Relevant bibliographies by topics / Variation (Genetics)

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Variation (Genetics)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Variation (Genetics)"

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Bedge, Kiran, and Pratima Salunkhe. "Population Genetics : A Review." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 11, no. 2 (April 20, 2024): 746–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst24112109.

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Genetics is the study of genes and genetic variations alongwith the hereditary characteristics of an organism. Genetics is a central pillar of biology. It overlaps with other areas, such as: Agriculture, Medicine, Biotechnology. Genetics involves studying: Gene structure and function Gene variation and changes How genes affect health, appearance, and personality. Population genetics studies genetic variation within and among populations, based on the Hardy-Weinberg law, which remains constant in large populations with random mating and minimal mutation, selection, and migration.
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Paaby, Annalise, and Greg Gibson. "Cryptic Genetic Variation in Evolutionary Developmental Genetics." Biology 5, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology5020028.

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Varvio, Sirkka-Liisa, Ranajit Chakraborty, and Masatoshi Nei. "Genetic variation in subdivided populations and conservation genetics." Heredity 57, no. 2 (October 1986): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.109.

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Miyashita, Naohiko, Cathy C. Laurie-Ahlberg, Alan N. Wilton, and Ted H. Emigh. "QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF X CHROMOSOME EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE AND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER." Genetics 113, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/113.2.321.

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ABSTRACT By combining 20 X chromosomes with five autosomal backgrounds, the relative importance of these factors with respect to the activity variations of G6PD and 6PGD in Drosophila melanogaster were investigated. Analysis of variance revealed that there exist significant X chromosome, autosomal background and genetic interaction effects. The effect of the X chromosome was due mainly to the two allozymic forms of each enzyme, but some within-allozyme effects were also detected. From the estimated variance components, it was concluded that the variation attributed to the autosomal background is much larger than the variation attributed to the X chromosome, even when the effect of the allozymes is included. The segregation of the allozymes seems to account for about 10% of the total activity variation of each enzyme. The variation due to the interaction between the X chromosome and the autosomal background is much smaller than variations attributed either to the X chromosome or to the autosomal background. The interaction effect is indicated by the change of the ranking of the X chromosomes for different autosomal backgrounds. Highly significant and positive correlation between G6PD and 6PGD activities was detected. Again, the contribution of the autosomal background to the correlation was much larger than that attributed to the X chromosome.
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Zahn, L. M. "GENETICS: The Variation Within." Science 314, no. 5802 (November 17, 2006): 1050a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.314.5802.1050a.

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Wagner, Günter P. "Evolutionary Genetics: The Nature of Hidden Genetic Variation Unveiled." Current Biology 13, no. 24 (December 2003): R958—R960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2003.11.042.

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Brown, Patrick O., and Leland Hartwell. "Genomics and human disease—variations on variation." Nature Genetics 18, no. 2 (February 1998): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0298-91.

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Barton, N. H. "Pleiotropic models of quantitative variation." Genetics 124, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.3.773.

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Abstract It is widely held that each gene typically affects many characters, and that each character is affected by many genes. Moreover, strong stabilizing selection cannot act on an indefinitely large number of independent traits. This makes it likely that heritable variation in any one trait is maintained as a side effect of polymorphisms which have nothing to do with selection on that trait. This paper examines the idea that variation is maintained as the pleiotropic side effect of either deleterious mutation, or balancing selection. If mutation is responsible, it must produce alleles which are only mildly deleterious (s approximately 10(-3)), but nevertheless have significant effects on the trait. Balancing selection can readily maintain high heritabilities; however, selection must be spread over many weakly selected polymorphisms if large responses to artificial selection are to be possible. In both classes of pleiotropic model, extreme phenotypes are less fit, giving the appearance of stabilizing selection on the trait. However, it is shown that this effect is weak (of the same order as the selection on each gene): the strong stabilizing selection which is often observed is likely to be caused by correlations with a limited number of directly selected traits. Possible experiments for distinguishing the alternatives are discussed.
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Reinhardt, Josie A., Bryan Kolaczkowski, Corbin D. Jones, David J. Begun, and Andrew D. Kern. "Parallel Geographic Variation inDrosophila melanogaster." Genetics 197, no. 1 (March 7, 2014): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.161463.

