Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Values and energy'
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de, Groot Jiska Reinarda. "Attitudes towards marine energy : understanding the values." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3470.
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Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) in the form of wave, tidal and offshore wind has emerged as a potentially major component of strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and combat climate change. One factor influencing the implementation of MRE technologies is acceptance by people living near developments. This study investigated (i) attitudes towards MRE in small island communities as likely host communities for MRE developments; (ii) the underlying factors and values shaping these attitudes; (iii) how communities viewed MRE with regard to their place attachments; (iv) the inclusion of communities attitudes into MRE decision-making; and (v) contributions to policy and practice of MRE development. Data were collected using a mixed-methods approach, employing questionnaire surveys and interviews in three case study communities: 1) the Orkney Islands in Scotland which have considerable experience with MRE; 2) the Shetland Islands, also a Scottish community but with somewhat less experience; and 3) the Isles of Scilly, an English community with limited MRE experience. These study sites provided an opportunity to examine attitudes towards MRE in areas with different levels of MRE experience and differing government administrations and consenting procedures, thus offering novel insights into how local contexts shape attitudes towards MRE. The theoretical position adopted was place attachment, and the study made steps towards understanding how place attachment processes operate when people evaluate MRE development locally. Processes of place attachment were found to be based on a continuous flow of interactions between people and places based on an evaluation of what happens in specific local contexts and how these are valued against sets of local priorities and preferences. The study found generally positive attitudes towards MRE, and identified local context, place-based values and the perceived effects of MRE as dominant in shaping support. The study thus found two important contributors that shaped attitudes: (i) local references and influences through which people observed issues, including socio-historical references, relational factors, and pragmatic factors, and (ii) local values, through which MRE was evaluated, which were established by residents based on evaluations of local characteristics, and how they related to strategies to maintain the long-term community continuity, and whether they were considered to be a threat, and therefore, a priority for continuity or for change. Based on these factors, a heuristic model was developed to visualise how attitudes towards MRE developed based on local contexts. Although complex interplays of local factors were observed, support for MRE development was largely based on its perceived local socio-economic benefits and perceptions of minimal environmental disruption. To incorporate local attitudes into decision-making, a place-based approach instead of a technology-based approach was advocated in which community priorities becomes the first focal point of siting processes. This approach is based both on the identified importance of local context for engaging the community and on ensuring appropriate siting based on engagement processes in which communities are appropriately represented and processes are tailored to local circumstances. An added important benefit from such an approach is that it allows for the inclusion of local knowledge and expertise in MRE siting.
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Banks, Nick. "Cultural values and the adoption of energy efficient technologies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322972.
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Nicol, Nicola T. "Apparent metabolisable energy values of wheat in chick diets." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287163.
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Davies, Isobel R. "The food energy values of unavailable carbohydrate assessed in the rat." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236345.
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Weil, Benjamin S. "Renewable energy in California : Changing policies, politics and values, 1975-2005 /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2009. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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West, Skyler. "Optimizing Methods to Determine Metabolizable Energy Values of Feed Ingredients for Broilers." Thesis, University of Arkansas, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13420189.
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Determination of metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) digestibility values of single feed indigents continues to be two of the most important aspects for successful least-cost poultry feed formulation. It would be advantageous if a common diet type could be utilized to determine both ME and AA digestibility values of feed ingredients within a single assay. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of basal diet type and excreta collection method on the ME value of single feed ingredients determined in broiler chicks using the regression method. In experiment 1, the objective was to investigate the influence of semi-purified (SP) and corn-soybean meal (CSBM) based diet types on the nitrogen-corrected ME (MEn) of dextrose when determined by regression and to compare MEn values using the index and total excreta collection (TC) methods. The dextrose-associated caloric intake was regressed against the amount of dextrose intake to generate linear regression equations with slopes corresponding to the MEn value of dextrose within each basal type. The resulting dextrose ME n values determined using SP basal diets (3,502 and 3,553 kcal/kg) were similar (P > 0.05) to those determined using CSBM basal diets (3,839 and 3,588 kcal/kg) for index and TC procedures. In experiment 2, the influence of basal diet type on the ME and MEn values of an expeller-extruded soybean meal (EE-SBM) generated in broiler chicks using the regression method were evaluated. Linear regressions of EE-SBM associated MEn intake in kcal against EE-SBM intake in kg resulted in similar (P > 0.05) MEn values for SP (2,542 kcal/kg) and for CSBM (2,575 kcal/kg) diets. These results indicate that both total collection and index procedures may be reliably used to characterize the MEn content of feed ingredients, and that similar estimates of ingredient MEn can be determined in SP and CSBM diets, potentially allowing for simultaneous determination of ME and AA digestibility in a single study.
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Balkan, Deniz. "Exploiting short-lived values for performance and energy efficiency in high performance microprocessors." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
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Calnan, Joshua. "DETERMINATION OF EXPLOSIVE ENERGY PARTITION VALUES IN ROCK BLASTING THROUGH SMALL-SCALE TESTING." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/24.
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Blasting is a critical part of most mining operations. The primary function of blasting is to fragment and move rock. For decades, attempts have been made at increasing the efficiency of blasting to reduce costs and increase production. Most of these attempts involve trial and error techniques that focus on changing a single output. These techniques are costly and time consuming and it has been shown that as one output is optimized other outputs move away from their optimum level. To truly optimize a blasting program, the transfer of explosive energy into individual components must be quantified. Explosive energy is broken down into five primary components: rock fragmentation, heave, ground vibration, air blast, and heat. Fragmentation and heave are considered beneficial components while the remaining are considered waste. Past energy partitioning research has been able to account for less than 30% of a blast’s total explosive energy.
The purpose of this dissertation was to account for a greater percentage of the explosive energy available during a blast. These values were determined using measurement techniques not previously applied to energy partitioning research. Four small-scale test series were completed, each designed to isolate individual energy components. Specific energy components measured include borehole chambering, elastic deformation (ground vibration), translational and rotational kinetic energy (heave), and air overpressure (air blast).
This research was able to account for 73% of the total explosive energy. Borehole chambering (13%), rotational kinetic energy (25%), translational kinetic energy (5%), and air overpressure (28%) were determined to be the largest components. Prior research efforts have largely ignored rotational kinetic energy and have only been able to offer predictions for the values of borehole chambering and air overpressure energies.
This dissertation accounted for a significantly higher percentage of total available explosive energy than previous research efforts using novel measurement techniques. It was shown that borehole chambering, heave, and air blast are the largest energy components in a blast. In addition to quantifying specific energy partitions, a basic goal programming objective function was proposed, incorporating explosive energy partitioning and blasting parameters into a framework that can be used for future energy optimization.
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Radmehr, Mehrshad. "Estimating economic values for a sustainable energy supply : a case study in Northern Cyprus." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2949.
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Stated preference techniques are widely used to evaluate an individual’s preferences in the context of environmental economics. The aim of this thesis is to explore the use of different stated preference methods to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for micro-generation solar systems. The case study setting is North Cyprus. Households’ preferences and choices for generating electricity on their premises were assessed using contingent valuation (CV) and choice experiments (CEs). CV was employed to estimate individuals’ WTP for micro-generation solar technology, and also willingness to accept (WTA) compensation for loss of amenity and feed-in tariff. The data comprised a survey of 369 individuals through the face-to-face interviews. The survey was split between two separate CV experiments, one using open-ended questions, and the other in the double-bounded format. A Becker-DeGroot-Marschak (BDM) incentive compatible experimental approach was adopted with a cheap-talk to reduce strategic behaviour and hypothetical biases. Additionally, a CE survey of 205 respondents was carried out to evaluate the attributes that influence respondents’ choices in the adoption of micro-generation solar panels. The attributes comprised a government subsidy, feed-in tariff, investment cost, energy savings, and the space required for installation. Respondents were asked to choose their most preferred alternative from two hypothetical scenarios of attributes and the status quo (do nothing). One of the important findings of this thesis is the significance of the suggested experimental approach, which enabled the convergence of WTA/WTP values. The contribution of this thesis relies on the use of BDM with CV, as well as the CE, to value ii preferences for micro-generation solar panel adoption. This is the first application of the BDM and CE methods to evaluate solar technology in Northern Cyprus.
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Amado, Antonio R. "Capitalization of energy efficient features into home values in the Austin, Texas real estate market." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39848.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 43-46).
Volatile and rising energy prices have made consumers aware of their opportunity costs for energy. Information on the cost-savings of energy efficient features in homes has not been well researched to date and is an option for consumers in the marketplace. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically investigate whether energy efficient features influence the sales price of Austin residential single-family homes. The data for this study comes from the Austin Board of Realtors multiple listing service database. The results should be applicable to other US cities with similar climate. This study examines over 800 single family residences in the Austin, Texas real estate market from 1998-2004. The dataset contains green and non-green rated homes as well as twelve energy features for homes. Log-Linear regression was used to explain the variation of sales price, while factor analysis was used to reduce the number of correlated energy variables into groups of factors. The results of the regression concluded that homes in the Austin metro area with efficient heating ventilation & air conditioning systems and controls sell for 4% more than homes without these features. Pricing of other related energy features commanded a price discount on the home.
