Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Variabilité saisonnière du SSS'
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Houndegnonto, Odilon Joël. "Analyse des variations thermohalines des échelles intrasaisonnière à saisonnière des panaches d'eau douce du Golfe de Guinée." Thesis, Brest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BRES0105.
Full textIn the Gulf of Guinea (GG), freshwater originated from river discharges and high precipitation rates contribute to the upper ocean density stratification, and play a key role in modulating air-sea interactions. However, the thermohaline variations of the ocean upper layers within the freshwater plumes in the GG are still poorly known, as they are poorly observed and documented. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to study and document the spatial variability at horizontal mesoscale (10-100 km) and vertical (0-100m), from intra-seasonal to seasonal time scales of the thermohaline 3D structure in the freshwater plume areas of the GG: mainly the Congo and Niger Rivers plumes. First, using SSS SMOS satellite data, our study showed that freshwater plumes in this region extend towards the open ocean following two propagation regimes. During September to January, they propagate northwestward while from January to April they redirect to the southwest, where their maximum extension is observed in April. The rest of the year, from May to August, is marked by a surface salinization episode, where the freshwater plumes dissipate with a minimum extension observed in August. A salinity budget analysis in the surface mixed layer allowed highlighting the main physical processes controlling the seasonal variability of salinity within these freshwater plumes. We showed that horizontal advection processes and freshwater fluxes by precipitation and river discharges are the main contributors of low SSS distribution in this region. In the southeastern Gulf of Guinea, off Congo, the horizontal SSS advection is dominated by Ekman wind-driven currents. Second, we showed that the offshore distribution of the Congo plume on intra-seasonal time scales is associated with salt barrier layers and with thermohaline staircases profiles. In a case study (for 2016/03/31), we showed that the observed thermohaline staircases would result from the shear dynamics between the surface Ekman flow associated with the offshore (North-Westward) distribution of the Congo plume, and the geostrophic (South-Eastward) flow associated with the denser and saltier subsurface water masses of the open ocean to the west. Finally, using a Lagrangian approach, we have highlighted the origin and large-scale structuring of water masses involved in the strong haline stratification observed off Congo. This study showed the strong shear of the currents associated with the vertical salinity gradients within the water column associated with the staircases profiles
Thierry, Virginie. "Observation et modélisation de la variabilité saisonnière dans l'Océan Atlantique Equatorial profond." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2006.
Full textLe, Boyer Arnaud. "Variabilité intra-saisonnière des courants de pente continentale forcés par la turbulence méso-échelle." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2067.
Full textOcean margin exchanges occur on continental slopes. In this study, the dynamics of these exchanges are forced by mesoscale turbulence in a period range of 2-90 days (High Frequency, HIF). In this area and for these time scales, the energy of the forcing (wind or off shore circulation) is converted into Coastal Trapped Waves (CTW). On the one hand, this study is interested in the transition between linear dynamic of continental slope and non-linear meso-scale turbulence. Numerical experiments were performed in a periodic zonal canal with North and South zonal continental slope. A meso-scale turbulent kid forced the slope circulation. There was a strong asymetrie between North and South slope. On the South, the forcing energy was stuck in the interior because of the opposition between the planetary beta effect and the topographic beta effect. On the North, this energy was radiated on the slope through CTW. On the other hand, the HF circulation is studied in high resolution simulation of the North Atlantic ocean at 1/12°. The model validation, utilising satellite and in-situ observations showed that the resolution was to coarse to simulate a realistic continental slope circulation. In weak eddy kinetic energy area and for period 2 ta days, the slope circulation was directly forced by HF wind. The circulation at longer period was driven by the ocean circulation. In weak eddy kinetic energy area and for period T > 10-15 days, the continental slope is a wave guide forced. By the off-shore circulation. The stratification and steep slopes drives the wave propagation. On the East Atlantic, those waves maybe a connection between the Equator and Mid-latitude
Lampert, Luis. "Dynamique saisonnière et variabilité pigmentaire des populations phytoplanctoniques dans l'Atlantique nord (golfe de Gascogne)." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2014.
Full textLempereur, Morine. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle de la croissance du chêne vert méditerranéen et vulnérabilité au changement climatique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS075/document.
Full textTree secondary growth is responsible for woody biomass accumulation and is a major component of carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Environmental constraints on secondary growth in Mediterranean ecosystems must, however, be described in more to details to better understand how they will be modified by climate change. This dissertation aims at studying the functional responses of Mediterranean holm oak (Quercus ilex) to seasonal and inter-annual climate variations through the study of carbon allocation to secondary growth. Different experimental approaches, at spatial scales ranging from tree rings to the ecosystem and at temporal scales from the day to several decades, were used to identify the main environmental constraints (water availability, temperature warming, competition) to secondary growth and carbon isotopic composition of tree rings. The phenology of stem growth shows evidence for a direct environmental control on annual growth by winter temperature and summer drought that is more limiting than the carbon supply from photosynthesis. Climate change from 1968 to 2013 resulted in earlier water limitation on secondary growth, which was compensated by earlier growth onset, due to warmer winter temperature, and higher water use efficiency, due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. Thinning reduced tree mortality and increased stem growth, so thinning management in old holm oak coppices could prepare the ecosystem to better withstand the increasing drought forecasted for the Mediterranean region
Parard, Gaëlle. "Etude de la variabilité de la fugacité du CO2 dans l'Atlantique tropical : de l'échelle diurne à saisonnière." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00673734.