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Slater, Garett P., Nicholas M. A. Smith, and Brock A. Harpur. "Prospects in Connecting Genetic Variation to Variation in Fertility in Male Bees." Genes 12, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12081251.

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Bees are economically and ecologically important pollinating species. Managed and native bee species face increasing pressures from human-created stressors such as habitat loss, pesticide use, and introduced pathogens. There has been increasing attention towards how each of these factors impacts fertility, especially sperm production and maintenance in males. Here, we turn our attention towards another important factor impacting phenotypic variation: genetics. Using honey bees as a model, we explore the current understanding of how genetic variation within and between populations contributes to variation in sperm production, sperm maintenance, and insemination success among males. We conclude with perspectives and future directions in the study of male fertility in honey bees and non-Apis pollinators more broadly, which still remain largely understudied.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Variation (Genetics)"

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De, Bustos Cecilia. "Genetic and Epigenetic Variation in the Human Genome : Analysis of Phenotypically Normal Individuals and Patients Affected with Brain Tumors." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6629.

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Walker, Tina Kay. "Genetic variation in schistosomes." Thesis, Brunel University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278245.

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Pandya, Arpita. "Human Y-chromosomal DNA variation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298658.

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Keightley, Peter D. "Studies of quantitative genetic variation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12340.

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Loh, Yong-Hwee Eddie. "Genetic variation in fast-evolving East African cichlid fishes: an evolutionary perspective." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41148.

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Cichlid fishes from the East African Rift lakes Victoria, Tanganyika and Malawi represent a preeminent example of replicated and rapid evolutionary radiation. In this single natural system, numerous morphological (eg. jaw and tooth shape, color patterns, visual sensitivity), behavioral (eg. bower-building) and physiological (eg. development, neural patterning) phenotypes have emerged, much akin to a mutagenic screen. This dissertation encompasses three studies that seek to decipher the underpinnings of such rapid evolutionary diversification, investigated via the genetic variation in East African cichlids. We generated a valuable cichlid genomic resource of five low-coverage Lake Malawi cichlid genomes, from which the general properties of the genome were characterized. Nucleotide diversity of Malawi cichlids was low at 0.26%, and a sample genotyping study found that biallelic polymorphisms segregate widely throughout the Malawi species flock, making each species a mosaic of ancestrally polymorphic genomes. A second genotyping study expanded our evolutionary analysis to cover the entire East African cichlid radiation, where we found that more than 40% of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were ancestral polymorphisms shared across multiple lakes. Bayesian analysis of genetic structure in the data supported the hypothesis that riverine species had contributed significantly to the genomes of Malawi cichlids and that Lake Malawi cichlids are not monophyletic. Both genotyping studies also identified interesting loci involved in important sensory as well as developmental pathways that were well differentiated between species and lineages. We also investigated cichlid genetic variation in relation to the evolution of microRNA regulation, and found that divergent selection on miRNA target sites may have led to differential gene expression, which contributed to the diversification of cichlid species. Overall, the patterns of cichlid genetic variation seem to be dominated by the phenomena of extensive sharing of ancestral polymorphisms. We thus believe that standing genetic variation in the form of ancestrally inherited polymorphisms, as opposed to variations arising from new mutations, provides much of the genetic diversity on which selection acts, allowing for the rapid and repeated adaptive radiation of East African cichlids.
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Gunn, Melissa Rose School of Biological Earth &amp Environmental Science UNSW. "The use of microsatellites as a surrogate for quantitative trait variation in conservation." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22457.

