Academic literature on the topic 'VARA-model'

Quantifying differences in joint loading for coxa vara and coxa valga is important for understanding what constitutes a pathological deformity. Prior free-body analyses for varus and valgus femora suggest that the loading direction in single-leg stance becomes more vertical for coxa valga and more horizontal for coxa vara. The objectives of this study were: 1) to apply a density-based load estimation technique to varus and valgus femora; 2) to infer potential differences in femoral loading for varus and valgus femora from the density; and 3) to compare the results with previous studies of femoral loading for single-leg stance. Representative valgus, normal, and varus femora from male cadavers were scanned in the plane of the femoral neck using computed tomography. A two-dimensional finite element model, including the density data from the CT scans, was constructed for each femur. A density-based bone load estimation method was used to determine the dominant loading pattern, and an average load direction was calculated. The average load direction varied consistently from more vertical for coxa valga to more horizontal for coxa vara. The results indicate that the differences in loading directions reduce the risk of epiphyseal slip or neck fracture in coxa vara and increase the tendency for subluxation or dislocation in coxa valga. Agreement between relative load angles from the density-based load estimation and free-body analyses confirms that internal femoral density is adapted to applied loads regardless of external femoral geometry.

Abstract The critical roles of retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of vitamin A (VA), in both tolerogenic and immunogenic immune responses have been documented. However, how VA affects the development of autoimmunity is still unclear. Here we demonstrate that pharmacological doses of VA had adverse effects on the development of autoimmune lupus in the MRL/lpr mouse model. We administered, orally, RA (6 mg/kg body weight/day) or retinyl palmitate combined with 10% RA (VARA, a total of 6.6 mg/kg/day) to the mice starting from 6 weeks of age. At this age, the mice do not exhibit overt signs of lupus. However, the immunogenic environment preceding disease onset has been established that is evidenced by an increase of total IgM/IgG in the plasma and expansion of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid organs. After 8 weeks of RA or VARA treatment, significantly higher pathological scores in kidney, lung, and brain were observed, which were correlated with a marked increase in B-cell responses. In addition, although the number of T cells in the mesenteric lymph node decreased with RA that led to reduced tissue weight, the proportions of T-cell subsets did not change. Importantly, neither RA nor VARA affected regulatory T cells in these mice. Altogether, our results suggest that under the immunogenic environment in autoimmune lupus, VA can generate more severe disease rather than inducing tolerance. Thus, administration of VA in lupus treatment should be approached with caution.

AbstractThe present work addresses the urgent demand for methods of quantifying the uncertainties inherent in the current procedures for avalanche hazard assessment. A Monte Carlo approach to hazard mapping is proposed for this purpose. This statistical sampling-analysis method allows us to evaluate the probability distributions of the relevant variables for avalanche hazard assessment –– essentially runout distance and impact pressure-once the release variables and the model parameters are expressed in terms of suitable probability distributions. In this way it is possible to explicitly account for uncertainties both in the input-data definition of the dynamic models and in the mapping results. The overall methodology is presented in detail and applied to a real-world avalanche mapping problem. The one-dimensional version of the VARA models is used for avalanche dynamics simulations.

O presente artigo pretende descrever o fenômeno interacional das prestações de contas não harmônicas no cenário da Vara de Família. A partir do aporte teórico da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica, a análise de dados de fala-eminteração nesse contexto vai nos possibilitar discutir o papel da representante da instituição nesse tipo de atividade (SARANGI, 2001). Os dados foram gerados no Fórum de uma cidade de interior no Sudeste brasileiro e compõem um corpus de cerca de 200 minutos de gravações em áudio, que foram transcritas de acordo com o modelo Jefferson de transcrição (LODER, 2008).PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fala de conflito. Prestações de contas. Episódios de conflito. Análise da conversa. Estudo de caso.ABSTRACT This article aims to describe the interactional phenomenon of nonharmonic accounts in Family Court setting. From the theoretical framework of Conversation Analysis, the analysis of talk-in-interaction data in this context will allow us to discuss the role of the professional who acts in name of the institution in this activity-type (Sarangi, 2001). The corpus was generated in Courtroom in a town in southeastern Brazil and comprise a whole of about 200 minutes of audio recordings, which were transcribed according to Jeffersonian model of transcription (Loder, 2008).KEYWORDS: Conflict talk. Accounts. Conflict episodes. Conversation Analysis. Case study.