Full textCissé, Soukèye. "Etude de la variabilité intra saisonnière des précipitations au Sahel : impacts sur la végétation (cas du Ferlo au Sénégal)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066177/document.
Full textThe Sahel is characterized by a strong intra-seasonal variability of rainfall. This variability strongly affects ecosystems during the vegetation growth. The objective of this thesis is to characterize this variability at the local scale from the relationship between rainfall and vegetation dynamics, and to identify relevant indicators to better describe the variability in each season. This study is carried out in the Ferlo’s catchment, a basin located in northern Senegal. The first part is devoted to the characterization of the relationship between rainfall anomalies and growth of vegetation from remote sensing data TRMM3B42, RFE 2.0 SM-ECV (Soil Moisture) and MODIS LAI. Aiming that, the Ferlo basin is divided into 9 zones "homogeneous entity", in terms of vegetation cover class and soil type. For each one are analyzed the rain data from both databases, soil moisture and LAI over the period 2000-2010. In a second time, with a vegetation model adapted to the region forced by satellite rain fields, the LAI is simulated on several entities and is compared to the MODIS LAI, applying on the simulations the same methodologies as for observations. The results of this study show consistency between rainfall variations with both databases and soil moisture. The LAI variations are more strongly correlated with the soil moisture variations than with the rainfall. On the Ferlo, we observe that vegetation needs two weeks to respond to rainfall anomalies during the rainy season. At the season scale, the starting date of the rainy season does not affect the maximum LAI, unlike the duration and intensity of the dry spells. Entities located on sandy soil (ferruginous) have better sensitivity to rainfall fluctuations as those located on lithosoils. In addition, on entities located in the Southeast, the density of the shrub and tree vegetation induces a different phenological cycle than those of the herbaceous (lag of the maximum LAI). The model STEP, initialized with satellite rainfall data, reproduces after adjustment the vegetation growth stage in the entities where grassland dominates. The response of the simulated LAI to the rain anomalies is consistent with those observed, confirming the interpretation of observations. This study allowed to define the most relevant parameters that affect the dynamics of vegetation but also to highlight the capabilities of the model to describe the seasonal cycle of vegetation
Athié, de Velasco Gabriela. "Étude de la structure spatio-temporelle de la variabilité intra-saisonnière dans les couches superficielles de l'océan Atlantique tropical." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2046.
Full textLntra-seasonal variability with 2-50 days scales is present at the surface of Tropical Atlantic Ocean. This variability bas different periods depending on its dynamic origin : forced by the high-frequency wind or by the oceanic instabilities. Satellite observations as well as numerical model simulations analysis shows a dominate signal with periods between 20 and 50 days at west of 10°W in the Tropical Atlantic ocean, corresponding to the Tropical Instability Waves (T1W). Two regions of variability between 20 and 50 days have been identified. The first one is equatorially-trapped with a latitudinal structure corresponding to a Yanai wave with periods between 25 and 35 days. The second region is located north and south of the equator, with a complex cross-equatorial structure that varies in time. This suggests that several intra-seasonal Rossby waves at periods slightly higher than those of equatorial TlWs (30-50 days) are involved in the TlWs dynamics in off-equatorial regions. This study demonstrates that TlWs are principally composed by wave-pattern anomalies resulting from a combination of several intra-seasonal equatorial waves. A numerical study using different wind fields, shows that the characteristics of the intra-seasonal variability in the Tropical Atlantic upperlayers are strongly dependent of the wind forcing. The high-frequency winds generate a 2-10 day variability that diminishes significantly the TlWs amplitude in the surface mixed layer. Moreover this forcing modifies the intra-seasonal variability of the SST
Lapouyade, Agnès. "Quantification, variabilité saisonnière et comparaison du transport advectif de la matière particulaire sur différentes marges continentales en Méditerranée nord." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30110.