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Conservation biologists are interested in maintaining genetic variation in small populations, with a view to maintaining fitness and the ability of the species to adapt to changing environmental conditions. The most important type of genetic variation is therefore that which affects fitness and reproduction, and is therefore subject to natural selection. Such fitness traits are often quantitative, i.e. are the result of a suite of loci, and are continuously variable. Microsatellite markers are a popular method of determining the level of variation present in a species??? genome. The assumption is made that microsatellites, which are neutral markers, behave in the same manner as quantitative traits. If this assumption were proved incorrect, then the use of neutral markers in conservation monitoring would have to be re-evaluated. In this study, experiments have been conducted using Drosophila melanogaster to test the assumption that variation in quantitative traits under stabilising selection declines at the same rate as heterozygosity in microsatellite markers, during a population bottleneck. Experimental population bottlenecks were of two effective population sizes (Ne), Ne=2 for one generation and Ne=60 for 35 generations. Based on the effective population size, we expected both types of bottlenecks to lose 25% of neutral genetic variation. Ten replicates of each bottleneck were maintained, along with four large control populations with Ne=320. In each population, heterozygosity (He) for eight microsatellite loci was compared with the heritability and additive genetic variance of two quantitative traits subject to balancing selection: fecundity and sternopleural bristle number. Microsatellite heterozygosity decreased in accordance with neutral predictions, whereas additive genetic variation in quantitative traits altered more than expected in both large and in bottlenecked populations relative to the initial sampling values, indicating that variation in quantitative traits was not being lost at the same rate as predicted by neutral theory. For most traits, the changes in additive genetic variance were congruent in all populations, large or bottlenecked. This congruence suggests that a common process was affecting all populations, such as adaptation. A mite infestation in early generations is a possible source of selective pressure. When bottlenecked populations were compared to the contemporaneous large populations (Ne = 320), the additive genetic variance of most traits was seen to have been lost in accordance with predictions from the loss of microsatellite heterozygosity. Loss of variation in microsatellites can thus be used to predict the loss of variation in quantitative traits due to bottlenecks, but not to predict the potentially much larger changes due to other processes such as adaptation. The effects of concurrent environmental stress and reduced population size were also evaluated. Endangered populations are often subject to environmental stress in addition to reduced population size, but the effect of stress on the additive genetic variance of fitness traits in organisms undergoing population bottlenecks is unknown. If the presence of stress alters the level of additive genetic variance in fitness traits, the viability of such populations could be substantially affected. The loss of microsatellite heterozygosity was not affected by the presence of a stress agent during a bottleneck. I found some significant effects of stress on the additive genetic variance of sternopleural bristles and fecundity; there was also a significant interaction between stress and the response to directional selection in sternopleural bristles. There was also an increase in the coefficient of variation of VA for sternopleural bristles. Stress may therefore affect the manner in which populations respond to selective pressures.
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Roussos, Athanasios. "Morphological variation, population genetics and genetic relatedness in three species of Callopora." Thesis, Swansea University, 2007. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42590.

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The genus Callopora is typical of a very large number of encrusting neocheilostomate genera and can be used to demonstrate the range of autozooid morphology seen in the group. Morphometric analyses of zooid length (ZL), zooid width (ZW), ovicell length (OL) and ovicell width (OW) were conducted in order to study morphological variation in different populations of Callopora dumerilii, Callopora lineata and CaUopora rylandi and to partition the morphological variation within and between sites and colonies for each species using a nested analysis of variance and a principal component analysis approach. In addition, the genetic structure in populations of these three Callopora species using the mitochondrial DNA COI gene was examined to test hypotheses concerning levels of population differentiation and intrapopulation variation. The relationships of mtDNA lineages within and between species was also investigated to clarify the phylogenetic relationships of the three species and to search for possible phylogenetic subdivisions within species. The morphological characters zooid length and zooid width were significantly different between different sites for Callopora lineata and Callopora dumerilii, but not for Callopora rylandi. However, major differences for these two morphological variables appeared in all three species in between colony within site comparisons. When comparing the ovicell length variable between different sites, noteworthy differences appeared only for Callopora rylandi, whereas considerable differences appeared in all three sites for between colonies within site comparisons. On the other hand, non-significant differences appeared for all three species when comparing ovicell width between different sites whereas highly significant differences appeared for between colony within site comparisons. The results of principal component analysis together with the results from nested ANOVA revealed that for factor 1, which defines aspects of the overall size of the zooid, there were significant differences between sites, as well as between colonies within sites for Callopora rylandi. For Callopora dumerilii and Callopora lineata, it appeared that there were no significant differences between different sites whereas there were notable differences between different colonies within sites. For factor 2, which defines aspects of the shape of the organism, there were significant differences between sites as well as between colonies within sites for both Callopora rylandi and Callopora dumerilii, while for Callopora lineata it emerged that there were no significant differences between sites, but there were important differences between colonies within sites. Analysis of the mitochondrial DNA population structure in these three species based on either haplotype frequencies or sequence divergence showed a large percentage of genetic variation within populations and a much smaller percentage of genetic variation among populations. However, for haplotype frequencies the among populations P values were significant for all species whereas when sequence divergence was taken into account only the P value for Callopora rylandi was significant. Overall nucleotide diversity was similar for Callopora dumerilii and Callopora lineata and higher than that of Callopora rylandi, whereas overall haplotype diversity was similar in all three species. Tajima's D and Fu's Fs test statistic appeared more negative in Callopora rylandi than the other species suggesting greater purifying selection or a recent population expansion. Comparisons based on dn/ds ratio suggested purifying selection as well. Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships showed three major lineages which are mixed in all three species. Tests of neutrality in these lineages, which do not correspond to species, also suggested the existence of purifying selection.
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Rudd, Danielle Song. "Genomic copy number variation in schizophrenia." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4739.

