Journal articles: 'Variable geometry turbocharger'

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Wang, Zhihui, Chaochen Ma, Zhi Huang, Liyong Huang, Xiang Liu, and Zhihong Wang. "A novel variable geometry turbine achieved by elastically restrained nozzle guide vanes." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 9 (April 8, 2020): 2312–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020909662.

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Variable geometry turbocharging is one of the most significant matching methods between turbocharger and engine, and has been proven to provide air boost for entire engine speed range as well as to reduce turbo-lag. An elastically constrained device designed for a novel variable geometry turbocharger was presented in this paper. The design of the device is based on the nozzle vane’s self-adaptation under interactions of the elastic force by elastically restrained guide vane and the aerodynamic force from flowing gas. The vane rotation mechanism of the novel variable geometry turbocharger is different from regular commercial variable geometry turbocharger systems, which is achieved by an active control system (e.g. actuator). To predict the aerodynamic performance of the novel variable geometry turbocharger, the flow field of the turbine was simulated using transient computational fluid dynamics software combined with a fluid–structure interaction method. The results show that the function of elastically constrained device has similar effectiveness as the traditional variable geometry turbocharger. In addition, the efficiency of the novel variable geometry turbocharger is improved at most operating conditions. Furthermore, a turbocharged diesel engine was created using the AVL BOOST software to evaluate the benefits of the new variable geometry turbocharger. The proposed novel variable geometry turbocharger can effectively improve the engine performance at mid-high speeds, such that the maximum decrease of brake-specific fuel consumption reaches 17.91% under 100% load and 3600 r/min engine condition. However, the engine power and brake-specific fuel consumption decrease significantly at low engine speed conditions, and the decrease is more than 26% under 1000 r/min.

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Tang, Huayin, Colin Copeland, Sam Akehurst, Chris Brace, Peter Davies, Ludek Pohorelsky, Les Smith, and Geoff Capon. "A novel predictive semi-physical feed-forward turbocharging system transient control strategy based on mean-value turbocharger model." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 8 (October 7, 2016): 765–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416670052.

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Variable geometry turbine is a technology that has been proven on diesel engines. However, despite the potential to further improve gasoline engines’ fuel economy and transient response using variable geometry turbine, controlling the variable geometry turbine during transients is challenging due to its highly non-linear behaviours especially on gasoline applications. After comparing three potential turbocharger transient control strategies, the one that predicts the turbine performances for a range of possible variable geometry turbine settings in advance was developed and validated using a high-fidelity engine model. The proposed control strategy is able to capture the complex transient behaviours and achieve the optimum variable geometry turbine trajectories. This improved the turbocharger response time by more than 14% compared with a conventional proportional–integral–derivative controller, which cannot achieve target turbocharge speed in all cases. Furthermore, the calibration effort required can be significantly reduced, offering significant benefits for powertrain developers. It is expected that the structure of this transient control strategy can also be applied to complex air-path systems.

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Zeng, Tao, and Guoming G. Zhu. "Control-oriented turbine power model for a variable-geometry turbocharger." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 4 (May 14, 2017): 466–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017702996.

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A control-oriented model for the variable-geometry turbocharger is critical for model-based variable-geometry turbocharger control design. Typically, the variable-geometry turbocharger turbine power is modeled with a fixed mechanical efficiency of the turbocharger on the assumption of an isentropic process. The fixed-efficiency approach is an oversimplification and may lead to modeling errors because of an overpredicted or underpredicted compressor power. This leads to the use of lookup-table-based approaches for defining the mechanical efficiency of the turbocharger. Unfortunately, since the vane position of a variable-geometry turbocharger introduces a third dimension into these maps, real-time implementation requires three-dimensional interpolations with increased complexity. Map-based approaches offer greater fidelity in comparison with the fixed-efficiency approach but may introduce additional errors due to interpolation between the maps and extrapolation to extend the operational range outside the map. Interpolation errors can be managed by using dense maps with extensive flow bench testing; smooth extrapolation is necessary when the turbine is operated outside the mapped region, e.g. in low-flow and low-speed conditions. Extending the map to this region requires very precise flow control and measurement using a motor-driven compressor, which currently is not a standard test procedure. In this paper, a physics-based control-oriented model of the turbine power and the associated power loss is proposed and developed, where the turbine efficiency is modeled as a function of both the vane position of the variable-geometry turbocharger and the speed of the turbine shaft. As a result, the proposed model eliminates the interpolation errors with smooth extension to operational conditions outside typically mapped regions.

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Lei, Jie, Yan Song Wang, and Hong Juan Ren. "CFD Simulation of Volute of Variable Geometry Turbocharger." Advanced Materials Research 532-533 (June 2012): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.532-533.287.

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To study the Volute of Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT) flow field and the possibility of providing the basis theory for control strategy and matching with engine, in this paper, a method is presented. The 3D viscous compressible flow in the model of volute and the vanes is simulated by CFD using FVM (Finite Volume Method). And taking some VGT as an example, the simulation is carried out. The result shows that the method can display the distribution of pressure and velocity in the model clearly. The zone and the reasons resulting in loss will be found after analyzing the results, and then the turbocharger can be optimized and redesigned purposeful to reduce the losses resulted from improper figure. The distribution of pressure and velocity at open and close vanes will be found after analyzing the results, and the basis theory for VGT control strategy and matching with engine can be provided.

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Cheng, Li, Pavlos Dimitriou, William Wang, Jun Peng, and Abdel Aitouche. "A novel fuzzy logic variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation control scheme for optimizing the performance and emissions of a diesel engine." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 8 (October 31, 2018): 1298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418809261.

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Variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation valves are widely installed on diesel engines to allow optimized control of intake air mass flow and exhaust gas recirculation ratio. The positions of variable geometry turbocharger vanes and exhaust gas recirculation valve are predominantly regulated by dual-loop proportional–integral–derivative controllers to achieve predefined set-points of intake air pressure and exhaust gas recirculation mass flow. The set-points are determined by extensive mapping of the intake air pressure and exhaust gas recirculation mass flow against various engine speeds and loads concerning engine performance and emissions. However, due to the inherent nonlinearities of diesel engines and the strong interferences between variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation, an extensive map of gains for the P, I, and D terms of the proportional–integral–derivative controllers is required to achieve desired control performance. The present simulation study proposes a novel fuzzy logic control scheme to determine appropriate positions of variable geometry turbocharger vanes and exhaust gas recirculation valve in real-time. Once determined, the actual positions of the vanes and valve are regulated by two local proportional–integral–derivative controllers. The fuzzy logic control rules are derived based on an understanding of the interactions among the variable geometry turbocharger, exhaust gas recirculation, and diesel engine. The results obtained from an experimentally validated one-dimensional transient diesel engine model showed that the proposed fuzzy logic control scheme is capable of efficiently optimizing variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation positions under transient engine operating conditions in real-time. Compared to the baseline proportional–integral–derivative controllers approach, both engine’s efficiency and total turbo efficiency have been improved by the proposed fuzzy logic control scheme while NOx and soot emissions have been significantly reduced by 34% and 82%, respectively.

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Wang, Zhihui, Chaochen Ma, Hang Zhang, and Fei Zhu. "A novel pulse-adaption flow control method for a turbocharger turbine: Elastically restrained guide vane." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 13 (March 2, 2020): 2581–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220908623.

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A turbocharger is a key enabler for energy conservation in an internal combustion engine. The turbine in a turbocharger is fed by highly pulsating gas flow due to the reciprocating engine, resulting in significant deterioration of the turbocharger performance. To solve this problem, a novel pulse-optimized regulation mechanism named ‘elastically restrained guide vane’ for a novel variable geometry turbocharger is proposed in this paper. The new mechanism regulates the instantaneous flow angle at turbine inlet due to guide vane's self-adaptive rotation under interactions of the elastic force by elastically restrained guide vane and the aerodynamic force from flowing gas, which is different from the traditional variable geometry turbocharger that is achieved by an active control system (e.g. actuator). To investigate the effectiveness of the novel method, a double-passage computational fluid dynamics model is built in ANSYS CFX software combined with a fluid-structure interaction method. The results demonstrate that the pulse-adaptive regulation method can effectively adjust the nozzle opening according to the different pulsating pressures at turbine inlet. Subsequently, based on the calibrated models, the numerical simulation concentrates on the potential gain in turbine eventual power output and the exhaust energy recover as well as the corresponding effects on efficiency as a result of operating the turbocharger in its elastically restrained guide vane mode compared to its operation as a conventional variable geometry turbocharger.

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Gabriel, Holger, Stefan Jacob, Uwe Münkel, Helmut Rodenhäuser, and Hans-Peter Schmalzl. "The turbocharger with variable turbine geometry for gasoline engines." MTZ worldwide 68, no. 2 (February 2007): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03226804.

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Dambrosio, L., G. Pascazio, and B. Fortunato. "Fuzzy logic controller applied to a variable geometry turbine turbocharger." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x35008.

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This paper provides an adaptive technique for the control of a variable geometry turbine (VGT) in a turbocharged compression ignition engine. The adaptive control is based on a fuzzy logic control scheme and a least-squares parameter estimator algorithm. In order to test the performance of the proposed control technique, a numerical model of the engine has been used, which employs a thermodynamic (zero-dimensional) approach. The paper will show that the fuzzy logic control technique is able to take into account the non-linearity of the controlled system and to reject white noise affecting the measurement chain.

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Bahiuddin, Irfan, Saiful Amri Mazlan, Fitrian Imaduddin, and Ubaidillah. "A new control-oriented transient model of variable geometry turbocharger." Energy 125 (April 2017): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.123.

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10

Pesiridis, Apostolos, and Ricardo F. Martinez-Botas. "Experimental Evaluation of Active Flow Control Mixed-Flow Turbine for Automotive Turbocharger Application." Journal of Turbomachinery 129, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2372778.

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In the current paper we introduce an innovative new concept in turbochargers—that of using active control at the turbine inlet with the aim of harnessing the highly dynamic exhaust gas pulse energy emanating at high frequency from an internal combustion engine, in order to increase the engine power output and reduce its exhaust emissions. Driven by the need to comply to increasingly strict emissions regulations as well as continually striving for better overall performance, the active control turbocharger is intended to provide a significant improvement over the current state of the art in turbocharging: the Variable Geometry Turbocharger (VGT). The technology consists of a system and method of operation, which regulate the inlet area to a turbocharger inlet, according to each period of engine exhaust gas pulse pressure fluctuation, thereby actively adapting to the characteristics of the high frequency, highly dynamic flow, thus taking advantage of the highly dynamic energy levels existent through each pulse, which the current systems do not take advantage of. In the Active (Flow) Control Turbocharger (ACT) the nozzle is able to adjust the inlet area at the throat of the turbine inlet casing through optimum amplitudes, at variable out-of-phase conditions and at the same frequency as that of the incoming exhaust stream pulses. Thus, the ACT makes better use of the exhaust gas energy of the engine than a conventional VGT. The technology addresses, therefore, for the first time the fundamental problem of the poor generic engine-turbocharger match, since all current state of the art systems in turbocharging are still passive receivers of this highly dynamic flow without being able to provide optimum turbine inlet geometry through each exhaust gas pulse period. The numerical simulation and experimental work presented in this paper concentrates on the potential gain in turbine expansion ratio and eventual power output as well as the corresponding effects on efficiency as a result of operating the turbocharger in its active control mode compared to its operation as a standard VGT.

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Rajamani, R. "Control of a variable-geometry turbocharged and wastegated diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 219, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705x34964.

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This paper addresses the problem of controlling a turbocharged diesel engine so as to minimize NOx and smoke emissions while ensuring that the driver's torque demands are met. A diesel engine equipped with a variable-geometry turbocharger (VGT) and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve is considered. The technical challenges in the control design task include the multivariable non-linear dynamics of the system and the unavailability of key states for feedback. A control strategy based on non-linear control synthesis is developed and shown accurately to control the air-fuel ratio (AFR) and the burned gas fraction in the intake manifold, F1, to desired values in the presence of changing operating conditions. The variables F1 and AFR are shown to be crucial for feedback. Since neither of these variables can be measured, an observer based on flow and pressure sensor measurements is developed for their real-time estimation. Lyapunov theory is used to show that the developed observer is asymptotically stable. Simulation results confirm the performance of the observer and the observer-based feedback controller. The importance of the developed observer extends beyond the application discussed in this paper. It could be useful for a wide variety of different control and diagnostic applications in diesel engines.

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12

Ramesh, K., BVSSS Prasad, and K. Sridhara. "A comparative study of the performance of the mixed flow and radial flow variable geometry turbines for an automotive turbocharger." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 8 (September 10, 2018): 2696–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218796043.

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A new design of a mixed flow variable geometry turbine is developed for the turbocharger used in diesel engines having the cylinder capacity from 1.0 to 1.5 L. An equivalent size radial flow variable geometry turbine is considered as the reference for the purpose of bench-marking. For both the radial and mixed flow turbines, turbocharger components are manufactured and a test rig is developed with them to carry out performance analysis. Steady-state turbine experiments are conducted with various openings of the nozzle vanes, turbine speeds, and expansion ratios. Typical performance parameters like turbine mass flow parameter, combined turbine efficiency, velocity ratio, and specific speed are compared for both mixed flow variable geometry turbine and radial flow variable geometry turbine. The typical value of combined turbine efficiency (defined as the product of isentropic efficiency and the mechanical efficiency) of the mixed flow variable geometry turbine is found to be about 25% higher than the radial flow variable geometry turbine at the same mass flow parameter of 1425 kg/s √K/bar m2 at an expansion ratio of 1.5. The velocity ratios at which the maximum combined turbine efficiency occurs are 0.78 and 0.825 for the mixed flow variable geometry turbine and radial flow variable geometry turbine, respectively. The values of turbine specific speed for the mixed flow variable geometry turbine and radial flow variable geometry turbine respectively are 0.88 and 0.73.

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Pesiridis, Apostolos, Botev Vassil, Muhammad Padzillah, and Ricardo Martinez-Botas. "A Comparison of flow control devices for variable geometry turbocharger application." International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 3, no. 1 (April 3, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.84934.

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Rajoo, Srithar, Alessandro Romagnoli, and Ricardo F. Martinez-Botas. "Unsteady performance analysis of a twin-entry variable geometry turbocharger turbine." Energy 38, no. 1 (February 2012): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.12.017.

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15

Whitfield, A., and A. J. Sutton. "The Effect of Vaneless Diffuser Geometry on the Surge Margin of Turbocharger Compressors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 203, no. 2 (April 1989): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_154_02.

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A study into the effect of two methods of changing the geometry of a vaneless diffuser on the performance of the compressor of a road haulage diesel engine turbocharger is described. The development of compressor variable geometry will enable the full potential of variable geometry turbines to be realized. This will give a more flexible power unit which will provide, for example, better low-speed torque and hence a smaller gearbox, and shorter journey times or larger payloads than are currently the practice. The disadvantages are added complexity and cost in the relatively simple turbocharger, and the need for an engine management system. The latter is currently being implemented on many vehicles to meet tight emissions regulations in Europe and elsewhere, and is thus not a drawback limited to variable geometry turbocharging. A compressor test facility, including appropriate instrumentation and a computer-based data-acquisition system, was constructed with the specific aim of investigating the unstable flow regime prior to and including surge. Alternative fixed vaneless diffuser geometries were designed to simulate a variable geometry diffuser which could be achieved through a flexing diffuser wall and a sliding throttle ring. Both the converging wall and throttle ring arrangement moved the peak pressure ratio to lower flowrates, and at the near surge flowrates (where the device would be introduced, when operating in a variable geometry mode) improvements in both pressure ratio and efficiency are shown. While the converging wall concept exhibited slightly better aerodynamic performance than the throttle ring, it has implementation difficulties with respect to material integrity under continuous flexing when developed to a fully variable geometry device. The simplicity of the sliding throttle ring makes it a more viable proposition. Prototype variable geometry (VG) devices have been constructed with a view to further rig and engine testing.

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Tian, Feng, Guo Feng Ren, Bin Yan, Guo Qiang Ao, and Lin Yang. "Optimization of Hybrid Turbocharger Applied on Common Rail Diesel Engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.84.

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Turbocharger is an effective technique to achieve higher thermal efficiency reduced emissions. And hybrid turbocharger is proven to be a promising technique to eliminate the well-known 'turbo-lag' effect of the turbocharger. In this paper, a global optimization of hybrid turbocharger technique with variable geometry turbine and exhaust gas recirculation was carried out. The diesel engine was modeled by GT-SUITE software, which is a 1D simulation environment. Moreover, a dynamic programming based optimizer, which was developed in Simulink, was integrated with the diesel engine model. Simulations results show that the optimized parameters can improve the engine fuel economy significantly under Chinese typical urban driving cycle.

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Feneley, Adam J., Apostolos Pesiridis, and Amin Mahmoudzadeh Andwari. "Variable Geometry Turbocharger Technologies for Exhaust Energy Recovery and Boosting‐A Review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 71 (May 2017): 959–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.125.

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Wöhr, Michael, Elias Chebli, Markus Müller, Hans Zellbeck, Johannes Leweux, and Andreas Gorbach. "Development of a turbocharger compressor with variable geometry for heavy-duty engines." International Journal of Engine Research 16, no. 1 (December 17, 2014): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087414562457.

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19

Thomas, Anand Mammen, Jensen Samuel J., Paul Pramod M., A. Ramesh, R. Murugesan, and A. Kumarasamy. "Simulation of a Diesel Engine with Variable Geometry Turbocharger and Parametric Study of Variable Vane Position on Engine Performance." Defence Science Journal 67, no. 4 (June 30, 2017): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.11451.

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Modelling of a turbocharger is of interest to the engine designer as the work developed by the turbine can be used to drive a compressor coupled to it. This positively influences charge air density and engine power to weight ratio. Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) additionally has a controllable nozzle ring which is normally electro-pneumatically actuated. This additional degree of freedom offers efficient matching of the effective turbine area for a wide range of engine mass flow rates. Closing of the nozzle ring (vanes tangential to rotor) result in more turbine work and deliver higher boost pressure but it also increases the back pressure on the engine induced by reduced turbine effective area. This adversely affects the net engine torque as the pumping work required increases. Hence, the optimum vane position for a given engine operating point is to be found through simulations or experimentation. A thermodynamic simulation model of a 2.2l 4 cylinder diesel engine was developed for investigation of different control strategies. Model features map based performance prediction of the VGT. Performance of the engine was simulated for steady state operation and validated with experimentation. The results of the parametric study of VGT’s vane position on the engine performance are discussed.

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DANILECKI, Krzysztof. "Trends in the development of turbocharging systems in automotive vehicles." Combustion Engines 133, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-117248.

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The application of turbocharging systems results in serious problems related to the delivery of appropriate amount of air needed to entirely burn the supplied dose of fuel. This problem is particularly relevant for non-adjustable turbocharging systems (constant geometry turbines). The improvements of the turbocharging systems in compression ignition engines may be implemented through such solutions as two stage or sequential turbocharging that show significant benefits as opposed to a single stage variable turbocharger geometry (VGT) turbocharging. The paper presents adjustable two stage turbocharging and sequential turbocharging finding application in serially manufactured vehicles. The assessment of the properties of these solutions and attempts to describe the trends in the further development of the turbocharging systems have been made. With this background, the results of own research of the author have been presented performed on a SW 680 sequentially turbocharged engine.

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Nugraha, Satria Indra, Budi Setiyono, and Yuli Christyono. "SIMULASI SISTEM KONTROL KONTROL TEKANAN KOMPRESOR PADA ELECTRICALLY ASSISTED TURBOCHARGER DENGAN METODE CASCADE FUZZY-PI." TRANSIENT 7, no. 1 (March 13, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/transient.7.1.131-137.

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Turbocharger adalah teknologi yang mulai banyak digunakan pada mobil penumpang. Namun turbocharger yang dipasangkan pada spark ignition engine (SI engine) mengalami turbolag dikarenakan perubahan sudut bukaan throttle yang sering terjadi. Hal ini menyebabkan respon sistem menjadi lambat. Beberapa metode yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi turbolag yaitu : penggunaan mesin dengan rasio kompresi tinggi, penempatan katup throttle sebelum kompresor, variable geometry turbocharger, dan pemendekan pipa inlet dan exhaust. Akan tetapi, metode tersebut tidak dapat mengeliminasi turbolag seluruhnya. Salah satu metode untuk mengeliminasi turbolag adalah dengan aktuator tambahan seperti motor DC sebagai electric assist. Motor DC sebagai electric assist dapat memberikan torsi bantu pada turbocharger untuk menghasilkan respon sistem untuk mencapai tekanan kompresor ideal dengan cepat dan stabil pada keadaan tunaknya. Pada penelitian ini dirancang dua struktur sistem kontrol tekanan kompresor pada electrically assisted turbocharger dengan metode cascade fuzzy-PI sehingga motor DC sebagai aktuator tambahan dapat menghasilkan torsi bantu yang sesuai. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan settling time masing-masing struktur 95,99 % dan 95,17 % lebih singkat dibanding sistem turbocharger konvensional.

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Kuzmych, Olena, Abdel Aitouche, Ahmed El Hajjaji, and Jerome Bosche. "Nonlinear control for a diesel engine: A CLF-based approach." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 821–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amcs-2014-0061.

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Abstract In this paper, we propose a control Lyapunov function based on a nonlinear controller for a turbocharged diesel engine. A model-based approach is used which predicts the experimentally observed engine performance for a biodiesel. The basic idea is to develop an inverse optimal control and to employ a Lyapunov function in order to achieve good performances. The obtained controller gain guarantees the global convergence of the system and regulates the flows for the variable geometry turbocharger as well as exhaust gas recirculation systems in order to minimize the NOx emission and the smoke of a biodiesel engine. Simulation of the control performances based on professional software and experimental results show the effectiveness of this approach.

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Payri, F., J. Benajes, J. Galindo, and J. R. Serrano. "Modelling of turbocharged diesel engines in transient operation. Part 2: Wave action models for calculating the transient operation in a high speed direct injection engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 216, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070260137507.

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Part 1 of this paper analysed the physical phenomena involved in the transient operation of turbocharged diesel engines, together with the principles of diesel combustion characterization during the transient process. This second part describes a calculation model developed to predict engine transient performance based on an existing wave action code. Relevant improvements introduced are combustion process simulation and modelling of heat transfer, variable geometry turbine behaviour and mechanical losses. Experimental load transient tests with a high speed direct injection engine have been performed, with the aim of assessing the model accuracy. The main evaluation parameters were instantaneous variation during turbocharger rotating speed transient, boost pressure, air mass flow, injected fuel and exhaust pressures.

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Zhang, Zhongjie, Ruilin Liu, Guangmeng Zhou, Chunhao Yang, Surong Dong, Yufei Jiao, and Jiaming Ma. "Influence of varying altitudes on matching characteristics of the Twin-VGT system with a diesel engine and performance based on analysis of available exhaust energy." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 234, no. 7 (September 18, 2019): 1972–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407019876220.

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A variable geometry turbocharger in series with a variable geometry turbocharger (Twin-VGT) system was designed to improve engine power at high altitudes. The influence of altitudes on the performance of the Twin-VGT system was investigated in the perspective of available exhaust energy. The interaction between exhaust flow characteristics of Twin-VGT and openings of Twin-VGT vanes was theoretically analyzed at different altitudes. Meanwhile, a model of a diesel engine matched with the Twin-VGT system was built to study the matching performance of the Twin-VGT system with engine at different altitudes. The optimal opening maps of both high-pressure and low-pressure VGT vanes at high altitudes were obtained to achieve the maximum engine power. The results showed that the optimal openings of high-pressure and low-pressure VGT vanes decreased with increase in altitudes. The operating points of the two-stage compressors located at the high efficiency region and the compressor efficiency region both exceeded 62% at different altitudes. The global expansion ratio increased with increase in altitudes and reached 4.9 at 5500 m. Compared with the VGT in series with a fixed geometry turbocharger on testing bed, exhaust energy of Twin-VGT turbines at low speeds was utilized reasonably and global pressure ratio increased by 0.69–0.94, while brake-specific fuel consumption decreased by 11.24–33.62% under low speeds above altitudes of 2500 m.

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Kozak, Dariusz, Paweł Mazuro, and Andrzej Teodorczyk. "Numerical Simulation of Two-Stage Variable Geometry Turbine." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 5349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175349.

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The modern internal combustion engine (ICE) has to meet several requirements. It has to be reliable with the reduced emission of pollutant gasses and low maintenance requirements. What is more, it has to be efficient both at low-load and high-load operating conditions. For this purpose, a variable turbine geometry (VTG) turbocharger is used to provide proper engine acceleration of exhaust gases at low-load operating conditions. Such a solution is also efficient at high-load engine operating conditions. In this paper, the result of an unsteady, three-dimensional (3D) simulation of the variable two-stage turbine system is discussed. Three different VTG positions were considered for those simulations, along with three different turbine speeds. The turbine inlet was modeled as six equally placed exhaust pipes for each cylinder to eliminate the interference of pressure waves. The flow field at the outlet of the 1st stage nozzle vane and 2nd stage rotor was investigated. The simulations showed that the variable technologies significantly improve the efficiency of the two-stage turbine system. The highest overall efficiency of the two-stage system was achieved at 60,000 rpm and 11° VTG position.

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Mastrovito, M., L. Gaballo, and L. Dambrosio. "Diesel engine variable-geometry turbine turbocharger controlled by a multi-agent-based algorithm." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 222, no. 8 (August 2008): 1459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto493.

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Song, Kang, Devesh Upadhyay, and Hui Xie. "A physics-based turbocharger model for automotive diesel engine control applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 7 (May 19, 2018): 1667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018770569.

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Control-oriented models of turbocharger processes such as the compressor mass flow rate, the compressor power, and the variable geometry turbine power are presented. In a departure from approaches that rely on ad hoc empirical relationships and/or supplier provided performance maps, models based on turbomachinery physics and known geometries are attempted. The compressor power model is developed using Euler’s equations of turbomachinery, where the gas velocity exiting the rotor is estimated from an empirically identified correlation for the ratio between the radial and tangential components of the gas velocity. The compressor mass flow rate is modeled based on mass conservation, by approximating the compressor as an adiabatic converging-diverging nozzle with compressible fluid driven by external work input from the compressor wheel. The variable geometry turbine power is developed with Euler’s equations, where the turbine exit swirl and the gas acceleration in the vaneless space are neglected. The gas flow direction into the turbine rotor is assumed to align with the orientation of the variable geometry turbine vane. The gas exit velocity is calculated, similar to the compressor, based on an empirical model for the ratio between the turbine rotor inlet and exit velocities. A power loss model is also proposed that allows proper accounting of power transfer between the turbine and compressor. Model validation against experimental data is presented.

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Jiang, P. M., and A. Whitfield. "Investigation of Vaned Diffusers as a Variable Geometry Device for Application to Turbocharger Compressors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 206, no. 3 (July 1992): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_179_02.

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The potential of guide vanes as a variable geometry device, placed in the conventional vaneless diffuser, to extend the operating range of a turbocharger compressor is investigated. Vaned diffusers are not normally employed in turbocharger applications as the consequent reduction in operating range is more damaging than the beneficial improvement in peak efficiency and pressure ratio. The variable geometry concept considered here is primarily one in which the guide vanes are introduced at the near surge flow conditions. The leading edge vane angle is set to accept the highly tangential flow at the near surge conditions, and the vane is then used to guide the fluid towards the radial direction in order to reduce the long flow path through the diffuser. Four types of vane arrangements are considered: (a) 12 and 6 full length vanes, with inlet vane angles of 75° and 80°; (b) 6 short inlet vanes to give a high aspect ratio; (c) 12 and 6 short vanes located in the outer half of the vaneless diffuser passage; and (d) double-row vane rings. It is shown that short vanes deployed at the diffuser outlet not only improve the efficiency and pressure ratio but also extend the high flow operating range. Further, the introduction of short inlet vanes with an inlet angle of 80° improves the peak pressure ratio and efficiency, and extends the near surge operating range.

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29

Yin, Yong, Zhengbai Liu, Weilin Zhuge, Rongchao Zhao, Yanting Zhao, Zhen Chen, and Jiao Mi. "Experimental study on the performance of a turbocompound diesel engine with variable geometry turbocharger." International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5293/ijfms.2016.9.4.332.

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Hatami, M., M. C. M. Cuijpers, and M. D. Boot. "Experimental optimization of the vanes geometry for a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) using a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach." Energy Conversion and Management 106 (December 2015): 1057–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.040.

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31

Chauvin, J., O. Grondin, and P. Moulin. "Control Oriented Model of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger in an Engine with Two EGR Loops." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 66, no. 4 (July 2011): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2011103.

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32

Chauvin, Jonathan, Olivier Grondin, and Philippe Moulin. "Control oriented model of a variable geometry turbocharger in an engine with two EGR loops." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 42, no. 26 (2009): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20091130-3-fr-4008.00009.

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33

Imakiire, Koichiro, Masanori Kimura, Eito Matsuo, and Bunichi Nagata. "Development of MET-SR-VG Turbocharger Driven by Radial Flow Turbine with Variable Geometry Nozzle." JOURNAL OF THE MARINE ENGINEERING SOCIETY IN JAPAN 26, no. 6 (1991): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime1966.26.6_287.

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34

Park, Yeong-Seop, Byoung-Gul Oh, Min-Kwang Lee, and Myoung-Ho SunWoo. "Development of Turbine Mass Flow Rate Model for Variable Geometry Turbocharger Using Artificial Neural Network." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 34, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2010.34.8.783.

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35

Jacobs, Timothy J., Chad Jagmin, Wesley J. Williamson, Zoran S. Filipi, Dennis N. Assanis, and Walter Bryzik. "Performance and emission enhancements of a variable geometry turbocharger on a heavy-duty diesel engine." International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems 15, no. 2/3/4 (2008): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2008.022241.

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36

Wang, Haoping, Qiankun Qu, and Yang Tian. "Nonlinear observer based sliding mode control and oxygen fraction estimation for diesel engine." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 40, no. 7 (April 19, 2017): 2227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331217700242.

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In this paper, a nonlinear observer based sliding mode control (NOSMC) approach for air-path and a model-based observer for oxygen concentration in the diesel engine equipped with a variable geometry turbocharger and exhaust gas recirculation is introduced. We propose a less conservative observer design technique for Lipschitz nonlinear systems using Ricatti equations. The observer gains are obtained by solving the linear matrix inequality (LMI). Then a robust nonlinear control method, sliding mode control is applied for the states of intake and exhaust manifold pressure and compressor mass flow rate for the sake of the minimization of emissions. The proposed NOSMC controller is applied on a mean value model of turbocharged diesel engine. Besides this, a model-based observer is developed to estimate the oxygen concentration in the intake and exhaust manifolds owing to its significance in reducing emissions of diesel engines. The validation and efficiency of the proposed method are demonstrated by AMESim and Matlab/Simulink co-simulation results.

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37

Kannan, Ramesh, BVSSS Prasad, and Sridhara Koppa. "Transient performance of the mixed flow and radial flow variable geometry turbines for an automotive turbocharger." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 234, no. 19 (April 15, 2020): 3762–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406220916493.

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In our previous paper, the steady-state test results of a mixed flow turbine with variable nozzle vanes for a turbocharger are reported. In this paper, the transient response of the same mixed flow turbine along with that of a similarly sized radial flow turbine is presented. The turbine size is suitable for handling the flow capacity of the diesel engines with swept volume up to 1.5 L. The previous experimental test set up is modified by adding a quick-release valve – actuation system before the turbine inlet to obtain a transient response. The radial and mixed flow turbines are tested for different turbine inlet pressures and for various opening positions of the nozzle vanes while matching the turbine mass flow parameters between radial and mixed flow turbines. Typically at nozzle vane openings corresponding to 50% mass flow parameter and 1.5 bar (abs) pressure at the inlet to the turbine, the transient response time for the turbine with mixed flow variable nozzle vanes configuration is about 0.770 s, as compared to 0.858 s for the turbine with radial flow variable nozzle vanes configuration.

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Pesiridis, Apostolos, Srithar Rajoo, Kishokanna Paramasivam, Ricardo Martinez-Botas, and Robert Macnamara. "Materials Selection for Dynamic Variable Geometry Turbocharger Flow Control Application / Dinamik Değişken Geometri Turbo Akış Kontrolü Uygulaması için Malzeme Seçimi." International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2015): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.72520.

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Ahmed, Fayez Shakil, Salah Laghrouche, Adeel Mehmood, and Mohammed El Bagdouri. "Estimation of exhaust gas aerodynamic force on the variable geometry turbocharger actuator: 1D flow model approach." Energy Conversion and Management 84 (August 2014): 436–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.080.

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Hu, Yang, Li, Li, and Bai. "Intelligent Control Strategy for Transient Response of a Variable Geometry Turbocharger System Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning." Processes 7, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090601.

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Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is an area of machine learning that combines a deep learning approach and reinforcement learning (RL). However, there seem to be few studies that analyze the latest DRL algorithms on real-world powertrain control problems. Meanwhile, the boost control of a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT)-equipped diesel engine is difficult mainly due to its strong coupling with an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system and large lag, resulting from time delay and hysteresis between the input and output dynamics of the engine’s gas exchange system. In this context, one of the latest model-free DRL algorithms, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm, was built in this paper to develop and finally form a strategy to track the target boost pressure under transient driving cycles. Using a fine-tuned proportion integration differentiation (PID) controller as a benchmark, the results show that the control performance based on the proposed DDPG algorithm can achieve a good transient control performance from scratch by autonomously learning the interaction with the environment, without relying on model supervision or complete environment models. In addition, the proposed strategy is able to adapt to the changing environment and hardware aging over time by adaptively tuning the algorithm in a self-learning manner on-line, making it attractive to real plant control problems whose system consistency may not be strictly guaranteed and whose environment may change over time.

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Schaffnit, Jochen, Oliver Nelles, Rolf Isermann, and Wolfram Schmid. "Local Linear Model Tree (LOLIMOT) for Nonlinear System Identification of a Turbocharger with Variable Turbine Geometry (VTG)." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 33, no. 15 (June 2000): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)39819-1.

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42

Song, Kang, Devesh Upadhyay, and Hui Xie. "An assessment of the impacts of low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation on the air path of a diesel engine equipped with electrically assisted turbochargers." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (June 6, 2019): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419854294.

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The impact of assisted boosting technologies on the ability to maintain desired exhaust gas recirculation is investigated. Regenerative electrically assisted turbocharging is a promising technique for significantly reducing turbo lag. In addition to mitigating turbo lag, assisted boosting systems also allow fuel economy benefits through reduced pumping losses. Pumping loss reduction is achieved through optimally managing the exhaust pressure via vane position (for a variable geometry turbocharger) or waste gate position (for a waste-gated fixed geometry turbocharger). The consequent loss in exhaust turbine power, from reduced exhaust pressure, is supplemented by electrical assist power. Reduced exhaust pressure and a rapid increase in intake pressure results in a pressure differential across the high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation valve that may not support exhaust gas recirculation flow demands. Hence, a natural trade-off exists between the reduction of pumping loss and the ability to meet exhaust gas recirculation demand, as dictated by prescribed constraints on engine-out emissions. Low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation offers a potential solution that may allow the desired fuel economy improvements without sacrificing the desired exhaust gas recirculation fractions in the intake charge. In this article, we consider this problem and investigate the potential benefits of using low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation for assisted boosted systems.

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43

Liew, C., H. Li, S. Liu, M. C. Besch, B. Ralston, N. Clark, and Y. Huang. "Exhaust emissions of a H2-enriched heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with cooled EGR and variable geometry turbocharger." Fuel 91, no. 1 (January 2012): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.002.