Full textThe continental margins are the receptacle of the continental inputs and form a buffer zone with the open ocean. Significant quantities of matter and energy transit on these margins under the effect of a very active hydrodynamism. This work focus on the study of advective transport between the continental shelf and the open ocean, of the paniculate matter and organic carbon. The objectives are to provide a seasonal and, if possible, annual quantification of advective paniculate flux and to consider the importance of the shelf-basin exchanges in the total budgets of the margins by identification of the principal mechanisms responsible for these exchanges and their relative importance. Three sites in the Northern Mediterranean were studied within the framework of the european programs METRO-MED and MATER: Gulf of Lions, Gulf of Thermaikos and the shelf of Samothrace. Data of eight oceanographic cruises were used. They cover, at least, the two principal hydrological seasons: the stratified summer period and the not stratified winter period Concentrations of paniculate organic carbon and matter are derived from light-transmission data and water sample analyses. The circulation is determined from the geostrophic current field. The uncertainty on the transport estimation, related to the error on the prediction of the particle concentrations and to the error on speeds, is assessed. Particulate matter flux result mainly from the water flux variations rather than from variations of paniculate matter concentration. These fluxes vary seasonally and present a maximum intensity in winter. Also the autochthonous and allochtonous paniculate inputs as well as the intensity of the exchange processes between the shelf and the basin, on these three margins present a winter intensification. The studied margins show different behaviours with regard to the exchanges from paniculate matter and organic carbon with the open ocean. A compilation of annual budgets estimated from the seasonal budgets of the margins in the Northern Mediterranean, suggest that the Gulf of Lions exports paniculate matter offshore whereas the other margins import matter
Imbaud, Pierre. "Dynamique saisonnière d'une communauté bactérioplanctonique subantarctique (Archipel de Kerguelen)." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11752.
Full textLavigne, Héloïse. "Impact de la variabilité saisonnière de la profondeur de la couche de mélange sur le cycle saisonnier du phytoplancton en Méditerranée." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066493.
Full textIn the Mediterranean Sea, different phytoplankton seasonal cycles characteristic of subtropical and subpolar oceanic regions coexist in a small latitudinal range. Although many other factors have to be considered, the variability of the mixed layer depth (MLD) plays a significant role in the control of phytoplankton seasonal cycles in temperate regions. In the Mediterranean, the MLD, which results of the interactions between the complex oceanic circulation and the highly contrasted atmospheric forcing, is highly variable and its impact on phytoplankton seasonal cycles is weakly understood. Then, the present manuscript aims to determine to what extend the MLD seasonality can explain phytoplankton biomass seasonality in the Mediterranean Sea. Based on satellite and in situ (including Bio-Argo) datasets, the seasonal cycles of MLD and chlorophyll concentration as well as their interactions were characterized and quantified. Our results demonstrated that the MLD roughly explains the spatial distribution of typical phytoplankton cycles although the link between the MLD and chlorophyll concentration turned out to be complex. This link shows regional inconsistencies which were resolved by considering the spatio-temporal distribution of nitrate concentration. On the basis of results, several hypotheses were then proposed to explain the three main seasonal cycles of phytoplankton biomass. These hypotheses involve not only the control of nutrient and light availability by the MLD, but also the turbulent mixing which homogenises phytoplankton cells in the mixed layer
Da-Allada, Casimir. "La salinité de la couche de surface océanique dans l'océan Atlantique tropical : variabilités saisonnière à interannuelle." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925720.
Full textOuba, Anthony. "Variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle (2000-2013) de l'abondance, de la biomasse et du spectre de taille du zooplancton dans le bassin Levantin." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066545/document.
Full textThe occurring of the cyclic Eastern Mediterranean Transient and the climatic change have effects on the Levantine marine ecosystem. Understanding the response of zooplankton to such variations is of importance for ecosystem services. This thesis represents a pioneer study in enlightening the seasonality and the interannuality, as well as the spectra size of the zooplankton at a fix point B2 (N34º14.856; E35º36.067, North Lebanon). In this context, a 14 years unique time-series was conducted by a 52 µm mesh size net and analyzed with a powerful synthetic index, the Zooscan to monitor changes in the pelagic system. The results found that the maximum zooplankton biomass was coupled to the phytoplankton spring bloom, whereas abundances increased in the summer possibly due to the recruitment. Following the EMT-like in 2005, the salinity increased in the study area and the whole basin. Zooplankton abundance and biomass increased abruptly possibly related to the enhanced primary production which is hidden by the "top down" control by zooplankton. Moreover, the nutrients enrichment of anthropogenic origin at the sea surface characterized the site by more or less productive occasional periods. The zooplankton size structure has also changed along the period depending on the hydrological factors. The spectral slope analysis showed an interannual variability according to the abundances. While the spectra shape analysis displayed a domination of big size individuals during winter and spring seasons. This automatic measurement highlighted the efficiency of detecting changes in zooplankton that can be related to broader ecosystem perturbation
Drévillon, Marie. "Interaction océan-atmosphère à l'échelle saisonnière sur la région Atlantique-Nord-Europe : rôle des routes dépressionnaires et mécansimes associés sur la variabilité climatique." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30224.
