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Journal articles on the topic 'Variable amplitude loading (VAL)'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Liu, Zhi Fang, Li Xiong Gu, and Zhong Yong Xu. "Fatigue Crack Propagation Prediction under Single Overload Variable Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 275-277 (January 2013): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.275-277.215.

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Reasonably predicting the fatigue life of specimens, depends on the research and understanding of the fatigue crack propagation behavior under variable amplitude loading (VAL) rather than under constant amplitude loading (CAL). The present study aims at evaluating residual fatigue life under single overload VAL by adopting a dynamical coefficient mechanics (DCM) model which we have reported. New formulas connecting the crack length with number of cycles and expressions for the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) under single overload VAL have been derived and were used to predict crack propagation. The ratios of predicted-to-experimental lives range from 1.00 to 1.09, which indicates that the results obtained from this DCM model are in good agreement with experimental data from published literatures and cover all stages of fatigue crack growth curve.

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2

Gu, Li Xiong, Zhi Fang Liu, and Zhong Yong Xu. "A Dynamical Coefficient Mechanics Model for Fatigue Crack Growth under Variable Amplitude Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.3.

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Almost all load bearing components usually experience variable amplitude loading (VAL) rather than constant amplitude loading (CAL) during their service lives. The present study aims at evaluating residual fatigue life under VAL by adopting a dynamical coefficient mechanics (DCM) model which we have reported. New formulas connecting the crack length with number of cycles and expressions for the FCG rate under VAL have been derived and were used to predict crack propagation. The ratios of predicted-to-experimental lives range from 1.00 to 1.04, which indicates that the results obtained from this DCM model are in good agreement with experimental data from published literatures and cover all stages of fatigue crack growth curve.

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3

Liu, Zhi Fang, Li Xiong Gu, and Zhong Yong Xu. "Data Fitting Analysis for Fatigue Crack Growth under Multiple Overload Variable Amplitude Loading." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.645.

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The present study aims at evaluating residual fatigue life under multiple overload variable amplitude loading (VAL) by using a dynamical coefficient mechanics (DCM) model which we have reported for data fitting analysis. New formulas connecting the crack length with number of cycles and expressions for fatigue crack growth (FCG) under multiple overload VAL have been derived and were used to predict crack propagation. The ratios of predicted-to-experimental lives range from 1.01 to 1.03, which indicates that the results obtained from this DCM model are in good agreement with experimental data from published literatures and cover all stages of fatigue crack growth curve.

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4

Zakaria, K. A., S. Abdullah, Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali, and C. H. Azhari. "Elevated Temperature Fatigue Fracture Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy Subjected to Spectrum Loadings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.219.

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This paper discusses the fatigue fracture behaviour of aluminium alloy AA6061-T6 under spectrum loadings at room and elevated temperatures. The load sequence can have a very significant effect in fatigue lives and normally the fatigue strength of material decrease with increasing temperature. In this study, variable amplitude loading (VAL) signal was obtained from the engine mount bracket of an automobile in a normal driving condition. Constant amplitude loading (CAL), high to low and low to high spectrum loadings were then derived from the VAL obtained from the data capturing process to study the fatigue behaviour that subjected to spectrum loadings at the room and elevated temperatures. The fatigue tests were performed according to an ASTM E466 standard using a servo-hydraulic fatigue testing machine. Fatigue fracture surfaces were then sectioned and inspected by employing a high magnification microscope. Results indicated that fracture surface behaviours of specimens were influenced significantly by the load sequence and temperatures, which can be related to the fatigue lives of aluminium alloy under spectrum loadings.

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5

Schiller, R., D. Löschner, P. Diekhoff, I. Engelhardt, Th Nitschke-Pagel, and K. Dilger. "Sequence effect of p(1/3) spectrum loading on service fatigue strength of as-welded and high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI)-treated transverse stiffeners of mild steel." Welding in the World 65, no. 9 (May 18, 2021): 1821–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40194-021-01121-3.

