Relevant bibliographies by topics / Variability

Academic literature on the topic 'Variability'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Variability"

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Miller, Patricia H. "Order in Variability, Variability in Order." Human Development 45, no. 3 (2002): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000057071.

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McMurray, Bob, and Edward Wasserman. "Variability in languages, variability in learning?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 5 (October 2009): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09990926.

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AbstractIn documenting the dizzying diversity of human languages, Evans & Levinson (E&L) highlight the lack of universals. This suggests the need for complex learning. Yet, just as there is no universal structure, there may be no universal learning mechanism responsible for language. Language is a behavior assembled by many processes, an assembly guided by the language being learned.
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Yeo, Hee-Jung. "Investment and Firm Performance Variability." Journal of Korea Trade 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2023.27.1.60.

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Purpose - The study analyzed 90 online firms worldwise and observed them for ten years to investigate their investments and firm performance variabilities. This study attemped to verify the existence of agency problems in online firms. Through this, the paper intends to expand the scope of research in the fields of investment and firm value both empirically and in theory. This study also attempted to supplement the insufficient logic of previous studies by analyzing the relationship between investment and profitability. Design/methodology - In this study, the investment is subdivided into over-, under-, and neutral investments, and an empirical analysis of the firm performance was conducted. As investment generally has long-term effects, the impact of a firm's investment on future firm performance and variabilities in firm performance was considered over the short-and medium-term period. Findings - It was found that there was a negative relationship between firms with an overinvestment and future firm performance. Underinvestment has no clear statistically significant results on firm performance. This implies that overinvestment causes more reduction in future firm performance than underinvestment. It was also found that underinvestment and overinvestment significantly increased the variability of firm performance. A positive significance was found between under- and over- investment with a variability of 3 years and overinvestment with a variability of 4 years in the future. A negative relationship was found between neutral investment propensity and future performance variabilities. Neutral investment has less effect on the future performance variability of a firm than a firm’s overinvestment and underinvestment. For online firms, underinvestment and overinvestment have a greater effect on the firm's future performance variability than neutral investment. Originality/value - The agency theory predicts that information asymmetry and adverse selection problems exacerbate conflicts of interest among stakeholders, thus firm performance. The study contributed to accumulating research on online firms that are currently underexplored by analyzing the investment behavior of major firms in the online industry.
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Čuřín, Michal. "Variabilita obrazu výjimečnosti / The Variability of the Image of Exceptionality." Stredoeurópske pohľady 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17846/cev.2020.02.2.76-83.

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Guerci, B., and J. P. Sauvanet. "Subcutaneous insulin: pharmacokinetic variability and glycemic variability." Diabetes & Metabolism 31, no. 4 (September 2005): 4S7–4S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1262-3636(05)88263-1.

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Ayroles, Julien F., Sean M. Buchanan, Chelsea O’Leary, Kyobi Skutt-Kakaria, Jennifer K. Grenier, Andrew G. Clark, Daniel L. Hartl, and Benjamin L. de Bivort. "Behavioral idiosyncrasy reveals genetic control of phenotypic variability." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 21 (May 7, 2015): 6706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503830112.

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Quantitative genetics has primarily focused on describing genetic effects on trait means and largely ignored the effect of alternative alleles on trait variability, potentially missing an important axis of genetic variation contributing to phenotypic differences among individuals. To study the genetic effects on individual-to-individual phenotypic variability (or intragenotypic variability), we used Drosophila inbred lines and measured the spontaneous locomotor behavior of flies walking individually in Y-shaped mazes, focusing on variability in locomotor handedness, an assay optimized to measure variability. We discovered that some lines had consistently high levels of intragenotypic variability among individuals, whereas lines with low variability behaved as although they tossed a coin at each left/right turn decision. We demonstrate that the degree of variability is itself heritable. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the degree of intragenotypic variability as the phenotype across lines, we identified several genes expressed in the brain that affect variability in handedness without affecting the mean. One of these genes, Ten-a, implicates a neuropil in the central complex of the fly brain as influencing the magnitude of behavioral variability, a brain region involved in sensory integration and locomotor coordination. We validated these results using genetic deficiencies, null alleles, and inducible RNAi transgenes. Our study reveals the constellation of phenotypes that can arise from a single genotype and shows that different genetic backgrounds differ dramatically in their propensity for phenotypic variabililty. Because traditional mean-focused GWASs ignore the contribution of variability to overall phenotypic variation, current methods may miss important links between genotype and phenotype.
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Imaizumi, Satoshi, Hartono Abdoerrachman, Seiji Niimi, and Masanobu Kumada. "Vocal Variability." Koutou (THE LARYNX JAPAN) 8, no. 2 (1996): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5426/larynx1989.8.2_116.

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Suh, Sunghwan, and Jae Hyeon Kim. "Glucose Variability." Journal of Korean Diabetes 15, no. 4 (2014): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/jkd.2014.15.4.196.

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Normando, David. "Explaining variability." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 21, no. 6 (December 2016): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.21.6.015-016.edt.