This study proposes a procedural analysis on the implementation of ludic linguistics to analyze gaming language with wordplays, the core of focus in ludic linguistics, as the point of departure. To formulate the procedural analysis, theories of language play by Crystal ideology of influence and ludonarrative model by Aarseth, wordplay in gaming context by Paul, intended meaning level by Stiles, wordplay transmission by Winter-Froemel, game interface types by Stonehouse and indexical storytelling by Fernández-Vara were applied as the theoretical foundation. To provide a vivid application of the proposed procedural analysis, wordplays appearing on game assets from Konami’s Metal Gear Solid, Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty, and Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater were taken as examples of analysis. The five steps procedure is able to show how wordplays in gaming context are designed as mechanical cues to help gamers complete the games and as narrative cues to help them comprehend the story. Further, this proposed procedure is able to indicate that the mechanical and narrative cues have particular ideology of influence, which affects gamers in reacting and responding to particular problems presented by the games. The result of this study discloses future research on the roles of wordplays in gaming context, signifying the importance of ludic linguistics as a bridge between language studies and game studies. Keywords: Wordplay; Gaming Language; Ludic Linguistics; Game Dtudies; Metal Gear Solid

Camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome leads to diarthrodial joint arthropathy and is caused by the absence of lubricin (proteoglycan 4—PRG4), a surface-active mucinous glycoprotein responsible for lubricating articular cartilage. In this study, mice lacking the orthologous gene Prg4 served as a model that recapitulates the destructive arthrosis that involves biofouling of cartilage by serum proteins in lieu of Prg4. This study hypothesized that Prg4-deficient mice would demonstrate a quadruped gait change and decreased markers of mitochondrial dyscrasia, following intra-articular injection of both hindlimbs with recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4). Prg4−/− (N = 44) mice of both sexes were injected with rhPRG4 and gait alterations were studied at post-injection day 3 and 6, before joints were harvested for immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 activation. Increased stance and propulsion was shown at 3 days post-injection in male mice. There were significantly fewer caspase-3-positive chondrocytes in tibiofemoral cartilage from rhPRG4-injected mice. The mitochondrial gene Mt-tn, and myosin heavy (Myh7) and light chains (Myl2 and Myl3), known to play a cytoskeletal stabilizing role, were significantly upregulated in both sexes (RNA-Seq) following IA rhPRG4. Chondrocyte mitochondrial dyscrasias attributable to the arthrosis in CACP may be mitigated by IA rhPRG4. In a supporting in vitro crystal microbalance experiment, molecular fouling by albumin did not block the surface activity of rhPRG4.

Purpose We aimed to investigate the association between SHBG and the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-Ir) in men and women in a prospective observational study. Methods The Vara-Skövde cohort is a random population of 2816 participants living in southwestern Sweden, aged 30–74. It was recruited between 2002 and 2005, and followed up in 2012–2014. After excluding participants on insulin therapy or hormone replacement therapy, 1193 individuals (649 men, 544 women) were included in the present study. Fasting blood samples were collected at both visits and stored in biobank. All participants were physically examined by a trained nurse. SHBG was measured with immunoassay technique. Linear regressions were computed to investigate the association between SHBG and HOMA-Ir both in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, adjusting for confounding factors. Results The mean follow-up time was 9.7 ± 1.4 years. Concentrations of SHBG were significantly inversely associated with log transformed HOMA-Ir in all groups with estimated standardized slopes (95% CI): men: −0.20 (−0.3;−0.1), premenopausal women: −0.26 (−0.4;−0.2), postmenopausal women: −0.13 (−0.3;−0.0) at visit 1. At visit 2 the results were similar. When comparing the groups, a statistically significant difference was found between men and post-menopausal women (0.12 (0.0;0.2) P value = 0.04). In the fully adjusted model, SHBG at visit 1 was also associated with HOMA-Ir at visit 2, and the estimated slopes were −0.16 (−0.2;−0.1), −0.16 (−0.3;−0.1) and −0.07 (−0.2;0.0) for men, premenopausal and postmenopausal women, respectively. Main conclusion Levels of SHBG predicted the development of insulin resistance in both men and women, regardless of menopausal state.

Objective.C677T and A1298C polymorphisms in the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) have been associated with increased cardiovascular (CV) events in non-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) populations. We investigated potential associations of MTHFR polymorphisms and use of methotrexate (MTX) with time-to-CV event in data from the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis (VARA) registry.Methods.VARA participants were genotyped for MTHFR polymorphisms. Variables included demographic information, baseline comorbidities, RA duration, autoantibody status, and disease activity. Patients’ comorbidities and outcome variables were defined using International Classification of Diseases-9 and Current Procedural Terminology codes. The combined CV event outcome included myocardial infarction (MI), percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and stroke. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model the time-to-CV event.Results.Data were available for 1047 subjects. Post-enrollment CV events occurred in 97 patients (9.26%). Although there was a trend toward reduced risk of CV events, MTHFR polymorphisms were not significantly associated with time-to-CV event. Time-to-CV event was associated with prior stroke (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.03–3.90), prior MI (HR 1.70, 95% CI 1.06–2.71), hyperlipidemia (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.01–2.43), and increased modified Charlson-Deyo index (HR 1.23, 95% CI 1.13–1.34). MTX use (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.44–0.99) and increasing education (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.80–0.95) were associated with a lower risk for CV events.Conclusion.Although MTHFR polymorphisms were previously associated with CV events in non-RA populations, we found only a trend toward decreased association with CV events in RA. Traditional risk factors conferred substantial CV risk, while MTX use and increasing years of education were protective.

ResuméStudiens syfte är att undersöka hur yrkesverksamma i fritidshem beskriver sitt arbete, sin trivsel, de inkluderande arbetssätt som används och samverkan. Detta görs med teoretisk utgångspunkt i förklaringsmodellen formuleringsarenan, transformerings- och medieringsarenan, och realiseringsarenan med fokus på vad fritidshemmets uppdrag blir i pedagogisk praktik. Data samlades in genom enkäter med yrkesverksamma (N=63) i fritidshem från olika orter i Sverige. Studiens resultat påvisar att de har ett varierat arbete, att de trivs, att de erbjuder inkludering och att de, med få undantag, sätter in stödinsatser. Mindre än hälften av dem beskriver att de erbjuds handledning och rådgivning från specialpedagog eller annan profession med specialpedagogiska kunskaper, samt att de samverkar med elevhälsa. Fritidshemmets resurser beskrivs i viss mån som otillräckliga och stödinsatserna kan många gånger anses vara för få. Förslag till vidare forskning diskuteras. AbstractSchool-age educare teachers’ work, well-being, inclusive education strategies and collaboration: a survey The aim of this study is to investigate how professionals in School-age educare (SAEC) describe their work environment, well-being, collaboration and the education strategies used. This is done by means of a theoretical understanding model including a formulation arena, a transformation and mediation arena and a realisation arena where the focus is on the realisation arena. Empirical data was collected through surveys with professionals (N=63) in SAEC working in different Swedish cities. The result of the study shows that they have a multifaceted work, that they are content/happy, that they provide inclusive education and support measures. Less than half of those surveyed describe that they receive adequate supervision and advice from a special needs educator or other profession with special needs education knowledge and that they collaborate with the School health services. The resources of the SAEC are to some extent perceived as insufficient and the support measures are often too limited. Suggestions for further research are discussed.

Återhämtning hos unga är en pågående process, likställd den fysiologiska utvecklingen. Begreppet har olika innebörd utifrån ålder och mognadsgrad. Studiens syfte var att utifrån den unga människans perspektiv, belysa innebörden av återhämtning. Den teoretiska referensramen bygger på Phil Barkers teori Tidvattenmodellen. Datainsamlingen genomfördes i individuella intervjuer, semistrukturerade med en hermeneutisk ansats. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades med utgångspunkt i Lindseth och Norbergs metod. Tre huvudteman trädde fram - att bli medveten om hur kaos påverkar, att förstå behov av återhämtning för att må bra samt att reflektera över hur återhämtning kan ske. Resultatet visar att själv bemästra förmågan att återhämta sig, är en viktig del för att främja sin psykiska hälsa, men också ett viktigt verktyg för att lära sig hantera sin psykiska ohälsa. Återhämtningens kraft, är av betydelse vid psykisk ohälsa. Hur ungdomar återhämtar sig är individuellt och sker ofta utan att de själva är medvetna att och när det händer. Ungdomarna vittnar i sina livsberättelser om att det existerar ett stigma kring återhämtning i samhället, där en ständig tillgänglighet tidigt lärs in - behov att vara själv för att slappna av och stänga ute vardagens ständiga brus lyftes fram som särskilt betydande för individens liv.
Recovery in young people is an ongoing process, equated to physiological development. The term has different meanings based on age and maturity. The purpose of the study was to highlight the meaning of recovery, based on the young person's perspective. The theoretical reference frame is based on Phil Barker's theory of tidal model. The data collection was conducted in individual interviews, semistructured with a hermeneutic approach. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed on the basis of Lindseth and Norberg's method. Three main themes emerged - to become aware of how chaos affect, to understand the need for recovery to feel good, and to reflect on how recovery can take place. The result shows that self-mastering ability to recover is an important part of promoting mental health, but also an important tool for learning how to handle mental illness. The recovery's power is important in mental ill health. How youth recovers is individual and happens often without being conscious and when it happens. The youngsters testify in their life stories that there is a stigma about community recovery, where constant availability is learned early - need to be self to relax and shut out the constant noise of everyday life is highlighted as particularly important to the individual's life.

Detta forskningsarbete lyfter den problematik somdebatterats kring proveniensprincipen och den ombildningdenna princip har mött sedan digitaliserings ankomst.Studiens avsikt var att påvisa vilken innebörd principen haridag i en modern informationsförvaltning och deninformationshantering som sker där. Syftet var även attundersöka hur informationsförvaltningen arbetar proaktivtmed att garantera proveniens i all sin informationshantering,samt belysa hur proveniens förstås i förhållande till valet avmetod kring informationshanteringen.Undersökningen var kvalitativ och utfördes på tiokommunarkiv i form av att varje kommuns kommunarkivariedjupintervjuades. I undersökningen har även planer kringinformationshantering en studerats. Studien konstaterar vilkaförenklingar som digitaliseringen inneburit kring att säkerställa proveniens, där automatiserad och utvecklad metadataskapat verklig proveniens som kan påvisa informationenssamband med den process och det sammanhang där den harbefunnit sig. Uppsatsen diskuterar även de bekymmer somuppstår då digitaliserad information ordnas på helt andra sättän tidigare och vilka konsekvenser detta får för hur vi skaförhålla oss till och förstå proveniens.Resultatet visar att informationsförvaltningarna kan borga föryttre proveniens vad gäller arkivmaterialet men inte helahandlingsbeståndet. Studien fastslår vidare att inreproveniens som en spegling av organisationens verksamhetmåste förstås utifrån hela handlingsbeståndet och desslogiska ordning, snarare än utifrån arkivmaterialets synliga.Undersökningen konstaterar även betydelsen av proaktivitetkring arbetet med att tydliggöra informationens processuellakontext, samt tidig metadataapplicering ochsystemutveckling som behåller metadata genom allaprocesser. Uppsatsen understryker slutligen att detta inte görsi den utsträckning som är nödvändig.
This essay describes the debate about the principle ofprovenance and its multiple forms, and the transformationsof these forms, due to the coming of electronic informations.The thesis intended to explain the definitions of the principlein a modern information management and there explore howthey operate proactively to assure provenance.The qualitative investigation was carried out at tenmunicipality final archives, where each municipalityarchivist was being interviewed. The study expounds in whatway the digitisation has simplified the methods to conductassured provenance, where automated metadata shows therelationships of the information to function and process. Theessay also debates the difficulties that appear when digitalinformation are being organized in different ways thananalogue information, and how this fact requires a newinterpretation of the principle of provenance.The researcher concludes that the investigated archives,ensure respect des fonds when it concerns the content of thearchives, but not when it comes to the whole content of theinformation management. The result of the study also showsthat the respect of original order as a reflection of theorganization, has to be understood throughout all content ofthe management and its logical order, rather than the visiblecontent that the archives embrace. Furthermore the thesisobserves the importance of proactivity, regarding theclarification of the relationships between the information andthe processes that produce and use them. This could beachieved with early application of metadata and developmentof systems that keep metadata trough all processes. Theconclusion of the essay is that this is not pursued in theextension that is required.

Tidigare forskning har visat att individer tenderar se sig själva mindre sårbara än genomsnittet, vilket gör att man utsätter sig själv för ett stort risktagande. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om de individer som ser sig mindre sårbara än andra är de som påverkas av reklam och manipulation. I undersökningen deltog 183 studenter, 122 kvinnor och 61 män. Tre olika mätinstrument kombinerades i en enkät. En reklamannons med tillhörande frågor, utarbetad i samarbete med en reklambyrå, ett instrument som mätte en individs Need for Cognition samt ett tredje för att mäta hur sårbar personen såg sig i jämförelse med genomsnittet. Våra hypoteser fick inte stöd men vi lyckades påvisa att det förekom en illusion av osårbarhet och en tredjepersoneffekt bland deltagarna. Förhoppningen är att framtida forskning lyckas ta fram ett mer effektivt mätinstrument som kan visa att illusionen av osårbarhet kan öka en individs manipulationsrisk.