Full textObservational studies reveal a lagged relationship between mid latitude North Atlantic summer Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) and next winter atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic Europe (NAE) region. Another interaction is found between autumn tropical Atlantic SST and next winter atmospheric circulation in the NAE region. A model study with a hierarchy of models, complexifying towards a more realistic ocean, together with a set of storm track activity diagnostics, are used to show the central role played by the storm track in the ocean-atmosphere interaction processes inducing those lagged relationships. Long coupled atmosphere-ocean experiments (150 years) show that these mechanisms have an impact on longer time scales variability (decadal to centenary)
Da-Allada, Casimir Yélognissè. "La salinité de la couche de surface océanique dans l'océan atlantique tropical : variabilités saisonnière à interannuelle." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2150/.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the variability of the ocean sea surface salinity (SSS) in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, at seasonal and interannual time scales. To achieve this, we used in-situ and satellite data as well as results of ocean models. We have shown that the density and the quality of the available observations allows us to approach the salinity balance in the mixed-layer in the whole tropical Atlantic basin and mixed-layer salinity balance is more sensitive to currents than to freshwater flux. We investigate the main mechanisms which modulate the variability of the SSS in the tropical Atlantic and especially in the Gulf of Guinea. In the western and north-eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean, the seasonal variability of SSS is controlled by advection and freshwater flux whereas, in the central basin, the salinity balance is mostly due to freshwater flux. In the Gulf of Guinea, freshwater flux does not play a key role as in previous regions and the seasonal cycle of SSS is a balance between the vertical processes (advection and diffusion) that increase SSS and the horizontal advection which decrease the SSS. We focus our analysis of SSS interannual variability in the Gulf of Guinea. Results indicate that in the northern region and in the equatorial region, SSS changes are due to changes in precipitations and evaporation and changes in oceanic processes (advection and vertical diffusion) while in the southern Gulf of Guinea only oceanic process changes can explain SSS anomalies. We noted an SSS increase in the northeastern Gulf of Guinea during the period 2002-2009. We argue that it is due mainly to decrease precipitation in this region. Finally, we also showed that the effect of the runoff is to amplify the signal of SSS and can impact the mixed layer depth, the surface currents and the sea surface temperature
Dichampt-Martineu, Christine. "Contribution à l'étude de la prévision saisonnière du climat : Analyse de la variabilité des hivers européens simulée par un modèle de circulation générale de l'atmosphère." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECDL0010.
Full textDewitte, Boris. "Rôle de la structure verticale de l'océan sur la variabilité basse fréquence dans le Pacifique tropical." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30296.
Full textWe investigate the low frequency variability of the oceanic vertical structure in the tropical Pacific from an ocean general circulation (OPA) forced simulation over the period 1985-1994. Our goal is two-fols : 1) To find to which extent the simulation can be interpreted as a combination of baroclinic long equatorial Kelvin and Rossby waves for the different vertical modes, and 2) to document the processes that affect the waves propagation, in particular modal dispersion due to zonal change in the density field, vertical energy propagation processes and the coupling with atmosphere. Linear model simulations are carried out and are used as a diagnostic tool
Lacroix, Geneviève. "Simulation de l'écosysteme pélagique de la mer ligure a l'aide d'un modèle unidimensionnel. Etude du bilan de matière et de la variabilité saisonnière, interannuelle et spatiale." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066536.
Full textPeings, Yannick. "Influence de la couverture de neige de l'hémisphère nord sur la variabilité interannuelle du climat." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00562496.
Full textSultan, Benjamin. "Etude de la mise en place de la mousson en Afrique de l'Ouest et de la variabilité intra-saisonnière de la convection : Applications à la sensibilité des rendements agricoles." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070027.
Full textBy using daily rainfall data and wind reanalyses over the period 1968-1990 we document two main aspects of the West African monsoon dynamics : the onset of the monsoon and the intraseasonal modulation of convention. It is shown that the onset stage is linked to an abrupt latitudinal shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone associated to the heat low dynamics. We also show the evidence of coherent fluctuations in the rainfall and wind fields in two spectral windows : around 15 days, and between 30 and 40 days. These fluctuations are characterized by a westward propagation of large cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies with a modulation of Mesoscale Convective System characteristics. By using a crop model SARRA-H (CIRAD), we study the agricultural impacts. It is shown that our definition of the onset can improve the yield through a better choice of the showing date. It is also shown a strong impact of extra-seasonal dry sequences during the flowering and the grain ripening phases
Silio, Calzada Ana. "Estimation de la production primaire nouvelle dans les zones d'upwelling à partir de données satellitaires multi-capteurs : application au système du Benguela, et étude de sa variabilité saisonnière et interannuelle." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066367.
Full textChenillat, Fanny. "Variabilité de structure et de fonctionnement d'un écosystème de bord est : application à l'upwelling de Californie." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747012.
Full textKolodziejczyk, Nicolas. "Analyse de la circulation de subsurface et de sa variabilité dans le Golfe de Guinée." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2020.