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AbstractIn the meantime, it’s well known that post-weld fatigue strength improvement techniques for welded structures like high-frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment increase the fatigue live of welded joints. Although the current design recommendations for HFMI-treated welded joints give first design proposals for the HFMI-treated welds, in practice the application of HFMI treatment and the associated increase in fatigue resistance are still being discussed. There are, for example, reservations regarding the efficiency of HFMI-treated welded joints under variable amplitude loading (VAL). This paper analyses first results for the sequence effect of VAL of a p (1/3) spectrum on the service fatigue strength of HFMI-treated transverse stiffeners (TS) of mild steel (S355). Fatigue test results with random and high-low loading for the two states as-welded (AW) and HFMI-treated joints will be presented. The modified linear damage accumulation and the failure locations will be discussed. The experimental results show a clear change in the slope of the S-N curve from the as-welded (AW) state to the HFMI state and additionally in the HFMI state from constant amplitude loading (CAL) to variable amplitude loading (VAL). It was particularly noticeable in the experimental results of all tested HFMI series that the specimens failed exclusively in the base material 2–4mm before the HFMI-treated welds. The presented results of the investigations show that with application of the nominal stress concept, no sequence effect was recognizable.

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6

Nik Abdullah, N., M. Hadi Hafezi, and Shahrum Abdullah. "Analytical Concepts for Recent Development in Fatigue Crack Growth under Variable Amplitude Loading. Part I: Qualitative Interpretation." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.59.

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Understanding effective parameters in fatigue crack growth (FCG) model under variable amplitude loading (VAL) is of eminent importance theoretically as well as experimentally. In response to this necessity, a systematic study of different analytical concepts and loading sequences in order to gain a practical framework has been proposed. The theoretical background related to the fatigue life prediction by using FCG model has been presented. This has shown the rationale of why we need to calculate local stress-strain in the crack tip in developing FCG models which is the main subject of this research.

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7

Braun, Moritz, Alfons Dörner, Kane F. ter Veer, Tom Willems, Marc Seidel, Hayo Hendrikse, Knut V. Høyland, Claas Fischer, and Sören Ehlers. "Development of Combined Load Spectra for Offshore Structures Subjected to Wind, Wave, and Ice Loading." Energies 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15020559.

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Fixed offshore wind turbines continue to be developed for high latitude areas where not only wind and wave loads need to be considered but also moving sea ice. Current rules and regulations for the design of fixed offshore structures in ice-covered waters do not adequately consider the effects of ice loading and its stochastic nature on the fatigue life of the structure. Ice crushing on such structures results in ice-induced vibrations, which can be represented by loading the structure using a variable-amplitude loading (VAL) sequence. Typical offshore load spectra are developed for wave and wind loading. Thus, a combined VAL spectrum is developed for wind, wave, and ice action. To this goal, numerical models are used to simulate the dynamic ice-, wind-, and wave-structure interaction. The stress time-history at an exemplarily selected critical point in an offshore wind energy monopile support structure is extracted from the model and translated into a VAL sequence, which can then be used as a loading sequence for the fatigue assessment or fatigue testing of welded joints of offshore wind turbine support structures. This study presents the approach to determine combined load spectra and standardized time series for wind, wave, and ice action.

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8

Murthy, A. Rama Chandra, G. S. Palani, and Nagesh R. Iyer. "Damage Tolerance Evaluation of Cracked Tubular Joints Subjected to Fatigue Loading." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.653.