(cont.) In conclusion, more efficient heating & ventilation features of new homes in Austin, Texas exert a positive influence on home prices. At least for this market, consumers appear to recognize and pay for this form of expected future energy savings. Key Words: Energy efficiency, energy policy, green homes, green rating, sustainability.
b y Antonio R. Amado.
M.C.P.
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Milić, Vlatko. "Energy Renovation of an Historic Town Using Life Cycle Cost Optimization : An Assessment of Primary Energy Use and CO2 Emissions." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129367.
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Historic buildings, buildings built before 1945, represent a third of the total building stock in Sweden. While implementing energy efficiency measures (EEMs) on historic buildings it is important to consider heritage values. This thesis aims to investigate impacts on primary energy use and CO2 emissions while using life cycle cost (LCC) optimization on historic buildings in three studied cases: reference case with no implemented EEMs (case 1), lowest possible LCC (case 2) and a decrease by 50% in energy use (case 3). As a case study 920 historic buildings divided into twelve typical buildings (6 wood buildings, 1w-6w, and 6 stone buildings, 1s-6s) in the downtown area of Visby, Sweden, are used. Within the scope of the thesis, how to achieve the most profitable EEMs and how the profitability of energy renovation varies between the typical buildings in the studied cases will be analyzed also. An interdisciplinary method is applied in the thesis that considers both heritage values and energy savings. However, the keystone of the thesis is the use of the program Optimal Energy Retrofit Advisory-Mixed Integer Linear Programming (OPERA-MILP), which is a part of the interdisciplinary method. With the use of OPERA-MILP, the cost-optimal energy renovation strategy is obtained for a building. The program takes into account all energy-related investment costs, as well as the investment and operation costs for the heating system, during a set time period. The results show unique packages of EEMs for each of the twelve typical buildings with a potential to lower the total LCC by between 4-11% in the building stock and simultaneously decrease the energy use by more than 50%. The thesis also shows a possible decrease in primary energy use from 24%-57%. The CO2 emissions vary significantly depending on what assumptions are made related to electricity production and biomass use; the results show increases up to 224% in CO2 emissions but also decreases up to 85%. All typical buildings are economically viable to energy renovate. The LCC savings are between 1.4-11.8 SEK with a life cycle set to 50 years for every annually saved kWh, except for case 3 where cost is incurred for every annually saved kWh, 10.0-17.2 SEK, for a number of the typical buildings.Historiska byggnader, byggnader uppförda före 1945, utgör en tredjedel av det totala byggnadsbeståndet i Sverige. Historiska byggnader har ofta kulturhistoriska värden som måste beaktas vid energieffektiviseringar. Detta examensarbete syftar till att undersöka påverkan på primärenergianvändning och CO2-utsläpp genom optimering av livscykelkostnaderna (LCC) för historiska byggnader. Som fallstudie används 920 historiska byggnader i Visbys innerstad, indelade i tolv olika typbyggnader (6 träbyggnader, 1w-6w, och 6 stenbyggnader, 1s-6s). Tre fall undersöks: referensfall utan implementerade energieffektiviseringsåtgärder (fall 1), lägsta möjliga LCC (fall 2) och en minskning av energianvändningen med 50 % (fall 3). Inom examensarbetets kommer även de mest lönsamma energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna tas fram. Examensarbetet kommer också att visa hur lönsamheten för energirenovering varierar mellan de olika typbyggnaderna. Vid utförandet av examensarbetet tillämpas en tvärvetenskaplig metod som beaktar både kulturhistoriska värden och energibesparing. Tyngdpunkten ligger dock på användningen av programmet Optimal Energy Retrofit Advisory-Mixed Integer Linear Programming (OPERA-MILP), som är en del av den tvärvetenskapliga metoden. Med användningen av OPERA-MILP erhålls den kostnadsoptimala energieffektiviseringsstrategin för en byggnad. Programmet beaktar alla energirelaterade investeringskostnader, samt investering- och driftkostnader för värmetillförselsystem, under en bestämd tidsperiod. Resultaten visar unika energieffektiviseringspaket för de olika typbyggnaderna med en potential att sänka totala LCC för byggnadsbeståndet med 4-11 % och samtidigt minska energianvändningen med mer än 50 %. Examensarbetet visar också en möjlig minskning i primärenergianvändning med 24-57 %. CO2-utsläppen varierar mycket beroende på vilka antaganden görs relaterat till elektricitetsproduktion och användning av biomassa; resultaten visar ökningar upp till 224 % i CO2-utsläpp men också minskningar ned till 85 %. Samtliga typbyggnader är ekonomiskt lönsamma att energirenovera med LCC-besparingar på 1,4-11,8 SEK med en livscykel satt till 50 år för varje årligen sparad kWh, förutom i fall 3 då kostnader uppstår för varje årligen sparad kWh med 10,0-17,2 SEK, för ett antal av typbyggnaderna.
Potential and Policies for Energy Efficiency in Swedish Buildings Built Before 1945 (Stage II) - Energy Systems Analysis
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Smith, Darrell Jon. "A values-based wood-fuel landscape evaluation : building a fuzzy logic framework to integrate socio-cultural, ecological, and economic value." Thesis, University of Cumbria, 2014. http://insight.cumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/3191/.
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In meeting the UK Government's national and international renewable energies commitments and their role in UK energy security, decarbonisation of energy use, carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation, the recognition of a potential for considerable scaling up of UK woodland coverage is emphasised. Also, UK forestry has increasingly become realigned with the global sustainability agenda encompassing issues such as native woodlands, the decline of woodland biodiversity, the Government’s quality of life indicators, and ideas of socio-cultural, ecological and economic landscape scale values. Accordingly, socio-cultural interaction with the natural world places structure and components into the landscape, the subsequent combinations of which are characterised by consequent ecological and economic conditions. As a consequence compositional, structural, spatial and temporal differences produce different value outcomes. This thesis explores these value outcomes illustrating the multi-dimensional nature of the relationships that society experience with their surrounding landscape, across a range of case study wood-fuel producing landscapes. The case study landscapes describe traditional silvo-pastoral management, Natura 2000 forest, primarily managed around ideas of ecosystem goods and services, co-operatively and commercially owned sustainable forestry. Differences in value are observed between and within landscapes, value domains and value components. These differences reflect tensions that exist between sustainability and society’s continued use of natural resources. Consequently value articulates the nature of relationships between and within multiple value components, characterised by competing socio-cultural, ecological, economic interests. Thus value, as a concept, is built through an understanding of the connected, embedded nature of society’s relationship with the natural world. Using a novel fuzzy logic modelling based approach to valuation, the consequences of land-use choices and the associated changes across socio-cultural, ecological and economic value domains are made visible. Understanding the complex nature of these interrelated and interdependent relationships can inform the political and institutional decision making and policy setting process. In this manner knowledge of interaction, interdependence and the reality of trade-offs, consistent with systems describe by finitude, can support and facilitate deliberative discourse. Where the true nature of value is considered an emergent property expressed through an appreciation of the value components and the outcomes of their relationships. Thus value is fundamentally a comparative property and not the outcome of an accumulative argument.
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Necefer, Len Edward. "Development of a Decision Aid for Energy Resource Management for the Navajo Nation Incorporating Environmental Cultural Values." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2016. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/695.
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Decision-making surrounding pathways of future energy resource management are complexity and requires balancing tradeoffs of multiple environmental, social, economic, and technical outcomes. Technical decision aid can provide a framework for informed decision making, allowing individuals to better understand the tradeoff between resources, technology, energy services, and prices. While technical decision aid have made significant advances in evaluating these quantitative aspects of energy planning and performance, they have not been designed to incorporate human factors, such as preferences and behavior that are informed by cultural values. Incorporating cultural values into decision tools can provide not only an improved decision framework for the Navajo Nation, but also generate new insights on how these perspective can improve decision making on energy resources. Ensuring these aids are a cultural fit for each context has the potential to increase trust and promote understanding of the tradeoffs involved in energy resource management. In this dissertation I present the development of a technical tool that explicitly addresses cultural and spiritual values and experimentally assesses their influence on the preferences and decision making of Navajo citizens. Chapter 2 describes the results of a public elicitation effort to gather information about stakeholder views and concerns related to energy development in the Navajo Nation in order to develop a larger sample survey and a decision-support tool that links techno-economic energy models with sociocultural attributes. Chapter 3 details the methods of developing the energy decision aid and its underlying assumptions for alternative energy projects and their impacts. This tool also provides an alternative to economic valuation of cultural impacts based upon an ordinal index tied to environmental impacts. Chapter 4 details the the influence of various cultural, environmental, and economic outcome information provided through the developed decision aid on beliefs and preferences related to the type and scale of energy development, trust of decision makers, and larger concern for environmental protection. Finally, chapter 5 presents concluding thoughts future research and on how technical-social decision tools can provide a means ensuring effective decision making on the Navajo Nation and other American Indian communities.