Full textThe in situ observations carried out during recent oceanographic cruises in the Gulf of Guinea allowed to describe the structure of the boundary of near-surface equatorial currents in the Atiantic Ocean. The good sampling of the oceanographic campaigns between 1993 and 2007 allowed to establish the semi-amiual cycle of the Equatorial UnderCurrent (EUC) at 10°W The westward recirculation of the saline subtropical water mass of the equatorial thermocline was observed in the subsurface branches of the South Equatorial Cunent (SEC) during boreal winter and spring, encompassing the eastward EUC. The recirculation of the saline water carried by the EUC takes place also along tbe coast in the southward Gabon-Congo UnderCurrent (GCUC). The boreal sunmer upwelling causes the erosion of the saline core associated with the EUC in the surface layer. The subtropical water mass does not reach tEe eastern boundary during tEe boreal summer and the recirculation tacs place in the surface SEC. During this season, the EUC exhibits an increment in its transport in the lower part of the thermocline reaching its maximum annual transport at 10°W. This maximum is explained by a vertical extension of eastward velocity under the thermocline. By October-November at 1O°W this deep extension of the EUC flows westerly. The observation of the seasonal cycle of the Sea Surface Height (SSH) revealed the presence ofannual basin modes. These basin modes are the response of the basin to annual periodic wind forcing. This part of the seasonal variability of the SSH has neyer been described with SSH data and allowed to understand the annual variability of the thermocline depth in the equatorial Atlantic. The analysis of the results of CLIPPER high-resolution numerical model simulations of the zonal equatorial near-surface currents allowed to describe in a more appropriate way the circulation in the GuIf of Guinea. During the boreal winter and spring the saline subtropical water mass reaches the eastern boundary and bifurcate westward in the both subsurface branches of the SEC. This water mass is then upwelled in boreal suninier. The thermocline water mass is advected southward as weil during this season. It has been shown that the EUC transport seini-annual cycle is associated with the renforcement of the westward zonal wind stress in the Gulf of Guinea, in particular during the boreal spring and summer. Long and low-frequency Rossby waves of the first meridional mode were also observed at 10°W in the thermocline linked to the seasonal cycle of the boundary of the EUC, explaining the inversion of the zonaI current in October-November at the bottom of the thermocline
Trinh, Bich Ngoc. "Cycles de l'eau, de la chaleur et du sel en mer de Chine méridionale, de la variation saisonnière à la variabilité interannuelle : modélisation océanique à haute résolution et à bilan fermé." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30290.
Full textThe South China Sea (SCS) ocean dynamics play an important role at the local scale for the regional climate system, but also in global ocean circulation and climate. Surface waters of the global thermohaline circulation indeed transit from the Pacific to the Indian Oceans across the SCS through several interocean straits (the South China Sea Throughflow, SCSTF), and are significantly modified during this transit. Ocean dynamics moreover influences the SCS marine life through its role in the transport and mixing of the pelagic planktonic ecosystems' components. The general objective of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the SCS ocean dynamics and of their interactions with the other compartments of the regional system, by focusing on the functioning and variability of the SCS water, heat and salt budgets with the perspective to study their impact on the pelagic planktonic ecosystems. For that, a high resolution (4 km) configuration of a regional physical-biogeochemical ocean model covering the SCS with rigorously closed budgets is developed and used to perform and analyze simulations over the recent period 2009 - 2018. We first show by comparison with available satellite data and in-situ observations the ability of our physical simulation to reproduce the surface water masses and circulation characteristics as well as thermohaline vertical distribution, at the climatological, seasonal and interannual scales. We then examine the climatological average and seasonal cycle of all components involved in the water volume, heat and salt budgets over the SCS: internal variations and lateral, atmospheric and river fluxes. Water and salt inputs to the SCS are mostly related to the lateral inflow of Pacific water through the Luzon strait. About 1/2 of those inputs is released through the Mindoro strait to the Sulu sea, 1/4 through the Taiwan strait to the East China Sea and 1/4 through the Karimata strait to the Java Sea. Heat gain mostly comes for the Luzon lateral input (~ 3/4) and from the atmosphere (~1/4), and is equivalently released through the Mindoro, Taiwan and Karimata straits. Over the studied period, the SCS stores respectively 0.3% and 2.5% of the total salt and heat inputs. The seasonal cycle of water and salt budgets is mainly driven by the net lateral water flux through interocean straits, whereas the seasonal cycle of heat budget is mainly governed by the atmospheric heat flux. On the interannual time scale, water, heat and salt fluxes at Luzon and Mindoro straits are highly correlated together and show the strongest variability of all straits' transports, and high correlations with ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation). The annual atmospheric water flux governs the interannual variability of SCS water budget: a variation of annual atmospheric freshwater input induces a mirror variation of lateral outflow so that the SCS volume hardly varies at the interannual scale. The SCS salt budget is regulated at the first order by the interannual variability of net lateral water flux, then by the salinity of the in/outflowing interocean waters. In particular, we show that the recent SCS saltening was mainly induced by the increase in the inflow of salty Pacific water which compensated a deficit of rainfall freshwater over the area. The heat budget interannual variability is driven first by the total lateral heat flux, itself driven by the variability of the temperature of the out/inflowing waters, then by the variability of the lateral water flux and surface heat flux. Water and salt budgets as well as the SCSTF are strongly affected by ENSO and PDO, whereas the heat budget is only affected by ENSO
Cadet, Bertrand. "Étude des cirrus dans la zone tropicale Sud de l'océan Indien à partir des données lidar de la Réunion : analyse comparative des méthodes de restitution et étude de la variabilité saisonnière et diurne." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00560870.