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Damiani, Ferruccio, Reiner Hähnle, Eduard Kamburjan, Michael Lienhardt, and Luca Paolini. "Variability modules." Journal of Systems and Software 195 (January 2023): 111510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2022.111510.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Variability"

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Tërnava, Xhevahire. "Gestion de la variabilité au niveau du code : modélisation, traçabilité et vérification de cohérence." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4114/document.

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Durant le développement de grandes lignes de produits logiciels, un ensemble de techniques d’implémentation traditionnelles, comme l’héritage ou les patrons de conception, est utilisé pour implémenter la variabilité. La notion de feature, en tant qu’unité réutilisable, n’a alors pas de représentation de première classe dans le code, et un choix inapproprié de techniques entraîne des incohérences entre variabilités du domaine et de l’implémentation. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la diversité de la majorité des techniques d’implémentation de la variabilité, que nous organisons dans un catalogue étendu. Nous proposons un framework pour capturer et modéliser, de façon fragmentée, dans des modèles techniques de variabilité, la variabilité implémentée par plusieurs techniques combinées. Ces modèles utilisent les points de variation et les variantes, avec leur relation logique et leur moment de résolution, pour abstraire les techniques d’implémentation. Nous montrons comment étendre le framework pour obtenir la traçabilité de feature avec leurs implémentations respectives. De plus, nous fournissons une approche outillée pour vérifier la cohérence de la variabilité implémentée. Notre méthode utilise du slicing pour vérifier partiellement les formules de logique propositionnelles correspondantes aux deux niveaux dans le cas de correspondence 1–m entre ces niveaux. Ceci permet d’obtenir une détection automatique et anticipée des incohérences. Concernant la validation, le framework et la méthode de vérification ont été implémentés en Scala. Ces implémentations ont été appliquées à un vrai système hautement variable et à trois études de cas de lignes de produits
When large software product lines are engineered, a combined set of traditional techniques, such as inheritance, or design patterns, is likely to be used for implementing variability. In these techniques, the concept of feature, as a reusable unit, does not have a first-class representation at the implementation level. Further, an inappropriate choice of techniques becomes the source of variability inconsistencies between the domain and the implemented variabilities. In this thesis, we study the diversity of the majority of variability implementation techniques and provide a catalog that covers an enriched set of them. Then, we propose a framework to explicitly capture and model, in a fragmented way, the variability implemented by several combined techniques into technical variability models. These models use variation points and variants, with their logical relation and binding time, to abstract the implementation techniques. We show how to extend the framework to trace features with their respective implementation. In addition, we use this framework and provide a tooled approach to check the consistency of the implemented variability. Our method uses slicing to partially check the corresponding propositional formulas at the domain and implementation levels in case of 1–to–m mapping. It offers an early and automatic detection of inconsistencies. As validation, we report on the implementation in Scala of the framework as an internal domain specific language, and of the consistency checking method. These implementations have been applied on a real feature-rich system and on three product line case studies, showing the feasibility of the proposed contributions
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Zemánek, Ladislav. "Analýza variability srdečního rytmu pomocí entropie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220014.

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The analysis of HRV is an advanced and noninvasive method which is used to investigate the involuntary nervous system. It is also one of the important parameters of its proper function. Heart rate variability can also be analyzed by entropy, which studies the discrepancy of the RR intervals of the HRV signal and thus can be used to diagnose cardiac diseases
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Storme, Martin. "Variabilité des évaluations de la créativité." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05H107.

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Depuis les années 1950, la pensée divergente est la principale mesure utilisée pour estimer le niveau de créativité d'un individu. si de nombreuses études lui ont été consacrées, peu se sont attachées à la décrire dans sa dimension processuelle. dans la continuité des travaux fondateurs de lubart et de gilhooly, nous développerons avec cette thèse une approche statique et une approche dynamique du processus de pensée divergente. nous proposerons plus spécifiquement une extension du modèle de résonnance émotionnelle de lubart et getz appliquée aux associations originales (pour l'aspect statique), et une modélisation par des chaînes de markov de différentes dimensions de la pensée divergente, comme les stratégies ou les catégories d'idées (pour l'aspect dynamique)
This dissertation is devoted to the study of the variability of creativity evaluations, by focusing ontraining non-experts judges to enhance their expertise. In the theoretical part, various issues related tocreativity, judgment and variability are explored and provide hypotheses for the empirical part. Thefirst series of studies allows justifying the relevance of the application of a simplified model of creativityjudgment inspired by Besemer & O’Quin (1999) to the evaluation by non-experts judges of graphicproducts made by children. The rest of the empirical studies are devoted to the investigation of theeffect of the training on 1) the stability and 2) the expertise of creativity evaluations. The model ofcreative judgments provides the mechanism explaining the effect of the training on the stability andthe expertise of creativity evaluations, by emphasizing the mediating role of stability and expertise ofrelevant predictors evaluation (originality and elaboration) and of the integration function, by which thejudge combines predictors to make a creativity judgment. A final study allows studying the long-termeffect of the training. These results are discussed and future research and applications are suggested
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Salan, Jefferson. "Is variability appropriate? Encoding Variability and Transfer-Appropriate Processing." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99414.