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This paper presents methodologies for damage tolerance evaluation of tubular T- and Y-joints by using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) principles. The damage tolerance evaluation is in terms of crack growth analysis and remaining life prediction of tubular joints. Stress intensity factor (SIF) for T-butt plates which can be used for computation of SIF for tubular joints has been evaluated as per BS: 7910. It is observed from the literature that the expressions given in BS: 7910 for computation of SIF have not been used for remaining life prediction of tubular joints. In this paper, these expressions have been used for analytical prediction of remaining life of tubular T- and Y- joints subjected to constant amplitude loading (CAL) and variable amplitude loading (VAL). Wheeler residual stress model has been employed to represent the retardation effects due to tensile overloads. It is observed that remaining life predicted for T- and Y-joints under CAL are found to be in good agreement with those of experimental values reported in the literature. In the case of VAL, it is observed that crack growth retardation increases with increase of OLR resulting in higher predicted remaining life. It has also been observed that the predicted remaining life is influenced by the number of OLs and occurrence of OL. Early occurrence of OL causes the higher remaining life compared to later OLs.

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9

Abdelkader, Miloudi, Zemri Mokhtar, Benguediab Mohamed, Mazari Mohamed, and Amrouche Abdelwaheb. "Crack propagation under variable amplitude loading." Materials Research 16, no. 5 (July 5, 2013): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392013005000110.

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10

SONSINO, C. "Fatigue testing under variable amplitude loading." International Journal of Fatigue 29, no. 6 (June 2007): 1080–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2006.10.011.

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11

Kim, K. S., J. C. Park, and J. W. Lee. "Multiaxial Fatigue Under Variable Amplitude Loads." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 121, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812377.

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Multiaxial fatigue under variable amplitude loading is investigated using Kandil et al.’s parameter, rainflow cycle counting on the shear strain history, and the Miner-Palmgren damage rule. Fatigue data are obtained on tubular specimens of S45C steel under proportional and nonproportional tension-torsion loading. The approaches using the maximum shear strain range (Δγmax) plane and the maximum damage (Dmax) plane as the critical plane are investigated. The damage is computed for each reversal or for each cycle. The results show that both Δγmax and Dmax approaches yield acceptable fatigue lives irrespective of the damage computation method. Damage computation for each reversal tends to shift fatigue life toward the nonconservative side for some nonproportional loading. It is concluded that the overall procedure used in this study is viable for multiaxial life prediction under variable amplitude loading for the test material.

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12

Kuntjoro, Wahyu, Ramzyzan Ramly, and Najmuddin Assanah. "Measuring variable amplitude loading with fibre optic." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 405 (September 26, 2018): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/405/1/012008.

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13

Laseure, Niels, Ingmar Schepens, Nahuel Micone, and Wim De Waele. "Effects of variable amplitude loading on fatigue life." International Journal Sustainable Construction & Design 6, no. 3 (October 7, 2015): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/scad.v6i3.1131.

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This paper is a review of published research on variable amplitude loading of steels. The use of service spectra for different industrial sectors and specifically for offshore applications is first considered. Constant amplitude fatigue failure models are not representative for these applications. The JONSWAP spectrum shows potential to be used as service spectrum for offshore structures. Further investigation of variable amplitude fatigue is needed to get insight in the various phenomena linked to the variable amplitude. Observed trends in fatigue crack growth rate in variable amplitude fatigue tests on steels, such as the effects of overloads and underloads (occurring as single events, sequential events or block loadings), are discussed. Furthermore, suggestions of the underlying physical phenomena behind the load interaction effects due to variable amplitude loading are presented. It can be concluded that the plasticity induced crack closure mechanism is the most profound explanation for the acceleration effect in overloads and the retardation effect observed in underloads.

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14

Pöting, S., M. Traupe, J. Hug, and H. Zenner. "Variable Amplitude Loading on a Resonance Test Facility." Journal of ASTM International 1, no. 10 (2004): 19038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai19038.

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15

Zhu, Jiacai, Wei Guo, and Wanlin Guo. "Surface fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude loading." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 239 (November 2020): 107317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2020.107317.

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16

ABDULLAH, S., J. CHOI, J. GIACOMIN, and J. YATES. "Bump extraction algorithm for variable amplitude fatigue loading." International Journal of Fatigue 28, no. 7 (July 2006): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2005.09.003.