This study presents research about the virtual experience room, more specific theKarantänfestivalen Unplugged. The purpose of this study is to analyse how the virtualexperience room Karantänfestivalen Unplugged is built and also how committed consumersare during a virtual event. This will be answered by three research questions. The researchquestions affect inclusion of consumers at a distance, important factors from the physicalexperience room and also how consumers judge the virtual experience room in terms ofcomments.The research questions will be answered with help from the model The Virtual ExperienceRoom that is created by the authors of this study. The model is based on the two models TheExperience Room Model and The Four Realms of An Experience. Also the important factorsregarding the experience room from Mossberg and Bitner. The study is written from aqualitative approach where the collection of the data has been done through a case study. Thecase study was made from the virtual experience room Karantänfestivalen Unplugged througha document and video study. The documents and the video was analysed from a contentanalysis with help from the model that was mentioned above.The result shows that Karantänfestivalen Unplugged includes its consumers in a way that itmakes it possible for them to participate more spontaneously than if it was a physical event.And also that the consumers are able to ask questions to the artists and employees of theevent. The main factors in a virtual experience room are considered to be customerengagement, technology, object language and intangible artefacts, which is presented in themodel The Virtual Experience Room. Finally, it can be considered that consumers of a virtualevent will express their opinions through writing in a comment that they will publish on aplatform where the event is being observed.The study is written in Swedish.
I denna studie presenteras forskning kring det virtuella upplevelserummet Karantänfestivalen Unplugged. Syftet med studien är att analysera hur det virtuella upplevelserummet Karantänfestivalen Unplugged är uppbyggt samt hur engagerade konsumenter är under ett virtuellt evenemang. Detta besvaras genom tre forskningsfrågor. Forskningsfrågorna berörinkludering av konsumenter på distans, viktiga faktorer som kan appliceras från det fysiska upplevelserummet samt hur konsumenter bedömer det virtuella upplevelserummet i form av kommentarer. Forskningsfrågorna besvaras med hjälp av den egenskapade modellen Det Virtuella Upplevelserummet som baseras på modellerna The Experience Room Model och The Four Realms of An Experience, samt Mossberg och Bitners viktiga faktorer i ett upplevelserum. Studien är skriven utifrån en kvalitativ infallsvinkel där insamlingen av data har gjorts genomen fallstudie. Fallstudien gjordes på det virtuella upplevelserummet Karantänfestivalen Unplugged genom en dokument- och videostudie. Dokumenten och videon analyserades utifrån en innehållsanalys med hjälp av modellen som tidigare nämnts. Resultatet visar att Karantänfestivalen Unplugged inkluderar konsumenterna genom att spontant deltagande kan ske på ett annat sätt än vid fysiska evenemang samt att konsumenterna får ställa frågor till artisterna och personalen. Huvudfaktorerna i ett virtuellt upplevelserum anses vara kundengagemang, teknologi, object language och ogripbara artefakter, vilket visas i modellen Det Virtuella Upplevelserummet. Slutligen kan det konstateras att konsumenter av ett virtuellt evenemang uttrycker sina åsikter genom att skrivadet i en kommentar som de sedan publicerar på den plattform där de följer sändningen.

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att klarlägga sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av sjuksköterskeprofessionen avseende omvårdnad, handledning och utveckling. Avhand‐lingen innefattar två kvalitativa (I, II) och två kvantitativa (III, IV) studier. Femton sjuksköterskor intervjuades sex år efter examen (I, II). Sjuksköterskorna var bland de första i Sverige med treårig sjuksköterskeutbildning. Handledare till sjuksköterske‐studenter i verksamhetsförlagd utbildning besvarade ett frågeformulär om handledning före/efter införd handledningsmodell (III, IV). I handledningsstudierna deltog 113 sjuksköterskor år 2000 (III) och 109 (III) respektive 142 (IV) sjuksköterskor år 2006. Svarsfrekvensen motsvarade ca 71% (III, IV). Innehållsanalys (I, II) och statistiska beräk‐ningar (III, IV) utfördes. Analysen visade att sjuksköterskor med treårig sjuksköterskeutbildning och sex års erfarenhet hade hittat sin nisch (II). Ingen ångrade sitt yrkesval. Många var under‐stimulerade samtidigt som de balanserade mellan påfrestning och stimulans (I) hinder och möjligheter (II). Flertalet var tveksamma till om de skulle orka arbeta fram till pensionsåldern (I, II). Inrättandet av en handledningsmodell som gav stöd till både sjuksköterskestudenter och handledare visade sig vara ett bra sätt i att organisera samverkan mellan handledare och lärare (III). Flertalet handledare var nöjda med det stöd de fått och upplevde säkerhet i handledarrollen (III). Emellertid, sjuksköterskor med och utan specialistutbildning värderade sjuksköterskestudenter olika (IV). Behovet av ett fokuserat lärande visades som ett mönster genom resultaten (I, II, III, IV). Avhandlingen visar genom resultaten att sjuksköterskor verkar i en komplex pro‐fession där det krävs skickliga sjuksköterskor för att klara det arbete sjuksköterskan är satt att sköta. För framgång i omvårdnad, handledning och utveckling är den lärande miljön central. En miljö där teori, praktik, forskning och reflektion vävs samman och där stöd, samverkan och professionell utveckling är ledstjärnor. Avhandlingen visar att en ökad samverkan mellan vårdverksamhet och universitet/högskola är nödvändig för att sjuksköterskeutbildningen och omvårdnadsarbetet skall kunna anpassas till hälso‐ och sjukvårdens ökade krav. Avhandlingens resultat kan användas som grund för fortsatta diskussioner med hänsyn till omvårdnadsvetenskap och beslut kring sjuksköterskans arbete såväl i utbildningssammanhang som i vårdverksamhet.
The overall aim of this thesis was to elucidate Registered Nurses’ (RNs) experiences of the nursing profession regarding nursing, preceptoring and professional development. The thesis includes two qualitative studies (I, II) and two quantitative studies (III, IV). Fifteen RNs were interviewed six years after graduation (I, II). These nurses were among the first in Sweden to graduate from the 3‐year Bachelor programme in nursing. Preceptors for nursing students in clinical education answered a questionnaire regarding experiences of the preceptor role before/after the introduction of a preceptor model (III, IV). In the studies related to preceptoring 113 RNs participated in 2000 (III), and 109 (III) respectively 142 (IV) RNs participated in 2006, with similar response rates of roughly 71% (III, IV). A content analysis (I, II), and statistic analysis (III, IV) were performed. The analysis showed that RNs graduates from the Bachelor programme in nursing, with six years nursing experience, had found their niche (II). None regretted the choice of profession. Several were under stimulated at the same time as they oscillated between strain and stimulation (I) and between obstacles and opportunities (II). The majority thought that growing old in nursing could prove to be difficult (I, II). The introduction of the preceptor model, with its support to both nursing students and preceptors, showed how to organize co‐operation between preceptors and teachers (III) successfully. The majority of the preceptors were satisfied with the support they had received and experienced a feeling of confidence in their role as preceptor (III). However, specialist nurses and non‐specialist‐nurses valued nursing students differently (IV). The necessity of adopting focused learning emerged as a pattern (I, II, III, IV). The results of the thesis show that RNs work in a complex profession that demands skilled nurses to accomplish the tasks they are required to perform. To successful nursing, preceptoring and development the teaching environment is pre‐dominant. It is an environment where theory, practice, research, feedback and reflection are interwoven and where support, co‐operation and professional development are the guiding‐stars. The thesis shows an increased co‐operation between the healthcare organization and university is necessary in order to adapt the nursing education and profession to the ever increasing demands in health care. The results of the thesis are a contribution to continued discussions regarding nursing science and RN’s work from both educational and health care context.

Den här studien sker mot bakgrund av uppgifter i nyhetsmedier där det berättats om de svårigheter som hemlösa möter om det är föräldrar till barn som inte delar deras situation i hemlöshet. Den sker också mot bakgrund av att Barnkonventionen inom kort inkorporeras i svensk lagstiftning. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur det sociala problemet “att vara hemlös förälder i missbruk” konstrueras i vetenskapliga texter om två modeller för arbete med motverkan av hemlöshet i Sverige. Studiens syfte är också att skapa en djupare förståelse av om, och i så fall hur, nämnda modellers lösningar möjliggör för föräldern att tillgodose den rätt barnet enligt Barnkonventionen har till sina föräldrar, till bostad och till skydd, genom förälderns deltagande i respektive modell. Studiens metod är kvalitativ innehållsanalys och perspektivanalys utgör både teori och analysmetod utifrån socialkonstruktivistisk grund. De två problemperspektiv vi funnit har vi valt att kalla för ”behandling först – boende sedan” respektive ”boende först – behandling sedan”. De skiljer sig avsevärt från varandra beträffande hur det sociala problemets karaktär, orsak, konsekvenser, lösning och utveckling konstrueras. Det visar sig också finnas skillnader mellan hur problemperspektiven möjliggör tillgodoseendet av barnets rättigheter enligt Barnkonventionen. En viktig slutsats är avsaknaden av tydliga barnperspektiv i de bägge problemperspektiven. Studien finner även att ”behandling först – boende sedan” är ett problemperspektiv som bygger på en voluntaristisk orsaksförklaring medan ”boende först – behandling sedan” istället bygger på en deterministisk.

Arbetsplatsen är en betydelsefull arena för människor då en stor del av livet spenderas i arbetslivet och det medför att det är viktigt med hälsofrämjande och förebyggande arbete. Arbetslivet har under de senaste åren förändrats mycket på grund av informations- och kommunikationsteknikens utveckling vilket möjliggjort ett flexiblare arbetssätt och att en stor del av arbetet bedrivs med hjälp av teknik. Förändringen inom hur och när anställda utför sitt arbete motiverar studier som vill öka förståelsen för anställdas upplevelser av tillgänglighet i arbetslivet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur anställda upplever sin hälsa i relation till att vara tillgänglig i arbetet. En kvalitativ metod valdes med ett urval av fem personer verksamma inom konsult- och rådgivningsbranschen intervjuades. Intervjumaterialet analyserades med en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att det upplevdes finnas både för- och nackdelar med att vara tillgänglig i arbetet. Tillgängligheten medför kontroll över anställdas arbete men det uppstår även en upplevelse av behov av att vara tillgänglig vilket medför en negativ påverkan på anställdas hälsa i form av stress. Det visar även på att arbetsgivaren har ett visst ansvar för att stötta sina anställda att hantera tillgängligheten för att arbeta mer hälsofrämjande med anställdas hälsa och en hälsofrämjande arbetsplats.
The workplace is an important arena for people since they spend a significant amount of their lifetime with work. This imposes that the workplace is an important arena for health promotion. The development of information and communication technology during the last decades has contributed to new ways of working in terms of flexibility and how work is performed. The change in how and when employees perform their work motivates further studies to increase the understanding of employees’ experience of the availability of work. The purpose of this study is to examine how employees perceive their health in relation to be available for work. A qualitative approach was selected in which five individuals working in consulting and advisory services industry were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed with a manifest content analysis. The result indicates that perceptions of availability for work comes with both advantages and disadvantages. Accessibility provides enhanced control over work tasks but there is also a perceived need to be available. Which can result in a negative impact on employees’ health in the form of stress. The study further indicates that the employer has a certain responsibility to support their employees to cope with the challenges that comes with availability to actively promote the health of employees.

Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to describe the experiences of awake patients during surgery under regional anesthesia. In addition, the aim was to develop a model for intraoperative care that can support and enhance patients’ well-being during the intraoperative period.   Methods: Study I was a patient interview study guided by a reflective lifeworld approach. In study II a philosophical reflection of the findings from study I was carried out. In study III a hermeneutic approach inspired by Ricoeur and Gadamer was used in order to interpret video recorded material. In study IV a hermeneutic approach inspired by Gadamer was used to synthesize the findings in studies I-III transformed into an intraoperative caring model.  Overall main findings: The analysis shows that being awake during surgery can be compared with walking a tightrope because of ambiguous feelings. The proximity and presence of the nurse anesthetist (NA) anchors the patient in the present and strengthens the patient’s feeling of trust. The temporary disruption in the relationship between the body and the world due to regional anesthesia means that the patient’s being in the world is exposed to revolutionary experiences. Gaps between the patient’s experiences and the situation can be bridged over when the NA acts as the patient’s bodily extension and links the patient as a subject to the world in the intraoperative situation. From the patient’s perspective this calls for the NA’s proximity and genuine presence in the ‘intraoperative caring space’. When the NA’s performance of his/her professional duties clashes with the patient’s existential being in the intraoperative situation the need of present presence from the NA is crucial. Conclusions: The findings contribute to knowledge development about intraoperative care and raise awareness that care for the awake patient cannot be performed on formal routines that might disregard the uniqueness of each patient’s situation. The model can be used as a tool to encounter awake patients’ existential needs in the intraoperative situation and to further enlighten NAs about the possible impact of their proximity, interaction and communication behavior in the delivery of intraoperative nursing care.

The aim of the study has been to gain an increased understanding of the sense of participation and influence that the enrolled nurses, working with home-help services within the purchaser – provider model, feel and how this participation and influence affect them. Five enrolled nurses in three of Stockholm's districts related their experiences of participation and influence at work in the qualitative interviews that were conducted. The result was then analyzed with the help of two theories, Karasek's and Theorell´s Demand- Control Model and Antonovsky's theory regarding ”a Sense of Coherence (SOC)”. The analyzes show that the enrolled nurses have a low sense of participation and influence regarding decisions relating to their work situation. Decisions that affect the enrolled nurses are made by politicians, directors, and care managers of the city districts (biståndshandläggare). On the other hand, the enrolled nurses felt strong support from their peers at work. They could socialize and discuss issues with them. The analyzes show that without their peer support, they would have a lower sense of participation and influence. Furthermore the analyzes show that the interview subjects possess knowledge and competence that they are unable to make use of in their work.

