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Journal articles on the topic 'Vanadium Bromide Redox Flow Cell'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Vafiadis, Helen, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Evaluation of membranes for the novel vanadium bromine redox flow cell." Journal of Membrane Science 279, no. 1-2 (August 1, 2006): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.12.028.

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2

Skyllas‐Kazacos, M., and F. Grossmith. "Efficient Vanadium Redox Flow Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 134, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2100321.

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3

Skyllas‐Kazacos, M., M. Rychcik, R. G. Robins, A. G. Fane, and M. A. Green. "New All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 133, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1057–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2108706.

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4

Ferrigno, Rosaria, Abraham D. Stroock, Thomas D. Clark, Michael Mayer, and George M. Whitesides. "Membraneless Vanadium Redox Fuel Cell Using Laminar Flow." Journal of the American Chemical Society 124, no. 44 (November 2002): 12930–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja020812q.

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5

Piwek, Justyna, C. R. Dennison, Elzbieta Frackowiak, Hubert Girault, and Alberto Battistel. "Vanadium-oxygen cell for positive electrolyte discharge in dual-circuit vanadium redox flow battery." Journal of Power Sources 439 (November 2019): 227075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.227075.

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6

Rui, Xianhong, Moe Ohnmar Oo, Dao Hao Sim, Subash chandrabose Raghu, Qingyu Yan, Tuti Mariana Lim, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Graphene oxide nanosheets/polymer binders as superior electrocatalytic materials for vanadium bromide redox flow batteries." Electrochimica Acta 85 (December 2012): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.119.

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7

Li, Yifeng, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Jie Bao. "A dynamic plug flow reactor model for a vanadium redox flow battery cell." Journal of Power Sources 311 (April 2016): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.018.

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8

Di Blasi, A., O. Di Blasi, N. Briguglio, A. S. Aricò, D. Sebastián, M. J. Lázaro, G. Monforte, and V. Antonucci. "Investigation of several graphite-based electrodes for vanadium redox flow cell." Journal of Power Sources 227 (April 2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.098.

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9

Ressel, Simon, Armin Laube, Simon Fischer, Antonio Chica, Thomas Flower, and Thorsten Struckmann. "Performance of a vanadium redox flow battery with tubular cell design." Journal of Power Sources 355 (July 2017): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.04.066.

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10

Rui, Xianhong, Aishwarya Parasuraman, Weiling Liu, Dao Hao Sim, Huey Hoon Hng, Qingyu Yan, Tuti Mariana Lim, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for Br-/Br3- redox reactions in vanadium bromide redox flow batteries." Carbon 64 (November 2013): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2013.07.099.

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11

Xi, Jingyu, Wenjing Dai, and Lihong Yu. "Polydopamine coated SPEEK membrane for a vanadium redox flow battery." RSC Advances 5, no. 42 (2015): 33400–33406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra01486g.

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12

Xu, Yumei, Wei Wei, Yanjun Cui, Huiguang Liang, and Fang Nian. "Sulfonated polyimide/phosphotungstic acid composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery applications." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 6 (July 9, 2018): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318784144.

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A novel sulfonated polyimide (SPI) membrane embedded with the phosphotungstic acid (SPI/PWA membrane) for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) has been prepared with low capacity loss, low cost, and high energy efficiency (EE); the proportion of PWA in the composite membrane is 15%. The mechanical strength, vanadium ions permeability, and performance of the membrane in the VRB single cell were characterized. Results showed that the SPI/PWA membrane possessed low permeability of vanadium ions, accompanied by higher mechanical strength than the Nafion117 membrane. The VRB single cell with SPI/PWA composite membrane showed 7.6% higher coulombic efficiency, 4.6% higher EE, but lower capacity loss in comparison with the one with Nafion117 membrane at the current density 40 mA cm−2. The good cell performance, low capacity loss, and high vanadium ions barrier properties of the blend membrane is of significant interest for VRB applications.

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13

Aaron, D. S., Q. Liu, Z. Tang, G. M. Grim, A. B. Papandrew, A. Turhan, T. A. Zawodzinski, and M. M. Mench. "Dramatic performance gains in vanadium redox flow batteries through modified cell architecture." Journal of Power Sources 206 (May 2012): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.12.026.

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14

Petrov, M. M., R. D. Pichugov, P. A. Loktionov, A. E. Antipov, A. A. Usenko, D. V. Konev, M. A. Vorotyntsev, and V. B. Mintsev. "Test Cell for Membrane Electrode Assembly of the Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Doklady Physical Chemistry 491, no. 1 (March 2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0012501620030021.

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15

Xi, Jingyu, Shuibo Xiao, Lihong Yu, Lantao Wu, Le Liu, and Xinping Qiu. "Broad temperature adaptability of vanadium redox flow battery—Part 2: Cell research." Electrochimica Acta 191 (February 2016): 695–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.165.

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16

Ghimire, Purna C., Arjun Bhattarai, Tuti M. Lim, Nyunt Wai, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Qingyu Yan. "In-Situ Tools Used in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Research—Review." Batteries 7, no. 3 (August 4, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries7030053.

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Progress in renewable energy production has directed interest in advanced developments of energy storage systems. The all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is one of the attractive technologies for large scale energy storage due to its design versatility and scalability, longevity, good round-trip efficiencies, stable capacity and safety. Despite these advantages, the deployment of the vanadium battery has been limited due to vanadium and cell material costs, as well as supply issues. Improving stack power density can lower the cost per kW power output and therefore, intensive research and development is currently ongoing to improve cell performance by increasing electrode activity, reducing cell resistance, improving membrane selectivity and ionic conductivity, etc. In order to evaluate the cell performance arising from this intensive R&D, numerous physical, electrochemical and chemical techniques are employed, which are mostly carried out ex situ, particularly on cell characterizations. However, this approach is unable to provide in-depth insights into the changes within the cell during operation. Therefore, in situ diagnostic tools have been developed to acquire information relating to the design, operating parameters and cell materials during VRFB operation. This paper reviews in situ diagnostic tools used to realize an in-depth insight into the VRFBs. A systematic review of the previous research in the field is presented with the advantages and limitations of each technique being discussed, along with the recommendations to guide researchers to identify the most appropriate technique for specific investigations.

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17

Poon, Grace, Aishwarya Parasuraman, Tuti Mariana Lim, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Evaluation of N-ethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium bromide and N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bromide as bromine complexing agents in vanadium bromide redox flow batteries." Electrochimica Acta 107 (September 2013): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.084.

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18

Pugach, M., M. Kondratenko, S. Briola, and A. Bischi. "Zero dimensional dynamic model of vanadium redox flow battery cell incorporating all modes of vanadium ions crossover." Applied Energy 226 (September 2018): 560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.124.

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19

Roznyatovskaya, Nataliya, Jens Noack, Heiko Mild, Matthias Fühl, Peter Fischer, Karsten Pinkwart, Jens Tübke, and Maria Skyllas-Kazacos. "Vanadium Electrolyte for All-Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries: The Effect of the Counter Ion." Batteries 5, no. 1 (January 18, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010013.

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In this study, 1.6 M vanadium electrolytes in the oxidation forms V(III) and V(V) were prepared from V(IV) in sulfuric (4.7 M total sulphate), V(IV) in hydrochloric (6.1 M total chloride) acids, as well as from 1:1 mol mixture of V(III) and V(IV) (denoted as V3.5+) in hydrochloric (7.6 M total chloride) acid. These electrolyte solutions were investigated in terms of performance in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). The half-wave potentials of the V(III)/V(II) and V(V)/V(IV) couples, determined by cyclic voltammetry, and the electronic spectra of V(III) and V(IV) electrolyte samples, are discussed to reveal the effect of electrolyte matrix on charge-discharge behavior of a 40 cm2 cell operated with 1.6 M V3.5+ electrolytes in sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Provided that the total vanadium concentration and the conductivity of electrolytes are comparable for both acids, respective energy efficiencies of 77% and 72–75% were attained at a current density of 50 mA∙cm−2. All electrolytes in the oxidation state V(V) were examined for chemical stability at room temperature and +45 °C by titrimetric determination of the molar ratio V(V):V(IV) and total vanadium concentration.

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20

Liu, Shibin, Xiangcai Meng, Jing Wang, and Jianwei Xu. "Sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) hybrid membrane for vanadium redox flow battery." High Performance Polymers 29, no. 5 (July 6, 2016): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008316656042.

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Sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (SPES/PVDF) blends are prepared and employed as the separator for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) to evaluate the vanadium ions permeability and cell performance. The SPES/PVDF membranes exhibit dramatically vanadium ions permeability and cell performance compared with pristine SPES and Nafion115 membrane. The vanadium ion permeability of SPES/PVDF membrane is 1 order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion115 membrane. The low-cost composite membrane exhibits a better performance than Nafion115 membrane at the same operating condition. VRB single cell with SPES/PVDF membrane shows significantly lower capacity loss, higher coulombic efficiency (>98%) and higher energy efficiency (>84%) than that with Nafion115 membrane. In the self-discharge test, S0.7P0.3 membrane shows twice longer duration in the open circuit decay than that with Nafion115 membrane. With all the good properties and low cost, the SPES/PVDF membrane is expected to have excellent commercial prospects as an ion exchange membrane for VRB systems.

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21

Lim, Hyebin, Jung S. Yi, and Doohwan Lee. "Operando studies on through-plane cell voltage losses in vanadium redox flow battery." Journal of Power Sources 422 (May 2019): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.03.016.

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22

Yang, Z., R. M. Darling, and M. L. Perry. "Electrolyte Compositions in a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Measured with a Reference Cell." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, no. 13 (2019): A3045—A3050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.1161913jes.

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23

Pugach, M., M. Kondratenko, S. Briola, and A. Bischi. "Numerical and experimental study of the flow-by cell for Vanadium Redox Batteries." Energy Procedia 142 (December 2017): 3667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.260.

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24

Delgado, Nuno M., Ricardo Monteiro, and Adélio Mendes. "The first approach to dynamic modeling of a solar vanadium redox flow cell." Nano Energy 89 (November 2021): 106372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106372.

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25

Kim, Soo-Yeoun, Woonjung Kim, and Seong-Ho Choi. "Anion-Exchange Membrane with Poly(3,3’-(hexyl) bis(1-vinylimidazolium) bromide)/PVC Composites Prepared by Inter-polymerization." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 10 (October 24, 2019): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1577.

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The advanced anion-exchange membranes with the poly(3,3’-(hexyl)bis(1-vinylimidazolium)bromide), PHVB, was synthesized by inter-polymerization of a 3,3'-(hexyl)bis(1-vinylimidazolium) bromide in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, solution. We confirmed the successful preparation of the advanced anion-exchange membrane (AEM) such as ionic conductivity (S/cm), water uptake (%), ion-exchange capacity (meq/g), vanadium permeability, thermal properties, and SEM analysis, respectively. The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) performances using the prepared AEM based on PHVB/PVC composite polymers in organic electrolytes was examined. In the prepared advanced AEM, the maximum voltages reached 2.5 V under the fixed current value of 0.005mA. The synthesized advanced AEM has also good stability with organic electrolyte by battery performance under 1000 cycles. As results, the advanced AEM based on PHVB/PVC prepared by the inter-polymerization is suitable for use as a battery separator in VRFB.

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26

Xie, Jili, Guanlin Li, and Wang Tan. "Preparation and characterization of SPES/PVA (double-layer) membrane for vanadium redox flow battery." High Performance Polymers 31, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008317753270.

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The double-layer membrane consisting of sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES) sub-layer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sub-layer (denoted as SPES/PVA membrane) was prepared and employed as the separator for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) system to evaluate the vanadium ions permeability and cell performance. The SPES/PVA membrane is a double-layer structure and exhibits dramatically lower vanadium ions permeability and better cell performance compared to the pristine SPES membrane, PVA membrane, and Nafion117 membrane. The vanadium ion permeability of SPES/PVA membrane is one order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion117 membrane. In further work, the single cell with SPES/PVA membrane showed significantly lower capacity loss, higher coulombic efficiency (>92.5%), and higher energy efficiency (>83.9%) than Nafion117 membrane. In the self-discharge test, SPES/PVA membrane showed 1.8 times longer duration in the open circuit decay than Nafion117 membrane. With all the good properties and low cost, this new kind of double-layer membrane is suggested to have excellent commercial prospects as an ion exchange membrane for VRB systems.

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27

Düerkop, Dennis, Hartmut Widdecke, Carsten Schilde, Ulrich Kunz, and Achim Schmiemann. "Polymer Membranes for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Review." Membranes 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030214.

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Redox flow batteries such as the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) are a technical solution for storing fluctuating renewable energies on a large scale. The optimization of cells regarding performance, cycle stability as well as cost reduction are the main areas of research which aim to enable more environmentally friendly energy conversion, especially for stationary applications. As a critical component of the electrochemical cell, the membrane influences battery performance, cycle stability, initial investment and maintenance costs. This review provides an overview about flow-battery targeted membranes in the past years (1995–2020). More than 200 membrane samples are sorted into fluoro-carbons, hydro-carbons or N-heterocycles according to the basic polymer used. Furthermore, the common description in membrane technology regarding the membrane structure is applied, whereby the samples are categorized as dense homogeneous, dense heterogeneous, symmetrical or asymmetrically porous. Moreover, these properties as well as the efficiencies achieved from VRFB cycling tests are discussed, e.g., membrane samples of fluoro-carbons, hydro-carbons and N-heterocycles as a function of current density. Membrane properties taken into consideration include membrane thickness, ion-exchange capacity, water uptake and vanadium-ion diffusion. The data on cycle stability and costs of commercial membranes, as well as membrane developments, are compared. Overall, this investigation shows that dense anion-exchange membranes (AEM) and N-heterocycle-based membranes, especially poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) membranes, are suitable for VRFB requiring low self-discharge. Symmetric and asymmetric porous membranes, as well as cation-exchange membranes (CEM) enable VRFB operation at high current densities. Amphoteric ion-exchange membranes (AIEM) and dense heterogeneous CEM are the choice for operation mode with the highest energy efficiency.

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28

Gurieff, Nicholas, Declan Finn Keogh, Victoria Timchenko, and Chris Menictas. "Enhanced Reactant Distribution in Redox Flow Cells." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 3877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213877.

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Redox flow batteries (RFBs), provide a safe and cost-effective means of storing energy at grid-scale, and will play an important role in the decarbonization of global electricity networks. Several approaches have been explored to improve their efficiency and power density, and recently, cell geometry modification has shown promise in efforts to address mass transport limitations which affect electrochemical and overall system performance. Flow-by electrode configurations have demonstrated significant power density improvements in laboratory testing, however, flow-through designs with conductive felt remain the standard at commercial scale. Concentration gradients exist within these cells, limiting their performance. A new concept of redistributing reactants within the flow frame is introduced in this paper. This research shows a 60% improvement in minimum V3+ concentration within simulated vanadium redox flow battery (VRB/VRFB) cells through the application of static mixers. The enhanced reactant distribution showed a cell voltage improvement by reducing concentration overpotential, suggesting a pathway forward to increase limiting current density and cycle efficiencies in RFBs.

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29

Cho, Hyeongrae, Vladimir Atanasov, Henning M. Krieg, and Jochen A. Kerres. "Novel Anion Exchange Membrane Based on Poly(Pentafluorostyrene) Substituted with Mercaptotetrazole Pendant Groups and Its Blend with Polybenzimidazole for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040915.

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In order to evaluate the performance of the anion exchange membranes in a vanadium redox flow battery, a novel anion exchange polymer was synthesized via a three step process. Firstly, 1-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole was grafted onto poly(pentafluorostyrene) by nucleophilic F/S exchange. Secondly, the tertiary amino groups were quaternized by using iodomethane to provide anion exchange sites. Finally, the synthesized polymer was blended with polybenzimidazole to be applied in vanadium redox flow battery. The blend membranes exhibited better single cell battery performance in terms of efficiencies, open circuit voltage test and charge-discharge cycling test than that of a Nafion 212 membrane. The battery performance results of synthesized blend membranes suggest that those novel anion exchange membranes are promising candidates for vanadium redox flow batteries.

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30

Risbud, Mandar, Chris Menictas, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Jens Noack. "Vanadium Oxygen Fuel Cell Utilising High Concentration Electrolyte." Batteries 5, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010024.

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A vanadium oxygen fuel cell is a modified form of a conventional vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) where the positive electrolyte (VO2+/VO2+ couple) is replaced by the oxygen reduction (ORR) process. This potentially allows for a significant improvement in energy density and has the added benefit of overcoming the solubility limits of V (V) at elevated temperatures, while also allowing the vanadium negative electrolyte concentration to increase above 3 M. In this paper, a vanadium oxygen fuel cell with vanadium electrolytes with a concentration of up to 3.6 M is reported with preliminary results presented for different electrodes over a range of current densities. Using precipitation inhibitors, the concentration of vanadium can be increased considerably above the commonly used 2 M limit, leading to improved energy density.

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31

Sujali, Suhailah, Mohd Rusllim Mohamed, Ahmed Nurye Oumer, Azizan Ahmad, and Puiki Leung. "Study on architecture design of electroactive sites on Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (V-RFB)." E3S Web of Conferences 80 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198002004.

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Numerous researches have been conducted to look for better design of cell architecture of redox flow battery. This effort is to improve the performance of the battery with respect to further improves of mass transport and flow distribution of electroactive electrolytes within the cell. This paper evaluates pressure drop and flow distribution of the electroactive electrolyte in three different electrode configurations of vanadium redox flow battery (V-RFB) cell, namely square-, rhombus- and circular-cell designs. The fluid flow of the above-mentioned three electrode design configurations are evaluated under three different cases i.e. no flow (plain) field, parallel flow field and serpentine flow field using numerically designed three-dimensional model in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. The cell exhibits different characteristics under different cases, which the circular cell design shows promising results for test-rig development with low pressure drop and better flow distribution of electroactive electrolytes within the cell. Suggestion for further work is highlighted.

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32

Bryans, Declan, Véronique Amstutz, Hubert Girault, and Léonard Berlouis. "Characterisation of a 200 kW/400 kWh Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Batteries 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040054.

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The incessant growth in energy demand has resulted in the deployment of renewable energy generators to reduce the impact of fossil fuel dependence. However, these generators often suffer from intermittency and require energy storage when there is over-generation and the subsequent release of this stored energy at high demand. One such energy storage technology that could provide a solution to improving energy management, as well as offering spinning reserve and grid stability, is the redox flow battery (RFB). One such system is the 200 kW/400 kWh vanadium RFB installed in the energy station at Martigny, Switzerland. This RFB utilises the excess energy from renewable generation to support the energy security of the local community, charge electric vehicle batteries, or to provide the power required to an alkaline electrolyser to produce hydrogen as a fuel for use in fuel cell vehicles. In this article, this vanadium RFB is fully characterised in terms of the system and electrochemical energy efficiency, with the focus being placed on areas of internal energy consumption from the regulatory systems and energy losses from self-discharge/side reactions.

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33

Aramendia, Iñigo, Unai Fernandez-Gamiz, Adrian Martinez-San-Vicente, Ekaitz Zulueta, and Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede. "Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Review Oriented to Fluid-Dynamic Optimization." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010176.

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Large-scale energy storage systems (ESS) are nowadays growing in popularity due to the increase in the energy production by renewable energy sources, which in general have a random intermittent nature. Currently, several redox flow batteries have been presented as an alternative of the classical ESS; the scalability, design flexibility and long life cycle of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) have made it to stand out. In a VRFB cell, which consists of two electrodes and an ion exchange membrane, the electrolyte flows through the electrodes where the electrochemical reactions take place. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are a very powerful tool to develop feasible numerical models to enhance the performance and lifetime of VRFBs. This review aims to present and discuss the numerical models developed in this field and, particularly, to analyze different types of flow fields and patterns that can be found in the literature. The numerical studies presented in this review are a helpful tool to evaluate several key parameters important to optimize the energy systems based on redox flow technologies.

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34

Wang, Yi-Hung, I.-Ming Hung, and Cheng-Yeou Wu. "V2O5-Activated Graphite Felt with Enhanced Activity for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Catalysts 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11070800.

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In this study, a simple and environment-friendly method of preparing activated graphite felt (GF) for a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) by depositing the vanadium precursor on the GF surface and calcining vanadium oxide was explored. The intermediate material, VO2, generated carbon oxidation during the calcination. In contrast to the normal etching method, this method was simple and without a pickling process. On the surface of the activated GF, multiple pores and increased roughness were noted after the calcination temperature and surface area of the activated GF reached 350 °C to 400 °C and 17.11 m2/g, respectively. Additionally, the polarization of the activated GF decreased with resistance to the charge transfer at 0.27 Ω. After a single-cell test at current density of 150 mA/cm2 was performed, the capacity utilization and the capacity retention after 50 cycles reached 70% and 84%, respectively. These results indicated the potential use of activated GF as an VRFB electrode.

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35

Agar, Ertan, C. R. Dennison, K. W. Knehr, and E. C. Kumbur. "Identification of performance limiting electrode using asymmetric cell configuration in vanadium redox flow batteries." Journal of Power Sources 225 (March 2013): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.016.

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36

Ma, Xiangkun, Huamin Zhang, and Feng Xing. "A three-dimensional model for negative half cell of the vanadium redox flow battery." Electrochimica Acta 58 (December 2011): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.09.042.

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37

Rajarathnam, Gobinath P., Max E. Easton, Martin Schneider, Anthony F. Masters, Thomas Maschmeyer, and Anthony M. Vassallo. "The influence of ionic liquid additives on zinc half-cell electrochemical performance in zinc/bromine flow batteries." RSC Advances 6, no. 33 (2016): 27788–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03566c.

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Six ionic liquids were assessed for their suitability as alternative bromine-sequestering agents (BSAs) in zinc/bromine redox flow batteries (Zn/Br RFBs)viacomparison against conventional BSA, 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide ([C₂MPyrr]Br).

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38

Murcia-López, Sebastián, Monalisa Chakraborty, Nina M. Carretero, Cristina Flox, Joan Ramón Morante, and Teresa Andreu. "Adaptation of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 photovoltaics for full unbiased photocharge of integrated solar vanadium redox flow batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 3 (2020): 1135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00949c.

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39

Friedl, Jochen, Felix L. Pfanschilling, Matthäa V. Holland-Cunz, Robert Fleck, Barbara Schricker, Holger Wolfschmidt, and Ulrich Stimming. "A polyoxometalate redox flow battery: functionality and upscale." Clean Energy 3, no. 4 (August 15, 2019): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkz019.

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Abstract While redox flow batteries carry a large potential for electricity storage, specifically for regenerative energies, the current technology-prone system—the all-vanadium redox flow battery—exhibits two major disadvantages: low energy and low power densities. Polyoxometalates have the potential to mitigate both effects. In this publication, the operation of a polyoxometalate redox flow battery was demonstrated for the polyoxoanions [SiW12O40]4– (SiW12) in the anolyte and [PV14O42]9– (PV14) in the catholyte. Emphasis was laid on comparing to which extent an upscale from 25 to 1400 cm2 membrane area may impede efficiency and operational parameters. Results demonstrated that the operation of the large cell for close to 3 months did not diminish operation and the stability of polyoxometalates was unaltered.

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Gurieff, Nicholas, Declan Finn Keogh, Mark Baldry, Victoria Timchenko, Donna Green, Ilpo Koskinen, and Chris Menictas. "Mass Transport Optimization for Redox Flow Battery Design." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082801.

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The world is moving to the next phase of the energy transition with high penetrations of renewable energy. Flexible and scalable redox flow battery (RFB) technology is expected to play an important role in ensuring electricity network security and reliability. Innovations continue to enhance their value by reducing parasitic losses and maximizing available energy over broader operating conditions. Simulations of vanadium redox flow battery (VRB/VRFB) cells were conducted using a validated COMSOL Multiphysics model. Cell designs are developed to reduce losses from pump energy while improving the delivery of active species where required. The combination of wedge-shaped cells with static mixers is found to improve performance by reducing differential pressure and concentration overpotential. Higher electrode compression at the outlet optimises material properties through the cell, while the mixer mitigates concentration gradients across the cell. Simulations show a 12% lower pressure drop across the cell and a 2% lower charge voltage for improved energy efficiency. Wedge-shaped cells are shown to offer extended capacity during cycling. The prototype mixers are fabricated using additive manufacturing for further studies. Toroidal battery designs incorporating these innovations at the kW scale are developed through inter-disciplinary collaboration and rendered using computer aided design (CAD).

