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Journal articles on the topic 'Vapor Sintering'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Laird, Katie, Elena Kurzbach, Jodie Score, Jyoti Tejpal, George Chi Tangyie, and Carol Phillips. "Reduction of Legionella spp. in Water and in Soil by a Citrus Plant Extract Vapor." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 19 (July 25, 2014): 6031–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01275-14.

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ABSTRACTLegionnaires' disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused byLegionellaspp., organisms often isolated from environmental sources, including soil and water.Legionellaspp. are capable of replicating intracellularly within free-living protozoa, and once this has occurred,Legionellais particularly resistant to disinfectants. Citrus essential oil (EO) vapors are effective antimicrobials against a range of microorganisms, with reductions of 5 log cells ml−1on a variety of surfaces. The aim of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of a citrus EO vapor againstLegionellaspp. in water and in soil systems. Reductions of viable cells ofLegionella pneumophila,Legionella longbeachae,Legionella bozemanii, and an intra-amoebal culture ofLegionella pneumophila(water system only) were assessed in soil and in water after exposure to a citrus EO vapor at concentrations ranging from 3.75 mg/liter air to 15g/liter air. Antimicrobial efficacy via different delivery systems (passive and active sintering of the vapor) was determined in water, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the antimicrobial components (linalool, citral, and β-pinene) was conducted. There was up to a 5-log cells ml−1reduction inLegionellaspp. in soil after exposure to the citrus EO vapors (15 mg/liter air). The most susceptible strain in water wasL. pneumophila, with a 4-log cells ml−1reduction after 24 h via sintering (15 g/liter air). Sintering the vapor through water increased the presence of the antimicrobial components, with a 61% increase of linalool. Therefore, the appropriate method of delivery of an antimicrobial citrus EO vapor may go some way in controllingLegionellaspp. from environmental sources.

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2

Lee, Sea-Hoon, Georg Rixecker, Fritz Aldinger, Sung-Churl Choi, and Keun-Ho Auh. "Effects of powder bed conditions on the liquid-phase sintering of Si3N4." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 2 (February 2002): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0065.

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The effects of the active and passive protection mechanisms of powder beds on the sintering of Si3N4 were investigated. Shrinkage, density, and coloring behavior of sintered samples were analyzed using different compositions and packing conditions of powder beds based on BN and Si3N4 with different additives. Y2O3 additive in the powder bed influences the weight change and phase formation behavior of the samples, although it has a very low vapor pressure at the sintering temperature. When MgO/Y2O3 was used as sintering additives, the packing density and thickness of the powder bed had a much stronger effect than in the case of Al2O3/Y2O3. For the optimization of the powder bed conditions, the vapor pressure and chemical stability of sintering additives at the sintering temperature has to be considered.

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3

Tsai, Jung Ting, Cheng Yu Han, and Shung Tian Lin. "The Study of Contamination and Coarsening in Sintering Silicon Powder." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1197.

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The goal of this study was to investigate the sintering mechanism of Si powder, with the particle size of Si, sintering temperature, and sintering environment as the variables. The use of a crucible, by controlling the vapor atmosphere at certain temperatures, coarsened the silicon powder. Experiment of data show that by avoiding the vapor pressure of crucible a sintering at 1380°C causes the silicon powder easily to sinter to high density, without the use of any doping addition. Therefore it is to our advantage to discover the microstructure phenomenon of silicon powder and reveal its nature. The crystalline structure of the heat-treated samples was studied with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explain the resultant of contamination that causes the densification.

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4

Schlosser, Margarete, and Hans-Joachim Kleebe. "Vapor Transport Sintering of Porous Calcium Phosphate Ceramics." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 95, no. 5 (March 5, 2012): 1581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05121.x.

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5

Wu, Cyuan-Jhang, Shao-Liang Cheng, Yu-Jane Sheng, and Heng-Kwong Tsao. "Reduction-assisted sintering of micron-sized copper powders at low temperature by ethanol vapor." RSC Advances 5, no. 66 (2015): 53275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08167j.

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6

Watari, Koji, Hae J. Hwang, Motohiro Toriyama, and Shuzo Kanzaki. "Effective Sintering Aids for Low-temperature Sintering of AlN Ceramics." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 4 (April 1999): 1409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0191.

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A disappearing sintering aid was used to promote densification during the initial and middle stages of sintering and to be removed in gaseous form from the specimens during the final stage of sintering. From thermodynamic consideration such as assessment of Gibbs free energy change of formation of Al2O3 compounds including metal-oxide and evaluation of the vapor pressure of metal-oxide, Li2O is expected to become a disappearing sintering aid for AlN sintering. Doping with Li2O resulted in densification of AlN ceramics with Y2O3 and CaO additives by sintering at a firing temperature of 1600 °C. The amount of Li2O in the specimens decreased by volatilization at temperatures higher than 1300 °C, and its amount was at a level of several ppm after firing at 1600 °C for 6 h. Low-temperature densification of AlN specimens by addition of Li2O also caused the improvement of thermal conductivity and mechanical strength of sintered specimens. Present results indicate that a Li2O addition is effective for AlN sintering. Furthermore, LiYO2 was also used as a new sintering aid instead of Li2O and Y2O3, and the results of thermal conductivity and mechanical strength are shown.

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7

Barbier, Tristan, Oleg I. Lebedev, Vladimir Roddatis, Yohann Bréard, Antoine Maignan, and Emmanuel Guilmeau. "Silver intercalation in SPS dense TiS2: staging and thermoelectric properties." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 17 (2015): 7887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt00551e.

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8

Jang, Jin Man, and Won Sik Lee. "Effects of Metal Matrix Composition on the Pre-Sintering Process of Cu-Based Metallic Friction Materials." Materials Science Forum 1066 (July 13, 2022): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-52h23d.

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This study investigates the effect of the metal matrix composition of the friction material on the pre-sintering process through a simulation experiment on the Sprinkle sintering process. No segregation in the pre-sintered microstructure of the free-deposited friction material powder and no cracks are observed at the interface with the steel plate. In the case of a brass composition containing Zn and trace elements having relatively high vapor pressure, expansion occurs due to the volatilization of the composition elements during pre-sintering. On the contrary, in the case of bronze-based powder, the effect is insignificant. Therefore, when the friction material is manufactured using the sprinkle sintering method, the matrix composition must be selected in consideration of the volatilization effect of the metal matrix element.

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9

Srdić, Vladimir V., Markus Winterer, and Horst Hahn. "Sintering Behavior of Nanocrystalline Zirconia Prepared by Chemical Vapor Synthesis." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83, no. 4 (December 21, 2004): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01266.x.

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10

Prieto Valdes, J. J., A. Victorero Rodriguez, and J. Guevara Carrio. "Dielectric properties and structure of hydroxyapatite ceramics sintered by different conditions." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 9 (September 1995): 2174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.2174.

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Several conditions for hydroxyapatite ceramic preparation were used: sintering at 1150 °C in air or under H2O vapor flow, quenched in water at room temperature after sintering, or slow cooling inside the furnace. Depending on specific combinations of these preparation conditions, in the resulting ceramics significant differences are observed in the phase composition and dielectric properties, ranging from capacitive to a semiconducting response. Comparison between the experimental x-ray diffraction patterns and those calculated by the Rietveld method show that during sintering in air, approximately 40% of hydroxyapatite is transformed to tricalcium phosphate. The XRD analysis shows that this transformation could be possible using the following process: Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 = 2Ca3(PO4)2 + Ca2P2O7 + 2CaO + H2O.

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11

Du, Shang Feng, Yun Fa Chen, and Yun Liang. "Preparation of Humidity Control Ceramics from Selectively Leached Kaolin." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.333.

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The humidity control ceramics were prepared by selective leaching and sintering of Suzhou kaolin clay. Effects of sintering temperature and solid/liquid ratio of selecting leaching of the kaolin clay on the humidity controlling properties of ceramics were analyzed. It was found that the ceramic had the best properties when the kaolin clay was sintered at 1000oC for 2 hours and leached with the solid/liquid ratio being 1:50. Water vapor adsorption isotherms of the ceramic possessed a sharp increase in the relative humidity between 45 and 85%.

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12

Yang, Da Xiang, and Yong Cai Song. "Preparation and Properties of SiC Fibers Containing Yttrium and Aluminum." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 827–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.827.

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SiC fibers containing Y and Al were prepared by sintering the amorphous KD-Y fibers at different temperatures from 1200 to 1800 °C. The tensile strength of fibers increases when the sintering temperature increases from 1200 to 1400 °C due to the dispersion strengthening of β-SiC microcrystal and decreases to the lowest point when being sintered at 1600 °C, then rose again with the further increase of temperature to 1800 °C. The tensile strength reached to 2.15 GPa. The oxygen content of KD-Y fibers determined the properties of the sintered SiC fibers and sintering process. Through chemical vapor curing (CVC), the oxygen content was controlled below 7.0 wt% and the tensile strength of KD-Y fibers reached to 3.08 GPa. Further-more, the sintering process of KD-Y fibers was discussed and the grain size of β-SiC grew up with the heat treatment temperature.

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13

Hubadillah, Siti Khadijah, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mukhlis A. Rahman, and Juhana Jaafar. "Morphological study of hydrophobic metakaolin hollow fibre membrane for membrane distillation application." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n3.1208.

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Metakaolin hollow fibre membranes (MHFM) prepared by a combined phase inversion and sintering method were proposed for application in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Four kinds of hydrophobic metakaolin hollow fibre membranes (h-MHFM) sintered at different temperatures (1200ºC to 1500ºC) were successfully prepared by grafting 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane on the MHFM. Prior to the grafting process, hydrolysis with a mixture of ethanol and water with ratio 1:2 was applied for 24 hours. The effectiveness of hydrophobization on each MHFM was assessed using contact angle measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3-point bending. It was found that increasing sintering temperature increased the mechanical strength from 117.6 MPa to 182.3 MPa. Further increment was observed when mofification with FAS was applied. After modification, the contact angle was enhanced up to 120º. In general, membrane prepared at lower sintering temperature of 1200°C exhibited higher DCMD performance with water vapor flux of 17.5 kg/m2h due to sufficient pore size for the vapor to pass through the memrbane structure. It was suugested that this membrane is suitable for any condition of water treatment including heavy metal removal, due to its excellent properties to act in harsh condition and best DCMD performance.

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14

HIRAO, Kiyoshi, Masaki YASUOKA, and Shuzo KANZAKI. "Effect of Water Vapor Pressure on the Viscous Sintering of Mullite." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 103, no. 1203 (1995): 1172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.103.1172.

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15

Gomez-Aleixandre, C., J. M. Albella, J. M. Martínez-Duart, and F. Orgaz. "Crystallization and sintering characteristics of chemically vapor deposited silicon nitride powders." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 10 (October 1992): 2864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.2864.

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High purity silicon nitride powders have been obtained by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), through the reaction of SiH4 and NH3 gas mixtures at 1000 °C in a quartz reactor. The crystallization characteristics of the powder have been followed by infrared and x-ray diffraction analysis. The material shows a transition from amorphous to the α-phase after a thermal treatment at about 1300 °C for 1 h, while the β-phase starts to appear at 1725 °C. The sintering properties of the amorphous and crystalline phases were evaluated by measuring the dilatometric curves of compacted powders.

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16

Digiovanni, D. J., T. F. Morse, and J. W. Cipolla. "The effect of sintering dopant incorporation in modified chemical vapor deposition." Journal of Lightwave Technology 7, no. 12 (1989): 1967–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.41616.

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17

Aydoğmuş, Tarik, and Şakir Bor. "Enhanced Sintering of TiNi Shape Memory Foams under Mg Vapor Atmosphere." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 43, no. 13 (August 7, 2012): 5173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1350-y.

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18

Wang, Pei Wen, Yang Du, De Wen Zhou, Jian Jun Liang, and Yi Zhou. "Experimental Study on Catalytic Combustion of Gasoline Vapor." Advanced Materials Research 549 (July 2012): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.432.

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This paper provides the results of an experimental research on the performance of catalytic combustion of gasoline vapor. A packed bed reactor was built to test the effect of inlet temperature and concentration on catalytic combustion of gasoline vapor over Pd/Al2O3. The study shows that catalytic combustion is a cost-effective and environmental friendly method to control this kind of emission. The light-off temperature is quite low and full conversion rate is easy to achieve. Meanwhile, the method of controlling the bed temperature is proposed to avoid sintering if the technology is utilized in larger-scale equipment.

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19

Ivakin, Yurii, Andrey Smirnov, Anastasia Kholodkova, Alexander Vasin, Mikhail Kormilicin, Maxim Kornyushin, and Vladimir Stolyarov. "Comparative Study of Cold Sintering Process and Autoclave Thermo-Vapor Treatment on a ZnO Sample." Crystals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010071.

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Analysis of scanning electron microscopy images was used to study the changes in the crystal size distribution of ZnO, which occurred during its processing in an aqueous medium at 220–255 °C and an equilibrium vapor pressure in an autoclave. The results were compared with those of ZnO placed in a die for treatment under similar conditions supplemented with mechanical pressure application in the cold sintering process. In both cases, ZnO was treated in the presence of an activating additive: either zinc acetate or ammonium chloride. During autoclaving, a powder consisting of fine ZnO monocrystals was obtained, while the cold sintering process led to ceramics formation. Under vapor pressure and mechanical pressure, the aqueous medium affected ZnO transformation by the same mechanism of solid-phase mobility activation due to the additives’ influence. The higher the content of additives in the medium, and the higher the mechanical pressure, the more pronounced activating effect was observed. Mass transfer during the cold sintering process occurred mainly by the coalescence of crystals, while without mechanical pressure, the predominance of surface spreading was revealed. In the initial ZnO powder, the average crystal size was 0.193 μm. It grew up to 0.316–0.386 μm in a fine-crystalline powder formed in the autoclave and to an average grain size of 0.244–0.799 μm in the ceramics, which relative density reached 0.82–0.96. A scheme explaining the influence of an aqueous medium on the solid-phase mobility of ZnO structure was proposed. It was found that the addition of 7.6 mol% ammonium chloride to the reaction medium causes the processes of compaction and grain growth similar to those observed in ZnO Cold Sintering Process with the addition of 0.925 mol% zinc acetate.

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DENNELER, STEFAN, CARSTEN SCHUH, KATRIN BENKERT, and RALF MOOS. "INFLUENCE OF SINTERING CONDITIONS ON DOPED PZT CERAMICS FOR BASE-METAL ELECTRODE MULTILAYER ACTUATORS." Functional Materials Letters 05, no. 03 (September 2012): 1250022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604712500221.

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The influence of sintering atmosphere and copper addition on the microstructural and piezoelectric properties of Mn -doped lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZT) was investigated. This ceramic powder densifies below 1000°C, enabling the use of copper inner electrodes for a multilayer actuator setup. To simulate the influence of oxidized inner electrodes during sintering, different CuO contents (0 and 1 mol.%) were mixed to the precalcined Mn -doped PZT powder. Ceramic discs were sintered at 950°C in air and analogously in N2 , or in steam containing N2 (25 vol.% water vapor content). The electrical characterization of the discs showed that the piezoelectric properties are influenced by the CuO addition as well as by the sintering atmospheres. The large signal piezoelectric constant [Formula: see text] shows an improvement of at least 20% when CuO is added. CuO acts as a sintering aid, and especially when the ceramics are fired in steam-containing N2 , anomalous grain growth occurs.

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21

Brown, R. L., M. Q. Edens, and A. Sato. "Metamorphism of fine-grained snow due to surface curvature differences." Annals of Glaciology 19 (1994): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1994aog19-1-69-76.

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The metamorphism of snow in the absence of a significant temperature gradient was investigated. The first part of the study involved analytical modeling of the exchange of mass between grains of differing surface curvature and the process of intergranular sintering. Physical models were developed to evaluate these two processes. For the first process, it was assumed that mass exchange took place primarily by vapor transport between neighboring grains. The principles of mass balance, momentum balance and energy balance were utilized to evaluate time and spatial variations in temperature, vapor velocity, vapor pressure and mass exchange between the two grains. For the second process, mass exchange was also assumed to be dominated by vapor flow from the grain surface to the neck surface. The same variables were solved for in this second process. Results obtained show that, as expected, the exchange rates between grains of different surface curvature depend upon the radii of curvature, pore size and temperature. The rate of sintering, as determined by the rate of vapor deposition on the neck is determined by temperature, grain curvature, and neck curvature. In addition to the physical modeling, an experimental program was undertaken to measure rates of metamorphism in specially prepared snow consisting of fine-grained spherical particles. This snow was made using specialized instrumentation developed in Japan. The mean grain size was 20 μm, which, while very small, allowed the observation of measurable changes in snow microstructure over short time spans. Test results showed that the grain size increased markedly with time and that the small grains were sacrificed as the large grains acquired mass from the smaller grains.

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Brown, R. L., M. Q. Edens, and A. Sato. "Metamorphism of fine-grained snow due to surface curvature differences." Annals of Glaciology 19 (1994): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011009.

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The metamorphism of snow in the absence of a significant temperature gradient was investigated. The first part of the study involved analytical modeling of the exchange of mass between grains of differing surface curvature and the process of intergranular sintering. Physical models were developed to evaluate these two processes. For the first process, it was assumed that mass exchange took place primarily by vapor transport between neighboring grains. The principles of mass balance, momentum balance and energy balance were utilized to evaluate time and spatial variations in temperature, vapor velocity, vapor pressure and mass exchange between the two grains. For the second process, mass exchange was also assumed to be dominated by vapor flow from the grain surface to the neck surface. The same variables were solved for in this second process. Results obtained show that, as expected, the exchange rates between grains of different surface curvature depend upon the radii of curvature, pore size and temperature. The rate of sintering, as determined by the rate of vapor deposition on the neck is determined by temperature, grain curvature, and neck curvature. In addition to the physical modeling, an experimental program was undertaken to measure rates of metamorphism in specially prepared snow consisting of fine-grained spherical particles. This snow was made using specialized instrumentation developed in Japan. The mean grain size was 20 μm, which, while very small, allowed the observation of measurable changes in snow microstructure over short time spans. Test results showed that the grain size increased markedly with time and that the small grains were sacrificed as the large grains acquired mass from the smaller grains.

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23

Chen, Zhiyuan, Lijun Wang, Ziyou Yu, Fushen Li, Zaihong Sun, Hailei Zhao, and Kuo Chih Chou. "Corrosion Process of Stainless Steel 441 with Heated Steam at 1,000 °C." High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, no. 7 (July 26, 2017): 717–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0238.

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AbstractStainless steel 441 was oxidized in water vapor containing atmospheres at 1,000 °C to study the contrary effects of water vapor on the oxidization process. The steel in 3.5 vol. % H2O containing atmosphere exhibited an relatively strong protective behavior. The reason was that the densification of the chromium oxide scale was promoted due to the sintering of the oxide grains via Cr-containing species vapor. But the oxidation of the steel in 11.5 ~ 15.6 vol. % H2O containing atmosphere followed a non-protective breakaway oxidation due to the breakage of the dense scale by “bubbles” and the formation of iron-rich oxides layer. Experimental result shows that the growth stress increased about 2 GPa during the first 70 ks in wet oxidizing atmosphere. The relatively slow increase of the oxides scale growth stress could be release in water vapor containing atmosphere.

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24

Smirnov, Andrey V., Maxim V. Kornyushin, Anastasia A. Kholodkova, Sergey A. Melnikov, Artem D. Stepanov, Elena V. Fesik, and Yurii D. Ivakin. "Cold Sintering Process of Zinc Oxide Ceramics: Powder Preparation and Sintering Conditions Effects on Final Microstructure." Inorganics 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2022): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10110197.

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Although the activating effect of an acetate medium in the cold sintering process of zinc oxide ceramics is well known, some problems need to be solved on the effect of process conditions and the initial powder’s preparation methods on the ceramic’s density and microstructure. This article describes an effect of the zinc acetate introduction method, its concentration in zinc oxide powder as well as that of the die sealing configuration on the density and microstructure of zinc oxide ceramics obtained by the cold sintering process at 244 °C. The activating additive of zinc acetate was applied in two ways: (1) impregnation in aqueous solution and (2) impregnation with subsequent treatment in water vapor. Zinc oxide powders and ceramics were analyzed using SEM, TGA/DSC/MS and XRD to reveal the effect of powder pre-treatment and sintering conditions on the material microstructure. Cold sintered ZnO ceramics samples with a relative density up to 0.99 and with average grain sizes from 0.28 to 1.71 μm were obtained. The die sealing by two Teflon sealing rings appeared to be the most effective.

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Jung, Hun Chae, Han Ki Yoon, Bu Ahn Kim, Joon Soo Park, and Akira Kohyama. "Fracture Toughness of Liquid Phase Sintered SiC by Using Indentation Fracture Method." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.137.

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SiC materials have excellent high temperature strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion, good resistance to oxidation and good thermal and chemical stability etc. However, the brittle characteristics of SiC such as low fracture toughness and low strain-to fracture still impose a severe limitation on practical applications of SiC materials. Therefore, in the interests of safety, we are required to measure fracture toughness of materials. In the present work, monolithic Liquid Phase Sintered SiC (LPS-SiC) was fabricated by hot pressing method under 20MPa using sintering additives at different temperature such as 1760oC, 1780oC, 1800oC and 1820oC. The starting powder was high purity β-SiC nano-powder with an average particle size of 30nm. Compositions of sintering additives were Al2O3 / Y2O3 = 0.7 and 1.5 (wt. %). Monolithic LPS-SiC was evaluated in terms of sintering density, hardness and fracture toughness through indentation fracture method by the Vickers hardness tester. Sintered density, hardness and fracture toughness of fabricated LPS-SiC increased with the increase of sintering temperature. They are higher than those of fabricated SiC by the chemical vapor deposition method.

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26

Purwanto, Hadi, Alya Naili Rozhan, and Hamzah Mohd Salleh. "Innovative Process to Enrich Carbon Content of EFB-Derived Biochar as an Alternative Energy Source in Ironmaking." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4067237.

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This paper describes the mechanism of a developed process—an integrated pyrolysis-tar decomposition process—to produce oil palm empty fruit bunch- (EFB-) derived biochar with additional solid carbon within the biochar bodies, produced by decomposition of tar vapor on its pore surface, using the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method. The product, carbon-infiltrated biochar, was characterized to investigate the possibility to be used as partial coke breeze replacement in ironmaking. Carbon-infiltrated biochar is proposed to be utilized for a sintering process that could reduce the consumption of coke and CO2emission in iron-steel industry.

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Dong, Pengli, Xidong Wang, Mei Zhang, Min Guo, and Seshadri Seetharaman. "The Preparation and Characterization ofβ-SiAlON Nanostructure Whiskers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2008 (2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/282187.

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Two kinds ofβ-SiAlON nanostructure whiskers, rod-like and wool-like whiskers, were synthesized by pressure-less sintering method at 1773 K for 5 hours. The whiskers synthesized were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and high-resolution electron microscope (HREM) techniques. It was found that diameter distribution of rod-like whiskers was about 80–250 nm, while it was about 45–55 nm in diameter for the wool-like whiskers. The growth mechanisms ofβ-SiAlON nanostructure whiskers are discussed by the vapor-solid (VS) and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanisms, respectively.

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Sasaki, Gen, Zhe Feng Xu, Yong Bum Choi, Kenjiro Sugio, and Kazuhiro Mastugi. "Fabrication of Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Composites by Spark Sintering." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.699.

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As vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) possesses the good mechanical properties, high thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity and low thermal expansion, VGCF/ Al composites are expected to be suitable materials for a high performance radiator. In this study, VGCF were dipped and treated with ultrasonic vibration in some kinds of solution at first. Then, the mixed powders including three kind of average particle size of Al (1, 3 and 30µm) was milled by wet process with three kinds of solution, which are acetone, ethanol and butanol. Ethanol is most suitable for mixing solution because of homogeneous distribution of VGCF and Al powders. The mixed powders were spark-sintered in order to obtain dense VGCF/Al composites. The densification mechanism of VGCF/Al composites was divided into the plastic deformation (2nd stage) and creep deformation (3rd stage) after the 1st stage of rectangular wave pulse discharge. The densification rate of VGCF/Al composite powder depended on Al powder for matrix, but independent on VGCF. VGCF are dispersed uniformly in the VGCF/1 µm Al composite. But the aggregations of VGCF exhibited a preferential orientation in VGCF/30 µm Al composite, which results from the deformation of Al powders under the uniaxial pressure during the hot pressing in sintering process.

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Kozawa, Takahiro, and Kazumichi Yanagisawa. "Grain growth of titania to submillimeter sizes using water vapor-assisted sintering." Journal of Materials Research 34, no. 3 (October 2, 2018): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.339.

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Qi, Jianquan, Wanping Chen, Hangyao Wang, Yu Wang, Longtu Li, and Helen Lai Wah Chan. "Low temperature sintering behavior of B2O3 vapor in BaTiO3-based PTCR thermistors." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 116, no. 2 (October 2004): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2004.03.064.

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31

Colibaba, G. V. "Sintering highly conductive ZnO:HCl ceramics by means of chemical vapor transport reactions." Ceramics International 45, no. 13 (September 2019): 15843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.087.

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32

Katsui, Hirokazu, Zhen Hua He, and Takashi Goto. "Silicon Carbide Coating on Diamond Powder by Rotary Chemical Vapor Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 508 (March 2012): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.508.65.

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Silicon Carbide (SiC) Layers Were Prepared on Diamond Powders by Rotary Chemical Vapor Deposition (RCVD) Using C6H18Si2as a Precursor. Diamond Particles with Cleavable and Sharp Configurations Were Covered with Smooth Layers by RCVD. Infrared Absorption Bands at around 800 and 1000 cm-1Attributed to Si-C Bonding Were Observed in FTIR Spectrum on the Diamond Powders. The Pellet Sample Sintered by Spark Plasma Sintering Using the Diamond Powders Suggested that β-SiC Was Deposited on the Diamond Particles.

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Shi, Xiao Liang, Gang Qin Shao, Xing Long Duan, and R. Z. Yuan. "Spark Plasma Sintering of CBN-WC-10Co Composites." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1053–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1053.

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Nanocomposite WC-10Co powder produced by spray pyrolysis-continuous reduction & carbonization technology and cubic boron nitride (CBN) plated with titanium by vacuum vapor deposit were used, and this paper adopted spark plasma sintering (SPS) process to prepare CBN enhanced ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbide cermets composite material. The microstructure and mechanical properties of CBN-WC-10Co composites were investigated. The results show that CBN-WC-10Co composites consolidated by spark plasma sintering can reach 95.0 % relative density, and transverse rupture strength (TRS) is 1050 MPa, the average grain size of cermets matrix is less than 420 nm, and CBN-WC-10Co composites with excellent properties are achieved. The CBN still remains very good crystal shape after 1240°C spark plasma sintering, and there is not obvious clearance between CBN plated with titanium and the cermets matrix, the coated titanium layer can not only improve the thermal stability of CBN, but also increase the properties of CBN-WC-10Co composites.

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34

Xiang, Jian Hua, Chun Liang Zhang, and Fan Jiang. "Fabrication Technology of Miniaturized Loop Heat Pipe." Advanced Materials Research 426 (January 2012): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.426.227.

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Fabrication technology of a novel miniaturized loop heat pipe, which consisted of an evaporator, a condenser, vapor and liquid lines, was present in this study. The evaporator, whose bottom was connected as the cycle channel of refrigerant, were consist of boiling and suction chambers to ensure the vapor to one-way flow to vapor line. Thin copper plates with micro-fins fabricated by the ploughing-extrusion (P-E) method were embedded in the boiling chamber as enhanced structures. Moreover, the copper fiber sintered felt fabricated by the solid-phase sintering of copper fibers with rough surface, was filled in the suction chamber of evaporator as the wick to provide the capillary force. In addition, the integral rhombic-shaped pillars as intensified condensation structures in the condenser were fabricated by the milling method.

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35

Friberg, Ida, Aiyong Wang, and Louise Olsson. "Hydrothermal Aging of Pd/LTA Monolithic Catalyst for Complete CH4 Oxidation." Catalysts 10, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10050517.

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Palladium-based catalysts are known to provide high CH4 oxidation activity. One drawback for these materials is that they often lose activity in the presence of water vapor due to the formation of surface hydroxyls. It is however possible to improve the water vapor tolerance by using zeolites as support material. In this study, we have investigated Pd supported on thermally stable LTA zeolite with high framework Si/Al ratio (Si/Al = ~44) for CH4 oxidation and the effect of hydrothermal aging at temperatures up to 900 °C. High and stable CH4 oxidation activity in the presence of water vapor was observed for Pd/LTA after hydrothermal aging at temperatures ≤ 700 °C. However, aging at temperatures of 800–900 °C resulted in catalyst deactivation. This deactivation was not a result of structural collapse of the LTA zeolite as the LTA zeolite only showed minor changes in surface area, pore volume, and X-ray diffraction pattern after 900 °C aging. We suggest that the deactivation was caused by extensive formation of ion-exchanged Pd2+ together with Pd sintering. These two types of Pd species appear to have lower CH4 oxidation activity and to be more sensitive to water deactivation compared to the well dispersed Pd particles observed on the LTA support prior to the hydrothermal aging. By contrast, Pd/Al2O3 was generally sensitive to water vapor no matter of the aging temperature. Although the aging caused extensive Pd sintering in Pd/Al2O3, only minor deterioration of the CH4 oxidation activity was seen. The results herein presented show that Pd/LTA is a promising CH4 oxidation catalyst, however Pd rearrangement at high temperatures (≥800 °C) is one remaining challenge.

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36

Yuan, D. W., S. F. Wang, W. Huebner, and G. Simkovich. "The effect of Li-salt additions on the densification of tin oxide." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 7 (July 1993): 1675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.1675.

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Sintering of pure SnO2 to high densities is difficult due to its high vapor pressure, and hence, additives are typically used to enhance densification. In this study, the effects of two lithium compounds, LiF and LiNO3, on the densification behavior of SnO2 were evaluated. While LiF resulted in only a modest improvement in densification, LiNO3 additions resulted in densities of ≥ 95% theoretical at 1500 °C in air. Thermal, x-ray, and SEM/TEM microstructural analyses indicated no liquid phase formation. From these studies we attribute the enhanced sintering behavior to the ionic-compensation of Li+ as an acceptor dopant, i.e., 3[Li‴sn] = 2[Voö], which in turn increased the diffusivity of oxygen.

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Sasaki, Gen, Yoshimasa Hara, Zhe Feng Xu, Kenji Sugio, Hiroshi Fukushima, Yong Bum Choi, and Kazuhiro Matsugi. "Fabrication of Carbon Nano-Fiber / Aluminum Composites by Low-Pressure Infiltration Method." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 2692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.2692.

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In this study, the fabrication of carbon containing aluminum composites was attempted by using low-pressure infiltration method. At first, porous preform containing vapor grown nano-fiber (VGCF) and pure aluminum powder was fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) method. Porosity in preform was controlled by changing the applied pressure during plasma sintering. Consequently, the porous preform with 40-50vol％ in porosity was obtained, which has enough compression strength for low-pressure infiltration (<1MPa). Then, the molten pure aluminum infiltrated to porous preform with 0.4MPa in applied pressure at 1023K, and consequently we can obtain the composite with 62-86% in density. The electrical and thermal conductivity of composites was affected by the porosity, strongly.

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38

Hu, Yun Feng, Guang Shen Jiang, Jun Cai, Jun Sheng Liu, and Jun Deng. "Dehydrogenation of Sec-Butanol to Methyl Ethyl Ketone over Cu-ZnO Catalysts Prepared by Different Methods: Coprecipitation and Physical Mixing." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1778–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1778.

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Cu-ZnO catalysts prepared by coprecipitation and physical mixing methods were characterized to investigate the roles of ZnO by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2O chemisorption decomposition and evaluated for the vapor-phase dehydrogenation of sec-butanol (SBA) to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). ZnO not only could disperse Cu species, but also prevent Cu0from sintering. Cu-ZnO catalyst by coprecipitation method exhibited excellent reactivity.

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39

Ravishankar, N., and C. Barry Carter. "Silicate Glass and Evaporation from Sapphire Surfaces." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034437.

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Ceramic materials are processed at high temperatures where different mechanisms of mass transport are operative. The liquid-phase sintering (LPS) process involves the formation of a silicate liquid at the sintering temperature. In this case, mass transport takes place at the solidliquid, solid-vapor and liquid-solid interfaces. The mechanism and kinetics of these processes controls the microstructure. The silicate phase, which is usually the sintering additive, may influence the evaporation from and of the ceramic. The importance of the evaporation process has been clearly brought out in previous studies on the dewetting of silicates on a ceramic substrate. The present study considers the influence of a silicate phase (celsian) on evaporation from a ceramic (sapphire) substrate.Pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) has been used to deposit thin films (∼100 nm thick) of celsian (BaAl2Si2O8) on sapphire single-crystals of basal orientation. In the present study, the film/substrate assembly has been annealed at high temperatures (1750°C to 1850°C) in a vacuum furnace.

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40

Heydarian, Abtin, Seyed Abdolkarim Sajjadi, and Mats Johnsson. "A proposed model for spark plasma sintering of SiC-Si nanocomposite with different SiC particle sizes." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 19 (January 21, 2020): 2599–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319900785.

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In this study, the effect of SiC particle size on the sintering behavior of SiC-Si nano composites fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique was investigated and a model was proposed, accordingly. To this purpose, SiC powders with three different particle sizes of 25 µm, 80 nm and 45 nm were chosen. It was expected that hardness of the composites increase with decreasing the SiC particle size; however, the outcomes were interesting and unpredictable. The composite with 80 nm SiC particles indicated the highest hardness. Hardness of the specimen with 25 µm SiC was low because of the large particle size of its reinforcement. While 80 and 45 nm SiC particles are considered as nano particles, the composite with 45 nm SiC particles showed lower hardness due to the growth of SiC powders during sintering according to a proposed model. Two reasons for the growth of 45 nm SiC particles were defined: (i) the fineness of the SiC particles prevented the Si particles to act as a binder between them thus, they agglomerated; (ii) SiC powders were oxidized during mixing procedure and a layer of SiO2 was formed on their surfaces. During sintering procedure, the reaction between SiC and SiO2 was happened and as a result SiO was formed. It caused vapor transportation during sintering leading to necking between particles and in turn, grain growth.

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41

Linde, A. V., A. A. Kondakov, I. A. Studenikin, N. A. Kondakova, and V. V. Grachev. "MAX phase Ti2AlN synthesis by reactive sintering in vacuum." Izvestiya vuzov. Poroshkovaya metallurgiya i funktsional’nye pokrytiya, no. 4 (December 8, 2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1997-308x-2022-4-25-33.

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The synthesis of MAX phase Ti2AlN from several mixtures of Ti, Al, TiN, and AlN powders by vacuum sintering of greensamples in the form of dense compacts, bulk powder in silica tubes, and plain layer in a closed rectangular molybdenum boat was studied upon variation in charge composition and sintering temperature Ts. The sintering of 2 : 1 Ti–AlN mixture was carried out at 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500 °С with exposure time of 60 min. The largest MAX phase content (94 wt.%) was reached at Ts = 1400 °С. The sintering of 1 : 1 TiAl : TiN composition at the same temperature gave 93 wt.% Ti2AlN. The best result (singlephase Ti2AlN in a 100-% yield) was achieved upon the sintering of 1 : 1 : 1 Ti–Al–TiN composition at Ts = 1400 °С. The scalability of our process was checked by the fabrication of a large (0.5 kg) and uniform cake of single-phase Ti2AlN. In experiments we used green samples with shielded lateral surface (bulk powder in silica tubes, plain layer in a closed molybdenum boat) and without shield (dense compacts). It has been shown that shielding of Ti–Al–TiN samples restricts the escape of Al vapor from a sintered mixture, thus providing more favorable conditions for the synthesis of single-phase Ti2AlN. Our process can be readily recommended for practical implementation.

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42

Холодкова, А. А., А. В. Смирнов, А. А. Тихонов, and И. В. Шишковский. "Синтез порошка ниобата калия-натрия в среде водяного пара для изготовления пьезоэлектрической керамики." Письма в журнал технической физики 48, no. 22 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2022.22.53797.19273.

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In this work, for the first time, single-phase potassium-sodium niobate powder with a primary particle size of 0.3-3.1 μm was synthesized in a water vapor medium at a temperature of 260°C and a pressure of 4.69 MPa. Two different techniques, the traditional one and laser stereolithography, were applied to produce powder-based ceramics with a density reaching 80-85% of the theoretical value. A set of the most important piezoelectric characteristics was studied for the prepared ceramics. The obtained preliminary results indicated the prospect of improving the phase, structural, and piezoelectric properties of potassium-sodium niobate ceramics by controlling the parameters of powder synthesis in water vapor and enhancement of the sintering conditions.

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43

Srdić, Vladimir V., Markus Winterer, and Horst Hahn. "Sintering Behavior of Nanocrystalline Zirconia Doped with Alumina Prepared by Chemical Vapor Synthesis." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83, no. 8 (December 20, 2004): 1853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01481.x.

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44

Chen, Chen, Hongbo Guo, Shengkai Gong, Xiaofeng Zhao, and Ping Xiao. "Sintering of electron beam physical vapor deposited thermal barrier coatings under flame shock." Ceramics International 39, no. 5 (July 2013): 5093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.12.005.

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45

Morito, Haruhiko, Takuma Kimura, and Hisanori Yamane. "NaB5 C-B5 /C Composite Ceramics Prepared by Reaction Sintering in Na Vapor." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, no. 7 (March 25, 2016): 2422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14204.

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46

Schlosser, Margarete, Sabrina Fröls, Ulla Hauf, Ingo Sethmann, Stefanie Schultheiss, Felicitas Pfeifer, and Hans-Joachim Kleebe. "Combined Hydrothermal Conversion and Vapor Transport Sintering of Ag-Modified Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 96, no. 2 (December 28, 2012): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.12137.

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47

Lebrun, J. M., A. Sassi, C. Pascal, and J. M. Missiaen. "Densification and microstructure evolution during sintering of silicon under controlled water vapor pressure." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 33, no. 15-16 (December 2013): 2993–3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.06.024.

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48

Nadler, Jason H., Thomas H. Sanders, and Robert F. Speyer. "Oxide reduction and sintering of Fe–Cr alloy honeycombs." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 8 (August 2003): 1787–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0248.

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H2 reduction and densification of extruded Fe2O3–Cr2O3 mixtures with honeycomb geometry (0.3-mm wall thickness) were studied using dilatometry, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Reduction of pure Fe2O3 heated at 5 °C/min was completed by approximately 525 °C. Two separate sintering steps ensued, well separated in temperature from reduction, one associated with elimination of pores between Fe agglomerates (750–900 °C), and the other associated with sintering of these agglomerates (995–1275 °C). With increasing Cr2O3 content, sintering was increasingly delayed until initiation of Cr2O3 reduction above 1000 °C. The α → γ iron phase transformations were consistent with the Fe–Cr phase diagram, but the γ → α transformations at higher temperatures deviated from the phase diagram because of the influence of impurities (Si, Ca) in the solid solution. Pure Cr2O3 honeycomb formed an approximately 35-μm-thick porous Cr coating that imposed a diffusion barrier to further reduction. The high vapor pressure of chromium prohibited compositions in excess of 25 wt.% Cr2O3 from full reduction and densification.

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49

Sasaki, Katsuhiko, Terumitsu Imanishi, Kazuaki Katagiri, Atushi Kakitsuji, Toyohiro Satoh, Akiyuki Shimizu, and Nobuhito Nakama. "Stiffness and Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Containing Aluminum." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.587.

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In this paper, carbon nanotube (CNT) containing aluminum composite materials, which have good thermal conductivity, are made by the plasma activated sintering. CNT and vapor-grown carbon fiver (VGCF) as a super multi-wall CNT are used for the composite materials. To clarify the deformation and thermal characteristic of the composite materials, Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity are measured. Finally, the micromechanical discussion is also conducted using Mori-Tanaka model.

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50

Ikeda, Junji, Giuseppe Pezzotti, and Makoto Kondo. "Phase Stability and Residual Stress Field in Nano-Structured 3Y-TZP." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.1227.

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Phase stability of 3Y-TZP was evaluated by acceleration test in water vapor environment and Raman spectroscopy. We found that the phase stability was affected not only by grain size but also by residual stress field, which could be quantitatively measured by Raman piezo-spectroscopy and controlled by sintering temperature. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy is a very useful technique for non-destructive analysis of 3Y-TZP.

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