Full textChery, Philippe. "Variabilité de l'épaisseur de la couverture de sol : conséquences pour le bilan hydrique hivernal d'un secteur de petite Beauce." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10409.
Full textRAFFIN, Coralie. "Bases biologiques et écologiques de la conservation du milieu marin en mer d'Iroise." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005791.
Full textMartin, Antoine. "Circulation et transport des masses d'eau sur le plateau Est-Antarctique au large de la Terre Adélie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066188/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study the Antarctic shelf ocean dynamics using in situ observation. We study the circulation of the Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) on the East Antarctic shelf off Adélie Land presently recognized as the second major source of AntArctic Bottom Water (AABW). The MCDW is a source of heat, salt and nutrients for the Antarctic shelf. Improved knowledge of the circulation of the MCDW and the associated heat transport on the Antarctic shelf is very important to better understand the AABW formation, the role of the oceanic ice shelf, glacier melting and the biological activity. Thanks to the inverse model implemented on the Adélie Land shelf, we propose a comprehensive scheme of the mean circulation in summer 2008 and we estimate the associated heat and freshwater transports through the shelf break and farther on the shelf toward the Mertz Glacier. We present evidences of ocean induced glacial melt involving interaction of the dense shelf water and the MCDW with the glacier. A second part of this work focuses on the variability of the current from the inertial to the seasonal time scale using mooring observations collected in the AD, we show that a strong seasonal cycle exists in the current heading and vertical structure, in agreement with earlier model results, which implies that the seasonal cycle should be properly taken into account to correctly understand shelf-ocean processes in this region
Wade, Malick. "Caractérisation de la couche limite océanique pendant les campagnes EGEE-AMMA dans l'Atlantique équatorial est." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1342/.
Full textThis work is part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. It focuses on the air-sea interactions in the Gulf of Guinea (GG) at diurnal to interannual timescales based on observations and numerical models. This coupling is the leading process that modulates the West African Monsoon onset which in turn impacts on the seasonal rainfall in the Western African countries. We have shown that the oceanic mixed-layer parameters in the GG are mainly driven, at diurnal timescale, by both the surface heat fluxes and the subsurface processes (entrainment, vertical turbulent mixing). We have also evidenced that from a simple parameterization of the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) based on a 1. 5 closure moment, it is possible to retrieve the turbulence dissipation in this region. In order quantify the potential role of the wind stress in the oceanic mixed-layer variability, we utilize a dynamical linear model forced by wind stress anomalies and where in the equation governing the sea surface variability, the surface heat fluxes are ignored. The results show that near the equator (3°S-3°N), the signal is retrieved; however away from this band (3°S-3°N), the amplitude of the oceanic mixed-layer parameters is largely underestimated meaning that the wind stress is not the leading process in these latitudes. Mixed-layer heat budgets from Argo profiles allow identifying both the role of surface heat fluxes and the vertical mixing in the GG. The GG is subdivided into boxes with respect to the dynamic and the thermodynamic and in each box the budget is estimated. The results show that the surface heat fluxes and the vertical mixing term dominate the budget at all timescales. This vertical mixing, estimated as a residual in this study, is compared with independent turbulence data measured during EGEE/AMMA campaigns during 2005-2007 (Marcus Dengler, personal communication; Rhein et al. , 2010). The results show that the vertical mixing compares very well with the independent turbulence data in terms of spatial and temporal variability. This vertical mixing is strong in the region except in the South of the GG and its seasonal cycle is largely modulated by the buoyancy heat flux and the wind stress. These results and those obtain from the diurnal cycle allow to stress that the oceanic mixed-layer in the GG s largely driven at all timescales by the surface heat fluxes and the subsurface processes
Ayina, Ludos-Hervé. "Etude des modes de variabilité de l'océan Atlantique tropical et de leur sensibilité à l'impact des décharges fluviatiles et des précipitations." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066019.