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Park, Jun-Yong, Deok-Young Sohn, and Yun-Ho Choi. "A Numerical Study on the Flow Characteristics and Flow Uniformity of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Flow Frame." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 8427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238427.

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As the demand for electrical energy increases worldwide, the amounts of harmful gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide released by burning fossil fuel, are continuously increasing. As a result, the interest in renewable energy resources has been growing. However, renewable energies have fluctuating output characteristics according to local conditions such as the natural environment and geographical characteristics, which is a major factor deteriorating output quality. Recently, energy storage systems (ESSs) have been actively studied as a solution to this problem. A redox flow battery (RFB) is a system in which an active material dissolved in an electrolyte is oxidized/reduced to charge/discharge. A RFB mainly consists of an electrolyte tank, which determines the capacity, and a cell stack, which determines the output. As these components can be independently controlled, a RFB provides the advantages of a large capacity and a long lifespan. In this study, a new flow channel was designed to maximize the reaction area and reduce the pump loss to improve RFB performance. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and visualization experiments were used to analyze the internal flow characteristics of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB). Additionally, we used the variability range coefficient and maximum velocity deviation to check if the flow discharged to the electrode was uniform. In the conventional flow frame, the flow discharged to the electrode has a non-uniformity distribution in the left and right, due to the S-shaped path of the inlet channel. In addition, it was confirmed that the outlet area into the electrode was reduced to 50%, resulting in a high pressure drop. To address this problem, we proposed a design that simplified the flow channel, which significantly improved flow uniformity parameters. The maximum velocity deviations for the existing and new flow channels were 11.89% and 54.16%, respectively. In addition, in the entire flow frame for the new flow channel, the pressure drop decreased by 44% as compared with the existing flow channel.

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Gurieff, Nicholas, Victoria Timchenko, and Chris Menictas. "Variable Porous Electrode Compression for Redox Flow Battery Systems." Batteries 4, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040053.

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Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) offer great promise as a safe, cost effective means of storing electrical energy on a large scale and will certainly have a part to play in the global transition to renewable energy. To unlock the full potential of VRFB systems, however, it is necessary to improve their power density. Unconventional stack design shows encouraging possibilities as a means to that end. Presented here is the novel concept of variable porous electrode compression, which simulations have shown to deliver a one third increase in minimum limiting current density together with a lower pressure drop when compared to standard uniform compression cell designs.

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Akter, Md, Yifeng Li, Jie Bao, Maria Skyllas-Kazacos, and Muhammed Rahman. "Optimal Charging of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery with Time-Varying Input Power." Batteries 5, no. 1 (February 10, 2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries5010020.

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The battery energy storage system has become an indispensable part of the current electricity network due to the vast integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). This paper proposes an optimal charging method of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRB)-based energy storage system, which ensures the maximum harvesting of the free energy from RESs by maintaining safe operations of the battery. The VRB has a deep discharging capability, long cycle life, and high energy efficiency with no issues of cell-balancing, which make it suitable for large-scale energy storage systems. The proposed approach determines the appropriate charging current and the optimal electrolyte flow rate based on the available time-varying input power. Moreover, the charging current is bounded by the limiting current, which prevents the gassing side-reactions and protects the VRB from overcharging. The proposed optimal charging method is investigated by simulation studies using MATLAB/Simulink.

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Liu, Si Yu, Ming Fu Yu, Ye Wan, and Hong Sun. "A Three-Dimensional Model for Mass Transfer in Vanadium Redox Flow Battery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.587.

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In this paper, a three-dimension model for the vanadium redox flow battery was established to simulate its mass transfer. The distribution of VO2+and VO2+ in positive electrode area, the distribution of V2+ and V3+ in the negative electrode area, and the influences of flow velocity, temperature and the electrolyte concentration on the mass transfer are analyzed. The results show that the mass fraction of VO2+ and V2+ decrease while those of VO2+and V3+increase along the channel direction; the species concentration under the ridge is lower than that under the flow channel. The flow velocity of electrolyte affects the mass distribution at the entrance of the cell, and hardly affects the electrochemical reaction rate; Increase of the temperature accelerates the electrochemical reaction rate; the electrolyte concentration affects both of the mass distribution and the number of ions. The study has great significance both on the optimization of vanadium redox flow battery and its application.

