along the honey and analytical supply chain so that all parties can have confidence in honey authenticity test results? This research is looking into the implications of these hidden databases, especially in terms of the trust related to the validation certificates and the value that they have in the honey supply chain.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Variation of interpretation of verbs' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography