Academic literature on the topic 'Variable Fee Approach'
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Journal articles on the topic "Variable Fee Approach"
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李照聖, 李照聖. "IFRS 17變動收費法." 月旦會計實務研究 62, no. 62 (February 2023): 081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/252260962023020062009.
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Hardianto, Dimas Satria, and Permata Wulandari. "Islamic bank vs conventional bank: intermediation, fee based service activity and efficiency." International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 9, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 296–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imefm-01-2015-0003.
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Purpose The aim of this research is to compare the differences of intermediation, fee-based service activity and efficiency of conventional banks vs Islamic banks in Indonesia for the 2011-2013 period. Moreover, this study also includes some control variables to find their effect on the dependent variables. Design/methodology/approach This research uses two methods, namely, stochastic frontier approach and panel data regression. Findings The result indicates that Islamic banks have a higher intermediation ratio, have higher proportion on fee income-to-total operating income and are less efficient. The control variable that has a positively significant effect on intermediation ratio is size; meanwhile, inefficiency and non–loan-earning asset are negatively affecting the intermediation ratio. The control variable that show a positively significant effect on the proportion of fee income-to-total operating income is size; meanwhile, the credit risk variable has no significant effect on the proportion of fee income-to-total operating income. Size and credit risk are the control variables that have a negative relation to efficiency. Originality/value This study has significantly contributed to Indonesian Islamic banking based on which the Islamic banking manager should recognize that the intermediation level, fee-based service activity and efficiency are crucially important in establishing competition and maintaining sustainable Islamic banking.
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BLANCHET-SCALLIET, CHRISTOPHETTE, ETIENNE CHEVALIER, IDRIS KHARROUBI, and THOMAS LIM. "MAX–MIN OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM FOR VARIABLE ANNUITIES PRICING." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 18, no. 08 (December 2015): 1550053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024915500533.
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In this paper, we study the valuation of variable annuities for an insurer. We concentrate on two types of these contracts, namely guaranteed minimum death benefits and guaranteed minimum living benefits that allow the insured to withdraw money from the associated account. Here, the price of variable annuities corresponds to a fee, fixed at the beginning of the contract, that is continuously taken from the associated account. We use a utility indifference approach to determine the indifference fee rate. We focus on the worst case for the insurer, assuming that the insured makes the withdrawals that minimize the expected utility of the insurer. To compute this indifference fee rate, we link the utility maximization in the worst case for the insurer to a sequence of maximization and minimization problems that can be computed recursively. This allows to provide an optimal investment strategy for the insurer when the insured follows the worst withdrawal strategy and to compute the indifference fee. We finally explain how to approximate these quantities via the previous results and give numerical illustrations of parameter sensitivity.
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Sudarcun, Sudarcun, Zakiyudin Fikri, and Marlina Marlina. "Pengaruh Realisasi Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor (PKB) Dan Bea Balik Nama Kendaraan Bermotor (BBN-KB) Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Bangka." Journal of Government Science Studies 2, no. 1 (April 25, 2023): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jgssvol2issue1page22-30.
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This study aims to determine the effect of the Realization of Motorized Vehicle Tax (PKB) and Motorized Vehicle Ownership Fee (BBN-KB) on Bangka Regency Regional Original Income. The research method used is quantitative research with an associative approach. The data used are primary data obtained from data on the realization of Motor Vehicle Taxes and Transfer Fees for Motorized Vehicles and the Realization of Local Own Revenue in Bangka Regency. The data analysis technique uses multiple regression with hypothesis testing using the t test and determination test. The results showed that the variable X1 (motor vehicle tax) obtained a significance value of 0.002, less than 0.05. it can be concluded that the variable X1 (Motor Vehicle Tax) has a positive and significant effect on Y (Local Original Income). Likewise, the X2 variable (Motor Vehicle Transfer Fee) obtains a significance value or Prob of 0.000 less than <0.05 (5%), the X2 variable (Motor Vehicle Transfer Fee) has a positive and significant effect on Y (Regional Original Income) ). Based on the results of the F test, it shows that the effect of X1 and X2 simultaneously on Y is 0.000, less than <0.05 and the calculated F value of 330,749 is greater than F table 5.75. this means that there is an effect of X1 and X2 simultaneously (simultaneously) on Y (Regional Own Revenue. The test results terminate in the R-squared value of 0.994 (99.4%) which means that the variables X1 (Motor Vehicle Tax) and X2 (motorized vehicle transfer fee) affect the Y variable (local original income) by 99.4%, the remaining 1.6% is influenced by other variables not included in the model.The conclusion is that the realization of motorized vehicle taxes and transfer of title fees has a significant effect on regional original income in Bangka Regency.
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Chun, Hong Min, and Chang Seop Rhee. "Analyst Coverage And Audit Efforts: Empirical Approach To Audit Hours." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 31, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i3.9203.
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This study investigates the effect of financial analyst coverage on audit efforts by examining the association between the number of analyst followings and audit hours. Existing literatures report that there are inconsistent results between analyst coverage and audit efforts, and most studies used audit fee as a proxy for audit efforts. However, audit fee may cause measurement error. We consider that audit hour is a better proxy for measuring audit efforts than audit fee because practically auditors are less likely to charge extra audit fee for their additional efforts in competitive audit market. Also, after audit engagement contract, the amount of audit fee is almost fixed. Thus, it cannot reflect variable auditors decision whether inputting additional efforts or not during audit service. Intuitively, audit hours are more accurate measure of audit efforts as long as it indicates how much hours auditors work. For the above reasons, we use unique dataset of audit hours in Korea. We find that analyst coverage is positively associated with audit hour. This means auditors make more efforts on their audit service in case of greater analyst following, and they crucially consider reputational damage from audit failure when they provide audit services to their clients with great analyst following. Next, we still observe positive relation in both pre and post global financial crisis periods. Lastly, we find that BIG4 auditors are more concerned about reputational loss than Non-Big4 in case of greater analyst following.
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Han, Yichen, Dongchen Li, Kun Fan, Jiaxin Wan, and Luyan Li. "Valuation of a Mixture of GMIB and GMDB Variable Annuity." Mathematics 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2024): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12030441.
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The Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit (GMIB) and Guaranteed Minimum Death Benefit (GMDB) are options that may be included at the inception of a variable annuity (VA) contract. In exchange for small fees charged by the insurer, they give the policyholder a right to receive a guaranteed minimum level of annuity payment (GMIB) and a guaranteed minimum level of payment when the policyholder dies (GMDB), respectively. A combination of these two options may be attractive since it protects the policyholder’s investment from potential poor market behavior as well as mortality risk during the accumulation phase. This study examined the pricing of a composite variable annuity incorporating both the GMIB and GMDB options (a Guaranteed Minimum Income–Death Benefit, notated GMIDB). We used a non-arbitrage valuation method, decomposed the GMIDB value into two parts, and derived an analytical pricing formula based on a constant fee structure. The formula can be used to determine the fair fee to be charged. We conducted comprehensive sensitivity analyses on critical parameters to determine what drives the value of a GMIDB option. Our approach offers a simple and deterministic way to price a VA embedded with the GMIDB option. Our numerical findings suggested that the annuity conversion rate, age of the policyholder, and volatility of risky investments are significant in the valuation of a GMIDB option.
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Mulyani Rizki. "PENGARUH BIAYA IJARAH TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN NASABAH MELAKUKAN GADAI EMAS DIPEGADAIAN SYARIAH." Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi 1, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jebaku.v1i3.88.