Full textDiakhate, Moussa. "Couplage océan-atmosphère en Atlantique tropical." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066150/document.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis is to explore the influence of sea surface temperature (SST), on surface wind at seasonal and intraseasonal timescales. At seasonal timescales, momentum and convergence budget were first documented by using a simple atmospheric mixed layer model, and two reanalyses. This approach allows us to identify the main processes that control the surface wind dynamics, in order to explore their sensitivity to the SST. Results show that these processes vary strongly in different regions of the tropical Atlantic. In addition, the comparison of the representation of theses processes in observations and reanalyses show that, as in all climate models (coupled or not), the reanalyses have the same flaws. Eventually, this work proposes a method to better assess the capacity of an atmospheric model to answer the SST fluctuations, and investigate potential wrong atmospheric parameterizations, such as boundary layers. The second part of this study focuses on tropical Atlantic regions of strong SST gradients, where SST intraseasonal variability is the largest. Several technics of spectrum and statistical analysis were performed in order to investigate the atmospheric patterns associated to these fluctuations of oceanic fronts. Except in the equatorial region (where we found a clear coupling already described in previous studies), no clear hint of a surface wind response to the SST fluctuations was observed in the two coastal upwelling fronts. In addition, the oceanic patterns associated to the SST indexes were also investigated. In all three upwelling fronts, as expected for such upwelling regimes, the vertical oceanic mixing clearly dominates the mixed-layer heat budget. In the equatorial band, as found in previous studies, the horizontal advection is equally important, while it appears surprisingly weak in the coastal fronts. Eventually, potential signals of equatorial and coastal Kelvin waves were also followed to these coastal fronts
Kolmakova, Maria. "La variabilité hydrologique et climatique dans les bassins versants de la Sibérie Occidentale (selon les données des stations météorologiques, de ré-analyse météorologique et d'altimétrie satellitaire)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784775.
Full textChemel, Charles. "Transport et mélange en terrain complexe : application à la dynamique atmosphérique dans les vallées encaissées." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011306.
Full textTeichert, Nils. "Variabilité des traits d’histoire de vie chez les Gobiidae (Sicydiinae) amphidromes de l’île de la Réunion : Sicyopterus lagocephalus (Pallas, 1770) et Cotylopus acutipinnis (Guichenot, 1863)." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3024/document.
Full textAmphidromous Sicydiinae are particularly widespread among fish freshwater assemblages of the Indo-Pacific region and are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures (i.e. fishery, degradation and fragmentation of habitats). Spawning and hatching happen in freshwater, then offspring drift downstream to the sea where they begin their growth for a few months before recruiting in the rivers. This study aims at acquire knowledge about life traits of S. lagocephalus (cosmopolite) and C. acutipinnis (endemic). Field sampling shows that the usual habitat choice is related to social interactions, whereasspawning habitat shows a strong selection for morphodynamic conditions which favor eggs oxygenation. Males select spawning sites and care for the eggs. The experimental study of freshwater survival confirms that free embryos survival and swimming capacities are enough to drift to the ocean. Marine life history analysis, based on postlarvae otoliths examination, reveals a seasonal variation of both age and size-atrecruitment related to the larval growth rate and the sea temperature. Histological examination of ovaries is used to describe the spatial and temporal variation of reproductive activity of mature females in the rivers, and to determine fecundity and size at first reproduction. Inter and intra-specific variations of life history traits are compared in relation to the respective geographical distribution of both species. This study identifies concrete prospects for management and conservation based on the features of amphidromous life history strategy
Passuni, Saldana Giannina Paola. "A bird-eye view on the spatio-temporal variability of the seasonal cycle in the Northern Humboldt Current System : the case of Guanay cormorant, Peruvian booby and Peruvian pelican." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT161/document.
Full textThe Northern Humboldt Current System (NHCS) is a place of a high biological activity due to an intense coastal upwelling. It supports one of the biggest forage fish populations, the Peruvian anchovy, and the world-leading monospecific fishery in terms of landings. The NHCS also hosts large, although variable, seabird populations, composed among others by three guano-producing sympatric species: the Guanay cormorant (Phalacrocorax bougainvillii), the Peruvian booby (Sula variegata) and the Peruvian pelican (Pelecanus thagus), which all feed primarily on anchovy.In this work we reviewed the fluctuations of these three seabird populations, focusing on the seasonal cycle of their breeding, to address the following questions: How different are the seasonality of reproduction among species? To what extent may they be plastic in space and time? What from the natural environment and the anthropogenic activities impact more the breeding of seabirds?We addressed these questions using the monthly occupancy of breeders (1) in >30 Peruvian sites between 06°S and 18°S and from 2003 to 2014; and (2) in one site during three decadal periods (1952-1968, 1972-1989, 2003-2014). We also used environmental covariates from satellite and at-sea monitoring such as oceanographic conditions, prey abundance, availability and body conditions, and fisheries pressure covariates. We used multiseason occupancy models to characterize the seasonality of breeding and relate it with environmental covariates. We also used functional principal component analysis for classifying the differences in seasonality among sites, and random forest regression for analyzing the relative contribution of covariates in the variability of the seasonal breeding.We found that in average seasonal breeding mainly started during the austral winter/ early spring and ended in summer/ early fall, this pattern being stronger in boobies and pelicans than in cormorants. The breeding onset of seabirds is timed so that fledging independence occurs when primary production, prey conditions and availability are maximized. This pattern is unique compared with other upwelling ecosystems and could be explained by the year-round high abundances of anchovy in the NHCS.The average seasonal breeding may differ among nesting sites. Seabirds breed earlier and are more persistent when colonies are larger, located on islands, within the first 20km of the coast, at lower latitudes and with greater primary production conditions. These results suggest that in the NHCS, the seasonality of breeding is more influenced by local environmental conditions than by large-scale environmental gradients. These results provides critical information to a better coordination of guano extraction and conservancy policies.Seabirds may also adapt the seasonality of their breeding to drastic ecosystem changes caused by regime shifts. We found that the three study species exhibited a gradient of plasticity regarding the seasonality of their breeding. Cormorants showed a greater plasticity, modulating the timing and magnitude on their breeding seasonality. This is probably authorized by the greater foraging flexibility offered its great diving capacities. Fixed onset and magnitudes of breeding in boobies may be related to their specific foraging strategy and/or to changes of prey items when anchovy stock was low. We also suggested that boobies may adapt other fecundity traits as growth rate of chicks to lower abundance of anchovy.The specific differences in the adaptation of seasonal breeding allow seabirds to take profit differently from local prey conditions or to face differently regime shifts. Further researches, implementing a large-scale capture-recapture methodology in parallel with monthly census, are proposed in order to fulfill gaps in the basic knowledge on vital traits (adult survival, first age at reproduction, and juvenile recruitment) which are critical parameters to evaluate the dynamic of a population
Coulaud, Romain. "Modélisation et changements d'échelles pour l'évaluation écotoxicologique : application à deux macroinvertébrés aquatiques, Gammarus fossarum (crustacé amphipode) et potamopyrgus antipodarum (mollusque gastéropode)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10018/document.