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Schizophrenia (OMIM 181500) is an incurable and severe psychiatric disorder comprised of three symptom domains (positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive impairments) with a worldwide prevalence of approximately 1%. There is a substantial amount of evidence demonstrating that schizophrenia has a strong a genetic component. Broad-sense heritability estimates range from 64-80% and first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients have 10-fold increased risk of developing the disorder compared to the general population. It is thought that both single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants (CNVs) contribute to the heritability of schizophrenia. This thesis focuses on the role of CNVs in the etiology of schizophrenia. We performed a genome-wide CNV analysis of 166 schizophrenia patients and 52 psychiatrically healthy controls. In our overall CNV analysis we did not find any significant differences between cases and controls across a variety of CNV categories, nor did we find significant differences when CNVs were partitioned by size (small, medium or large). However, we were the first group to consider small CNVs (< 100-500 kb) in a multiple-hit model where we observed that a slightly higher proportion of case subjects had two-or-more conservative CNVs. We defined a CNV as conservative if it met any of the following three criteria: 1) a known deleterious CNV, 2) a CNV > 1 Mb that was novel to the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) or 3) a CNV < 1 Mb that was novel to the DGV and that overlapped the coding region of a gene of interest. Genes of interest included genes with a previous association with a neuropsychiatric disorder, or genes with high or specific brain expression, or an association with any other neurocognitive or neuropsychiatric disorders. Two of our case subjects who harbored the highest amount of conservative CNVs also shared a 15q11.2 breakpoint 1-2 (BP1-2) deletion which is a compelling candidate risk locus for schizophrenia. We also found that a slightly higher proportion of case subjects harbored clinically significant CNVs (conservative CNVs > 1 Mb or clinically recognized as deleterious) when compared to controls. Additionally, we hypothesized that individuals with more severe CNVs would show more neurocognitive deficits and more pronounced abnormalities in brain structure volume, however, we had largely negative results. We also reported a case of childhood-onset schizophrenia who had three large chromosomal abnormalities including a paternally inherited 2.2 Mb deletion of chromosome 3p12.2-p12.1, a de novo 17.6 Mb duplication of chromosome 16q22.3-q24.3 and a de novo 43 Mb deletion of chromosome Xq23-q28. We were able to confirm previous reports of CNV findings in schizophrenia such as the involvement of large, rare and de novo CNVs. In addition, the work in this thesis leads us to propose a multiple-hit CNV model which requires a shift in the way we currently approach schizophrenia genetics. First, we must identify all CNVs, especially those of smaller size (< 100 kb). Next, we require a more precise understanding of the impact that CNVs have on gene expression, especially in the brain. With all of the right tools in place, we can move towards a disease model for schizophrenia that considers the totality of CNVs in any given individual. We propose that the use of recurrent CNVs such as the 15q11.2 BP1-2 CNV is a good starting point for studying a multiple-hit CNV model.
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Cotsapas, Chris Biotechnology &amp Biomolecular Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "The genetics of variation in gene expression." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30204.