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Ijarah fee is a rental fee that must be paid by customers in conducting gold pawn transactions. The amount of the ijarah fee is determined based on the results of the estimated value of gold, so that the relatively low cost of ijarah for customers will make it easier for customers to do financing. The cost of ijarah (rent) according to Muhammad Ngasifudin is the cost of renting a place provided by the pawnshop for goods that have been pawned by the customer.27 So, the cost of ijarah at a sharia pawnshop is the rental fee for the goods that are pawned as a place to store the goods as long as the goods have not been redeemed. by the owner. Judging from the above phenomenon, the Ijarah Fee can be taken into consideration for customer decision making to pawn gold at a sharia pawnshop. The purpose of this study was to determine how the influence of Ijarah Fees on the customer's decision to pawn gold at the Sharia Pawnshop. The number of samples in this study was 88 respondents, this study used a quantitative approach. The data collection technique in this study used a questionnaire, and the sampling technique used the incidental sampling method using the slovin formula. The data obtained were then processed using the SPSS 25 application. The results of this study indicate that the value of tcount (3.085) > ttable (1.988) and a significance value of 0.003 <0.05, which means that partially the ijarah fee variable has a positive and significant effect on the customer's decision variable in pawning gold at Pegadaian Syariah.
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Ahmad, Hamzah, Hajering Hajering, Muslim Muslim, and Alma Pratiwi. "Pengaruh Tekanan Anggaran Waktu Dan Fee Audit Terhadap Kualitas Audit Dimoderasi Kecerdasan Emosional." Widya Akuntansi dan Keuangan 2, no. 2 (August 16, 2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32795/widyaakuntansi.v2i2.907.
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This study aims to examine the effect of time budget pressure and audit fees on audit quality with emotional intelligence as a moderating variable. The data in this study were obtained from BPKP South Sulawesi Province representatives who were willing to become respondents. This study uses primary data by conducting direct research in the field by giving questionnaires / question sheets to 112 respondents. The data analysis method uses the SmartPLS approach to examine the effect of time budget pressure and audit fees on audit quality with emotional intelligence as a moderating variable. The results showed that the time budget pressure variable had a negative and significant effect on audit quality; audit fees have a positive and not significant effect on audit quality; emotional intelligence can strengthen the relationship of time budget pressure to audit quality; and emotional intelligence cannot strengthen the audit fee relationship to audit quality
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Baharuddin, Darmawati, and Ikhsan Alwi Ansar. "PENGARUH KOMPETENSI, INDEPENDENSI DAN FEE AUDIT TERHADAP KUALITAS AUDIT PADA KAP DI MAKASSAR." PARADOKS : Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 2, no. 1 (February 3, 2019): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/paradoks.v2i1.111.
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The aim of this study is to examine the effects of competence, independence, and fee audit through audit quality of Public Accountant Firm in Makassar. Data used is a primary data in form of quistionaire distribution through auditors of current public accountant firm. Quistionare distributed through respondents is 42 and returned questionaire is 40. This study uses quantitative approach and multiple linear regression. This study also use classic assumption test and hypotesis test in which t statistic test and F statistic test used. The results of this study show that simultanously and Partially variable of competence, independence, and fee audit affect positively through audit quality.
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Odum, Augustine Nwekemezie, and Egbunike Francis Chinedu. "External Auditor Selection Choice: A Multinomial Logistic Regression Approach." Indonesian Journal of Contemporary Accounting Research 1, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33455/ijcar.v1i1.78.
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This research work examines the factors that determine the selection of external auditor among Global Brand listed companies in Nigeria. The variables of Audit Big 4 firms which include Deloitte, Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler, (KPMG) and Price Water House Coopers (PWC) where selected as choice target for this research work. Big four audit firm of Ernst’s & Young (E&Y) was excluded in the sample as it is found not to have provided audit services to any of the selected global brand listed company in Nigeria during the period covered by this study. The study employed the methodology of Multinomial Probit Regression (MPR) analysis in X-raying the data. Empirical evidence shows that there is a significant positive relationship between firm size and choice of external auditor’s selection for the big four audit firms of KPMG and Deloitte. The study also provides a revelation that the relationship between the variable of firm size is negative and statistically significant with audit firm of Price Water House Coopers (PWC). The research work carefully recommends that global brand companies in Nigeria with interest to hire audit services of Deloitte and KPMG must ensure that its total asset is significantly large. But suffice to state here that this may not apply to the audit firm of Price Water House Copper Corporation where the variable of audit fee is a significant determinant in the quest for employing it audit services.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Variable Fee Approach"
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El, Alami Tachfine. "Ajustement pour risque sous IFRS 17 : méthodologie de calcul et liens avec le cadre Solvabilité II." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10120.
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Dans le cadre de sa démarche d’harmonisation et de clarification de l’information, l’Union Européenne demande depuis 2005 aux entreprises cotées en Bourse de présenter leurs comptes consolidés selon les normes IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). Publiée le 18 mai 2017, la norme IFRS 17 s’applique aux contrats d’assurance, de réassurance et aux contrats d’investissement avec participation aux bénéfices discrétionnaire. En Europe, la norme IFRS 17 intervient dans un contexte multinorme, où en plus des normes nationales propres à chaque pays, les assureurs sont soumis à la norme Solvabilité II. Depuis son entrée en vigueur le 1er janvier 2016, Solvabilité II a modifié de façon radicale le paysage de l’assurance en Europe. De façon similaire, l’entrée en vigueur de la norme IFRS 17 va contraindre les assureurs à repenser la manière dont ils gèrent leurs risques avec des coûts de mise en place aussi significatifs que ceux liés à l’adoption de Solvabilité II. Afin d’éviter de démultiplier les travaux de production IFRS 17 et Solvabilité II, les entités exploitent les similitudes entre les deux référentiels, notamment en termes de données, d’outils et de modèles de projection des cash-flows. Cette thèse étend les possibilités de synergies entre les deux référentiels au cadre de la modélisation des risques non-financiers. Si les risques financiers sont capturés dans la mesure de la valeur actuelle des cash-flows futurs, la norme IFRS 17 requiert l'estimation d'une compensation au titre de l’incertitude pour les risques non-financiers. Cette compensation, nommé Risk Adjustment (RA), est un des blocs les plus importants du passif. La méthodologie d’évaluation du RA n’étant pas imposée par la norme, les assureurs ont ainsi la possibilité d’opter pour la méthode leur offrant une capacité de pilotage de leur résultat. Les chapitres 1 et 2 formalisent une méthode d'estimation des RA qui aligne les modalités du calcul du SCR de Solvabilité II aux exigences de la norme IFRS 17. Le chapitre 1 expose les modalités de calcul de RA au titre de risques élémentaires en se basant sur les SCR marginaux y afférant. Le recours aux SCR élémentaires calculés sous Solvabilité II peut présenter un véritable intérêt opérationnel, néanmoins, des ajustements sont nécessaires afin de modifier l’horizon de risque et le seuil de confiance sous-jacent. Sous hypothèses de normalité et log-normalité des facteurs de risques sous-jacents, il sera dérivé des formules liant les chocs IFRS 17 et leurs homologues sous Solvabilité II. La pertinence des hypothèses permettant le passage d’un référentiel à l’autre sera discutée, et la manière d’alléger certaines, telle que la comonotonie du Best Estimate et des facteurs de risques, sera explicitée. Le chapitre 2 présente un cadre d’agrégation des RA élémentaires obtenus dans le chapitre précédent. De façon similaire à Solvabilité II, l’effet de diversification des risques s’appuie sur une agrégation elliptique exploitant les corrélations entre les modules de risques. Le concept de corrélation à l’ultime sera introduit par opposition à une corrélation à un an. En plus des effets de dépendances interrisques contenus dans la corrélation à un an, la corrélation à l’ultime capture un effet de diversification temporelle. Le chapitre 3 décrit les défis mathématiques liés à l'interprétation des principes de cohérence du RA introduits par la norme et les problèmes théoriques qui en découlent. Il y sera démontré l'importance d'identifier les domaines théoriques où ces principes sont applicables. Le chapitre 4 fournit une interprétation mathématique du modèle Variable Fee Approach. Des techniques de répartition de la rentabilité entre les cohortes en utilisant les métriques IFRS 17 sont proposées. La conformité de ces méthodes avec les exigences du standard est discutée. Un intérêt sera également porté sur l’option d'exemption européenne et son impact sur la présentation des états financiersAs part of its efforts to harmonize and clarify information, the European Union has required listed companies to disclose their consolidated financial statements under IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) since 2005. Issued on May 18, 2017, IFRS 17 applies to insurance, reinsurance, and investment contracts with discretionary profit sharing. In Europe, IFRS 17 applies in a multi-standard environment where insurers are subject to the Solvency II regulation in addition to the national standards applicable in each jurisdiction. Since its enforcement on January 1, 2016, Solvency II has radically changed the insurance industry in Europe. Similarly, IFRS 17 will constrain insurers to rethink how they manage their risks, with implementation costs as high as those linked to the adoption of Solvency II. Entities are exploring the similarities between the two frameworks, particularly regarding data, tools, and cash flow projection models, to avoid duplicating IFRS 17 and Solvency II production work. This PhD dissertation extends the possibilities of synergies between the two frameworks to modeling non-financial risks. While financial risks are reflected in the measurement of the present value of future cash flows, IFRS 17 requires the estimation of uncertainty compensation for non-financial risks. This compensation, called risk adjustment (RA), is one of the most important blocks of liabilities. Moreover, it impacts the valuation of future profits and the IFRS result. As the standard does not impose the RA valuation methodology, insurers can opt for the method that allows them to manage their results. Chapters 1 and 2 provide a method for estimating RA that brings together the method for assessing the SCR of Solvency II and the requirements of IFRS 17. Chapter 1 sets out the methods for calculating RA for elementary risks based on the related marginal SCRs. Using elementary SCRs calculated under Solvency II can be of genuine operational interest. However, adjustments are necessary to revise the risk horizon and the underlying confidence level. Under assumptions of normality and log-normality of the underlying risk factors, formulas linking the IFRS 17 shocks and their counterparts under Solvency II are derived. Chapter 2 presents a framework for aggregating the elementary RAs obtained in the previous chapter. Similarly to Solvency II, the risk diversification effect is based on an elliptical aggregation exploiting the correlations between the risk modules. This chapter introduces the concept of correlation to the ultimate as opposed to a correlation to one year. In addition to the inter-risk dependence effects contained in the one-year correlation, the ultimate correlation captures a temporal diversification effect. Closed formulas linking the two correlations are demonstrated for different dependence structures between future cash flows. Analytical properties related to these structures are discussed, notably in terms of the behavior of the RA and its sensitivity to the dependence parameters. Chapter 3 describes the mathematical challenges in interpreting these principles and the theoretical problems that arise from them. It will demonstrate the importance of identifying theoretical areas of application where these principles are respected and the need to suggest more appropriate modifications of these assumptions or even develop standards of actuarial practice. Chapter 4 provides a mathematical interpretation of the model called the Variable Fee Approach (VFA). It suggests techniques for allocating profitability across cohorts using IFRS 17 metrics. It discusses the compliance of these methods with the standard's requirements and explores the European exemption option and its impact on the presentation of financial statements
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Liao, Hung-Chieh, and 廖竑傑. "IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts: Variable Fee Approach." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u2c7g8.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
會計學研究所
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This study examines the accounting treatment under the variable fee approach of IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts. As IFRS 17 is going to replace the current IFRS 4, it sure will make quite an impact on the insurance industry in terms of accounting. IFRS 17 establishes different accounting treatments for insurance contracts with and without direct participation features, and the variable fee approach applies to insurance contracts with direct participation features. This study delves into the accounting treatment under the variable fee approach set out in IFRS 17 and explains the measurement of insurance contracts with direct participation features and the recognition of related profit and loss with an illustrative example to facilitate the understanding of the variable fee approach.
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Shantharajanna, H. R. "Elasto-Plastic Modelling Of Fine Grained Soils - A Variable Moduli Approach." Thesis, 1995. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/2192.
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Shantharajanna, H. R. "Elasto-Plastic Modelling Of Fine Grained Soils - A Variable Moduli Approach." Thesis, 1995. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/2192.
Full textBooks on the topic "Variable Fee Approach"
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1963-, Varga Kálmán, ed. Stochastic variational approach to quantum-mechanical few-body problems. Berlin: Springer, 1998.
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Voiculescu, D. V. Free random variables: A noncommutative probability approach to free products with applications to random matrices, operator algebras, and harmonic analysis on free groups. Providence, R.I., USA: American Mathematical Society, 1992.
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1967-, Dykema K. J., and Nica A. 1961-, eds. Free random variables: A noncommutative probability approach to free products with applications to random matrices, operator algebras and harmonic analysis on free groups. Providence, R.I: American mathematical Society, 1992.
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Schneider, Jörg, and Ton Vrouwenvelder. Introduction to safety and reliability of structures. 3rd ed. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed005.
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<p>Society expects that buildings and other structures are safe for the people who use them or who are near them. The failure of a building or structure is expected to be an extremely rare event. Thus, society implicitly relies on the expertise of the professionals involved in the planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of the structures it uses.<p>Structural engineers devote all their effort to meeting society’s expectations effi ciently. Engineers and scientists work together to develop solutions to structural problems. Given that nothing is absolutely and eternally safe, the goal is to attain an acceptably small probability of failure for a structure, a facility, or a situation. Reliability analysis is part of the science and practice of engineering today, not only with respect to the safety of structures, but also for questions of serviceability and other requirements of technical systems that might be impacted by some probability.<p>The present volume takes a rather broad approach to safety and reliability in Structural Engineering. It treats the underlying concepts of safety, reliability and risk and introduces the reader in a fi rst chapter to the main concepts and strategies for dealing with hazards. The next chapter is devoted to the processing of data into information that is relevant for applying reliability theory. Two following chapters deal with the modelling of structures and with methods of reliability analysis. Another chapter focuses on problems related to establishing target reliabilities, assessing existing structures, and on effective strategies against human error. The last chapter presents an outlook to more advanced applications. The Appendix supports the application of the methods proposed and refers readers to a number of related computer programs.<p>This book is aimed at both students and practicing engineers. It presents the concepts and procedures of reliability analysis in a straightforward, understandable way, making use of simple examples, rather than extended theoretical discussion. It is hoped that this approach serves to advance the application of safety and reliability analysis in engineering practice.<p>The book is amended with a free access to an educational version of a Variables Processor computer program. FreeVaP can be downloaded free of charge and supports the understanding of the subjects treated in this book.
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Bekunda, Mateete, Irmgard Hoeschle-Zeledon, and Jonathan Odhong, eds. Sustainable agricultural intensification: a handbook for practitioners in East and Southern Africa. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621602.0000.
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Abstract This book presents some of the improved agricultural technologies that were validated by the Africa RISING Project in East and Southern Africa (ESA), focusing on smallholder farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia, and working in partnership with development (scaling) institutions. It consists of 11 chapters. Chapter 1 shows how gender concerns must be woven into all sustainable intensification (SI) interventions to produce equitable outcomes. It describes activities to enhance women's participation, measure the benefits, and transform gender relations. Chapter 2 describes the performance of new cereal and legume crop varieties introduced by Africa RISING into agroecosystems in which they had not been tested before. Chapter 3 presents technologies to diversify the common maize-dominated cropping systems and address human nutrition, improve soil organic matter, and maximize the benefits of applying fertilizer. Chapter 4 presents technologies for replacing the nutrients lost from cropped fields with external fertilizer sources in a manner that minimizes the consequences of too little or too much application. Chapter 5 is about soil conservation. Chapter 6 presents conservation agriculture, which can help smallholder farmers build better resilience to the consequences of climate change and variable weather. Improved technologies for drying, shelling, and hermetic storage of grain are presented in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides information to help farmers use outputs from crop production systems to formulate supplementary feed. Chapter 9 follows with technologies that allow well-planned nutrition-specific interventions (recipes) to utilize various livestock and crop products to enhance family nutrition, with specific attention paid to diets for children. Chapter 10 presents examples from the preceding chapters to illustrate the potential impacts of interconnected technologies. Lastly, Chapter 11 presents experiences and lessons learned from using these approaches to transfer and scale the technologies.
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Suzuki, Yasuyuki, and Kálmán Varga. Stochastic Variational Approach to Quantum-Mechanical Few-Body Problems. Springer London, Limited, 2003.
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Suzuki, Yasuyuki. Stochastic Variational Approach to Quantum-Mechanical Few-Body Problems. Springer, 2010.
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Hankin, David, Michael S. Mohr, and Kenneth B. Newman. Sampling Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815792.001.0001.
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We present a rigorous but understandable introduction to the field of sampling theory for ecologists and natural resource scientists. Sampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The inferences fall into two broad categories: (a) estimation of simple descriptive population parameters, such as means, totals, or proportions, for variables of interest, and (b) estimation of uncertainty associated with estimated parameter values. Although the targets of estimation are few and simple, estimates of means, totals, or proportions see important and often controversial uses in management of natural resources and in fundamental ecological research, but few ecologists or natural resource scientists have formal training in sampling theory. We emphasize the classical design-based approach to sampling in which variable values associated with units are regarded as fixed and uncertainty of estimation arises via various randomization strategies that may be used to select samples. In addition to covering standard topics such as simple random, systematic, cluster, unequal probability (stressing the generality of Horvitz–Thompson estimation), multi-stage, and multi-phase sampling, we also consider adaptive sampling, spatially balanced sampling, and sampling through time, three areas of special importance for ecologists and natural resource scientists. The text is directed to undergraduate seniors, graduate students, and practicing professionals. Problems emphasize application of the theory and R programming in ecological and natural resource settings.
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Dawson, Peter. The Thule-Inuit Succession in the Central Arctic. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.45.
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The development of Inuit culture out of an ancestral Thule culture base has been a central research question in Arctic archaeology for over a century. Archaeologists were intrigued by the fact that the Inuit lifeways of the ethnographic present, while highly variable, had seemingly developed from a relatively uniform Thule cultural base. However, the past few decades have seen relatively little research directed toward this important issue. This chapter explores the history of research into the origins of Central Arctic Inuit cultures, as well as some of the explanations that have been advanced. It ends by suggesting that Resilience Theory may be a useful theoretical approach for framing the Thule-Inuit transformation in this region.
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Casey, Patricia. Treatment of adjustment disorders (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198786214.003.0007.
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There are few randomized controlled studies of the treatment of AD. This is due to the transience of the symptoms, the difficulty obtaining a homogeneous population owing to the absence of diagnostic criteria, and the variable nature of the stressor, among others. Clinical guidelines specify that brief psychological interventions are preferred, and these incorporate elements from the many approaches now available on the assumption that their mechanism of action will also be effective in AD. Few have been tested specifically in AD. Low-intensity therapies specific to AD are being developed, such as biblio-therapy and online self-help. Pharmacological interventions have not been tested in quality trials, but despite this, antidepressants continue to be frequently prescribed. A few trials of anxiolytics have found some benefit for all the agents examined, but none used placebo. EMDR was found to be beneficial in a small pilot study and is worthy of further study.
Book chapters on the topic "Variable Fee Approach"
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Fan, Yuxin, Fu Song, Taolue Chen, Liangfeng Zhang, and Wanwei Liu. "PoS4MPC: Automated Security Policy Synthesis for Secure Multi-party Computation." In Computer Aided Verification, 385–406. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13185-1_19.
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AbstractSecure multi-party computation (MPC) is a promising technique for privacy-persevering applications. A number of MPC frameworks have been proposed to reduce the burden of designing customized protocols, allowing non-experts to quickly develop and deploy MPC applications. To improve performance, recent MPC frameworks allow users to declare variables secret only for these which are to be protected. However, in practice, it is usually highly non-trivial for non-experts to specify secret variables: declaring too many degrades the performance while declaring too less compromises privacy. To address this problem, in this work we propose an automated security policy synthesis approach to declare as few secret variables as possible but without compromising security. Our approach is a synergistic integration of type inference and symbolic reasoning. The former is able to quickly infer a sound—but sometimes conservative—security policy, whereas the latter allows to identify secret variables in a security policy that can be declassified in a precise manner. Moreover, the results from symbolic reasoning are fed back to type inference to refine the security types even further. We implement our approach in a new tool PoS4MPC. Experimental results on five typical MPC applications confirm the efficacy of our approach.
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Unnikrishnan, Vishnu, Yash Shah, Miro Schleicher, Mirela Strandzheva, Plamen Dimitrov, Doroteya Velikova, Ruediger Pryss, Johannes Schobel, Winfried Schlee, and Myra Spiliopoulou. "Predicting the Health Condition of mHealth App Users with Large Differences in the Number of Recorded Observations - Where to Learn from?" In Discovery Science, 659–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61527-7_43.
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Abstract Some mHealth apps record user activity continuously and unobtrusively, while other apps rely by nature on user engagement and self-discipline: users are asked to enter data that cannot be assessed otherwise, e.g., on how they feel and what non-measurable symptoms they have. Over time, this leads to substantial differences in the length of the time series of recordings for the different users. In this study, we propose two algorithms for wellbeing-prediction from such time series, and we compare their performance on the users of a pilot study on diabetic patients - with time series length varying between 8 and 87 recordings. Our first approach learns a model from the few users, on which many recordings are available, and applies this model to predict the 2nd, 3rd, and so forth recording of users newly joining the mHealth platform. Our second approach rather exploits the similarity among the first few recordings of newly arriving users. Our results for the first approach indicate that the target variable for users who use the app for long are not predictive for users who use the app only for a short time. Our results for the second approach indicate that few initial recordings suffice to inform the predictive model and improve performance considerably.
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Ji, Yucheng, Hongfei Fu, Bin Fang, and Haibo Chen. "Affine Loop Invariant Generation via Matrix Algebra." In Computer Aided Verification, 257–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13185-1_13.
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AbstractLoop invariant generation, which automates the generation of assertions that always hold at the entry of a while loop, has many important applications in program analysis and formal verification. In this work, we target an important category of while loops, namely affine while loops, that are unnested while loops with affine loop guards and variable updates. Such a class of loops widely exists in many programs yet still lacks a general but efficient approach to invariant generation. We propose a novel matrix-algebra approach to automatically synthesizing affine inductive invariants in the form of an affine inequality. The main novelty of our approach is that (i) the approach is general in the sense that it theoretically addresses all the cases of affine invariant generation over an affine while loop, and (ii) it can be efficiently automated through matrix-algebra (such as eigenvalue, matrix inverse) methods.The details of our approach are as follows. First, for the case where the loop guard is a tautology (i.e., ‘true’), we show that the eigenvalues and their eigenvectors of the matrices derived from the variable updates of the loop body encompass all meaningful affine inductive invariants. Second, for the more general case where the loop guard is a conjunction of affine inequalities, our approach completely addresses the invariant-generation problem by first establishing through matrix inverse the relationship between the invariants and a key parameter in the application of Farkas’ lemma, then solving the feasible domain of the key parameter from the inductive conditions, and finally illustrating that a finite number of values suffices for the key parameter w.r.t a tightness condition for the invariants to be generated.Experimental results show that compared with previous approaches, our approach generates much more accurate affine inductive invariants over affine while loops from existing and new benchmarks within a few seconds, demonstrating the generality and efficiency of our approach.
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Çakir, Fatih Hayati. "Chip Breaking Applications and Chip Breaking Approach Using Variable Feed Rate in the Machining of Aviation Materials." In Solutions for Maintenance Repair and Overhaul, 33–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38446-2_5.
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Liefbroer, Aart C., and Mioara Zoutewelle-Terovan. "Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression: An Alternative to Multilevel Analysis When the Number of Countries Is Small." In Social Background and the Demographic Life Course: Cross-National Comparisons, 101–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67345-1_6.
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AbstractHierarchically nested data structures are often analyzed by means of multilevel techniques. A common situation in cross-national comparative research is data on two levels, with information on individuals at level 1 and on countries at level 2. However, when dealing with few level-2 units (e.g. countries), results from multilevel models may be unreliable due to estimation bias (e.g. underestimated standard errors, unreliable country-level variance estimates). This chapter provides a discussion on multilevel modeling inaccuracies when using a small level-2 sample size, as well as a list of available alternative analytic tools for analyzing such data. However, as in practice many of these alternatives remain unfeasible in testing hypotheses central to cross-national comparative research, the aim of this chapter is to propose and illustrate a new technique – the 2-step meta-analytic approach – reliable in the analysis of nested data with few level-2 units. In addition, this method is highly infographic and accessible to the average social scientist (not skilled in advanced simulation techniques).
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Awazi, Nyong Princely, Martin Ngankam Tchamba, Lucie Felicite Temgoua, and Marie-Louise Tientcheu-Avana. "Farmers’ Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change in Africa: Small-Scale Farmers in Cameroon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 87–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_9.
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AbstractSmall-scale farmers’ limited adaptive capacity confronted with the adversities of climate change is a major call for concern considering that small-scale farms feed over half of the world’s population. In this light, small-scale farmers’ adaptive choices and adaptive capacity to climate change were assessed. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources using a mixed research approach. Findings revealed that extreme weather events have been recurrent and small-scale farmers perceived access to land, household income, and the planting of trees/shrubs on farms (agroforestry) as the main factors influencing their capacity to adapt to climate change. Agroforestry and monoculture practices were the main adaptive choices of small-scale farmers confronted with climate change. T-test and chi-square test statistics revealed a strong non-cause-effect relationship (p < 0.001) between small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change and different socio-economic, institutional, and environmental variables. Parameter estimates of the binomial logistic regression model indicated the existence of a strong direct cause-effect relationship (p < 0.05) between small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change and access to credit, household income, number of farms, access to information, and access to land, indicating that these variables enhance small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change. It is recommended that policy makers examine the adaptive choices and determinants of farmers’ adaptive capacity unearthed in this chapter when formulating policies geared towards enhancing small-scale farmers’ capacity to adapt to climate change.
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Bornaetxea, Txomin, Mauro Rossi, and Paola Reichenbach. "Zonation of Landslide Susceptibility in the Gipuzkoa Province (Spain): An Application of LAND-SUITE." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 2 Issue 1, 2023, 349–62. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39012-8_17.
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AbstractIn the past 50 years, a large variety of statistically based models and methods for landslide susceptibility zonation have been proposed in the literature. The numerous methods, applicable to a large range of spatial scales, use several input thematic data, different model combinations and various approaches to evaluate the model performance. In the literature, only few articles describe tools that apply statistically based approaches for the susceptibility evaluation. This paper describes and illustrates, through an example in the Gipuzkoa province (Spain), the use of LAND-SUITE, a tool for the statistically based landslide susceptibility zonation. The application aims to show how LAND-SUITE provides utilities to: (i) support the user for the input data preparation; (ii) perform preliminary and exploratory analysis of the available data; (iii) test different combinations of variables and select the optimal thematic/explanatory set; (iv) test different model types and their combinations; and (v) evaluate the model performance and uncertainty. The suite showed high flexibility and allowed to perform different susceptibility applications, with diversified training/validation datasets partitions and validation tests. Given its specifications, LAND-SUITE can be easily applied elsewhere to perform similar studies but also to explore other landslide susceptibility applications.
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Malisch, Rainer, Björn Hardebusch, Ralf Lippold, F. X. Rolaf van Leeuwen, Gerald Moy, Angelika Tritscher, Kateřina Šebková, Jana Klánová, and Jiří Kalina. "Time Trends in Human Milk Derived from WHO- and UNEP-Coordinated Exposure Studies, Chapter 2: DDT, Beta-HCH and HCB." In Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Milk, 485–542. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34087-1_13.
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AbstractTemporal trends of DDT (“DDT complex” as sum of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were assessed using pooled human milk samples from 44 countries from all United Nations Regional Groups based on their repeated participation in WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies performed between 2000 and 2019. In contrast to a general estimation of time trends based on results from all countries, this is a more precise approach, because levels among countries are often highly variable. The primary objective of these temporal studies is to provide monitoring data for the effectiveness evaluation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).For DDT, an overall decrease over 10 years between 50% and 80% was achieved in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region and in Latin America and the Caribbean region, and at a global level. Slightly lower decreases were observed in European countries because DDT was banned much earlier in these countries and only residual levels were depleting. Western European countries had the lowest median and the lowest maximum DDT concentrations. This is an indication that the decrease might be faster in regions with higher concentrations, compared to a slower decrease in less contaminated regions. The frequency distribution of the country-specific decrease (decrease rate constants) confirms these findings.For beta-HCH, an overall decrease over 10 years between 50% and 98% was achieved in all UN regions and at a global level. Country-specific decreases vary in the low background range (below 5 μg beta-HCH/kg lipid). Regarding HCB, all countries from Africa and many countries from the Pacific Islands and Latin America and the Caribbean were in the range of a low background contamination below 5 μg/kg lipid resulting in a wide range of reduction rates. In contrast, in countries with HCB concentrations above 30 μg/kg lipid in previous rounds, overall decreases over 10 years between 50% and 85% were observed.Therefore, the reduction rates should be seen also in context with the concentration range: A differentiation of levels above or in the range of the background contamination seems to be advised. If high levels are found, sources might be detected which could be eliminated. However, at low background levels, other factors, e.g. contamination of feed and food by air via long-range transport and subsequent bioaccumulation, cannot be influenced locally.
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Frank, David, Keyan Fang, and Patrick Fonti. "Dendrochronology: Fundamentals and Innovations." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings, 21–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_2.
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AbstractThis chapter overviews long-standing foundations, methods, and concepts of dendrochronology, yet also pays attention to a few related paradigm shifts driven by isotope measurements in tree-rings. The basics of annual ring formation are first reviewed, followed by structural descriptions of tree-rings at the macroscopic-to-microscopic scale including earlywoodandlatewoodin conifers (gymnosperms) and hardwoods (angiosperms), as well as wood anatomical features. Numerous examples of inter-disciplinary applications connected to various tree-ring parameters are provided. With the foundation of tree-rings established, this chapter then describes the process and necessity for crossdating—the process by which each and every ring is assigned to a specific year. Methods and terminology related to field sampling also briefly described. The long-standing paradigm of site selection criteria—well shown to maximize common signals in tree-ring width datasets—is challenged in a brief discussion of newer tree-ring isotope literature demonstrating that robust chronologies with high signal-to-noise ratios can be obtained at non-ecotonal locations. Opportunities for isotope measurements to enable crossdating in otherwise challenging contexts are likewise highlighted. The chapter reviews a conceptual framework to disaggregate tree-ring time-series, with special attention to detrending and standardization methods used to mitigate tree-age/size related noise common to many applications such as dendroclimatic reconstruction. Some of the drivers of long-term trends in tree-ring isotope data such as the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2, age/size/height trends, and climate variation are presented along with related debates/uncertainties evident in literature in order to establish priorities for future investigations. The development of tree-ring chronologies and related quality control metrics used to assess the common signal and the variance of tree-ring data are described, along with the limitations in correlation based statistics to determine the robustness of tree-ring datasets particularly in the low frequency domain. These statistical methods will gain relevance as tree-ring isotope datasets increasingly approach sample replications and dataset structures typical for tree-ring width measurements.
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Selvin, Steve. "Analysis of Variance and Some Other S-Functions." In Modem Applied Biostatistical Methods Using S-Plus, 361–409. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195120257.003.0007.
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Abstract Analysis of variance is a special case of a general linear model where the dependent variable is continuous and the independent variables are categorical. This specialized statistical structure makes no real difference in principle. As before, the S-function glm{) can be used to evaluate differing analytic linear models by comparing specific residual deviances. However, differences exist in language and style so that separate S-fimctions are available particularly tailored to the analysis of variance approach. The following focuses on a few of the simplest but important data collection designs and the corresponding analysis of variance techniques.
Conference papers on the topic "Variable Fee Approach"
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Zhao, Jie, Farong Du, and Wei Yao. "Structure Analysis and Topology Optimization of a Bent-Bar-Frame Piston Based on the Variable Density Approach." In ASME 2014 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2014-6118.
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The iterative algorithm of design variables for structural topology optimization is derived by using variable density approach and Finite Element Method. A coupled model of bent-bar-frame piston is built considering the contact between piston and cylinder, piston and piston pin, piston pin and connecting rod. Based on this model, the deformation and stress of piston are analyzed under each of mechanical or thermal loading. Taking structural weight as the objective function of optimization, three desired regions of piston are optimized by using variable density approach in commercial FEA software HYPERMESH and ANSYS. Finally, the deformation and temperature of the optimized model are compared with prototype by using the same loading and boundary conditions. The results show that the weight of piston is reduced by 12.5% while meeting the required specifications.
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Seok, Ilwoo, Sanjay Dhage, Seongku Kim, and H. T. Hahn. "Design of Optimization of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell Using Numerical and Design of Experimental Approach." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90412.
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Design of optimization of thin film solar cell module based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) is investigated through a simulation model. At first, a numerical model which is equivalent to a practical cell module and represents one diode electrical circuit method is sought in FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and several parameters are adjusted. In FEA, the distribution of electric potential within each layer is shown with accordance to the given inputs. Next, to find the optimal design, four design variables (factors) which have three levels each are chosen and Design of Experimental (DOE) is performed so that the order of influences to performance is arranged. In DOE, a series of simulation follows the prepared orthogonal array, which is a sort of combinations by factors and levels, then analysis of variance (ANOVA) table is built up to screen unimportant design variables. Finally, the surface response function, which represents the relationship between important design variables and the purposed performance such as efficiency and fill factor (FF), is found and shown into equipotential graphs.
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Yildirim, Alper, Ahmet Arda Akay, Hasan Gulasik, Demirkan Coker, Ercan Gurses, and Altan Kayran. "Development of Bolted Flange Design Tool Based on Finite Element Analysis and Artificial Neural Network." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51021.
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In bolted flange connections, commonly utilized in aircraft engine designs, structural integrity and minimization of the weight are achieved by the optimum combination of the design parameters utilizing the outcome of many structural analyses. Bolt size, the number of bolts, bolt locations, casing thickness, flange thickness, bolt preload, and axial external force are some of the critical design parameters in bolted flange connections. Theoretical analysis and finite element analysis (FEA) are two main approaches to perform structural analysis of bolted flange connections. Theoretical approaches require the simplification of the geometry and are generally oversafe. In contrast, finite element analysis is more reliable but at the cost of high computational power. In this paper, a methodology is developed for iterative analyses of bolted flange that utilizes artificial neural network approximation of a database formed with more than ten thousand non-linear analyses with contact algorithm. In the design tool, a structural analysis database is created by taking permutations of the parametric variables. The number of intervals for each variable in the upper and lower range of the variables is determined with the parameters correlation study in which the significance of parameters are evaluated. The prediction of the ANN based design tool is then compared with FEA results and the theoretical approach of ESDU. The results show excellent agreement of the ANN based design tool with the actual non-linear finite element analysis results within the training limits of the ANN.
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Chi, Xiaye, Hui Liu, Guangjie Li, Weixiao Wang, Yunni Xia, Yanjie Jiang, Yuxia Zhang, and Weixing Ji. "An Automated Approach to Extracting Local Variables." In ESEC/FSE '23: 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616261.
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Sabari, K., A. Muniappan, and Mandeep Singh. "Synergistic Impact of Mechanical Properties on Friction Stir Welding Zone Formation in Magnesium Alloy: An Optimized Approach." In Automotive Technical Papers. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-5034.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A growing number of industries are utilizing friction stir welding (FSW), which has shown promise for joining different materials. In this study, the impacts of rotation speed and tool pin shape are examined, as well as the FSW zone generation in the magnesium alloy AZ31. The physical attributes of rotation speed, feed rate, pin profile shape, and the mechanical properties of the AZ31 magnesium alloy hardness, impact energy, and tensile strength are examined in this research to determine the properties of FSW. Under optimal conditions, taper-threaded tool pins, 40 mm/min welding speed, and 1000 rpm rotation speed achieved maximal micro-hardness. The FSW tool creates heat at 1000 rpm, improving the softened metal’s mechanical properties. Thus, the metal content in the stir zone was uniform. Some process variables impacted the response surface methodology (RSM) parametric design and subsequent optimization procedure. According to the analysis, the tool’s rotational speed was the key progression variable with the most statistical influence on metal characteristics. Nonetheless, tool pin design and welding speed are other variables that significantly influence mechanical properties.</div></div>
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Berry, K. J., and T. M. Cameron. "Finite Element Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamic Pump Flow." In ASME 1993 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1993-0077.
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Abstract A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) parametric study of 2D Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pump flow is presented. The analysis assumes steady, viscous, incompressible fluid flow in the presence of a magnetic field applied normal to the plane of motion. The fluid is electrically conducting and the analysis is applicable to the design and performance evaluation of DC electromagnetic MHD pumps. The primitive variable Galerkin finite element approach is used to discretize the complete Navier-Stokes equations governing fluid motion which are coupled to both the Maxwell’s equations governing electromagnetic fields, and the conservation of energy equation governing the temperature field. Analysis variables include: velocity; pressure; temperature; voltage; electric field; magnetic flux; current density and pump efficiency. These variables are evaluated for low to moderate values of the magnetic interactive parameter. The velocity field distortion is compared to other numerical results and insight into solution convergence difficulties is presented.
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Feytout, Benjamin, Patrick Lanusse, Jocelyn Sabatier, and Serge Gracia. "Robust CRONE Design for a Variable Ratio Planetary Gearing in a Variable Speed Wind Turbine." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47842.
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Most wind turbines installed have traditional architectures: double-fed asynchronous machine or direct drive with full conversion, both containing several levels of control composed of PI controllers. In our application, a robust 3rd-generation-CRONE controller is used to manage a planetary gearing ratio upstream of a synchronous generator directly connected to the grid. Thus, the speed of the low shaft is controlled and unlike other architectures, no system of power electronics is required for conversion. This CRONE approach is a robust control methodology based on fractional order differentiation.
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Siva Sankara Rao, Yemineni, Kutchibotla Mallikarjuna Rao, and V. V. Subba Rao. "Investigation on Fatigue Life Prediction of Riveted Cantilever Beam Using FEA Approach." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63430.
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Abstract Different structural elements of automobiles, ships, aircraft wings and fuselages, turbines, nuclear reactors, and other machine components are susceptible to variable loading condition. Due to this type of loading situation all the mentioned structures are undergone to the formation of internal cracks, these cracks will be grown and eventually lead to the failure of the structures. Hence, the fatigue phenomenon due to variable loading conditions is a major threat and has come into address with the technological development that happening is now a days. To avoid the failure of structures due to fatigue loading condition structures are provided with different fasteners like rivets, bolts, tack welds, etc. In this study, the structures analyzed are cantilever beams, the fasteners considered are rivets, the loading considered for analysis is fully reversed cyclic loading, and the analysis considered is the fatigue analysis, the mode of analysis is a simulation using FEA software named ANSYS R19.2 WORKBENCH software. The variable parameters considered are rivet diameter, load, and coefficient of friction at the common interface of riveted specimens. Here in this analysis, the beam dimensions are kept constant. Besides, in this study, the comparison of fatigue life for solid and riveted cantilever beams of identical dimensions is presented. The material considered for the rivets and beams is aluminum alloy.
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Perez, Carlos, and Juan De Dios Calderon. "Comparison Between Feed-Forward Back-Propagation and Radial Basis Functions Networks for Roughness Modeling in Face-Milling of Aluminum." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63364.
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The technology of the cutting process has evolved substantially in terms of materials, tools and machines; however it is a necessity to develop models for control and optimization of the cutting processes because nowadays industry relies mainly on empirical data and heuristic solutions provided by shop-floor experts. Due to the complex relationship between the variables of the cutting process, application of artificial intelligence approaches is wide feasible as modeling technique and functional for controller development. This work, presents a design of experiments, data analysis and model comparison for surface roughness prediction in face-milling of aluminum 6061-T6 considering tool spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut and entry angle of the cutting insert as input variables. Measurements of average roughness are performed, then acquired data are preprocessed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Response Surface Methodologies (RSM). Once the proper variable arrangement is defined, a comparison between Feed Forward Back Propagation Neural Network (FFBPNN) and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is performed based on the correlation coefficient between predicted and measured data. Results showed that Neural Network arrays have better prediction behavior than those based on RSM.
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Liu, Gao-Lian, and Shan Yan. "A Unified Variable-Domain Variational Approach to Hybrid Problems of Compressible Blade-to-Blade Flow." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-169.
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A unified theory of various hybrid problems for blade-to-blade compressible flow is developed herein via the functional variation with variable domain. Two variational principle (VP) families for three typical hybrid problems are derived, following a systematic approach (Liu, 1990a). Full advantage is taken of the natural boundary condition and suction/blowing along the blade surface are accommodated. This theory is aimed at offering a new theoretical basis for the finite element method (FEM) and various ways for blade design and/or modification, and it also constitutes an important part of optimal cascade theory (Liu,1987b). Based on these VPs, a new FEM with self-adjusting nodes is also suggested, and the numerical tests yield good results.
Reports on the topic "Variable Fee Approach"
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Zhang, Zhen. Multilevel SEM in Mplus (Free with Course Purchase). Instats Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61700/aicphe1kyt4hf469.
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This seminar introduces the Mplus multilevel latent variable modeling framework and describes topics including multilevel variance and effect decomposition, and random and fixed effects (including random slopes), and then proceeds to explore multilevel path analysis, multilevel CFA including multilevel bi-factor models, and multilevel SEM, including approaches for handling strong correlations at the between-group level, indirect effects (multilevel mediation), interaction effects (multilevel moderation), and conditional indirect effects (multilevel moderated mediation). An official Instats certificate of completion is provided at the conclusion of the seminar. For European PhD students, the seminar offers 2 ECTS Equivalent point.
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Hayes. L51633 Investigation of WIC Test Variables. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010107.
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The Welding Institute of Canada (WIC) has developed a test for pipelines which determine threshold preheat levels necessary to avoid hydrogen cracking in the root region of circumferential welds. This test is simple to perform, reproducible and reasonably inexpensive. Experience has shown, however, that preheat levels determined by the WIC test are typically higher than normally required to achieve, sound, crack-free welds in the field. Consequently, there is a need to characterize the WIC test in more detail even though significant work was performed by other researchers. Through further characterization, pipeline operators will be able to formulate safe and economical welding procedures with more accurate preheat levels. The following report describes the experimental approach, the processes used for analysis, the results, the conclusions drawn and the recommendations for future work.
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Eggers Prieto, Carlos, Lucia Martin Rivero, Laucel Muñoz, and Álvaro Salamanca. Nowcasting Poverty in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic: A Micro-simulation Approach. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012890.
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Assessing the development of countries relies on poverty rates as a key indicator. However, official poverty rates are derived from household surveys that often have limited frequency, unexpected gaps due to field work constraints, and substantial delays in processing and publication. This paper presents a novel micro-simulation method for estimating poverty, which introduces changes in demographic and labor variables into the surveys, that can be derived from just a few observed or forecasted macroeconomic indicators. We apply this method for the case of Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic (CAPDR) and show that it outperforms the fit of other methods that solely rely on direct imputations from GDP to households income. Lastly, our approach can be easily replicated across countries and in different time periods, which is not the case for the majority of other micro-simulation techniques.
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Gibson and Maxey. L51713 Effective Procedure Variables for Weld onto In-Service Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010360.
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The ability of the flowing contents to remove heat from the pipe wall causes welds made onto in-service pipelines to cool at an accelerated rate and makes these welds particularly susceptible to hydrogen cracking. Several approaches exist for qualifying procedures where the thermal conditions produced by the flowing pipeline contents are simulated, allowing the ability of a procedure to produce sound, crack-free welds to be demonstrated. This report documents the various methods that can be used, under a number of different conditions, for simulating the proper cooling effects that will be experienced when welding on in-service pipelines. Three candidate methods were selected and evaluated based on their simplicity and their ability to produce realistic weld cooling rates. Several field trials were undertaken in conjunction with actual in-service welding operations conducted by PRCI-member companies, and using a flow loop at the GRI Metering Research Facility, to collect weld cooling rate data to establish which procedure qualification conditions are applicable for various actual in-service conditions.Several field trials were undertaken and documented within this report on actual in-service welding operations as well as using a flow loop at the Gas Research Institute (GRI) Metering Research Facility to collect weld cooling rate data to establish which procedure qualification conditions are applicable for various in-service conditions and pipe repairs.
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Chong, Alberto E., and Alejandro Riaño. Political Environment and Privatization Prices. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010850.
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This paper studies the link between the political and institutional context and privatization sales prices. The latter serves as a measure for assessing the relative performance of the privatization goals. Whereas this link has been studied theoretically, there are very few, if any, empirical papers on this relationship. Using data from 308 privatizations around the world and applying a cross-country approach (including instrumental variables), we find that, while the overall political regime does not matter much for prices, the political processes beyond the basic regime do matter. Institutional context also produces a significant impact on prices. Both results are robust to changes in specification.
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Campi, Mercedes, Marco Dueñas, and Tommaso Ciarli. Open configuration options Do Creative Industries Enhance Employment Growth? Regional Evidence from Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003993.