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Igwe, Obinna E. "Cable Sizing and Its Effect on Thermal and Ampacity Values in Underground Power Distribution." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/87.
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Over the past decade, underground power distribution has become increasingly popular due to its reliability, safety, aesthetic characteristics, as well as the ever increasing focus on the environmental impacts of the various stages of power generation and distribution. With the technological advances in this area, the process of running these cables have become more economical and efficient.
This thesis explores the practice of grouping multiple three phase cables in a common conduit, using the duct bank process, and analyzes the thermal and ampacity consequences on the individual lines. This analysis is done in an effort to better define and understand the various limitations of the practice and explore future possibilities in its expansion.
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Fobissie, Blese Elsie. "The Effects of Environmental Values and Political Ideology on Public Support for Renewable Energy Policy in Ottawa, Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37960.
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The Ontario provincial government faces the challenge of getting public support in the implementation of its RE policy. This thesis aims at investigating the effects of environmental values and political ideology on public support for renewable energy policy in Ottawa, Canada. Data was collected through open-ended interviews with fifty respondents in and around Ottawa, transcribed, coded and analysed using the NVivo software. Results indicate that environmental values and political ideology affect public support for renewable energy policy, but economic factors also play a role. The provincial government can think of ways to reduce the cost of electricity, invest on education and the creation of awareness on the benefits of renewable energy and the different initiatives that are offered by the RE policy to increase public support. Public ownership of RE projects and more democratic policy-making could also increase public support.
Le gouvernement provincial de l'Ontario fait face au défi d'obtenir le soutien public dans la mise en œuvre de sa politique d'ER. Cette thèse vise à étudier les effets des valeurs environnementales et de l'idéologie politique sur le soutien public à la politique sur l'énergie renouvelable à Ottawa, au Canada. Les données ont été recueillies par les entrevues ouvertes avec une cinquantaine de répondants à Ottawa et dans les environs. Ils ont été transcrits, codées et analysées à l'aide du logiciel NVivo. Les résultats indiquent que les valeurs environnementales et l'idéologie politique affectent le soutien public à la politique d'énergie renouvelable, mais les facteurs économiques jouent également un rôle. Le gouvernement provincial peut réfléchir à des moyens de réduire le coût de l'électricité, investir dans l'éducation et sensibiliser les gens aux avantages de l'ER et aux différentes initiatives offertes par la politique sur l'ER pour accroître le soutien public. La propriété publique de projets d'ER et l'élaboration de politiques plus démocratiques pourrait également accroître le soutien public.
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Rader, Thomas J. "Comparing Estimates of the Capacity Values of Photovoltaic Solar Power Plants Using Hourly and Sub-hourly Data." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1353966527.
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Littleford, Clare. "Energy use by individual office workers : psychological and contextual influences on behaviour." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13554.
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Research into energy demand in office buildings has tended to focus on building fabric or systems, or the organisation as a whole, rather than the actions or motivations of individual building occupants. This study applies an attitude-behaviour approach used more frequently with household or travel behaviours to energy demand behaviours by individual occupants in office settings. The approach is extended to include contextual factors such as behavioural control, organisational expectations and social influences. Comparisons are drawn between the office and home settings. The study took place in the offices of two local authorities, Nottingham City Council and Nottinghamshire County Council, and included a questionnaire survey (n=819), semi-structured interviews (n=9), and building surveys (n=5). Behaviours examined included switching off lights, computers and computer monitors. Lighting behaviours were reported to be carried out more frequently than computer monitor behaviours in both the office and household settings. Analysis of behaviours identified that they needed to be considered at a specific level, according to the equipment (lighting, computer monitors), setting (office, home), and triggers (finishing a task, leaving a room). The physical context of the behaviour was particularly important. Different levels of individual control over energy affected the performance of behaviours. No evidence was found to support the notion of spillover that enacting one energy demand behaviour might lead to the enactment of further energy demand behaviours, including for similar behaviours performed in different settings (e.g. the office and the home). Organisational, social and psychological/attitudinal influences on individual behaviour were also examined. Structural Equation Modelling examined influences proposed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Values-Beliefs-Norms Theory. Neither theory provided a strong explanation of the collected data. However, support was found for the Perceived Behavioural Control construct, while moral and value-led constructs had a small influence on behaviour. This thesis provides recommendations for practitioners and policy makers seeking to reduce individual-level energy demand in office settings, and for future research into energy use in organisational settings. Recommendations include promoting energy saving as an aspect of professionalism, characterising energy demand behaviours specifically by setting and equipment, and recognising the importance of the social aspects of shared office environments.
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Nipper, Gregory. "Progress and economy: the clash of values over Oregon's Trojan Nuclear Plant." PDXScholar, 2005. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/249.
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From 1976 to 1992 Portland General Electric (PGE) -- a private utility based in Portland, Oregon -- operated the Trojan Nuclear Plant near Rainier, Oregon, on the bank of the Columbia River. Trojan was the first commercial nuclear facility in the Pacific Northwest and was the largest such facility in U.S. history. From its origins, Trojan was the focus of growing conflict over atomic energy facilities and their environmental effects, risks, and costs. This thesis traces the history of Trojan, including the conditions in which PGE decided to build the plant as well as the changing conditions in which the environmental movement in Oregon worked to impact the operation of Trojan and the development of further atomic energy facilities in the region. Two sets of values, largely endemic to the region, came into conflict in the debate over Trojan: one which valued preservation of vital natural systems over all else, and another that elevated technological progress to supreme importance in achieving the ultimate social good. Supporters of Trojan and anti-nuclear activists both viewed misinformation about nuclear power as one of the central problems in the way that Oregon residents viewed nuclear power. Although there were many loyal supporters of Trojan, particularly in Columbia County, there were also a great number who viewed the technology cautiously. While both PGE and nuclear opponents worked diligently to sway public opinion, many activists did so by attempting to uncover and publicize hidden information about the design and operation of Trojan, and the nuclear fuel cycle in general. This included efforts throughout the plant's lifetime to develop opportunities for intervention in administrative proceedings, government hearings, and other arenas which often discourage citizen involvement. Related to the public debate over Trojan were ongoing operational difficulties and changing economic conditions, which contributed to the decision PGE announced in 1993 that Trojan would be permanently shut down. This study is based primarily on coverage from newspapers and periodicals, new and extant oral history interviews, documents from the personal files of activists, as well as various archival materials associated with PGE, activist groups, and government agencies.
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Eriksson, Ida, Lisa Pettersson, and Sofia Stadler. "Why buildings’ energy use differ from expected values : A study of sustainable building with focus on the planned area Östra Sala backe." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201436.
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The municipality of Uppsala together with eight constructors are currently planning a sustainable residential area in Östra Sala backe. The aim of this report is to identify the main factors that are important when calculating the specific energy use in an apartment building. Two previous similar projects, Västra Hamnen in the city of Malmö and Hammarby Sjöstad in the city of Stockholm, are studied and simulations in VIP-energy are performed. Sensitivity analyses concerning the indoor temperature, the efficiency of FTX-systems and the U-values of windows are also executed. The simulations are based on information from the constructors of Östra Sala backe, standard values and mean values from Västra Hamnen and Hammarby Sjöstad. The results show that differences between the estimated and measured values in specific energy use can reach about 50 %, or 25.2 kWh per m2 ATEMP and year, and that the efficiency of the FTX-system is the most important parameter.
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Westreicher, Kristen Edwin [Verfasser], and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Rodehutscord. "Variability of the protein and energy values of European dried distillers´ grains with solubles for ruminants / Edwin Westreicher Kristen. Betreuer: Markus Rodehutscord." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1042502730/34.
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Berg, Fredrik. "Det norska energideklarationssystemets konsekvenser för äldre byggnaders karaktärsbärande värden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Konstvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-211754.
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Roughly 130 000 dwellings have been officially registered since Norway as of summer 2009 passed their bill “Energimerkeforskriften” on energy performance certificates in buildings. The main objective is to decrease the total amount of national energy consumption by producing a methodology of calculation of the integrated energy performance of buildings as well as proposing cost effective measures to lower each building’s energy consumption. As the measures should not contravene nor be incompatible with the intended quality and character of the building, the “Energimerkeforskriften” exempts buildings that due to their historical and cultural values are protected cultural heritage legislation. The current system offers a couple of professional certification alternatives, but when two online semi-automatic methods developed specifically for non-professionals are by far the most used, and since the methods of calculation primarily have focused on modern building materials and construction, the rest of the historical building stock stands literally unprotected by incorrect performance certificates and high-risk energy efficient measures. The objective of this thesis is to identify if the current Norwegian energy certificate system poses a threat to older buildings. It also tries to pinpoint relevant additions in order to minimize those potential risks in a near future by relating potential impact to what is determined as the main character-defining values of a building. The results show that the system clearly has its flaws, mainly regarding the estimation of energy consumption, and that the automatically recommended energy efficient measures would pose a serious potential threat to the historical building stock of Norway if they were to be implemented.Bakgrunden till arbetet är de krav som EU direktivet (2002/91/EF) om byggnaders energiprestanda ställer på upprättande av energideklarationer och energieffektiviserande åtgärdsförslag. Till följd av att direktivet lämnat utrymme för given tillämpningsmetod har Norge utvecklat ett deklarationssystem där gemene hus- och fastighetsägare fått möjlighet att själva genomföra sin energideklaration, något som i andra länder enbart får genomföras av oberoende experter eller företag. Sedan systemet togs i bruk under slutet av 2009 har cirka 130 000 unika energideklarationer genomförts av privatpersoner genom den officiella hemsidan för Energimerke-systemet. Hemsidan tillhandahåller ett energiberäkningsprogram vilket med hjälp av olika tekniska och byggnadsrelaterade uppgifter som registreras av använder genererar en energideklaration. Systemets beräkning av byggnadens energibehov och uppvärmningssystemets verkningsgrad faller sedan samman i ett energimerke som i sin tur är ett krav att ha vid försäljning eller uthyrning av en bostad. Utöver själva beviset rekommenderas även ett antal energieffektiviserande åtgärder. Med ett rådande undantag för kulturhistoriskt skyddade byggnader och ett system som inte är anpassat efter äldre konstruktioner verkar det dock kunna finnas vissa risker med den nuvarande metoden. För att genomföra en första granskning av systemet och dess möjliga konsekvenser för äldre byggnader i Norge har detta arbete därför ställt ett stort statistiskt underlag av tidigare energideklarationer mot utfallet i några fallstudier och simuleringar. Syftet är att ge svar på huruvida energideklarationssystemet utgör ett hot mot äldre byggnaders karaktärsbärande värden eller ej, samt försöka identifiera hur systemet kan förbättras och utvecklas. Ett viktigt moment i att försöka svara på arbetets frågeställningar har utgjorts av ett resonemang vilket lett fram till det sammanvägande begreppet karaktärsbärande värden. Satt i förhållande till energideklarationssystemets åtgärdsförslag och lagrummets egna varsamhetsparagrafer har det kunnat ge en fingervisning om vilka åtgärder som utgör störst risk för äldre byggnader. Resultaten visar att systemet med estimerade energiberäkningar verkar genera felaktiga värden som förvärras ju äldre och enklare byggnaderna respektive registreringarna är. Det är även tydligt att åtgärder med hög risk för byggnaders karaktärsbärande värden ständigt återkommer som förslag samtidigt som systemet ej heller tar hänsyn till kostnadseffektiva aspekter. För att minimera riskerna föreslås att systemets tekniska ramar utvidgas samtidigt som systemets åtgärdsförslag ses över och eventuellt begränsas till att gälla brukarrelaterade råd.
Spara och Bevara
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Ahlin, Nina. "Djuren och naturens värde mot grön energi : En analys av miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar inom vindkraft för prioritering av djur ochnatur jämfört med andra intressen." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-82666.
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Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur Miljökonsekvensbeskrivnings (MKB)dokument på vindkraft prioriterar djur och natur jämfört med andra faktorer, för dennauppsats grön energi. Grön energi i dagens samhälle värdesätts högt då det är steg närmare enhållbar framtid. MKB dokumentens syfte är att lyfta fram konsekvenser som sker till följd aven åtgärd/verksamhet. Men MKB dokument har lång väg att gå då det finns brister iprocessen. Dessa brister beror till viss del på en avsaknad av fungerande teoretiska ramar förMKB utredningar, och dels på hur beställare och författare till MKB dokumenten påverkas avsin omgivning. I uppsatsens fall den rådande kulturen och hur samhällets syn på människansrelation till naturen och djuren är. Resultatet av uppsatsen blev: Djur och natur får ofta ståtillbaka för mänskliga intressen som värderas högre. Exempel på dessa intressen är merförnybar energi, konsekvenser för människor och deras samhälle i form av begränsadframkomst på området. En förändrad landskapsbild. Oljud, skuggtimmar och iskastning.The purpose of this essay is to research how Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)documents for wind power prioritises animals and nature compared to other factors, for thisessay it is green energy. Green energy in today’s society is valued high for a more sustainablefuture. EIA in Sweden has the purpose to show the consequences of an action/operation. ButEIA documents have a long way to go, because there are shortcomings in the process. Theseshortcomings are partly due to the lack of proper theoretical frameworks for EIA, and in partdue to how the authors and those who request an EIA document are affected by their society.In the essays case the dominant culture and society’s view on the relationship between manand nature and the animals there. The result of the essay is: Animals and nature often gets tostand back in the face of human interest, which is valued higher. Examples of interest are,renewable energy, consequences for humans and society in the form of limited access to thearea. A changed landscape picture (ethical value), noises, shadow hours and ice throwingfrom the rotor blades.
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Henz, Jeffersson Rafael. "Utilização da glicerina bruta em rações para frangos de corte." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1528.
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-22Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional value of crude glycerin and performance of birds fed the residue of biodiesel production. In Experiment 1 360 birds aged 10-20 days were used; as 180 birds from 20 to 30 days, and 144 birds from 30 to 40 days distributed in metabolism cages in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replications per experimental unit. The total collection of excreta was done to determine the energy values of the crude glicerin. The inclusion levels of the food in the basal diet were 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%. The AME and AMEn values for stage of 11-20 days ranged from 2723 to 3817 and 2672 to 3666 kcal/kg-1, respectively. In turn, from 21 to 30 days, the AME and AMEn ranged from 3723 to 3982 and 3555 to 3945 kcal/kg-1, respectively. In stage of 31 to 40 days old, the AME and AMEn ranged from 3029 to 4143 and 2975 to 4048 kcal/kg-1 respectively. The values of AMC and AMCn for stage of 11 to 20 days old had a decreasing linear effect, ranging from 87.39 to 62.90 and 84.41 to 61.53%, respectively. In turn from 21 to 30 days, the values of AMC and AMCn had a decreasing linear effect, ranging from 91.70 to 84.30% and 90.80 to 81.40%, respectively. In contrast, from 31 to 40 days, the values of AMC and AMCn had an increasing linear effect, with values ranging from 95.39 to 69.76 and 93.21 to 68.51%, respectively. In Experiment 2 1056 chicks from 1 to 21 days old were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of inclusion of crude glycerin (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%) and eight replicates of 22 birds each. In phase of 1 to 10 days there was a quadratic effect on average feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and viability. With increasing inclusion of crude glycerin in the diet, there was a linear increase in the moisture content of the bed. In phase of 1 to 21 days, there was a quadratic effect on weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and viability, and a linear effect on the moisture content of the bed. The chickens fed diets without inclusion of crude glycerin, after the 11th day of age had a superior performance compared to that continued receiving diets containing crude glycerin, regardless of the level of crude glycerin inclusion. In stage of 1 to 10 days, there was no significant effect on the variables of protein deposition and fat in the carcass. In Experiment 3, 960 chicks from 2 to 42 days old were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of crude glycerin inclusion (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%) and eight replicates of 20 chickens each. At the stage of 21 to 35 days there was a quadratic effect on feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion, and a linearly decreasing effect on viability. At the stage of 21 to 42 days, there was a quadratic effect due to the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and an increasing linear effect on the moisture content of the bed. The yield of thigh behaved linearly positive about inclusion levels, while the yield on the thigh had linear effect. On the other hand the performance of wing and abdominal fat behaved quadratically with increasing dietary level of crude glycerin. The rate of fat deposition and dry matter content of the substrate had a decreasing linear effect, since the rate of protein deposition had an increasing linear effect
Três experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional da glicerina bruta e o desempenho de aves alimentadas com o resíduo da produção de biodiesel. No Experimento 1 foram utilizadas 360 aves com idade de 10 a 20 dias; 180 aves na fase de 20 a 30 dias; e 144 aves na fase de 30 a 40 dias distribuídas em gaiolas de metabolismo, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições por unidade experimental. Para a determinação dos valores energéticos foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. Os níveis de inclusão do alimento na ração referência foram de 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15%. Os valores de EMA e EMAn para a fase de 11 a 20 dias de idade variaram de 2723 a 3817 e de 2672 a 3666 kcal/kg-1 respectivamente. Por sua vez, na fase de 21 a 30 dias os valores de EMA e EMAn variaram de 3723 a 3982 e de 3555 a 3945 kcal/kg-1, respectivamente. Na fase de 31 a 40 dias os valores de EMA e EMAn variaram de 3029 a 4143 e de 2975 a 4048 kcal/kg-1, respectivamente. Os valores de CMA e CMAn para a fase 11 a 20 dias de idade tiveram um efeito linear decrescente, variando de 87,39 a 62,90 e de 84,41 a 61,53% respectivamente. Por sua vez na fase de 21 a 30 dias os valores de CMA e CMAn tiveram um efeito linear decrescente, variando de 91,70 a 84,30 e de 90,80 a 81,40%, respectivamente. Ao contrário, na fase de 31 a 40 dias os valores de CMA e CMAn tiveram um efeito linear crescente, valores estes que variaram de 95,39 a 69,76 e de 93,21 a 68,51%, respectivamente. No Experimento 2 foram utilizados 1056 pintinhos de 1 a 21 dias de idade, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis níveis de inclusão de glicerina bruta (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%) e oito repetições com 22 aves por unidade experimental. Na fase de 1 a 10 dias observou-se um efeito quadrático para o consumo médio de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e viabilidade. Com o aumento da inclusão de glicerina bruta na ração, ocorreu um aumento linear no teor de umidade da cama. Na fase de 1 a 21 dias, observou-se um efeito quadrático sobre o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e viabilidade, e um efeito linear sobre o teor de umidade da cama. As aves que receberam ração sem inclusão de glicerina bruta, após o 11º dia de idade, tiveram um desempenho superior em relação às que continuaram recebendo ração contendo glicerina bruta, independente do nível de inclusão de glicerina bruta. Na fase de 1 a 10 dias, não foi observado efeito significativo sobre as variáveis de deposição de proteína e gordura na carcaça. No Experimento 3 foram utilizados 960 pintinhos de 21 a 42 dias de idade, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com seis níveis de inclusão de glicerina bruta (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%) e oito repetições com 20 aves por unidade experimental. Na fase de 21 a 35 dias observou-se um efeito quadrático sobre o consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar, e de forma linear decrescente sobre a viabilidade. Na fase de 21 a 42 dias, houve efeito quadrático em função do ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, e um efeito linear crescente sobre o teor de umidade da cama. A taxa de rendimento de coxa se comportou de forma linear positiva sobre os níveis de inclusão, enquanto o rendimento de sobrecoxa teve efeito linear decrescente. Por outro lado o rendimento de asa e gordura abdominal se comportaram de forma quadrática com o aumento do nível de inclusão de glicerina bruta. A taxa de deposição de gordura e o teor de matéria seca da carcaça tiveram um efeito linear decrescente, já a taxa de deposição de proteína teve um efeito linear crescente
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Yang, Xi. "Measuring the Effects of Environmental Certification on Residential Property Values - Evidence from Green Condominiums in Portland, U.S." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1113.
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Green building, as an environmentally responsible and resource-efficient product, has emerged in recent decades. Along with the growing interest in green building design and operating practices, a number of green building certification standards and rating systems have been developed by different organizations worldwide. Those rating systems allow government regulators, building professionals, and consumers to embrace green building with confidence. Many recent studies find that LEED and Energy Star certified commercial buildings gain significant rental and sales price premiums and have higher occupancy rates. However, little research has been conducted to measure the market value of certified multi-family residential buildings, for instance, green condominiums. This study investigates the price effects of LEED certification on condominium real estate assets in a local housing market, in this case Portland, Oregon. The overall dataset is developed by combining information from Metro's Regional Land Information System (RLIS) and LEED certifications by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). A hedonic pricing model is employed to measure the effects of certification levels on sales prices. The model results indicate that, compared to non-certified condominiums in Portland, green certified properties have a 5.8 percent sales price premium on average. The result of this study confirms that LEED condominiums exhibit higher sales prices controlling for location- and property-specific factors.
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Fonseca, Felicíssimo Bolívar da. "Atitudes ambientais e energias alternativas: uma explicação pautada em valores." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6926.
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Previous issue date: 2013-04-29Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This research aims at knowing to what extend the environmental attitudes may be predicted in terms of the human values and in relation to the person-environment relationships. More especially it is intended to know how the human values and person- nature relationships explain the pro environmental attitudes that promote the sustainable use of natural resources having as focus the production and consume of energy. In this sense, the theoretical approach highlights themes concerning conventional and alternative energy use, besides of the values constructs, attitudes of preservation and environmental inclusion. Two studies were carried out. The study 1 aimed at knowing how the environmental attitudes were correlated with human values, the attitudes towards the conventional and solar attitudes and the connectivity with environmental inclusion. This study counted on a non probability convenience sample of 307 participants came from the general population (63%) and students from Environmental Technology Course offered by IFMT- Campus Cuiabá - Bela Vista and Forestry Engineering Course given by UFMT, Cuiabá (MT). The subjects ages varied between 18 and 85 years (m =30, 8, sd = 14.43), the majority was female (62%). The participants answered the following research instruments: Environmental attitudes inventory, Environmental Connectivity Scale, Solar Energy Attitudes Scale, Conventional Energy Attitudes Scale, Basic Values Questionnaire, Social Desirability Scale and sociodemographic questions. The results indicated that participants are concerned about the environment; they had positive attitudes towards to sustainable energy sources, besides of revealing the feeling of being included to the natural environment. Concerning the super-personal values, these were positively correlated with preservation attitudes, while the social values did it with those of utilization. The attitudes towards solar energy were positively correlated with the preservation attitudes, but those concerning the conventional energy did it negatively, and finally, consistent with the previous result, the attitudes towards solar energy were positively correlated with environmental connectivity and inclusion. It was observed an opposite pattern towards conventional energy attitudes. The Study 2 aimed at replicating the findings described above. In this sense, this study counted on a non probability convenience sample of 175 participants from the general population of the cities of Cuiabá and Barão de Melgaço. Their ages were between 18 and 92 years (mean = 37.7, sd =14,43), the majority was female (62%). These participants answered the same questionnaires above described. In general, it was observed the same results of Study 1. It was evidenced that the participants of Barão de Melgaço, despite of having the prevalence of daily activities associated to the natural environment, they presented lower propensities to environmental protection and care behaviors when compared to participants from the capital city. In conclusion, the attitudes of environmental preservation, as well as, the environmental connectivity and inclusion may be important to explain attitudes towards solar and conventional energy, in this sense, the human values, especially the super-personal; values had the leading role in this context. It is trust, then, that this thesis represents an important contribution to the literatures of Social Psychology and Environmental Psychology, offering opportunities for considering future researches, mainly, contributing to the public policies in order to ensure environmental education and promote environmentally sustainable behaviors.
Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo geral conhecer em que medida as atitudes ambientais podem ser preditas em função dos valores humanos e da relação pessoa-ambiente. Especificamente, pretende-se conhecer como os valores humanos e a relação dos indivíduos com a natureza explicam atitudes pró-ambientais que promovam a utilização sustentável dos recursos naturais, tendo como focos a produção e o consumo de energia. Neste sentido, organizou-se o marco teórico tratando os temas de uso e conservação de energias convencionais e alternativas, além dos construtos valores, atitudes de preservação e inclusão ambiental. Dois estudos foram realizados. O Estudo 1 objetivou conhecer como as atitudes ambientais se correlacionavam com os valores humanos, as atitudes frente às energias convencional e solar, e a conexão e inclusão ambiental. Contou-se com uma amostra de conveniência (não probabilística) de 307 participantes provenientes da população geral (63%) e estudantes universitários de cursos de Tecnologia em Gestão Ambiental e Engenharia Florestal de Cuiabá (MT). Estes tinham idades variando entre 18 e 85 anos (m = 30,8; dp = 14,43), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (62%), tendo respondido os seguintes instrumentos: Inventário de Atitudes Ambientais, Escala de Conexão Ambiental, Escala de Inclusão Ambiental, Escala de Atitudes frente à Energia Solar, Escala de Atitudes frente à Energia Convencional, Questionário dos Valores Básicos, Escala de Desejabilidade Social e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes se preocupam com o meio ambiente, tendo atitudes positivas frente às fontes de energias sustentáveis, além de se sentirem incluídas ao meio ambiente natural. No caso, os valores suprapessoais se correlacionaram positivamente com as atitudes de preservação, enquanto os sociais o fizeram com aquelas de utilização; as atitudes frente à energia solar se correlacionaram positivamente com as de preservação, porém aquelas frente à energia convencional o fizeram negativamente; e, finalmente, coerente com o resultado anterior, as atitudes frente à energia solar se correlacionaram positivamente com a conexão e inclusão ambiental, tendo sido observado um padrão oposto para as atitudes frente à energia convencional. O Estudo 2 objetivou replicar os achados anteriormente descritos. Neste sentido, contou-se com amostra de conveniência (não probabilística) de 175 participantes da população geral dos municípios de Cuiabá e Barão de Melgaço, os quais tinham com idades entre 18 e 92 anos (m = 37,7; dp = 14,43), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (62%). Tais participantes responderam os mesmos questionários anteriormente descritos. Em termos gerais, observaram-se os mesmos resultados do Estudo 1. Destaca-se, entretanto, que os participantes de Barão de Melgaço, apesar do predomínio de atividades diárias relacionadas com o meio ambiente natural, apresentam propensões menores para comportamentos de proteção e cuidado ambiental em comparação com aqueles de Cuiabá. Concluiu-se que as atitudes ambientais de preservação, assim como a conexão e inclusão ambiental, podem ser importantes para explicar as atitudes frente à energia solar e convencional, cabendo aos valores humanos, sobretudo os suprapessoais, papel de destaque neste contexto. Confia-se, portanto, que a presente tese represente contribuição importante para a literatura da psicologia social e ambiental, oferecendo oportunidade para pensar pesquisas futuras e, principalmente, contribuir com políticas públicas com o fim de assegurar a educação ambiental e promover condutas ambientalmente sustentáveis.
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Iselsson, Albert. "ATT FÖRSTÅ EMPATISK OMVÅRDNAD : En allmän litteraturöversikt ur ett sjuksköterskestudentperspektiv." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-42964.
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Bakgrund: Empatisk omvårdnad (EO) är grundpelaren i sjuksköterskans yrkesroll och angerhur omvårdnaden ges, genom att känna medlidande, vara närvarande, äkta och vilja innerligtväl. EO är en förutsättning för att kunna ge god vård och utgör samtidigt en källa till kraft närsjuksköterskan upplever mening och tillfredsställelse av att bidra till medmänniskorsvälmående. EO utmanas av dagens ofta snabbt föränderliga och resultatorienteradevårdmiljöer och sjuksköterskestudenters exponering till dessa vårdmiljöer kan bli påfrestandenär verkligheten inte alltid avspeglar de egna värderingarna. En undran som uppstår är hursjuksköterskestudenter bättre kan förberedas på det kommande yrkeslivet. Syfte: Beskrivasjuksköterskestudenters erfarenheter av EO. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt med kvalitativansats. Resultatet från 13 vetenskapliga studier beskrevs i fyra teman. Resultat:Sjuksköterskestudenterna visade på god förståelse kring medlidandets betydelse föromvårdnad. EO uppfattades vara tidskrävande men väldigt givande för vårdaren. Även smågester kan förmedla medlidande. Överlag goda erfarenheter från praktikförlagd utbildning gavsjuksköterskestudenterna större förståelse för patienter och deras behov och stärkte viljan atthjälpa dem. Handledningen under utbildningen ansågs vara viktig. Slutsats: Utvecklingen avempatiska förmågan stöds av välstrukturerad introduktion till vårdmiljöer, kompetenta ochengagerade handledare, erfarna sjuksköterskor som förebilder samt mentorers ochmedarbetares stöd.Background: Compassionate care (CC) is the cornerstone of the nurse's professional role andstates how nursing is given, by feeling compassion, being present, genuine and willingly well.CC is a prerequisite for providing good care and at the same time constitutes a source of energywhen the nurse experiences meaning and satisfaction from contributing to the well-being offellow human beings. CC is challenged by today's often rapidly changing and result-orientedcare environments and the nursing studens’ exposure to these care environments can becomestressful when reality does not always reflect their own values. A wonder that arises is hownursing students can be better prepared for the upcoming professional life. Purpose: Todescribe nursing students' experiences of CC. Method: General literature review withqualitative approach. The results from 13 scientific studies were described in four themes.Result: The nursing students showed good understanding of the importance of compassionfor nursing. CC was perceived to be time consuming but very rewarding for the carer. Evensmall gestures can convey compassion. Overall, good experience from clinical placementsprovided the nursing students with a greater understanding of patients and their needs andstrengthened their willingness to help them. The guidance during the training was consideredimportant. Conclusion: The development of empathic ability is supported by well-structuredintroduction to care environments, competent and committed supervisors, experienced nursesas role models as well as mentors and employees’ support.
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Brenten, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Investigations on age and breed-associated differences in energy intake, growth rate, body composition, haematological and biochemical values of Labrador Retrievers and Miniature Schnauzers fed different dietary levels of vitamin A / Thomas Brenten." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/111088415X/34.
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Edwall, Bill. "Virtual Power Plant Optimization Utilizing the FCR-N Market : A revenue maximization modelling study based on building components and a Battery Energy Storage System. Based on values from Sweden's first virtual power plant, Väla." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279520.
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Renewable energy resources are projected to claim a larger part of the Swedish power mix in coming years. This could potentially increase frequency fluctuations in the power grid due to the intermittency of renewable power generating resources. These fluctuations can in turn cause issues in the power grid if left unchecked. In order to resolve these issues, countermeasures are employed. One such countermeasure is for private actors to regulate power; in exchange they are financially compensated through reserve markets. The reserve market studied in this thesis is called Frequency Containment Reserve – Normal (FCR-N). Currently hydroelectric power provides almost all regulated power within this market. As the need for power regulation is expected to increase in the coming years, there exists a need to study other technologies capable of power regulation. This thesis focuses on one such technology called, virtual power plants. While virtual power plants are operating in other parts of the world, there were no virtual power plants operating in Sweden. As a result, the nature of an optimized virtual power plant and the economic benefits of optimization had not been previously investigated. To answer such questions, this thesis modelled and optimized the revenue of a virtual power plant. The examined virtual power plant consisted of cooling chillers, lighting, ventilation fans and a battery energy storage system. Where varying their total power demand allowed for them to provide power regulation. With the virtual power plant market in Sweden being in its infancy, this thesis serves as a first look into how an optimized virtual power plant using these components could function. To put the economic results of the optimization into context, a comparative model was constructed. The comparative model was based on a semi-static linear model. This is what the thesis’s industry partner Siemens currently uses. For the simulated scenarios, the optimized model generated at least 85% higher net revenues than the semi-static linear model. The increase in revenue holds potential to increase the uptake of virtual power plants on the Swedish market, thus increasing stability in the power grid and easing the transition to renewable energy.Då förnyelsebara energiresurser antas omfatta en större roll av den svenska elproduktionen inom kommande år, så kan detta leda till att frekvensfluktueringar i elnätet ökar. Detta sker på grund av att den oregelbundna elproduktionen från förnyelsebara energiresurser inte matchas med konsumtion. Om dessa fluktueringar inte hanteras kan det i sin tur leda till skadliga störningar inom elnätet. För att motverka detta och således stabilisera elnätet används diverse lösningar. Ett sätt att åstadkomma ökad stabilisering i elnätet är att låta privata aktörer kraftreglera. De privata aktörerna som står för kraftregleringen gör detta i utbyte mot ekonomisk kompensation, genom att delta i reservmarknader. Den reservmarknad som studerades inom detta examensarbete kallas Frequency Containment Reserve – Normal (FCR-N). I nuläget står vattenkraft för nästan all reglerad kraft inom den här marknaden. Men då behovet av kraftreglering antas öka inom kommande år så behövs nya teknologier studeras som kan bistå med kraftregleringen. Den studerade teknologin inom detta examensarbete var ett virtuellt kraftverk. Då inga virtuella kraftverk var i bruk i Sverige då denna uppsats skrevs fanns det osäkerheter kring hur man optimalt styr ett virtuellt kraftverk och de ekonomiska fördelarna som detta skulle kunna leda till. Detta examensarbete modellerade och optimerade ett virtuellt kraftverk ur ett vinstperspektiv. Det virtuella kraftverket var uppbyggt utav kylmaskiner, ljus, ventilationsfläktar och ett batterisystem. Deras kraftkonsumtion styrdes på ett sådant sätt som lätt de bidra till kraftreglering på reservmarknaden. För att kunna analysera de ekonomiska resultaten från det optimerade virtuella kraftverket, så byggdes en jämförelsemodell. Denna jämförelsemodell är baserad på en semistatisk linjär modell, vilket är det som examensarbetets industripartner Siemens använder. Den ekonomiska jämförelsens resultat påvisade att inkomsten från den optimerade modellen var minst 85% högre än den semistatiskt linjära modellen, inom de studerade scenarierna. Denna inkomstökning skulle potentiellt kunna öka användningen av virtuella kraftverk på den svenska reservmarknaden vilket i sin tur skulle medföra högre stabilitet på elnätet. Genom att öka stabiliteten på elnätet kan således förnyelsebara energiresurser i sin tur lättare implementeras.
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NASCIMENTO, Cristina Lúcia Michaello Macêdo do. "Valor nutricional e energético do farelo de algodão de alta energia ® em rações para suínos." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6726.