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Ertugrul, Tugrul Y., Michael C. Daugherty, Jacob R. Houser, Douglas S. Aaron, and Matthew M. Mench. "Computational and Experimental Study of Convection in a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Strip Cell Architecture." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 12, 2020): 4767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184767.

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The impact of convection on electrochemical performance, performance distribution, and local pressure drop is investigated via simple strip cell architecture, a cell with a single straight channel. Various channel depths (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 mm) and flow rates (10–50 mL min−1 cm−2) are employed to induce a wide range of electrolyte velocities within the channel and electrode. Computational flow simulation is utilized to assess velocity and pressure distributions; experimentally measured in situ current distribution is quantified for the cell. Although the total current in the cell is directly proportional to electrolyte velocity in the electrode, there is no correlation detected between electrolyte velocity in the channel and the total current. It is found that the maximum achievable current is limited by diffusion mass transport resistance between the liquid electrolyte and the electrode surfaces at the pore level. Low electrolyte velocity induces large current gradients from inlet to outlet; conversely, high electrolyte velocity exhibits relatively uniform current distribution down the channel. Large current gradients are attributed to local concentration depletion in the electrode since the velocity distribution down the channel is uniform. Shallow channel configurations are observed to successfully compromise between convective flow in the electrode and the overall pressure drop.

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Schweiss, Ruediger, Christian Meiser, and Dana Dan. "Effect of Operating Temperature on Individual Half-Cell Reactions in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Batteries 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries4040055.

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Systematic steady-state measurements were performed in order to investigate the effect of operating temperature on the individual half-cell reactions in all vanadium redox flow cells. Results confirm that the kinetic losses are dominated by the negative half-cell reaction. Steady-state polarization and AC impedance measurements allowed for extraction of kinetic parameters (exchange current densities, activation energy) of the corresponding half-cell reaction.

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Ferrigno, Rosaria, Abraham D. Stroock, Thomas D. Clark, Michael Mayer, and George M. Whitesides. "Membraneless Vanadium Redox Fuel Cell Using Laminar Flow [J. Am. Chem. Soc.2002,124, 12930−12931]." Journal of the American Chemical Society 125, no. 7 (February 2003): 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja025124l.

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Al-Yasiri, Mohammed, and Jonghyun Park. "A novel cell design of vanadium redox flow batteries for enhancing energy and power performance." Applied Energy 222 (July 2018): 530–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.025.

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Liao, Shichao, Jingying Shi, Chunmei Ding, Mingyao Liu, Fengqiang Xiong, Nan Wang, Jian Chen, and Can Li. "Photoelectrochemical regeneration of all vanadium redox species for construction of a solar rechargeable flow cell." Journal of Energy Chemistry 27, no. 1 (January 2018): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.04.005.

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Robarts, L., and K. S. V. Santhanam. "Interfacial Electron Transfer Involving Vanadium and Graphene Quantum Dots for Redox Flow Battery." MRS Advances 3, no. 22 (2018): 1221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.153.

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ABSTRACTAmong energy storage devices, the redox flow batteries are important for variety of applications such as for grid storage. In this class of batteries a large number of redox couples have been examined in the past. The vanadium redox couple, although is attractive for this application, suffers from a) poor charge transfer characteristics b) electrode degradation and c) deteriorating performance. We wish to report here that all these deficiencies have been overcome by using a graphene quantum dot electrodes. This electrode has the advantage of large surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity. The cell voltage of 1.5 V and power density of about 120 mW/cm2 and coulombic efficiency of 90% can be achieved as the redox couples, V(IV)/V(V) and V(III)/V(II) undergo fast electron transfer at the interface of the quantum dots and solution resulting in higher reversibility. The cyclic voltammetric experiments carried out with quantum dots in the solutions during the oxidation of V(IV) show enhanced currents, due to the movements of the dots which is conducive for power gain in the battery operation. The electrochemical degradation is absent with the quantum dot electrode. The charge/discharge cycles have been reproducible.

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