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Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) proposes that retrieval success is based on the match between processing at encoding and retrieval. We propose that the processing described by TAP determines the contextual cues that are encoded with an event. At retrieval, the presence or absence of contextual cues matching the encoding cues will influence success. To implement these principles as a strategy to improve memory, the nature of future retrieval processing or cues must be known during encoding. As this is unlikely in real-world memory function, we propose that increased encoding variability – increasing the range of encoded cues – increases the likelihood of TAP when the retrieval scenario is unknown. The larger the set of encoded cues, the more likely those cues will recur during retrieval and therefore achieve TAP. Preliminary research in our lab (Diana, unpublished data) has found that increased encoding variability improves memory for item information in a novel retrieval context. To test whether this benefit to memory is due to the increased likelihood of TAP, the current experiment compared the effects of encoding variability under conditions that emphasize TAP to conditions that reduce TAP. We found main effects of encoding variability and TAP, but no interaction between the two. Planned comparisons between high and low variability encoding contexts within matching and non-matching retrieval contexts did not produce a significant difference between high and low variability when encoding-retrieval processing matched. We conclude that further studies are necessary to determine whether encoding variability has mechanisms that benefit memory beyond TAP.
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It is well accepted within the episodic memory literature that successful memory retrieval is often driven by context cues. Specifically, the cues that are stored with the memory of the event. To develop a better understanding of how episodic memory works, we must understand how manipulating context cues changes memory performance. One way to investigate the effects of context manipulation is using encoding variability, which refers to the amount of variability (i.e., change) in context cues from one repetition of an item or event, to the next. Preliminary research in our lab (Diana, unpublished data) has found that increased encoding variability improves memory retrieval in a novel context, but it is unclear why this is the case. We proposed that the mental processing described by transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) – a principle stating that memory retrieval success is determined by the match, or overlap, between the mental processing at encoding (i.e., memory formation) and memory retrieval – determines the contextual cues that are stored with the memory at encoding. We hypothesized that encoding variability works even when TAP has already been achieved by matching the processing and cues at encoding to those at retrieval. Alternatively, we hypothesized that encoding variability works by specifically achieving TAP, so that encoding variability is only helpful when the encoding and retrieval contexts do not match. Results indicated partial support for the alternative hypothesis, suggesting that encoding variability works by achieving TAP. However, these results were not sufficiently conclusive, and it is likely that there are other mechanisms that allow for encoding variability to improve memory. This study establishes the groundwork for future work examining encoding variability and its effects on memory.
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Santagata, Carmen. "L'utilisation de roches autres que le silex au Paléolithique ancien et moyen : choix économiques, techniques et fonctionnels sur la base de l'étude des gisements de Sainte-Anne 1 (Haute-Loire, France) (MIS 5 et 6) et Notarchirico (Basilicata, Italie) (MIS 14 à 17)." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14532/document.

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La question principale à laquelle nous avons tenté de répondre est la suivante : est-ce que la variabilité des matières premières (caractéristiques pétrographiques et morphologie des supports) a conditionné la production des hommes préhistoriques dans le temps et dans l’espace ? La mise en place de fiches descriptives technologiques spécifiques pour chaque catégorie d’objets nous a permis d’analyser les caractères techniques propres à chaque produit et de sélectionner les variables principales qui ont joué un rôle important dans l’évaluation des contraintes et ont guidé la production lithique. L’analyse critique des contextes lithostratigraphiques et la prise en compte des diversités techniques, technologiques ou chronologiques des industries permettent de reconsidérer les paradigmes à la base de la différentiation des techniques : produits du façonnage bifacial (biface, ébauche), système de production Levallois, système de production Discoïde. Ces termes ont trop longtemps masqué la variabilité exprimée par la production technique des tailleurs du Paléolithique. C’est vers l’analyse de la pluralité des comportements humains et des sociétés qu’il faut se diriger maintenant
The use of geomaterials different from flint in Early and Middle Paleolithic. Economical technical and functional choices after the study of two sites : Sainte-Anne I (Haute-Loire, France) (MIS 5-7) and Notarchirico (Basilicata, Italy) (MIS 14-17).We tried to answer the question: has the variability of raw materials (from petrographical characteristics and morphological aspects) influenced prehistoric knappers during the production both in time and space? The creation and use of specific descriptive files for each category of objects allowed us to analyze the technical characteristics of the products and to select the variables that played a major role in the assessment of needs at the base of the lithic production. Critical analysis of the litho-stratigraphic contexts and consideration of technical, technological or chronological diversity allows to reconsider the paradigms underlying the differentiation of the techniques: products façonnage (double sided, ébauche), Levallois production system, discoid production system. These terms have for too long concealed the variability of the characters in Paleolithic lithic production. We have now to reconsider the purposes of lithic studies and to aim to decipher the plurality of individuals and palaeolithic societies behaviours
L’utilizzazione delle rocce diverse dalla selce nel Paleolitico antico e medio : scelte economiche, tecniche e funzionali, sulla base dello studio dei siti di Sainte-Anne I (Haute-Loire, France) (SIO 5-7) e di Notarchirico (Basilicata, Italia) (SIO 14-17).La questione principale alla quale abbiamo tentati di rispondere è la seguente: la variabilità delle materie prime (caratteristiche petrografiche e morfologia dei supporti) ha condizionato gli uomini preistorici durante la produzione nel tempo e nello spazio? La creazione e l’utilizzo di schede di analisi specifiche per ogni categoria di oggetti ci ha permesso di analizzare i caratteri tecnici specifici dei prodotti e di selezionare le variabili principali che hanno giocato un ruolo importante nella valutazione delle necessità alla base della produzione litica. L’analisi critica dei contesti lito-stratigrafici e la considerazione delle diversità tecnica, tecnologica o cronologica delle industrie permette di riconsiderare i paradigmi alla base della differenziazione delle tecniche: prodotti del façonnage bifacciale (bifacciale, ébauche), sistema di produzione Levallois, sistema di produzione Discoide. Questi termini hanno per troppo tempo celato la variabilità dei caratteri che durante il Paleolitico era necessario prendere in considerazione nella produzione litica. Adesso bisogna dare un nuovo indirizzo agli studi, indirizzandoli verso la presa di coscienza della pluralità dei comportamenti umani e delle società paleolitiche
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Vo, Van Olivier. "Introduction of variability into pantograph-catenary dynamic simulations." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0021/document.