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The majority of genetic differences between species and individuals have been hypothesised to impact on the regulation, rather than the structure, of genes. As the details of genetic variation are uncovered by the various genome sequencing projects, understanding the functional effects on gene regulation will be key to uncovering the molecular mechanisms underying the genesis and inheritance of common phenotypes, such as complex human disease and commercially important traits in plants and animals. Unlike coding sequence polymorphisms, genetic variants affecting gene expression will reside in the transcriptional machinery and its regulatory inputs. As these are largely specific to cell- or tissue-types, we would expect that regulatory variants will also affect final mRNA levels in a tissue specific manner. Genetic variation between individuals may therefore be more complex than the sum total of sequence differences between them. Demonstrating this hypothesis is the main focus of this thesis. We use microarrays to measure mRNA levels of approximately 22,000 transcripts in inbred and recombinant inbred strains of mice, and present compelling evidence that the genetic influences on these levels are tissue-specific in at least 85% of cases. We uncover two loci which apparently influence transcript levels of multiple genes in a tissue-specific manner. We also present evidence that failure of microarray data normalisation may cause spurious linkage of expression phenotypes leading to erroneous biological conclusions, and detail a novel, extensible mathematical framework for performing tailored normalisation which can remove such systematic bias. The wider context of these results is then discussed.
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Bromham, Lindell. "Rate variation in DNA sequence evolution." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339362.

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Books on the topic "Variation (Genetics)"

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W, Konigsberg Lyle, and Relethford John, eds. Human biological variation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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W, Konigsberg Lyle, and Relethford John, eds. Human biological variation. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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ll, Torbjo rn Sa. Genetic variation for recombination in barley. Svalo v: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Crop Genetics and Breeding, 1989.

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W, Fox Charles, and Wolf Jason B, eds. Evolutionary genetics: Concepts and case studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Mielke, James H. Human biological variation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2005.

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Zobel, Bruce. Genetics of wood production. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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Symposium on Phenotypic Variation in Populations: Relevance to Risk Assessment (1986 Brookhaven National Laboratory). Phenotypic variation in populations: Relevance to risk assessment. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.

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Hartl, Daniel L. Principles of populationgenetics. 2nd ed. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, 1989.

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Federico, Innocenti, ed. Pharmacogenomics: Methods and protocols. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2005.

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1933-, Simopoulos Artemis P., Nestel P. J, and International Conference on Genetic Variation and Nutrition (1989 : Washington, D.C.), eds. Genetic variation and dietary response. Basel: Karger, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Variation (Genetics)"

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Twfieg, Mohammed-Elfatih, and M. Dawn Teare. "Molecular Genetics and Genetic Variation." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 3–12. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-416-6_1.

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Schanfield, Moses S., Dragan Primorac, and Damir Marjanović. "Basic Genetics and Human Genetic Variation." In Forensic DNA Applications, 3–44. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429019944-2.

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Britten, Roy J. "Intraspecies Genomic Variation." In Genetics, Development, and Evolution, 289–306. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5137-5_13.

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Neale, David B., and Nicholas C. Wheeler. "Conservation Genetics." In The Conifers: Genomes, Variation and Evolution, 315–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46807-5_13.

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Konigsberg, Lyle W. "Quantitative Variation and Genetics." In Human Biology, 143–73. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118108062.ch5.

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Kelly, P. J., P. N. Sambrook, N. A. Morrison, T. Nguyen, and J. A. Eisman. "Genetics of Osteoporosis." In Genetic Variation and Dietary Response, 126–44. Basel: KARGER, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000059584.

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Roff, Derek A. "The Maintenance of Genetic Variation." In Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics, 339–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4080-9_9.

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Riihimäki, Mona, Robert Podolsky, Helmi Kuittinen, Hans Koelewijn, and Outi Savolainen. "Studying genetics of adaptive variation in model organisms: flowering time variation in Arabidopsis lyrata." In Genetics of Adaptation, 63–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3836-4_7.

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Roff, Derek A. "Sex-Related Effects on Quantitative Variation." In Evolutionary Quantitative Genetics, 241–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4080-9_7.

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Strachan, Tom, and Anneke Lucassen. "Principles of genetic variation." In Genetics and Genomics in Medicine, 77–108. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22853-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Variation (Genetics)"

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Brekke, C., S. E. Johnston, A. B. Gjuvsland, and P. Berg. "194. Variation in patterns of recombination result in genetic variation in intrachromosomal shuffling in the domestic pig." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_194.

