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Academic literature on the topic 'Vapeur d'eau – Télédétection'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vapeur d'eau – Télédétection"
Bernardo, Frédéric. "Télédétection satellite micro-onde de variables atmosphériques et de surface." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066051.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is the joint retrieval of atmospheric profiles and surface properties over land and ocean from satellite microwave observations. Our retrieval method is based on neural networks. This technique is very general and can be easily extended to various instrumental configurations. The development of the algorithm for the preparation of the Megha-Tropiques mission relied on AMSR-E and HSB instrument on Aqua and AMSU/A and MHS on MetOp. The method is parameterized with ECMWF analysis and simulations with a radiative transfer model. Over land, the strong contribution of the surface requires the use of a microwave emissivity estimator, TELSEM. It is developed from SSM/I observations and integrated as an official module in the radiative transfer model RTTOV. An innovative calibration approach for satellite observations, necessary before any inversion, is developed and greatly improves the retrievals. A full operational chain is proposed for AQUA, METOP and Megha-Tropiques platforms. The retrieval of water vapor profiles from microwave observations performs as well over land and ocean, for clear and cloudy conditions. A thorough validation of the results is performed using a global base of radiosondes. In a second phase, a similar approach is used for the study of an instrument concept, Microwat, for the retrieval of ocean surface temperature from microwave observations, under clear and cloudy conditions, with a high spatial resolution. This new instrument is studied by ESA
Peroni, Raphaël. "Télédétection du contenu en vapeur d'eau au-dessus et autour de nuages convectifs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR083.
Full textDespite significant advances in atmospheric physics research over the past few decades, many uncertainties persist regarding our understanding of climate change. Current knowledge indicates that clouds play a major role in these uncertainties due to complex interactions involving aerosols, water vapor, clouds, global atmospheric circulation, convection, and precipitation. Water vapor plays a crucial role in clouds formation and development, especially those resulting from convective phenomena that redistribute water vapor in the atmosphere through exchanges between clouds and their immediate environment. Therefore, a better understanding of water vapor content above and around clouds is necessary to improve our comprehension of interactions between water vapor and clouds and to help the scientific community better constrain LES models and numerical weather forecasting models. Our research is part of the C³IEL space mission, which aims to enhance our knowledge of the 3D envelope of convective clouds, their horizontal and vertical development velocities, the water vapor content above and around clouds, and the electrical activity associated with these convective systems. The focus of this thesis concerns the retrieval of integrated water vapor content in the presence of clouds from satellite observations. This retrieval was achieved through a Bayesian probabilistic approach: the optimal estimation method. So far, few studies have explicitly demonstrated the feasibility of such inversion under cloudy atmosphere because of the complexity related to the penetration and scattering of radiation within the cloud. This increases the number of parameters involved in the relationship between radiance and water vapor content.Radiative transfer simulations were conducted in the three SWIR spectral bands defined for the study of water vapor content in the context of the C³IEL mission. The atmosphere was assumed to be composed of homogeneous plan-parallel layers, and synthetic radiance datasets were generated for testing the retrieval algorithm developed in this thesis. The feasibility of retrieving integrated water vapor content above a cloud and over the ocean from SWIR radiances was shown with a precision of approximately 1 kg/m² for optically dense clouds. However, the precision of this retrieval decreases as the cloud optical thickness decreases. Tests were then realized with realistic water vapor and cloud extinction profiles that present non-homogeneous cloudy vertical profiles. This shows that integrated water vapor content above liquid water clouds could be retrieved with a positive bias related to cloud penetration of approximately 2.18 kg/m². This value is of the same order of magnitude than those obtained in previous work under clear-sky conditions. In the presence of convective clouds containing both liquid and ice water, characterized by a significant vertical extension and thus a high top altitude, very high optical thickness and very low water vapor content, the retrieval algorithm does not succeed to provide a valid retrieval. Suggestions are therefore proposed to improve water vapor content retrievals in realistic cases and define the retrievable limit for water vapor content
Rivière, Philippe. "Modélisation des propriétés radiatives de la vapeur d'eau à haute température : application à la signature infrarouge." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ECAP0365.
Full textNgo, Ngoc Hoa. "Profil spectral des raies d’absorption de la vapeur d'eau pour l'étude de l'atmosphère de la terre par télédétection." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1134.
Full textThis work is devoted to a theoretical and experimental study of the spectral shape of isolated transitions of water vapor, a key species of the Earth atmosphere. The purpose of these studies is to develop an accurate line-shape model taking into account different velocity effects affecting the spectral shape of H2O lines. In the first part of this thesis, spectroscopic line parameters of pure H2O and H2O diluted in air have been measured using an external cavity diode laser and a long-path absorption cell. Different existing line-shape models have been used to adjust the measurements. The results show that the widely-used Voigt profile leads to large differences with measured spectra and that it is necessary to take into account both the velocity changes and speed dependence effects to correctly model H2O line shapes. The second part of this work is devoted to the development of a new line-shape model, based on the results obtained from classical molecular dynamics simulations and semi-classical calculations. Both collision-induced velocity changes and speed dependence effects are taken into account by this model. Furthermore, we also show that the correlation between velocity changes and internal-state changes has to be accounted for to correctly describe H2O line shapes. Spectra of pure H2O, H2O in N2 and in air, calculated with the new model are in excellent agreement with those measured by different techniques and for large ranges of pressure and spectral domain. Its complexity and its large computational cost make the new model difficult to use for practical applications such as atmospheric radiative transfer. It is thus used, in the third part, as a “benchmark” in order to test different simplified line profiles and then to choose the proper one to fit measured spectra and to be used for atmospheric spectra prediction. The results show that the pCqSDHC (partially-Correlated quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision) model is the most adapted to represent the line shape of H2O, but also of other molecules. This model offers a very good compromise between accuracy and computation efficiency and can be easily used in different practical applications
Thao, Soulivanh. "Tendance et variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique : un enjeu pour l'étude du niveau moyen océanique." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2561/.
Full textMeasurements of the sea surface height are disturbed by the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere. A microwave radiometer, on altimetric missions, is used to correct the measurements from theses disturbances. Requirements on the quality of this correction, called the wet tropospheric correction, are stringent for the survey of climate changes. This thesis concerns the monitoring of the wet tropospheric correction used in the altimetry missions, Jason-1 and Envisat. The aim is to characterize uncertainties related to this correction and to identify potential anomalies. The analysis brings out a potential drift in the radiometer used on Jason-1, after 2008. For the Envisat missions, the presence of biases near coastlines suggests processing related issues
Motte, Erwan. "MobRa : un radiomètre micro-onde mobile pour l'étude de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère moyenne." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/286/.
Full textThe Mobile Radiometer (MobRa) which is the object of this thesis retrieves vertical profiles of water vapour from 25 to 60 km of altitude with a vertical resolution ranging from 10 to 20 km. Through the radiative transfer equation, we explain how the radiation emitted by the molecules of middle-atmospheric water vapour and measured from the ground contains information on the vertical distribution of the chemical species. The instrument is fully described, with an emphasis on the key points that have required changes and improvements, such as measurement and calibration methods, control and acquisition, data reduction and estimation of instrumental parameters. The retrieval method based on the Optimal Estimation Method used to retrieve vertical profiles from the measured spectra is presented, together with a detailed information content and error analysis. The instrument validation is achieved by comparing measurements performed by MobRa in Toulouse and at the Reunion Island vs. Satellite data from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura platform
Lautié, Nicolas. "I. Traitement des mesures satellitaires sub-millimétriques effectuées par Odin/SMR ; restitution non-linéaire de la vapeur d'eau : iI. Etude strato-mésosphérique de HCN au moyen de mesures micro-ondes." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066180.
Full textFaizoun, Cocou Alexandre. "Suivi par mesures photométriques de l'épaisseur optique des aérosols et du contenu en vapeur d'eau de l'atmosphère sahélienne : application à la correction des mesures de télédétection et à l'inversion satellitaire de l'épaisseur optique des aérosols." Toulouse, INPT, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991INPT084H.