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L’alimentation électrique des trains s’effectue en général par une interface pantographecaténairereprésentant un système mécanique couplé complexe. Les phénomènes dynamiques intervenantdans l’interaction entre le pantographe et la caténaire sont encore mal connus. Par ailleurs, le comportementdynamique du système est très variable car sensible à de nombreux paramètres. La premièrecontribution de cette thèse est de proposer une analyse détaillée de l’interaction dynamique pantographecaténaireen étudiant en particulier la réponse dynamique du pantographe à la géométrie de la caténaireainsi que les propagations, réflexions et transmissions des ondes dans cette dernière. Il a ainsi été démontréque la coïncidence spatiale, temporelle ou fréquentielle de ces différents phénomènes est à l’originede la majorité des variations des quantités d’intérêt. Par ailleurs, l’étude des ondes a montré que lespendules entourant le poteau avaient une importance particulière dans l’interaction dynamique et que lesparamètres tels que le rapport des impédances dynamiques et la somme des vitesses des ondes dans lescâbles étaient des variables dimensionnantes dans la caténaire. La seconde contribution a été de réduireles principales incertitudes épistémiques liées au modèle telles que l’amortissement dans la caténaire, laraideur de contact et la taille des éléments. La dernière contribution était d’implémenter des paramètresvariables dans le modèle en utilisant les mesures disponibles. À partir de ce modèle aléatoire, les incertitudesont été classées en utilisant les indices de Sobol sur des critères géométriques et dynamiques.L’absence de corrélation entre les critères géométriques et dynamique observée a des conséquences notablessur la politique de maintenance. Enfin, le grand nombre d’études de sensibilités réalisés a permisde souligner la maturité de l’outil de simulation et de proposer des orientations pour les travaux futurs pourla conception, maintenance ou homologation de pantographes ou de caténaires
In railways, electrical current is generally collected by the train through a complex coupledmechanical system composed of a pantograph and a catenary. Dynamic phenomena that occur duringtheir interaction are still not fully understood. Furthermore, the system behaviour is sensitive to numerousparameters and thus highly variable. The first contribution of this thesis is a detailed analysis of thepantograph-catenary dynamic interaction separating phenomena due to the dynamic response of the pantographto the catenary geometry from wave propagations, reflections and transmissions that occur in thecatenary. The coincidence of frequencies or characteristic times is then shown to explain most variationsin the quantities of interest. Moreover, droppers surrounding the mast have been shown to be particularlyimportant in dynamic interaction. Ratio of wire impedances and sum of wave velocities also appeared tobe dimensioning quantities for catenary design. The second contribution was to reduce epistemic uncertaintylinked with model parameters such as catenary damping, contact stiffness and element size. Thefinal contribution was to use the model in a configuration with random parameters. An initial step was tostatistically characterise physical catenary parameters using available measurements. From this randommodel, ranking of uncertainties using Sobol indices on static and dynamic criteria was shown to be possible.An absence of correlation between geometric and dynamic criteria was also found, which has notableimplications for maintenance policies. The high number of sensitivity studies also gave the occasion tohighlight the maturity of simulation tool and propose directions for further work on design, maintenance orcertification of pantographs and catenaries
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Velayudhan, Vikas. "TCAD study of interface traps-related variability in ultra-scaled MOSFETs." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/400200.