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Lutze, Margaret, Nancy J. Cox, Vivianne C. Smith, and Joel Pokorny. "Genetics of Rayleigh matches and photometric matches in normals." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1988.mz3.

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At the 1988 ARVO meeting we presented Rayleigh match midpoint and photometric match data collected from a population of nonrelated males and from family members. Photometric matches between a 667- and 551-nm stimulus were obtained using heterochromatic modulation photometry (HMP). We employed statistical methods to determine whether the source of variation for each of these traits was due to allelic variation at a single gene locus, variation at multiple loci (polygenic), or environmental factors. Results indicated that variations in Rayleigh match midpoints and HMP photometric matches in observers with normal color vision were each consistent with allelic variation at a single gene locus.
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van der Sluis, M., L. Asher, T. B. Rodenburg, Y. de Haas, B. de Klerk, and E. D. Ellen. "115. Entropy of broiler activity: individual variation and consistency." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_115.

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Rochus, C. M., B. J. Wood, and C. F. Baes. "592. Variation in male autosomal recombination in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_592.

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"353. iVPSV: an intuitive visualisation platform for structural variation data." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_353.

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"Polyphenolics compound variation in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) germplasm and establish a core collection." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-101.

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Bhika Kooverjee, B., P. Soma, F. W. C. Neser, M. A. van der Nest, and M. M. Scholtz. "527. Copy number variation analysis in Nguni and Bonsmara crossbred cattle." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_527.

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Bunning, H., and E. Wall. "44. Genetic variation in resilience to climate effects on beef carcass traits." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_44.

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Reimer, C., S. Weigend, J. Geibel, and T. Pook. "249. Genetic rescue of small populations in the presence of deleterious variation." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_249.

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"Genetic variation of water caltrop (Trapa L.) in several Russian populations." In Current Challenges in Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/icg-plantgen2019-12.

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Reports on the topic "Variation (Genetics)"

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Smith, Richard. Xylem monoterpenes of pines: distribution, variation, genetics, function. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-177.

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Kohrn, Brendan. An Efficient Pipeline for Assaying Whole-Genome Plastid Variation for Population Genetics and Phylogeography. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5891.

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Cahaner, Avigdor, Susan J. Lamont, E. Dan Heller, and Jossi Hillel. Molecular Genetic Dissection of Complex Immunocompetence Traits in Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586461.bard.

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Objectives: (1) Evaluate Immunocompetence-OTL-containing Chromosomal Regions (ICRs), marked by microsatellites or candidate genes, for magnitude of direct effect and for contribution to relationships among multiple immunocompetence, disease-resistance, and growth traits, in order to estimate epistatic and pleiotropic effects and to predict the potential breeding applications of such markers. (2) Evaluate the interaction of the ICRs with genetic backgrounds from multiple sources and of multiple levels of genetic variation, in order to predict the general applicability of molecular genetic markers across widely varied populations. Background: Diseases cause substantial economic losses to animal producers. Emerging pathogens, vaccine failures and intense management systems increase the impact of diseases on animal production. Moreover, zoonotic pathogens are a threat to human food safety when microbiological contamination of animal products occurs. Consumers are increasingly concerned about drug residues and antibiotic- resistant pathogens derived from animal products. The project used contemporary scientific technologies to investigate the genetics of chicken resistance to infectious disease. Genetic enhancement of the innate resistance of chicken populations provides a sustainable and ecologically sound approach to reduce microbial loads in agricultural populations. In turn, animals will be produced more efficiently with less need for drug treatment and will pose less of a potential food-safety hazard. Major achievements, conclusions and implications:. The PI and co-PIs had developed a refined research plan, aiming at the original but more focused objectives, that could be well-accomplished with the reduced awarded support. The successful conduct of that research over the past four years has yielded substantial new information about the genes and genetic markers that are associated with response to two important poultry pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli (EC), about variation of immunocompetence genes in poultry, about relationships of traits of immune response and production, and about interaction of genes with environment and with other genes and genetic background. The current BARD work has generated a base of knowledge and expertise regarding the genetic variation underlying the traits of immunocompetence and disease resistance. In addition, unique genetic resource populations of chickens have been established in the course of the current project, and they are essential for continued projects. The US laboratory has made considerable progress in studies of the genetics of resistance to SE. Microsatellite-marked chromosomal regions and several specific genes were linked to SE vaccine response or bacterial burden and the important phenomenon of gene interaction was identified in this system. In total, these studies demonstrate the role of genetics in SE response, the utility of the existing resource population, and the expertise of the research group in conducting such experiments. The Israeli laboratories had showed that the lines developed by selection for high or low level of antibody (Ab) response to EC differ similarly in Ab response to several other viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the existence of a genetic control of general capacity of Ab response in young broilers. It was also found that the 10w-Ab line has developed, possibly via compensatory "natural" selection, higher cellular immune response. At the DNA levels, markers supposedly linked to immune response were identified, as well as SNP in the MHC, a candidate gene responsible for genetic differences in immunocompetence of chickens.
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Blum, Abraham, Henry T. Nguyen, and N. Y. Klueva. The Genetics of Heat Shock Proteins in Wheat in Relation to Heat Tolerance and Yield. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568105.bard.