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Creative industries are considered highly innovative and productive, constituting an important driver of economic change. For high-income countries, several studies discuss the positive spillovers of creative industries for the local economy, for instance by attracting creative workers, which can benet entrepreneurs and workers in other industries. Like many other activities, creative industries are likely to dier in low- and middle-income countries compared to high-income countries. Moreover, the existing evidence is based on correlations between variables likely to be endogenous. This paper contributes to the literature on the role of creative industries in driving economic change in two main ways. First, we make a rst attempt to control for endogeneity and identify the impact of creative industries on local economies. Second, we report evidence for a middle-income country. Using granular employment data, we study the agglomeration patterns of creative industries across Colombian cities between 2008 and 2017. Exploiting the co-location of creative industries with other industries, we estimate the relation between employment growth in creative and non-creative industries in the same city. Using a shift-share instrumental variable approach, we estimate the multiplier eect of employment growth in creative industries on the employment growth in the rest of the economy. Creative industries represented between 2.7 and 3.3 percent of Colombian employment in 2008 and 2017. We nd that creative industries agglomerate mainly in three large cities (Bogota, Medelln, and Cartagena) and in a few smaller cities. Such agglomeration is positively related to an increase in the employment of non-creative services industries. For a positive causal relation to materialize, creative industries should have a larger size or be more connected to other economic sectors. However, after controlling for endogeneity, we nd no signicant impact of an increase of creative industries employment on employment growth in other industries.
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Edwards, Susan L., Marcus E. Berzofsky, and Paul P. Biemer. Addressing Nonresponse for Categorical Data Items Using Full Information Maximum Likelihood with Latent GOLD 5.0. RTI Press, September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.mr.0038.1809.
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Full information maximum likelihood (FIML) is an important approach to compensating for nonresponse in data analysis. Unfortunately, only a few software packages implement FIML and even fewer have the capability to compensate for missing not at random (MNAR) nonresponse. One of these packages is Statistical Innovations’ Latent GOLD; however, the user documentation for Latent GOLD provides no mention of this capability. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for fitting MNAR FIML models for categorical data items using the Latent GOLD 5.0 software. By way of comparison, we also provide guidance on fitting FIML models for nonresponse missing at random (MAR) using the methods of Fuchs (1982) and Fay (1986), who incorporated item nonresponse indicators within a structural modeling framework. We compare both FIML for MAR and FIML for MNAR nonresponse models for independent and dependent variables. Also, we provide recommendations for future applications of FIML using Latent GOLD.
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Chambers. PR-348-09602-R01 Determine New Design and Construction Techniques for Transportation of Ethanol. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010546.
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This report summarizes results of the research study titled, �Determine New Design and Construction Techniques for Transportation of Ethanol and Ethanol/Gasoline Blends in New Pipelines� (WP #394 / DTPH56-09-T-000003). It was prepared for the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, Office of Pipeline Safety. The technical tasks in this study included activities to characterize the impact of selected metallurgical processing and fabrication variables on ethanol stress corrosion cracking (ethanol SCC) of new pipeline steels, develop a better understanding of conditions that cause susceptibility to ethanol SCC in fuel grade ethanol (FGE) to support better monitoring and control, and develop data / insights to provide industry-recognized standards and guidelines to reduce the occurrence of ethanol SCC. This research was approached through a collaboration of Honeywell Process Solutions (Honeywell), the Edison Welding Institute (EWI), and Electricore Inc. (prime contractor) with oversight and co-funding by the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) and Colonial Pipeline. The program's tasks were as follows: Evaluation of Steel Microstructure Effect on Ethanol SCC Resistance Effects of Welding and Residual Stress Evaluation of Surface Treatment Effects Evaluate Effects of Pipe Manufacturing Process Specification of Polymeric Materials for New Construction Control and Monitoring of Oxygen Uptake Internal Corrosion Monitoring Standardization of SCC Test Methods Roadmap for Industry Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Pipeline Handling of FGE
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Tao, Yang, Amos Mizrach, Victor Alchanatis, Nachshon Shamir, and Tom Porter. Automated imaging broiler chicksexing for gender-specific and efficient production. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594391.bard.
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Extending the previous two years of research results (Mizarch, et al, 2012, Tao, 2011, 2012), the third year’s efforts in both Maryland and Israel were directed towards the engineering of the system. The activities included the robust chick handling and its conveyor system development, optical system improvement, online dynamic motion imaging of chicks, multi-image sequence optimal feather extraction and detection, and pattern recognition. Mechanical System Engineering The third model of the mechanical chick handling system with high-speed imaging system was built as shown in Fig. 1. This system has the improved chick holding cups and motion mechanisms that enable chicks to open wings through the view section. The mechanical system has achieved the speed of 4 chicks per second which exceeds the design specs of 3 chicks per second. In the center of the conveyor, a high-speed camera with UV sensitive optical system, shown in Fig.2, was installed that captures chick images at multiple frames (45 images and system selectable) when the chick passing through the view area. Through intensive discussions and efforts, the PIs of Maryland and ARO have created the protocol of joint hardware and software that uses sequential images of chick in its fall motion to capture opening wings and extract the optimal opening positions. This approached enables the reliable feather feature extraction in dynamic motion and pattern recognition. Improving of Chick Wing Deployment The mechanical system for chick conveying and especially the section that cause chicks to deploy their wings wide open under the fast video camera and the UV light was investigated along the third study year. As a natural behavior, chicks tend to deploy their wings as a mean of balancing their body when a sudden change in the vertical movement was applied. In the latest two years, this was achieved by causing the chicks to move in a free fall, in the earth gravity (g) along short vertical distance. The chicks have always tended to deploy their wing but not always in wide horizontal open situation. Such position is requested in order to get successful image under the video camera. Besides, the cells with checks bumped suddenly at the end of the free falling path. That caused the chicks legs to collapse inside the cells and the image of wing become bluer. For improving the movement and preventing the chick legs from collapsing, a slowing down mechanism was design and tested. This was done by installing of plastic block, that was printed in a predesign variable slope (Fig. 3) at the end of the path of falling cells (Fig.4). The cells are moving down in variable velocity according the block slope and achieve zero velocity at the end of the path. The slop was design in a way that the deacceleration become 0.8g instead the free fall gravity (g) without presence of the block. The tests showed better deployment and wider chick's wing opening as well as better balance along the movement. Design of additional sizes of block slops is under investigation. Slops that create accelerations of 0.7g, 0.9g, and variable accelerations are designed for improving movement path and images.
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Wang, Chih-Hao, and Na Chen. Do Multi-Use-Path Accessibility and Clustering Effect Play a Role in Residents' Choice of Walking and Cycling? Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2011.
Full textAbstract:
The transportation studies literature recognizes the relationship between accessibility and active travel. However, there is limited research on the specific impact of walking and cycling accessibility to multi-use paths on active travel behavior. Combined with the culture of automobile dependency in the US, this knowledge gap has been making it difficult for policy-makers to encourage walking and cycling mode choices, highlighting the need to promote a walking and cycling culture in cities. In this case, a clustering effect (“you bike, I bike”) can be used as leverage to initiate such a trend. This project contributes to the literature as one of the few published research projects that considers all typical categories of explanatory variables (individual and household socioeconomics, local built environment features, and travel and residential choice attitudes) as well as two new variables (accessibility to multi-use paths calculated by ArcGIS and a clustering effect represented by spatial autocorrelation) at two levels (level 1: binary choice of cycling/waking; level 2: cycling/walking time if yes at level 1) to better understand active travel demand. We use data from the 2012 Utah Travel Survey. At the first level, we use a spatial probit model to identify whether and why Salt Lake City residents walked or cycled. The second level is the development of a spatial autoregressive model for walkers and cyclists to examine what factors affect their travel time when using walking or cycling modes. The results from both levels, obtained while controlling for individual, attitudinal, and built-environment variables, show that accessibility to multi-use paths and a clustering effect (spatial autocorrelation) influence active travel behavior in different ways. Specifically, a cyclist is likely to cycle more when seeing more cyclists around. These findings provide analytical evidence to decision-makers for efficiently evaluating and deciding between plans and policies to enhance active transportation based on the two modeling approaches to assessing travel behavior described above.