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Digestibility assay was lead with the objective to determine the nutritional value and the effects of the levels of inclusion of the high-energy cottonseed meal ® for pigs in growing phase. Fifteen crossbred barrows with mean live weight from 30,35 kg were used. The experiment had five days of adaptation period and five days for sampling of feces. The experiment was in a randomized block design, with three treatments and four replicates; the experimental unit was represented by metabolic cage with one animal. The nutritional value was determinate using the methodology of total excrete collection with ferric oxide (2%) in the diet to mark the beginning and the end of the collection period. The experimental treatments were: T1= diet reference the base of corn and soy (RR); T2= RR containing 20% of the cottonseed meal; T3= RR containing of 30% of cottonseed meal. The values of digestibility coefficients of dry matter (CDMS), crude protein (DCPB), ether extract (CDEE), gross energy (CDEB), and values of digestible dry matter (MSD), digestible crude protein (PBD), digestible ether extract (EED), and digestible energy (ED) were: T2; 78,70; 84,58; 53,97; 41,99;73,00; 21,65; and 3,38; 1.971,37 (Kcal/kg), and T3; 69,99; 81,84; 72,41; 53,06; 64,92;20,95; 4,54; and 2.490,49 (Kcal/kg), respectively. No difference (P<0,05) were detected among treatments for values of CDEE, CDEB, EED and ED. However, the inclusion level of cottonseed meal affected the digestibility coefficients of energy, ether extract, digestible energy, and digestible ether extract. These results indicated that the level of thirty percent is more appropriate for estimating the energy digestibility whit value of the 2.490,49 Kcal/kg.
Um ensaio de digestibilidade foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional e o efeito do nível de inclusão do farelo de algodão na digestibilidade do mesmo em suínos na fase de crescimento. Foram utilizados 15 animais machos castrados de uma linhagem comercial com peso vivo médio 30,35 kg, submetidos a um período de dez dias de experimento, sendo cinco dias para adaptação às dietas experimentais e cinco para coleta das fezes. Foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos e quatro repetições. Cada repetição foi considerada uma unidade experimental representada por uma gaiola metabólica com um animal. Utilizou-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas, utilizando-se óxido férrico (2%) na ração como marcador do início e final do período de coleta. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: T1= ração referência à base de milho e farelo de soja (RR); T2= RR com inclusão de 20% do farelo de algodão; T3= RR com inclusão de 30% do farelo de algodão. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), da proteína bruta (CDPB), do extrato etéreo (CDEE), da energia bruta (CDEB) e valores de matéria seca digestível (MSD), proteína bruta digestível (PBD), extrato etéreo digestível (EED) e energia digestível (ED), foram respectivamente:78,70; 84,58; 53,97; 41,99; 73,00; 21,65; e 3,38 %; 1.971,37 (Kcal/kg) para o T2;69,99; 81,84; 72,41; 53,06; 64,92; 20,95; 4,54 % e 2.490,49 (Kcal/kg) para o T3. Para os valores de CDEE, CDEB, EED e ED, observou-se que houve diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. O nível de substituição do farelo de algodão afetou os coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia, extrato etéreo, energia digestível e extrato etéreo digestível. Conclui-se que o nível de trinta por cento é o mais adequado para estimar a digestibilidade da energia com valor de 2.490,49 Kcal/Kg.
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Tena, Frezewd Lemma. "Energy-Efficient Key/Value Store." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-228586.
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Energy conservation is a major concern in todays data centers, which are the 21st century data processing factories, and where large and complex software systems such as distributed data management stores run and serve billions of users. The two main drivers of this major concern are the pollution impact data centers have on the environment due to their waste heat, and the expensive cost data centers incur due to their enormous energy demand. Among the many subsystems of data centers, the storage system is one of the main sources of energy consumption. Among the many types of storage systems, key/value stores happen to be the widely used in the data centers. In this work, I investigate energy saving techniques that enable a consistent hash based key/value store save energy during low activity times, and whenever there is an opportunity to reuse the waste heat of data centers.
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Lassus, Saint-Geniès Géraud de. "La prise en compte des aspects économiques du défi climatique dans le régime juridique international du climat." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010272.
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Résoudre la crise climatique est un défi intrinsèquement économique. Il s'agit d'inventer une nouvelle économie, moins dépendante des énergies fossiles et capable, face à l'attrait de l'immédiat, de défendre suffisamment les intérêts des générations futures. Partant de ce constat, cette étude repose sur l'idée qu'une réponse normative crédible face aux changements climatiques ne peut passer que par un droit qui soit axé sur la promotion de la transition énergétique et qui garantisse une articulation équilibrée entre les préoccupations économiques de court terme et les préoccupations, à plus long terme, liées à la préservation du climat. L'étude de La prise en compte des aspects économiques du défi climatique dans le régime juridique international du climat vise à déterminer l'importance que les membres du système multilatéral de lune contre les changements climatiques accordent à la nécessité de promouvoir la transition énergétique et d'encadrer l'expression des préoccupations économiques nationales dans le cadre de leur coopération. Fondée sur une analyse de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, du Protocole de Kyoto et de leur droit dérivé, cette recherche démontre la portée limitée des outils élaborés pour réformer les modes de développement ainsi que le haut niveau de protection que la norme internationale garantit aux intérêts économiques immédiats des États. Elle démontre également que la coopération climatique multilatérale tend désormais à être marquée par un mouvement de renationalisation des questions relatives à la promotion de la transition énergétique et à l'articulation des valeurs économiques et environnementalesTackling climate change is indisputably an economic challenge. It requires a shift towards a new kind of economy Jess dependent on fossil fuel, and capable to protect the interests of future generations. Given that context, it thus appears essential that international climate policies mainly focus on promoting energy transition and maintaining a balanced approach between short-term economic interests and longer-term benefits associated with mitigating climate change. Based on this assumption, the thesis questions the importance granted by members of the UN climate change regime to the need of setting rules that favor a low-carbon growth model and regulate the pursue of immediate national economic interests. Through a detailed analysis of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol and their law-making process, this study first underlines the limited scope of the international tools (such as market mechanisms) specifically designed by member States to promote a low-carbon economy. It also demonstrates that international climate rules ensure to all member States a high level of protection of their national short-term economic interests. Finally, the thesis shows that UN climate cooperation now tends to be characterized by a movement of renationalization of issues related to the promotion of energy transition and the articulation of economic and environmental values
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Pina, Aline Petean [UNESP]. "Singular value analyses of voltage stability on power system considering wind generation variability." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123670.
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000829840.pdf: 752028 bytes, checksum: 705e35361954fbc4b3820623ecfcc0a8 (MD5)Os sistemas de transmissão em todo o mundo, que foram projetados e construídos para operar, predominantemente, com geração síncrona convencional, como a geração hídrica. Entretanto, agora se faz necessária a integração de energia renovável, tais como a energia eólica e energia solar. Estes geradores de energias renováveis estão localizados em locais ricos em recursos, causando uma injeções de potência em sistemas de transmissão, submetendo-os a indevidos esforços e obrigando-os a operar em novos pontos de operação. Em muitos sistemas de transmissão, a capacidade de integração se aproximou do limite, sendo necessárias atualizações para acomodar uma maior penetração de geração eólica. Os exemplos podem ser vistas na Alemanha, Ontario (Canadá) e Texas. Nestas situações, onde as capacidades do sistema de transmissão estão próximas do limite de operação, é importante para avaliar a estabilidade de tensão, considerando (a) a geração eólica e (b) possível efeito da incerteza na previsão. Neste trabalho, é proposta uma abordagem sistemática para estabilidade de tensão. Com a utilização de um algoritmo de fluxo de potência ótimo e da construção da matriz hessiana, será determinada a relação entre as mudanças nos valores mínimos singulares do sistema Jacobiano e as mudanças na injeção de potência no barramento em tempo real. Esta relação é usada para examinar o efeito da incerteza da previsão de energia eólica na estabilidade de tensão. O método proposto é usado para estudar os efeitos da incerteza sobre a estabilidade de tensão dos sistemas 6-barras, 57-barras e 118-barras do IEEE; do Sistema Sul Brasileiro reduzido e também foi usado um sistema real 600 barras. Os resultados são detalhados nesta tese
Transmission Systems worldwide, that were designed and built to operate with predominantly conventional synchronous generation, are advancing to integrate large amounts of renewable energy generators. These renewable generators are sited at resource-rich locations, causing a geographical shift in power injections into transmission systems, subjecting them to undue stress and making them operate in new states. In many transmission systems, capacities to integrate wind resource are exhausted or are being upgraded to accommodate higher wind generation penetration. Examples may be seen in Germany, Ontario (Canada) and Texas. In these situations, where transmission system capacities have been reached, it is important to assess voltage stability by considering (a) wind generation and (b) possible effect of uncertainty in forecast. In this work, a systematic approach of studying voltage stability is proposed. Using an optimal power flow algorithm, the Hessianmatrix of power balance equations is determined that relates changes in minimum singular values of system Jacobian to changes in bus-wise real power injections. This relationship is used to examine effect of uncertainty of wind power forecast on voltage stability. The proposed method is used to study the effects of uncertainty on system voltage stability of 6-bus, 57-bus and 118-bus IEEE and 45-bus South Brazilian test systems, for the real analyses is used 600-bus and results are reported. Considering the simplification of computation, the proposed method has a clear advantage compared to the conventional Jacobian technique using repeated OPF solutions
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Pina, Aline Petean. "Singular value analyses of voltage stability on power system considering wind generation variability /." Ilha Solteira, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/123670.