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Fifty six diverse spring wheat cultivars were evaluated for genetic variation and heritability for thermotolerance in terms of cell-membrane stability (CMS) and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction. The most divergent cultivars for thermotolerance (Danbata-tolerant and Nacozari-susceptible) were crossed to develop an F8 random onbred line (RIL) population. This population was evaluated for co-segragation in CMS, yield under heat stress and HSP accumulation. Further studies of thermotolerance in relations to HSP and the expression of heterosis for growth under heat stress were performed with F1 hybrids of wheat and their parental cultivars. CMS in 95 RILs ranged from 76.5% to 22.4% with 71.5% and 31.3% in Danbata and Nacozari, respectively. The population segregated with a normal distribution across the full range of the parental values. Yield and biomass under non-stress conditions during the normal winter season at Bet Dagan dit not differ between the two parental cultivar, but the range of segregation for these traits in 138 RILs was very high and distinctly transgressive with a CV of 35.3% and 42.4% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. Mean biomass and yield of the population was reduced about twofold when grown under the hot summer conditions (irrigated) at Bet Dagan. Segregation for biomass and yield was decreased relative to the normal winter conditions with CV of 20.2% and 23.3% among lines for biomass and yield, respectively. However, contrary to non-stress conditions, the parental cultivars differed about twofold in biomass and yield under heat stress and the population segregated with normal distribution across the full range of this difference. CMS was highly and positively correlated across 79 RILs with biomass (r=0.62**) and yield (r=0.58**) under heat stress. No such correlation was obtained under the normal winter conditions. All RILs expressed a set of HSPs under heat shock (37oC for 2 h). No variation was detected among RILs in high molecular weight HSP isoforms and they were similar to the patterns of the parental cultivars. There was a surprisingly low variability in low molecular weight HSP isoforms. Only one low molecular weight and Nacozari-specific HSP isoform (belonging to HSP 16.9 family) appeared to segregate among all RILs, but it was not quantitatively correlated with any parameter of plant production under heat stress or with CMS in this population. It is concluded that this Danbata/Nacozari F8 RIL population co-segregated well for thermotolerance and yield under heat stress and that CMS could predict the relative productivity of lines under chronic heat stress. Regretfully this population did not express meaningful variability for HSP accumulation under heat shock and therefore no role could be seen for HSP in the heat tolerance of this population. In the study of seven F1 hybrids and their parent cultivars it was found that heterosis (superiority of the F1 over the best parent) for CMs was generally lower than that for growth under heat stress. Hybrids varied in the rate of heterosis for growth at normal (15o/25o) and at high (25o/35o) temperatures. In certain hybrids heterosis for growth significantly increased at high temperature as compared with normal temperature, suggesting temperature-dependent heterosis. Generally, under normal temperature, only limited qualitative variation was detected in the patterns of protein synthesis in four wheat hybrids and their parents. However, a singular protein (C47/5.88) was specifically expressed only in the most heterotic hybrid at normal temperature but not in its parent cultivars. Parental cultivars were significantly different in the sets of synthesized HSP at 37o. No qualitative changes in the patterns of protein expression under heat stress were correlated with heterosis. However, a quantitative increase in certain low molecular weight HSP (mainly H14/5.5 and H14.5.6, belonging to the HSP16.9 family) was positively associated with greater heterosis for growth at high temperature. None of these proteins were correlated with CMS across hybrids. These results support the concept of temperature-dependent heterosis for growth and a possible role for HSP 16.9 family in this respect. Finally, when all experiments are viewed together, it is encouraging to find that genetic variation in wheat yield under chronic heat stress is associated with and well predicted by CMS as an assay of thermotolerance. On the other hand the results for HSP are elusive. While very low genetic variation was expressed for HSP in the RIL population, a unique low molecular weight HSP (of the HSP 16.9 family) could be associated with temperature dependant heterosis for growth.
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Paran, Ilan, and Molly Jahn. Genetics and comparative molecular mapping of biochemical and morphological fruit characters in Capsicum. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586545.bard.