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El trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis se ha enfocado en el análisis y estudio del impacto que tienen en la variabilidad de MOSFETs ultraescalados el número y la distribución espacial de las trampas interficiales. En los estudios realizados, el número de localizaciones en las que las trampas estaban ubicadas se varió, pero siempre se mantuvo la carga total constante, definiendo diferentes densidades de trampas según el número de localizaciones analizado. Inicialmente se realizaron simulaciones en 2D de trampas interficiales situadas a lo largo del canal del transistor y se analizó su influencia en Vth. Se analizaron los casos de una sola localización, analizando la influencia de la longitud de canal y tensión de drenador, 2 y múltiples localizaciones. Posteriormente, el análisis se extendió a simulaciones en 3D, simulando trampas interficiales distribuidas a lo largo y ancho del transistor. Finalmente, se analizó el efecto de trampas interficiales no solo en Vth si no también en Ion. Para tener una visión más realista del efecto de las trampas interficiales en la variabilidad del transistor MOSFET ultrescalado, se extendió el estudio a simulaciones en 3D de un dispositivo de WxL = 50nm x 20nm. Los resultados mostraron que la localización de las trampas a lo largo del canal tiene más influencia que su posición a lo ancho del canal. Además, para el caso de considerar dos trampas, se observó que si estaban muy juntas su influencia es menor que si están suficientemente separadas. Los resultados se interpretaron en términos de cambios en el área de barrera de potencial creados según la posición de las trampas. Se simularon dispositivos con diferente número de localizaciones en posiciones aleatorias y se observó un efecto ‘turn around’ en la dependencia de Vth (valor medio) y σVth. El incremento inicial en Vth se atribuyó a un incremento del área de la barrera efectiva con el número de localizaciones. El decremento posterior observado en Vth al aumentar el número de localizaciones se atribuyó a un aumento de la probabilidad de tener trampas muy cerca unas de otras resultando en una disminución del área de la barrera, junto con el escalado en carga en cada localización. También se observó que σVth sigue la ley de Pelgrom y que la anchura del dispositivo juega un papel dominante en esta dependencia. Por otro lado, también se ha observado que la distribución espacial de trampas afecta a la corriente Ion. Los resultados mostraron que la localización de trampas a lo largo del canal influye fundamentalmente en Vth, mientras que la distribución de trampas a lo ancho del canal afecta sobre todo a Ion. Estas dependencias explican las asimetrías encontrados en las características Id-Vg de los transistores. El trabajo se podría continuar analizando el impacto de distribuciones de trampas en condiciones dinámicas, como ocurre en los mecanismos de RTN o el BTI. La principal aplicabilidad de los resultados de esta tesis se sitúa en el campo de la fiabilidad de MOSFETs ultrescalados. Las aportaciones hechas en esta tesis contribuyen a entender el efecto del número distribución espacial de trampas interficiales, que pueden originarse con mecanismos que pueden reducir la fiabilidad como Bias Temperature Instabilities (BTI), Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) o Random Telegraph Noise (RTN), en la dispersión de las características de transistores MOSFET.
The work developed in this thesis has focused on the analysis and study of the impact on the variability of ultra-scaled MOSFETs due to the number and spatial distribution of interfacial traps. In the study, the number of locations where traps were located were randomly varied, but the total charge in the entire device was always maintained constant. Initially 2D simulations of interfacial traps located along the channel of the transistor and its influence on Vth was analyzed. The analysis was started with the case of a single location, analyzing the influence of channel length and drain voltage, and the case of 2 and multiple locations were analyzed. Subsequently, the analysis was extended to 3D simulations, simulating interfacial traps distributed across the transistor. Finally, the effect of interfacial traps was analyzed not only on Vth but also on Ion. For a more realistic vison of the effect of interfacial traps variability on ultra-scaled MOSFET transistors, the study was extended to 3D simulations of a device WxL = 50nm x 20nm. The results showed that the location of traps along the channel has more influence than its position at the edge of the channel. In addition, when the case of two traps were considered, it was observed that if they were close together their influence is less than if they were sufficiently separated. The results were interpreted in terms of changes in the area of potential barrier created by the position of the traps. Devices were simulated with different number of locations at random positions and compared to the 2D results, a 'turn around' effect was observed in the dependence of Vth (mean value) and σVth. The initial increase in Vth was attributed to an increase in area of the effective barrier with the increase in the number of locations. The subsequent decrease observed in Vth with the increase in the number of locations was attributed to an increased likelihood of having traps very close to one another resulting in a decrease in the effective area of the barrier, along with the charge scaling at each location. It was also noted that σVth follows the Pelgrom’s law and that the width of the device plays a dominant role in this dependence. Furthermore, it has also been found that the spatial distribution of the traps affects the Ion. The results showed that the location of traps along the channel fundamentally influences Vth, while the distribution of traps channel along the width affects mostly Ion. These dependencies explain the asymmetries found in the Id-Vg characteristics of transistors. The work could be continued by analyzing the impact of distributions of traps in dynamic conditions, as in the mechanisms of RTN or BTI. The main applicability of the results of this thesis lies in the field of reliability of ultra-scaled MOSFETs. The contributions made in this thesis contribute to understand the effect of the number and the spatial distribution of interfacial traps that can arise with mechanisms such as Bias Temperature Instabilities (BTI), Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) or Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) that can reduce device reliability and result in the dispersion of the characteristics of MOSFETs.
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Uhlig, Stefan. "Heart Rate Variability." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-233101.

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Ein gesunder Herzschlag zeichnet sich nicht dadurch aus, dass er besonders regelmäßig ist. Vielmehr sollte ein gesunder Herzschlag, selbst in Phasen augenscheinlicher körperlicher Inaktivität, variabel sein (z.B. Appelhans & Luecken, 2006; Berntson et al., 1997; Shaffer, McCraty, & Zerr, 2014). Historisch gesehen ist dies keine völlig neue Erkenntnis – bereits in der frühen chinesischen und griechischen Medizin konnte dieses Phänomen beobachtet werden (einen schönen Überblick hierzu gibt Billman, 2011). Das Zusammenwirken der sympathischen und parasympathischen Bestandteile des autonomen Nervensystems, welches sich unter anderem in der Herzratenvariabilität (HRV) widerspiegelt, erlaubt uns nicht nur Einblicke in die physiologische Adaptionsfähigkeit, sondern auch in die psychische Flexibilität und Regulationsfähigkeit des Menschen, um so auf sich ständig ändernde Umweltanforderungen angemessen reagieren zu können (z.B. Appelhans & Luecken, 2006; Beauchaine, 2001; ChuDuc, NguyenPhan, & NguyenViet, 2013; Porges, 1995b; Quintana & Heathers, 2014; Riganello, Garbarino, & Sannita, 2012; Shaffer et al., 2014; Stein & Kleiger, 1999; Thayer & Lane, 2000). Mit ganz einfachen Worten: Die Variabilität unseres Herzschlages stellt eine Art Interface dar, welches Auskunft über das Zusammenspiel physiologischer und psychologischer Prozesse gibt. In der vorliegenden Monografie beschäftige ich mich intensiv mit dem Thema HRV, insbesondere mit der Anwendung und Durchführung von HRV-Kurzzeitmessungen (meistens fünf Minuten) im Kontext (bio-) psychologischer Forschung. Während ich im Rahmen des ersten Kapitels eine komprimierte Einführung in die Thematik und einen Überblick über die nachfolgenden Kapitel gebe, beschäftigt sich Kapitel II mit der Frage, welche methodischen Standards für HRV-Kurzzeitmessungen derzeit vorliegen. Ausgangspunkt hierfür sind vereinzelte Hinweise (z.B. im Rahmen meta-analytischer Bestrebungen) darauf, dass die Erfassung, Darstellung und Interpretation von HRV-Messungen durch ein nicht unerhebliches Maß an Diversität gekennzeichnet ist (z.B. de Vries, 2013; Ellis, Zhu, Koenig, Thayer, & Wang, 2015; Quintana & Heathers, 2014; Tak et al., 2009; Zahn et al., 2016). Ferner fehlen bis heute belastbare Normwerte für die gängigsten HRV-Parameter, die typischerweise in Kurzzeitmessungen berechnet werden können (vgl. Nunan, Sandercock, & Brodie, 2010). Ausgehend von diesen Beobachtungen stellen wir ein systematisches Literaturreview vor. In einem ersten Schritt haben wir aktuelle Standards zur Erhebung und Auswertung von HRV-Messungen identifiziert, auf deren Basis wir ein Klassifikationssystem zur Beurteilung von HRV-Studien erstellt haben. Nachfolgend wurden zwischen 2000 und 2013 publizierte Artikel (N = 457), im Hinblick auf die extrahierten methodischen Standards, überprüft. Unsere Ergebnisse legen das Vorhandensein einer beträchtlichen methodischen Heterogenität und einen Mangel an wichtigen Informationen nahe (z.B. in Bezug auf die Erhebung essentieller Kontrollvariablen oder das Berichten von HRV-Parametern), einhergehend mit der Tatsache, dass sich gängige Empfehlungen und Richtlinien (z.B. Task Force, 1996) nur partiell in der empirischen Praxis wiederfinden. Auf der Grundlage unserer Ergebnisse leiten wir Empfehlungen für weitere Forschung in diesem Bereich ab, wobei sich unsere „Checkliste“ besonders an forschende Psychologen richtet. Abschließend diskutieren wir die Einschränkungen unseres Reviews und unterbreiten Vorschläge, wie sich diese - bisweilen unbefriedigende - Situation verbessern lässt. Während unserer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche ist uns sehr schnell aufgefallen, dass HRV-Kurzzeitmessungen auf ein breites wissenschaftliches Interesse stoßen, wobei verschiedenste Konzepte und Forschungsfragen mit spezifischen HRV-Mustern in Verbindung gebracht werden (vgl. Beauchaine, 2001; Dong, 2016; Francesco et al., 2012; Makivić, Nikić, & Willis, 2013; Nunan et al., 2010; Pinna et al., 2007; Quintana & Heathers, 2014; Sammito et al., 2015; Sandercock, 2007). Darunter befinden sich sowohl eher eigenschaftsähnliche (z.B. Trait-Angst; Miu, Heilman, & Miclea, 2009; Watkins, Grossman, Krishnan, & Sherwood, 1998) als auch stark situationsabhängige Konstrukte (z.B. akute emotionale Erregung; Lackner, Weiss, Hinghofer-Szalkay, & Papousek, 2013; Papousek, Schulter, & Premsberger, 2002). Während die beiden einflussreichsten Theorien zur HRV, die Polyvagal-Theorie (Porges, 