Under år 2015 genomförde en forskargrupp vid Luleå tekniska universitet en landsomfattande undersökning av gymnasielärares arbetsvillkor. Undersökningen bestod av 57 kvantitativa- och två kvalitativa delfrågor (Parding, m. fl., 2018). Den här undersökningen baseras på kvalitativ tolkning av 1.443 gymnasielärares öppna svar på de två öppna kvalitativa del-frågorna. Studien avser att identifiera faktorer som de offentlig- och aktiebolagsanställda gymnasielärarna anser utgör såväl möjligheter som hinder och utmaningar i deras yrke avseende arbetsmiljö och arbetsvillkor. Studien avser även att studera huruvida det föreligger skillnader och/eller likheter mellan gymnasielärares uppfattningar utifrån huvudmannaskap och vilka faktorer som påverkar gymnasielärarnas beslut att stanna respektive lämna yrket. För att bättre förstå och förklara studiens resultat nyttjas Robert Karasek och Töres Theorells (1990) två- och tredimensionella modeller avseende psykosocial arbetsmiljö. Resultatet tyder på att det råder en utbredd samstämmighet kring flertalet uppfattningar om yrket bland såväl offentlig- som aktiebolagsanställda gymnasielärare. Av resultatet framgår att majoriteten av gymnasielärarna, oavsett huvuvdman, upplever kommunaliseringen, friskole-reformen, de högt ställda kraven, de administrativa arbetsuppgifterna och bristen på kring-personal i skolan som yrkets största hinder. Vidare framgår det att de flesta gymnasielärare anser att lönenivån, yrkets status och bristande socialt stöd från skolledare utgör hinder i deras arbete. De anser därtill att det är inom dessa områden som de viktigaste förbättringsmöjlig-heterna finns och faktorerna anges samtidigt som skäl till att lämna yrket. Gymnasielärarna efterfrågar dessutom mer kompetensutveckling och samverkan i allmänhet och inom det egna undervisningsämnet i synnerhet. Merparten av gymnasielärarna anser att undervisningen är det bästa med yrket och är anledningen till att de stannar kvar i yrket. Av resultatet kan inte tydliga skillnader skönjas mellan offentlig- och aktiebolagsanställda gymnasielärares upp-fattningar kring yrket. De skillnader som kan skönjas i resultatet kan snarare tolkas bero på den enskilde gymnasielärarens specifika arbetssituation än på huvudmannaskap. Resultatet stödjer Karasek och Theorells (1990) teorier om att den psykosociala arbetsmiljön påverkas av gymnasielärarnas upplevelse av krav och kontroll i det egna arbetet och socialt stöd från ledare och kollegor.
During the year of 2015, a research group at Luleå University of Technology conducted a nationwide survey of upper secondary school teachers' working conditions. The study consisted of 57 quantitative- and two qualitative sub-questions (Parding, et al., 2018). This study is based on qualitative interpretation of 1,443 upper secondary school teachers' open answers to the two open qualitative sub-questions. The study intends to identify factors that public- and private sector employed upper secondary school teachers consider to be opportunities, obstacles and challenges in their profession, in regards of work environment and working conditions. The study also intends to study whether there are differences and/or similarities between public- and private sector employed upper secondary school teachers' perceptions about their work situation. Moreover the study intends to study what factors affect the upper secondary school teachers' decision to stay or leave the profession. In order to better understand and explain the study's results, Robert Karasek and Töres Theorells (1990) two- and three dimensional models regarding psychosocial work environment are used. The result suggests that there is widespread consensus among the public- and the private sector employed upper secondary school teachers’ perceptions of the profession. The result shows that the majority of upper secondary school teachers experience the municipalization, the free-school reform, the high demands, the administrative tasks and the lack of staff in the school as the greatest obstacle to the profession. Furthermore, most of the upper secondary school teachers in this study consider that the salary level, the profession's status and lack of support from school leaders constitute obstacles in their work. They also consider that it is in these areas that the most important improvement opportunities exist, but also constitute reasons for leaving the profession. The upper secondary school teachers also demand more skill development and collaboration in general and within their own teaching subject in particular. Most of the upper secondary school teachers indicate that teaching is the part of the profession that is the profession's main merit and is the reason why they stay in the profession. In the result, no clear differences can be discerned between public and private sector upper secondary school teachers' perceptions of the profession. The differences that can be discerned in the result can rather be interpreted due to the specific work situation of the individual upper secondary school teacher than to the management. The result supports Karasek and Theorells (1990) theories that the psychosocial work environment is influenced by the upper secondary school teachers' experience of demand and control at work and social support from leaders and colleagues. During the year of 2015, a research group at Luleå University of Technology conducted a nationwide survey of upper secondary school teachers' working conditions. The study consisted of 57 quantitative- and two qualitative sub-questions (Parding, et al., 2018). This study is based on qualitative interpretation of 1,443 upper secondary school teachers' open answers to the two open qualitative sub-questions. The study intends to identify factors that public- and private sector employed upper secondary school teachers consider to be opportunities, obstacles and challenges in their profession, in regards of work environment and working conditions. The study also intends to study whether there are differences and/or similarities between public- and private sector employed upper secondary school teachers' perceptions about their work situation. Moreover the study intends to study what factors affect the upper secondary school teachers' decision to stay or leave the profession. In order to better understand and explain the study's results, Robert Karasek and Töres Theorells (1990) two- and three dimensional models regarding psychosocial work environment are used. The result suggests that there is widespread consensus among the public- and the private sector employed upper secondary school teachers’ perceptions of the profession. The result shows that the majority of upper secondary school teachers experience the municipalization, the free-school reform, the high demands, the administrative tasks and the lack of staff in the school as the greatest obstacle to the profession. Furthermore, most of the upper secondary school teachers in this study consider that the salary level, the profession's status and lack of support from school leaders constitute obstacles in their work. They also consider that it is in these areas that the most important improvement opportunities exist, but also constitute reasons for leaving the profession. The upper secondary school teachers also demand more skill development and collaboration in general and within their own teaching subject in particular. Most of the upper secondary school teachers indicate that teaching is the part of the profession that is the profession's main merit and is the reason why they stay in the profession. In the result, no clear differences can be discerned between public and private sector upper secondary school teachers' perceptions of the profession. The differences that can be discerned in the result can rather be interpreted due to the specific work situation of the individual upper secondary school teacher than to the management. The result supports Karasek and Theorells (1990) theories that the psychosocial work environment is influenced by the upper secondary school teachers' experience of demand and control at work and social support from leaders and colleagues.