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Original objectives: The overall goal of our work was to gain information regarding the genetic and molecular control of pathways leading to the production of secondary metabolites determining major fruit quality traits in pepper and to develop tools based on this information to assist in crop improvement. The specific objectives were to: (1) Generate a molecular map of pepper based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. (2) Map QTL for capsaicinoid (pungency) content (3) Determine possible association between capsaicinoid and carotenoid content and structural genes for capsaicinoid and carotenoid biosynthesis. (4) Map QTL for quantitative traits controlling additional fruit traits. (5) Map fruit-specific ESTs and determine possible association with fruit QTL (6) Map the C locus that determines the presence and absence of capsaicinoid in pepper fruit and identify candidate genes for C.locus. Background: Pungency, color, fruit shape and fruit size are among the most important fruit quality characteristics of pepper. Despite the importance of the pepper crop both in the USA and Israel, the genetic basis of these traits was poorly understood prior to the studies conducted in the present proposal. In addition, molecular tools for use in pepper improvement were lacking. Major conclusions and achievements: Our studies enabled the development of a saturated genetic map of pepper that includes numerous SSR markers. This map has been integrated with a number of other independent maps resulting in the publication of a single resource map consisting of more than 2000 markers. Unlike previous maps based primarily on tomato-originated RFLP markers, the new maps are based on PCR markers that originate in Capsicum providing a comprehensive and versatile resource for marker-assisted selection in pepper. We determined the genetic and molecular bases of qualitative and quantitative variation of pungency, a character unique to pepper fruit. We mapped and subsequently cloned the Pun1 gene that serves as a master regulatoar for capsaicinoid accumulation and showed that it is an acyltransferase. By sequencing the Pun1 gene in pungent and non-pungent cultivars we identified a deletion that abolishes the expression of the gene in the latter cultivars. We also identified QTL that control capsaicinoid content and therefore pungency level. These genes will allow pepper breeders to manipulate the level of pungency for specific agricultural and industrial purposes. In addition to pungency we identified genes and QTL that control other key developmental processes of fruit development such as color, texture and fruit shape. The A gene controlling anthocyanin accumulation in the immature fruit was found as the ortholog of the petunia transcription factor Anthocyanin2. The S gene required for the soft flesh and deciduous fruit nature typical of wild peppers was identified as the ortholog of tomato polygalacturonase. We identified two major QTL controlling fruit shape, fs3.1 and fs10.1, that differentiate elongated and blocky and round fruit shapes, respectively. Scientific and agricultural implications: Our studies allowed significant advances in our understanding of important processes of pepper fruit development including the isolation and characterization of several well known genes. These results also provided the basis for the development of molecular tools that can be implemented for pepper improvement. A total of eleven refereed publications have resulted from this work, and several more are in preparation.
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Van Haverbeke, David F., and Rudy M. King. Genetic variation in Great Plains Juniperus. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rm-rp-292.

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Kammenga, J. E. Hidden genetic variation : From recognition to acknowledgement of genetic individuality. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/409705.

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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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Phipps, Troy J. SRD5A1 Genetic Variation and Prostate Cancer Epidemiology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441326.

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Ayala, F. J. Genetic variation in resistance to ionizing radiation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6331129.

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