1995b, 2001, 2007) und das Modell der neuroviszeralen Integration (Thayer & Lane, 2000, 2009), einen dispositionellen Charakter der HRV nahelegen, sind zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren bekannt, die unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf das autonome Nervensystem haben (Fatisson, Oswald, & Lalonde, 2016; Valentini & Parati, 2009). Demzufolge haben wir uns die Frage gestellt, wie zeitlich stabil individuelle HRV-Messungen sind (siehe Kapitel III). Da die existierende Literatur hierzu ambivalente Ergebnisse bereithält (Sandercock, 2007; Sandercock, Bromley, & Brodie, 2005) und die zeitliche Stabilität von HRV-Messungen bisher vornehmlich über sehr kurze Zeiträume mit wenigen Messzeitpunkten untersucht wurde (z.B. Cipryan & Litschmannova, 2013; Maestri et al., 2009; Pinna et al., 2007), haben wir eine längsschnittliche Studie mit fünf Messzeitpunkten, verteilt auf ein Jahr, konstruiert (N = 103 Studierende). In Abhängigkeit von der Körperhaltung der Probanden während der Messung (liegend, sitzend, stehend), haben wir nachfolgend die Retest-Reliabilität (absolute und relative Reliabilität; siehe Atkinson & Nevill, 1998; Baumgartner, 1989; Weir, 2005) der gängigsten HRV-Parameter ermittelt. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten auf ein beachtliches Ausmaß an Zufallsschwankungen der HRV-Parameter hin, welches weitgehend unabhängig von der Körperhaltung der Probanden und dem zeitlichen Abstand der Messzeitpunkte ist. Da diese Ergebnisse weitreichende Folgen suggerieren, diskutieren wir diese, unter Berücksichtigung vorhandener Einschränkungen, ausführlich. Während in Kapitel II und III vornehmlich methodische Fragen im Fokus stehen, stelle ich in Kapitel IV dieser Monografie eine Feldstudie vor. Im Rahmen dieser Studie haben wir die Zusammenhänge zwischen subjektivem Stress, Coping-Strategien, HRV und Schulleistung untersucht. Sowohl die bereits erwähnten Theorien (Porges, 1995b, 2001, 2007, Thayer & Lane, 2000, 2009), als auch eine beträchtliche Anzahl an Forschung, lassen Zusammenhänge zwischen HRV und Stress (z.B. Berntson & Cacioppo, 2004; Chandola, Heraclides, & Kumari, 2010; Krohne, 2017; Michels, Sioen, et al., 2013; Oken, Chamine, & Wakeland, 2015; Porges, 1995a; Pumprla, Howorka, Groves, Chester, & Nolan, 2002) sowie HRV und kognitiver Leistung vermuten (z.B. Duschek, Muckenthaler, Werner, & Reyes del Paso, 2009; Hansen, Johnsen, & Thayer, 2003; Luque-Casado, Perales, Cárdenas, & Sanabria, 2016; Shah et al., 2011). Allerdings fehlt es bislang an Studien, welche die komplexeren Zusammenhänge zwischen all den genannten Konstrukten untersuchen. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Untersuchung von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Um zur Schließung dieser Wissenslücke beizutragen, haben wir Gymnasiasten (N = 72, zwischen zehn und 15 Jahren alt) im Rahmen eine Querschnittstudie zu deren Stresserleben und Bewältigungsstrategien (mittels SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Heßling, 2006) befragt. Außerdem wurden bei all diesen Schülern HRV und Zeugnisdurchschnittsnoten erhoben. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung konstruktiver Coping-Strategien zur Vermeidung von physischen und psychischen Stresssymptomen, welche ihrerseits negative Auswirkungen auf die Schulleistung haben. Demgegenüber lassen sich die erwarteten Zusammenhänge zwischen HRV und Stress/Coping (Berntson & Cacioppo, 2004; Dishman et al., 2000; Fabes & Eisenberg, 1997; Lucini, Di Fede, Parati, & Pagani, 2005; Michels, Sioen, et al., 2013; O’Connor, Allen, & Kaszniak, 2002; Porges, 1995a) sowie HRV und kognitiver Leistung (Hansen et al., 2003; Suess, Porges, & Plude, 1994; Thayer, Hansen, Saus-Rose, & Johnsen, 2009) anhand unserer Daten nicht bestätigen. Mögliche Gründe für dieses Befundmuster sowie Anforderungen an zukünftige Studien dieser Art werden abschließend diskutiert. Schlussendlich (a) fasse ich alle gesammelten Erkenntnisse prägnant zusammen, (b) diskutiere deren Implikationen, (c) stelle deren Beitrag zum wissenschaftlichen Forschungsstand heraus, und (d) gebe einen kurzen Einblick in die jüngsten Entwicklungen der HRV-Forschung (Kapitel V). Außerdem, und damit schließe ich den inhaltlichen Part dieser Monografie ab, möchte ich den Leser an meinen zehn wichtigsten Lernerfahrungen teilhaben lassen.
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Turner, John. "Antarctic climate variability." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396624.