Full textLacour, Jean Lionel. "Estimations du profil du rapport isotopique de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère à partir de spectres mesurés dans l'infrarouge thermique par le sondeur IASI: méthodologie d'inversion et analyses des premières distributions spatiales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209151.
Full textDans cette perspective, les mesures de radiances du système terre-atmosphère dans l’infrarouge thermique par l’Interféromètre Atmosphérique de Sondage Infrarouge (IASI) à bord de la plateforme météorologique MetOp, peuvent fournir des observations du rapport isotopique δD (rapport HDO/H216O), à l’échelle globale et à haute résolution spatio-temporelle, pour autant que la restitution du rapport puisse être obtenue avec une précision suffisante.
Dans ce travail, nous présentons une méthodologie robuste et précise pour la restitution du profil de δD à partir des spectres IASI. Basée sur la méthode d’estimation optimale, elle consiste à appliquer des contraintes d’inversion adaptées afin d’obtenir des profils de δD fiables. Nous décrivons le choix de celles-ci et nous montrons que la méthode mise en place permet de fournir des profils de δD qui présentent un maximum de sensibilité dans la troposphère libre. L’adéquation de la méthode mise en place est ensuite évaluée grâce à une étude d’inter-comparaison avec des mesures dérivées de l’instrument spatial TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer sur AURA) et FTIR localisés au sol. L’exactitude des profils IASI a aussi pu être déterminée grâce à des comparaisons avec des mesures in situ.
Dans une autre partie du travail, nous nous attachons à préciser les applications liées à l’utilisation des nouvelles mesures dans le domaine des géosciences. Nous documentons ainsi les capacités du sondeur IASI à fournir des mesures de δD à une résolution spatio-temporelle inégalée et décrivons les diverses distributions obtenues. Nous montrons et analysons notamment les premières cartes globales à haute résolution de δD dans la troposphère. Les mesures de δD et de l’humidité sont analysées conjointement à l’aide de modèles simples et permettent de démontrer la plus-value mesures de δD depuis les satellites. Parmi les résultats les plus significatifs, citons la mise en évidence de la signature isotopique des différentes sources de la vapeur d’eau (évaporation continentale/océanique), et celle de l’empreinte des différents processus hydrologiques qui contrôlent l’humidification de l’atmosphère (convection, mélange de masse d’air, ré-évaporation des gouttes de pluie).
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ibrahim, El Aouadi. "Estimation de la Quantité de Vapeur d'Eau Précipitable et du Forçage Radiatif de l'Aérosol atmosphérique à partir de la Télédétection passive à Oujda (Maroc)." Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00126997.
Full textprécises). Toutes ces mesures sont effectuées au campus universitaire de la faculté des sciences d'Oujda (34°41' N ; 1°53' W ; 580 m d'altitude).
L'aérosol atmosphérique contribue à un refroidissement de la surface de l'ordre de -10 W/m² en moyenne annuelle, avec des variations très importantes. Le forçage peut atteindre des valeurs extrêmement élevées pour les jours chargés de poussière (-80 W/m² ).
L'aérosol du mode accumulation est le principal responsable du forçage radiatif avec une faible contribution des grosses particules.
La vapeur d'eau est une composante principale dans la formation des nuages et des précipitations. La détermination de la Quantité de Vapeur d'Eau Précipitable (QVEP) reste un objectif très important, la connaissance de sa distribution spatiale et temporelle est essentielle dans la correction des mesures de télédétection à cause de sa contribution importante dans les perturbations du signal mesuré par les instruments de télédétection. Les mesures de la transmittance solaire dans les bandes infrarouges de forte absorption de la vapeur d'eau permettent la détermination de cette QVEP.
La quantité de vapeur d'eau dans la région d'Oujda dépend des saisons, les valeurs élevées de l'ordre de 2.5 g/cm² sont enregistrées durant l'été et le printemps et les faibles valeurs autour de 0.3 g/cm² en automne et en hiver. Ces variations dépendent de la température et de l'eau de surface.