Full textThe regulatory framework lead to increase the assessments of the ecological risk linked to the dischaarge of chemical substances in aquatic environment with the aim to protect natural populations. However, this target level of protection cannot be used so easily to etablish a direcet link between a contamination and its effects. In order to overcome this difficulty, the multi-scale approaches based on the study of the effects of the contaminations on individual markers and then on the extrapolation of these effects at the population level with population dynamic models reprensent promising tools and start to bewell accepted in predictive processes. Yet, their use for the diagnosis of water quality remainsrare for the moment, on the one hand, because of the important varaibility of answers of individual makers in situ linked to the influence of diverse confounding environmental factors for the assessments of toxicity and, on the other hand, because pf the lack of environmental relevance of models currently proposed. Focused on the use of 2 species widely observed in European rivers and presenting contrastingecological and phylogenetic characteristics : the Grammar fossarum crutacean and the Potamopyrgus antipodarum mollusc, this doctoral degree first propose a methodology to consider the influenceof confounding factors in order to improve the reading of biological in situ tests based on the measurment of individual markers on caged organisms and second, to develop ecologically relevant population models. Thus, this work allowed to underline the importance of the consideration of confounding factors (i.e. temperature), in different in situ tests based on the measurment of individul markers on caged organisms. Moreover, population models for both species have been defined in order to test the influence of life histories and seasonal variations on demographic sensitivity of populations
Nzeneri, Samuelson. "Modélisation des efflorescences de l'algue toxique(Alexandrium minutum) en compétition interspécifique en Rade de Brest, France." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0113.
Full textAlexandrium minutum is one of the toxic species that produce Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs), threaten public health, aquaculture and tourism. In France, it was observed in 1988 in the region Bretagne. High levels of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxicity have been detected in the estuaries of Morlaix, Penzé, Rance, Abers and more recently, in the Bay of Brest. This work tries to define and place in order of hierarchy, the parameters driving A. minutum success in the phytoplankton community. Two approaches were adopted. The first was a temporal survey at the study site since 2009-2018. The second was the use of a 0D numerical model (based on physiological traits) to simulate the potential impact between physical and biological processes. A. minutum was placed in competition with 72 species which were uniformly selected. Results showed both seasonal and interannual variability of bloom phenology. It was marked by micro, followed by nano and then pico phytoplankton from April to October. A. minutum bloom occurred between June and August, a period of high temperature, low nutrient concentrations and high resource competition. However, environmental factors and competition explain only a part of its phenology. Though the model was able to reproduce the seasonal and interannual variability of A. minutum, simulation was inconsistent over the study period. The model highlights the increasing relevance of other biological processes in bloom regulation at decade scale. It might improve some models which are able to correctly predict instances of A. minutum presence or absence. The perspective is to have a model which can be applied and validated for the entire Bay of Brest
Roy, Virginie. "Impact des barrages de castors sur la variabilité spatiale et saisonnière des concentrations en mercure et en nutriments dans les ruisseaux des Laurentides." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8137.
Full textTourigny, Étienne. "Analyse de performance d'un modèle régional du climat à simuler la variabilité de la précipitation associée au forçage ENSO dans les tropiques américaines." Mémoire, 2008. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1538/1/M10634.pdf.
Full textGingras, Nathalie. "Le cycle biogéochimique du manganèse dans un écosystème forestier du Bouclier Canadien." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7944.
Full textMyre, Alexandre. "Suivis isotopiques (2H & 18O) du fleuve Saint-Laurent et de la rivière des Outaouais entre 1997 et 2003 : relations avec la variabilité hydroclimatique à l'échelle saisonnière et interannuelle." Mémoire, 2006. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1672/1/M9201.pdf.
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