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Sajjadi, Samad. "Variability in interlanguage." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359533.

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Books on the topic "Variability"

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Betts, Kellyn, and Marilee Shelton-Davenport, eds. Interindividual Variability. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/23413.

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International Estuarine Research Conference (8th 1985 University of New Hampshire). Estuarine variability. Orlando, Fla: Academic Press, 1986.

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Beeching, Kate, and Helen Woodfield, eds. Researching Sociopragmatic Variability. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137373953.

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Ernst, Gernot. Heart Rate Variability. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4309-3.

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Anderson, David L. T., and Jürgen Willebrand, eds. Decadal Climate Variability. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03291-6.

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Evans, Lynn D. LTPP profile variability. McLean, Va: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Research, Development, and Technology, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 2000.

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Marek, Malik, and Camm A. John, eds. Heart rate variability. Armonk, NY: Futura Pub. Co., 1995.

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Xristin, Schad, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Propellant variability assessment. [Huntsville, Ala.]: Quality Engineering Research Laboratory, University of Alabama in Huntsville, 1991.

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Kożuchowski, Krzysztof. Kontynentalizm pluwialny w Polsce: Zróżnicowanie geograficzne i zmiany wieloletnie. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1988.

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Brázdil, Rudolf. Variation of atmospheric precipitation in the C.S.S.R. with respect to precipitation changes in the European region. [Brno]: Univerzita J.E. Purkyně, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Variability"

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Turner, J. Rick, J. Rick Turner, Jonathan Newman, Alexandra Erdmann, Erin Costanzo, Leah Rosenberg, Jonathan Newman, et al. "Variability." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 2025. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1081.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "variability." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 189. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_1443.

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Wunn, Ina, and Davina Grojnowski. "Variability." In Religious Speciation, 85–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04435-0_6.

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Bhushan, Manjul, and Mark B. Ketchen. "Variability." In CMOS Test and Evaluation, 201–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1349-7_6.

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Van Blerkom, Malcolm L. "Variability." In Measurement and Statistics for Teachers, 245–55. Second Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Previous edition: 2009.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315464770-25.

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Chamberlin, Scott A. "Variability." In Statistics for Kids, 55–68. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003238201-5.

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Gablasova, Dana. "Variability." In The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Corpora, 358–69. London; New York: Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351137904-31.

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McGill, Ross K. "Variability." In Cross-Border Investment Withholding Tax, 51–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32785-8_4.

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Issar, Gilad, and Liat Ramati Navon. "Variability: Managing the Variability in Operations." In Management for Professionals, 157–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20699-8_34.

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Moss, Robb Eric S. "Spatial Variability." In Applied Civil Engineering Risk Analysis, 141–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22680-0_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Variability"

1

Weyns, Danny. "Variability." In the 18th International Software Product Line Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2647908.2655959.

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Haugen, Øystein, Jean-Marc Jezequel, Andrzej Wąsowski, Birger Møller-Pedersen, and Krzysztof Czarnecki. "VARY 2012." In the VARiability for You Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425415.2425416.

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Filho, João Bosco Ferreira, Olivier Barais, Jérôme Le Noir, and Jean-Marc Jézéquel. "Customizing the common variability language semantics for your domain models." In the VARiability for You Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425415.2425417.

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Combemale, Benoit, Olivier Barais, Omar Alam, and Jörg Kienzle. "Using CVL to operationalize product line development with reusable aspect models." In the VARiability for You Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425415.2425418.

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She, Steven, Krzysztof Czarnecki, and Andrzej Wąsowski. "Usage scenarios for feature model synthesis." In the VARiability for You Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425415.2425419.

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Eyal-Salman, Hamzeh, Abdelhak-Djamel Seriai, Christophe Dony, and Ra'fat Al-msie'deen. "Recovering traceability links between feature models and source code of product variants." In the VARiability for You Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425415.2425420.

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Ayora, Clara, Victoria Torres, Vicente Pelechano, and Germán H. Alférez. "Applying CVL to business process variability management." In the VARiability for You Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425415.2425421.

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Wang, Shuai, Arnaud Gotlieb, Marius Liaaen, and Lionel C. Briand. "Automatic selection of test execution plans from a video conferencing system product line." In the VARiability for You Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2425415.2425422.

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Schmid, Klaus. "Variability support for variability-rich software ecosystems." In 2013 4th International Workshop on Product LinE Approaches in Software Engineering (PLEASE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/please.2013.6608654.

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Mærsk-Møller, Hans Martin, and Bo Nørregaard Jørgensen. "Cardinality-dependent variability in orthogonal variability models." In the Sixth International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2110147.2110166.

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Reports on the topic "Variability"

1

Paul, Adolf K. Ionospheric Variability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209251.

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Harbour, J. R., T. B. Edwards, E. K. Hansen, and V. J. Williams. Variability study for saltstone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1238599.

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Sprague, R. A. Measurements of Ionospheric Variability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada293495.

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Amidan, Brett G., and Janine R. Hutchison. Biological Sampling Variability Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1334893.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Rainfall and rainfall variability. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298460_17.

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Rees, David, and Timothy J. Fuller-Rowell. Atmospheric Structure & Variability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada223439.

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Lave, Matthew Samuel, Abraham Ellis, and Joshua Stein. Simulating solar power plant variability :. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1089977.

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Bachmann, Felix, and Paul C. Clements. Variability in Software Product Lines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada450337.

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Greenland, David, Lloyd W. Swift, and [Editors]. Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/se-gtr-65.

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Sprague, R. A. Spatial Correlation of Ionospheric Variability. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada278105.

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