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17

LIU, Y., and S. MAHADEVAN. "Stochastic fatigue damage modeling under variable amplitude loading." International Journal of Fatigue 29, no. 6 (June 2007): 1149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2006.09.009.

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18

Kang, Ki Weon, and Jong Kweon Kim. "Fatigue Life Prediction of Impacted Glass/Epoxy Composites under Variable Amplitude Loading." Key Engineering Materials 261-263 (April 2004): 1079–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.261-263.1079.

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This paper presents the fatigue behavior of plain-weave E-glass/epoxy composites with impact-induced damage under constant and variable amplitude loading. The constant amplitude fatigue life of the impacted composites can be identified through the prediction model, which was proposed on the carbon/epoxy laminates by authors. Also, the models are derived to calculate the equivalent stress of the composites under variable amplitude loading, considering the impact damage. These models allow fatigue data of the unimpacted and impacted composites under variable amplitude loading to be correlated with constant amplitude data of the unimpacted composites.

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19

Machniewicz, Tomasz, Małgorzata Skorupa, and Adam Korbel. "Strip Yield Model Applicability to Crack Growth Predictions for Various Types of Fatigue Loading." Solid State Phenomena 250 (April 2016): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.250.120.

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The capability of the strip yield (SY) model to predict crack growth in structural steel is investigated. To this end the SY model implementation developed by the present authors is applied to simulate crack growth observed in S355J2 steel specimens under constant amplitude and simple variable amplitude loading. A particular attention is given to the calibration of the model using the constraint factors and examining whether tuning the model, based on constant amplitude loading, allows the adequate predictions for variable amplitude loading.

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20

Nijssen, R. P. L., D. R. V. van Delft, and A. M. van Wingerde. "Alternative Fatigue Lifetime Prediction Formulations for Variable-Amplitude Loading." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1510524.

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Accurate prediction of lifetime is an increasingly important issue for wind turbine rotor blade materials. Coupon tests with the variable-amplitude standard loading sequences for wind turbines known as WISPER and WISPERX have indicated that the coupon lifetime can be overestimated by one or two orders of magnitude using conventional lifetime prediction formulations. In the actual design, this might be compensated for by conservative design factors covering other aspects such as environmental conditions. These conventional lifetime prediction formulations use Rainflow counting of the load history, a log-log SN-curve (stress- or strain amplitude versus cycles to failure) for R = −1, a linear Goodman diagram as a constant-life diagram, and Miner summation. In this work, possible alternative fatigue formulations to improve lifetime prediction under variable-amplitude loading are investigated. Results of WISPER and WISPERX variable-amplitude tests on a material representative of wind turbine rotor blades are used. Only alternatives for the SN-curve and the constant-life diagram are investigated; Rainflow counting and Miner summation are used in all predictions discussed here. None of the investigated SN-curves unites an apparent correlation of constant-amplitude data with an accurate and/or conservative lifetime prediction, when including them in a classical linear Goodman diagram. However, the lin-log- and log-log SN-curves do yield better predictions in combination with an alternative constant-life diagram.

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21

Iasnii, Volodymyr, Petro Yasniy, Yuri Lapusta, Oleg Yasniy, and Oleksandr Dyvdyk. "Functional Behavior of Pseudoelastic NiTi Alloy Under Variable Amplitude Loading." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2020-0022.

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Abstract Cyclic loading of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) causes forward and reverse austenite–martensіte transformations, and also increases the volume of stabilized martensite. This appears in the change of stress-strain curve form, the decrease of dissipation energy, and increase of residual strain, that is, named transformation ratcheting. In real structures, the SMA components in most cases are under the action of variable amplitude loading. Therefore, it is obvious that the loading history will influence the functional fatigue. In the present work, the effect of stress ratio on the functional properties of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy under variable amplitude loading sequence with two blocks was investigated. The studies were carried out under the uniaxial tension of cylindrical specimens under load-full unload and load-part unload. The change of residual strain, strain range, dissipation, and cumulative dissipation energy density of NiTi alloy related to load sequences are discussed. Under both stress ratios, the residual strain in NiTi alloy is increased depending on the number of loading cycles on the high loading block that is similar to the tests at constant stress or strain amplitude. An unusual effect of NiTi alloy residual strain reduction with the number cycles is found at a lower block loading. There was revealed the effect of residual strain reduction of NiTi alloy on the number of loading cycles on the lower amplitude block. The amount of decrement of the residual strain during a low loading block is approximately equal to the reversible part of the residual strain due to the stabilized martensite. The decrease of the residual strain during the low loading block is approximately equal to the reversible part of residual strain due to the stabilized martensite. A good correlation of the effective Young’s modulus for both load blocks with residual strain, which is a measure of the volume of irreversible martensite, is observed.

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22

He, Lei, Hiroyuki Akebono, and Atsushi Sugeta. "Effect of high-amplitude loading on accumulated fatigue damage under variable-amplitude loading in 316 stainless steel." International Journal of Fatigue 116 (November 2018): 388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.06.045.

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23

Wang, Yingyu, and Luca Susmel. "Critical plane approach to multiaxial variable amplitude fatigue loading." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 9, no. 33 (June 19, 2015): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.33.38.

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24

Ricardo, Luiz Carlos H., and Carlos Alexandre J. Miranda. "Crack simulation models in variable amplitude loading - a review." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 10, no. 35 (December 29, 2015): 456–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.35.52.

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25

Gates, Nicholas R., Ali Fatemi, Nagaraja Iyyer, and Nam Phan. "Fatigue crack growth behavior under multiaxial variable amplitude loading." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 10, no. 37 (June 13, 2016): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.37.23.

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26

Moreno, Belen, Pablo Lopez‐Crespo, Alejandro S. Cruces, and Jaime Dominguez. "Estimation of the opening load under variable amplitude loading." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 42, no. 9 (July 23, 2019): 2194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ffe.13108.

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27

SUSMEL, L., and R. TOVO. "Estimating fatigue damage under variable amplitude multiaxial fatigue loading." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 34, no. 12 (June 5, 2011): 1053–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2011.01594.x.

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28

SUITA, Keiichiro, Tsuyoshi TANAKA, Yoshiki MANABE, and Kouhei TAKATSUKA. "EFFECT OF VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING PROTOCOL ON DEFORMATION CAPACITY." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 77, no. 682 (2012): 1951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.77.1951.

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29

Manai, Asma, and Mohammad Al-Emrani. "Fatigue assessment of metallic structures under variable amplitude loading." Procedia Structural Integrity 19 (2019): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2019.12.003.

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30

Dirik, Haydar, and Tuncay Yalçinkaya. "Fatigue Crack Growth Under Variable Amplitude Loading Through XFEM." Procedia Structural Integrity 2 (2016): 3073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2016.06.384.

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31

Anes, Vitor, Luis Reis, and Manuel Freitas. "Multiaxial Fatigue Damage Accumulation under Variable Amplitude Loading Conditions." Procedia Engineering 101 (2015): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.02.016.

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32

HEULER, P., and T. SEEGER. "A criterion for omission of variable amplitude loading histories." International Journal of Fatigue 8, no. 4 (October 1986): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(86)90025-3.

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33

Quoc Huy VU, Dinh Quy VU, and Thi Tuyet Nhung LE. "Fatigue Life Prediction Under Multiaxial Variable Amplitude Loading Using A Stress-Based Criterion." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2020010103.

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This article presents fatigue life calculations for metals under different multiaxial variable amplitude loading patterns. Developed from a stress-based multiaxial fatigue criterion, a damage parameter used in the fatigue life prediction method can capture correctly different damage mechanisms (proportional and non-proportional multiaxiality, mean stress, asynchronous and variable amplitude) of fatigue loading in the high cycle fatigue domain. The method is based on a reference S-N curve and a cumulative damage law. Assessment of the accuracy of the proposed method is carried out with three different materials from literature (EN-GS800-2 cast iron, 39NiCrMo3 steel and SAE 1045 steel) subjected to different patterns of variable amplitude loading (blocks, non-proportional asynchronous and proportional random loading). Results reveal that the prediction method is in good accordance with the experimental data.

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34

Wang, C. H., and M. W. Brown. "Life Prediction Techniques for Variable Amplitude Multiaxial Fatigue—Part 1: Theories." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2806821.

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Fatigue life prediction under multiaxis random loading is an extremely complex and intractable topic; only a few methods have been proposed in the literature. In addition, experimental results under multiaxis random loading are also scarce. In part one of this two-part paper, a multiaxial non-proportional cycle counting method and fatigue damage calculation procedure are proposed, which is compared with one published damage-searching method. Both theories are based on critical plane concepts, one being an extension of the local strain approach for uniaxial variable amplitude loading and the other employing a new counting algorithm for multiaxis random loading. In principle, these two methods can be considered as bounding solutions for fatigue damage accumulation under multiaxis random loading.

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35

Xu, Yan Hai, and Yong Xiang Zhao. "Modelling the Behavior of Short Fatigue Cracks under Variable Amplitude Loading Using FEM." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.985.

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The behavior of short fatigue cracks under variable amplitude loading (VA) was investigated by FEM. The crack closure induced by the crack surface roughness was taken into consideration by using the contact between these crack surfaces. The effects of variable amplitude loading on the performance of short cracks are demonstrated with factors such as grain orientation and misorientation, crack length and the friction efficient between the contacted crack surfaces. Through the two indicators, crack tip opening displacement represented by "CTOD and "CTSD and the plastic strain range of crack tip, the characteristics of short cracks affected by loading blocks are discussed in detail. It is shown from the numerical results that the significance of the design of loading blocks in the fatigue experiments is evident and the performance of short cracks from the variable amplitude loading is more effective due to the closer to practice.

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36

Li, Menghan, Xin Liu, Zhenguo Li, and Yingbo Zhang. "Fatigue crack growth prediction model under variable amplitude loading conditions." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 30, no. 9 (March 16, 2021): 1315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789521998737.

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Crack size prediction under variable amplitude loading is a very complex process, which is also important for life prediction in engineering. A crack growth model considering different stress ratio for fatigue remaining life prediction is proposed in this paper. The model utilizes stress ratio to describe the variable loading sequences, which makes the calculation greatly simplified. The rain-flow method is utilized to characterize the load sequence effects under variable amplitude loading. In addition, particle filter is utilized to estimate the model parameters describing the crack growth. Finally, case study indicates that the proposed approach is efficient in predicting crack growth and fatigue remaining life.

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37

Li, Hongsong, Yongbao Liu, Xing He, and Wangtian Yin. "New Nonlinear Cumulative Fatigue Damage Model Based on Ecological Quality Dissipation of Materials." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (April 9, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5555812.

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The failure of many aircraft structures and materials is caused by the accumulation of fatigue damage under variable-amplitude cyclic loading wherein the damage evolution of materials is complicated. Therefore, to study the cumulative fatigue damage of materials under variable-amplitude cyclic loading, a new nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model is proposed based on the ecological quality dissipation of materials by considering the effects of load interaction and sequence. The proposed new model is validated by the test data obtained for three kinds of material under multilevel fatigue loading. Compared with the Miner model and Kwofie model, the proposed model can more effectively analyse the accumulative damage and predict fatigue life of different materials under variable-amplitude cyclic loading than others. The study provides a basis for predicting fatigue life accurately and determining reasonable maintenance periods of aircraft structures.

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38

Zhuang, Wyman, and Qian Chu Liu. "A Modified Compliance Method for Automatically Measuring Fatigue Crack Growth In Situ during Spectrum Fatigue Testing." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 732–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.732.

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The fatigue critical structures of military aircraft are generally subjected to variable amplitude flight spectrum loading. Maintaining aircraft structural integrity to ensure safe operation of the fleet is critically dependent on accurate analysis and reliable prediction of fatigue crack growth in those structures under service operating conditions. To achieve this goal, laboratory experimental methods that can accurately measure and monitor fatigue crack growth under variable amplitude loading are required. This can be challenging as no test standard exists to guide the process of fatigue crack growth measurement under variable amplitude loading conditions to ensure the accuracy of the test results. This challenge was addressed by developing a modified compliance method as described in this paper. The results presented employed a modified compliance method complemented with a travelling microscope technique and marker band loads. The modified compliance method developed is able to measure in-situ, fatigue crack growth of standard compact-tension specimens under a fighter flight spectrum loading. The marker band loads and microscope readings were used to assist the post-test validation using quantitative fractography. The results from this study have demonstrated that the modified compliance method can produce consistent and accurate fatigue crack growth data under variable amplitude loading conditions.

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39

Zhong, Wen, Youliang Ding, Yongsheng Song, Fangfang Geng, and Zhiwen Wang. "Residual Stress Relaxation of DRWDs in OSDs under Constant/Variable Amplitude Cyclic Loading." Applied Sciences 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11010253.

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An orthotropic steel deck (OSD) has a complicated structure, and its fatigue life is mainly determined by various welding details. Fatigue assessment of deck-to-rib welding details (DRWDs) under long-term train loads is an important concern for engineers. Properly assessing the initial residual stress and the mechanism of stress relaxation in DRWDs under long-term external loading is a prerequisite for predicting the fatigue damage and service life of OSDs. In this paper, a finite element analysis method is proposed to calculate the residual stress relaxation in DRWDs of OSDs under constant/variable amplitude cyclic loading. First, experiments on full-size OSD specimens were carried out using the hole drilling strain-gauge method, and the multi-axial distribution characteristics of residual stress on the sub-surface of the deck were obtained. On this basis, a refined residual stress analysis model of DRWDs using thermal-structural sequence coupling analysis and life and death unit technology is established, and the accuracy of the model is verified by the test data. Second, a coupling stress analysis model that considers the welding residual stress and mechanical stress using cyclic plastic constitutive model is established. The combined influence of number of cycles, stress amplitude, and stress ratio on multi-axial residual stress relaxation effect under constant/variable amplitude cyclic loading is investigated. Finally, a release formula of welding residual stress relaxation coefficient is proposed based on the external loading stress amplitude, stress ratio, and material yield stress. The results show that (1) with the increase in the number of loading cycles, the stress decreases until it is stabilized, while the global distribution of welding residual stress remains unchanged. Most of the welding residual stress release (about 95%) occurs in the first cycle; (2) the residual stress relaxation decreases with the increase in stress amplitude and increases linearly with the stress ratio; (3) the residual stress release is controlled by the maximum amplitude stress in the variable amplitude cyclic loading. After the residual stress is released, the stress will not continue to be released if the DRWDs have the same or smaller amplitude loading.

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Zakaria, K. A., Shahrum Abdullah, and Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali. "The Study on Fatigue Crack Propagation in Metal Using Finite Element Analysis." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.657.

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Fatigue in materials is caused by repeated loading and unloading cycles below the ultimate strength of a material. Fatigue tests are expensive since they required a lot of time consuming. Simulation of fatigue crack propagation using commercial software can reduce the costs related to time. The purpose of this study is to compare the fatigue crack propagation in metal under variable and constant amplitude loading. A standard size of aluminum cast alloy specimen according to ASTM E647 document was modelled using a pre-processor and it was later being analysed. In another aspect, strain gauges were attached to an engine mounting bracket and connected to the data acquisition set in order to capture the actual strain signals when an automobile was driven on to different road conditions. For the simulation purpose, a constant amplitude loading was then derived from a variable amplitude loading obtained from the data capturing process. The related parameters on between different road conditions, variable and constant amplitude loadings and crack propagation rate were presented. The relationship between those parameters were finally correlated and discussed.