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44

Wu, Binyang, Qiang Zhan, Xiaoyang Yu, Guijun Lv, Xiaokun Nie, and Shuai Liu. "Effects of Miller cycle and variable geometry turbocharger on combustion and emissions in steady and transient cold process." Applied Thermal Engineering 118 (May 2017): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.02.074.

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45

Jiao, K., H. Sun, X. Li, H. Wu, E. Krivitzky, T. Schram, and L. M. Larosiliere. "Numerical investigation of the influence of variable diffuser vane angles on the performance of a centrifugal compressor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1202.

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In this study, the performance of a turbocharger compressor system for light-duty diesels, encompassing the airflow geometry from impeller inlet to volute exit, has been simulated numerically, and the effects of variable diffuser vane angles on the compressor performance and operating range have been investigated. It is found that the angle of the diffuser vane has significant influence on the compressor operating range, and optimized design of the variable diffuser vane angle can increase the stable operating range and improve the compressor efficiency significantly when compared with fixed diffuser vane angles and vaneless designs. However, changing the diffuser vane angle alone may not achieve the full control of the operating range of a compressor desired. Other technologies (e.g. variable inlet guide vanes, casing treatment, or optimum impeller design) may also be necessary to achieve the widest operating range required.

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Kuznetsov, A. G., and S. V. Kharitonov. "Formation of Static Characteristics of a Diesel Engine." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 01 (718) (January 2020): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2020-1-43-50.

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The introduction of modern diesel fuel supply systems and the use of electronic components in control systems provide new possibilities for shaping engine characteristics targeted at specific energy consumers. Under these conditions, the type of engine characteristics is determined by the operation of the air supply system. This work examines the formation of static characteristics for a promising D500 diesel engine for train and ship power plants. Modeling of the diesel operation modes is carried out on computer models in the MATLAB/Simulink and Diesel-RK software packages. Variants of the full-load curves of the diesel engine are presented for different ways of turbocharger control: using a turbine of variable geometry and with sequential turbocharging. The fuel supply is limited according to the air-fuel ratio and the maximum pressure in the engine cylinders. For a variable geometry turbine, a matrix of the positions of the guide vane blades is obtained from the condition of optimizing diesel modes for fuel efficiency. Possibilities to obtain the efficiency characteristic that would provide the minimal fuel consumption for train and ship power plants are shown.

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Samoilenko, D., A. Marchenko, and H. M. Cho. "Improvement of torque and power characteristics of V-type diesel engine applying new design of Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT)." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (October 2017): 5021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-017-0950-2.

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Zhu, Dengting, Yun Lin, and Xinqian Zheng. "Strategy on performance improvement of inverse Brayton cycle system for energy recovery in turbocharged diesel engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 1 (May 9, 2019): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919847920.

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The inverse Brayton cycle is a potential technology for waste heat energy recovery. It consists of three components: one turbine, one heat exchanger, and one compressor. The exhaust gas is further expanded to subatmospheric pressure in the turbine, and then cooled in the heat exchanger, last compressed in the compressor into the atmosphere. The process above is the reverse of the pressurized Brayton cycle. This work has presented the strategy on performance improvement of the inverse Brayton cycle system for energy recovery in turbocharged diesel engines, which has pointed the way to the future development of the inverse Brayton cycle system. In the paper, an experiment was presented to validate the numerical model of a 2.0 l turbocharged diesel engine. Meanwhile, the influence laws of the inverse Brayton cycle system critical parameters, including turbocharger speed and efficiencies, and heat exchanger efficiency, on the system performance improvement for energy recovery are explored at various engine operations. The results have shown that the engine exhaust energy recovery efficiency increases with the engine speed up, and it has a maximum increment of 6.1% at the engine speed of 4000 r/min (the engine rated power point) and the full load. At the moment, the absolute pressure was before final compression is 51.9 kPa. For the inverse Brayton cycle system development in the future, it is essential to choose a more effective heat exchanger. Moreover, variable geometry turbines are very appropriate to achieve a proper matching between the turbocharging system and the inverse Brayton cycle system.

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Glenn, B. C., D. Upadhyay, V. I. Utkin, G. N. Washington, and M. B. Hopka. "Observer design of critical states for air path flow regulation in a variable geometry turbocharger exhaust gas recirculation diesel engine." International Journal of Engine Research 12, no. 6 (August 26, 2011): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411409308.

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Boulkroune, Boulaïd, Abdel Aitouche, Vincent Cocquempot, Li Cheng, and Zhijun Peng. "Actuator Fault Diagnosis with Application to a Diesel Engine Testbed." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/189860.

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This work addresses the issues of actuator fault detection and isolation for diesel engines. We are particularly interested in faults affecting the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and the variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) actuator valves. A bank of observer-based residuals is designed using a nonlinear mean value model of diesel engines. Each residual on the proposed scheme is based on a nonlinear unknown input observer and designed to be insensitive to only one fault. By using this scheme, each actuator fault can be easily isolated since only one residual goes to zero while the others do not. A decision algorithm based on multi-CUSUM is used. The performances of the proposed approach are shown through a real application to a Caterpillar 3126b engine.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Variable geometry turbocharger'

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