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Kim, Kyung Su, Dong In Cho, Jae Wook Ahn, and Seung Bok Choi. "An Experimental Study on Fatigue Crack Propagation under Cyclic Loading with Multiple Overloads." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 2495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.2495.

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For many fatigue-critical parts of machines and structures, the load history under operating conditions generally involves variable amplitude loading rather than constant amplitude loading. An accurate prediction of fatigue crack propagation life under variable amplitude loading requires a thorough evaluation of the load interaction effects. In this study, fatigue tests under both constant and variable amplitude loading were carried out to investigate the overload effects on fatigue crack propagation of the notched specimens. Strain distributions around the crack tip before and after a tensile overloading were measured using the ESPI (Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) system. The size of the plastic zone was determined from the measured strain distributions. The study proposes a crack propagation prediction model that incorporates the overload ratio effect. A comparative work for the overload ratio effect demonstrated that the prediction by the proposed model was in good agreement with the experimental results. The prediction of fatigue crack propagation including multiple overloads with the proposed model show also a good agreement with test results.

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Ligaj, Bogdan. "Analysis of Hysteresis Loop on the Basis of Variable-Amplitude Loading." Solid State Phenomena 250 (April 2016): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.250.94.

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The aim of this paper is to present a method to be used for analysis of stress-strain loops under variable amplitude loading. The method for determination of plastic strain energy parameter ΔWpl consists in determination of envelopes around stress-strain branches (increasing and decreasing) formed in effect of application of a loading program. The method involves development of envelopes to determine energy parameter from the highest (for the highest loading cycle) to the lowest (for the lowest cycle). The paper includes results of stress-strain loop for steel C45.

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Kulkarni, Saurabh, and Dr Sanjaykumar S. Gawade. "LIFE PREDICTION OF AN AUTOMOBILE COMPONENT UNDER VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 5, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2020.v05i05.032.

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Neto, D. M., M. F. Borges, J. M. Silva, and F. V. Antunes. "Effect of variable amplitude block loading on fatigue crack growth." Procedia Structural Integrity 39 (2022): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2022.03.109.

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Williams, B. W., S. B. Lambert, R. Sutherby, and A. Plumtree. "Environmental Crack Growth under Variable Amplitude Loading of Pipeline Steel." CORROSION 60, no. 1 (January 2004): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3299236.

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KONDO, Yoshiyuki, Chu SAKAE, Masanobu KUBOTA, Hiroki KITAHARA, and Kazutoshi YANAGIHARA. "Fretting Fatigue under Variable Amplitude Loading below Fretting Fatigue Limit." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 71, no. 705 (2005): 763–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.71.763.

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Hua, C. T., and D. F. Socie. "FATIGUE DAMAGE IN 1045 STEEL UNDER VARIABLE AMPLITUDE BIAXIAL LOADING." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 8, no. 2 (April 1985): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1985.tb01197.x.

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Christ, H. J., and H. Mughrabi. "CYCLIC STRESS-STRAIN RESPONSE AND MICROSTRUCTURE UNDER VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 19, no. 2-3 (February 1996): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00971.x.

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de los Rios, E. R., C. A. Rodopoulos, and J. R. Yates. "PREDICTION OF FCG BEHAVIOUR UNDER VARIABLE AMPLITUDE LOADING IN MMC's." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 19, no. 2-3 (February 1996): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00972.x.

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Nilsson, F., T. Hansson, and T. Månsson. "Growth of surface cracks under constant and variable amplitude loading." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 71, no. 12 (August 2004): 1725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7944(03)00242-x.

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