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Orientador: Percival Bueno de AraujoCo-orientador: Bala Venkatesh
Banca: Dilson Amancio Alves
Banca: Fábio Bertequini Leão
Banca: Gideon Villar Leandro
Banca: Marcos Amorielle Furini
Resumo: Os sistemas de transmissão em todo o mundo, que foram projetados e construídos para operar, predominantemente, com geração síncrona convencional, como a geração hídrica. Entretanto, agora se faz necessária a integração de energia renovável, tais como a energia eólica e energia solar. Estes geradores de energias renováveis estão localizados em locais ricos em recursos, causando uma injeções de potência em sistemas de transmissão, submetendo-os a indevidos esforços e obrigando-os a operar em novos pontos de operação. Em muitos sistemas de transmissão, a capacidade de integração se aproximou do limite, sendo necessárias atualizações para acomodar uma maior penetração de geração eólica. Os exemplos podem ser vistas na Alemanha, Ontario (Canadá) e Texas. Nestas situações, onde as capacidades do sistema de transmissão estão próximas do limite de operação, é importante para avaliar a estabilidade de tensão, considerando (a) a geração eólica e (b) possível efeito da incerteza na previsão. Neste trabalho, é proposta uma abordagem sistemática para estabilidade de tensão. Com a utilização de um algoritmo de fluxo de potência ótimo e da construção da matriz hessiana, será determinada a relação entre as mudanças nos valores mínimos singulares do sistema Jacobiano e as mudanças na injeção de potência no barramento em tempo real. Esta relação é usada para examinar o efeito da incerteza da previsão de energia eólica na estabilidade de tensão. O método proposto é usado para estudar os efeitos da incerteza sobre a estabilidade de tensão dos sistemas 6-barras, 57-barras e 118-barras do IEEE; do Sistema Sul Brasileiro reduzido e também foi usado um sistema real 600 barras. Os resultados são detalhados nesta tese
Abstract: Transmission Systems worldwide, that were designed and built to operate with predominantly conventional synchronous generation, are advancing to integrate large amounts of renewable energy generators. These renewable generators are sited at resource-rich locations, causing a geographical shift in power injections into transmission systems, subjecting them to undue stress and making them operate in new states. In many transmission systems, capacities to integrate wind resource are exhausted or are being upgraded to accommodate higher wind generation penetration. Examples may be seen in Germany, Ontario (Canada) and Texas. In these situations, where transmission system capacities have been reached, it is important to assess voltage stability by considering (a) wind generation and (b) possible effect of uncertainty in forecast. In this work, a systematic approach of studying voltage stability is proposed. Using an optimal power flow algorithm, the Hessianmatrix of power balance equations is determined that relates changes in minimum singular values of system Jacobian to changes in bus-wise real power injections. This relationship is used to examine effect of uncertainty of wind power forecast on voltage stability. The proposed method is used to study the effects of uncertainty on system voltage stability of 6-bus, 57-bus and 118-bus IEEE and 45-bus South Brazilian test systems, for the real analyses is used 600-bus and results are reported. Considering the simplification of computation, the proposed method has a clear advantage compared to the conventional Jacobian technique using repeated OPF solutions
Doutor
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Mueller, Joshua M. (Joshua Michael) 1982. "Increasing renewable energy system value through storage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98540.
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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2015.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 135-143).
Intermittent renewable energy sources do not always provide power at times of greatest electricity demand or highest prices. To do so reliably, energy storage is likely required. However, no single energy storage technology is dominant when comparing cost intensities of the energy capacity and power capacity of storage. Past research on energy storage technologies has debated the value of storage technologies for different applications, and has compared the cost structures of different storage technologies without finding generalizable results across both locations and technologies. Here, a single performance metric, the benefit / cost ratio (X) of storage value added is analyzed across six locations globally to show that the relative value of storage technologies is largely location invariant. Electricity price dynamics, specifically the frequency and height of price spikes determine the value of storage, while the duration of price spikes determines the relative value of one technology versus another. We find that cost targets can be set for different technologies with ranging energy and power costs of storage.
by Joshua Michael Mueller.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Gowrisankaran, Gautam, Stanley Reynolds, and Mario Samano. "Intermittency and the Value of Renewable Energy." UNIV CHICAGO PRESS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621533.
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A key problem with solar energy is intermittency: solar generators produce only when the sun is shining, adding to social costs and requiring electricity system operators to reoptimize key decisions. We develop a method to quantify the economic value of large-scale renewable energy. We estimate the model for southeastern Arizona. Not accounting for offset carbon dioxide, we find social costs of $138.40 per megawatt hour for 20 percent solar generation, of which unforecastable intermittency accounts for $6.10 and intermittency overall for $46.00. With solar installation costs of $1.52 per watt and carbon dioxide social costs of $39.00 per ton, 20 percent solar would be welfare neutral.
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Joachain, Hélène. "Complementary Currencies and Environmental Sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/256976.
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The overarching question of this dissertation is in what ways complementary currencies (CC) systems can contribute to environmental sustainability from an institutional and ecological economics perspective. More particularly, the research focuses on household energy consumption, as it is an important target for policy makers in the EU. The first three chapters focus on the emerging trend of using CC systems as top-down instruments for environmental sustainability. Our findings relate to developing a taxonomy of these systems, designing new top-down CC systems adapted to the context of energy savings in the household sector, exploring the influence of these new systems on the quality of motivation in the light of Self-Determination Theory and investigating the acceptability and effectiveness of these systems. In the fourth and last chapter of this dissertation, we approach our research question from a bottom-up angle and, using an inductive methodology, we explore how community currencies could act as an organising instrument capable of helping cohousing communities achieve their energy-efficiency potential. Finally, we conclude by highlighting our contributions regarding the structure and important features of these systems, how they can be used in an ecological economics paradigm, and how they can set rules for collective action in an institutional perspective.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Zou, Fan. "Energy Saving Curtain : ENERGY INVENTORY AND CONSERVATION POSSIBILITIES." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Technology and Built Environment, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-398.
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This paper presents the energy saving curtains, in order to make the
consumers be more aware of the energy efficiency of the energy saving
curtains, the paper gave related analysis and conclusions.
The work was performed by using the Parasol Program, developed by Lunds University, Sweden. The Program is used for quantifying the influence of window size, glass type, textile type, wall thermal insulation and sun shading on annual energy use and indoor thermal comfort. The results which are obtained from the calculations are applicable to similar climatic and environment conditions. Calculations were performed to investigate the potential for using sunshade devices to reduce annual energy demand for cooling and heating. Different materials and dimensions of the energy saving
curtain are used as variables in the analysis. The results indicated that for the current climatic conditions and other related factors, the total reduction rate of the annual energy consumption of office used buildings in Stockholm is estimated generally 20% -30% lower comparing to those buildings without energy saving curtain system. That means at least 20% of energy cost can be saved by the energy saving curtain system.
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Novák, Martin. "Value at Risk models for Energy Risk Management." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-71889.
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The main focus of this thesis lies on description of Risk Management in context of Energy Trading. The paper will predominantly discuss Value at Risk and its modifications as a main overall indicator of Energy Risk.
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Khatiwada, Dilip. "Assessing the sustainability of bioethanol production in Nepal." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-25336.
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Access to modern energy services derived from renewable sources is a prerequisite, not only for economic growth, rural development and sustainable development, but also for energy security and climate change mitigation. The least developed countries (LDCs) primarily use traditional biomass and have little access to commercial energy sources. They are more vulnerable to problems relating to energy security, air pollution, and the need for hard-cash currency to import fossil fuels. This thesis evaluates sugarcane-molasses bioethanol, a renewable energy source with the potential to be used as a transport fuel in Nepal. Sustainability aspects of molasses-based ethanol have been analyzed. Two important indicators for sustainability, viz. net energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances have been used to assess the appropriateness of bioethanol in the life cycle assessment (LCA) framework. This thesis has found that the production of bioethanol is energy-efficient in terms of the fossil fuel inputs required to produce it. Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from production and combustion are also lower than those of gasoline. The impacts of important physical and market parameters, such as sugar cane productivity, the use of fertilizers, energy consumption in different processes, and price have been observed in evaluating the sustainability aspects of bioethanol production. The production potential of bioethanol has been assessed. Concerns relating to the fuel vs. food debate, energy security, and air pollution have also been discussed. The thesis concludes that the major sustainability indicators for molasses ethanol in Nepal are in line with the goals of sustainable development. Thus, Nepal could be a good example for other LDCs when favorable governmental policy, institutional set-ups, and developmental cooperation from donor partners are in place to strengthen the development of renewable energy technologies.QC 20101029
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Jiang, Xin. "Risk Analysis of Wind Energy Company Stocks." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för matematik (MA), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98039.
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In this thesis, probability theory and risk analysis are used to determine the riskof wind energy stocks. Three stocks of wind energy companies and three stocksof technology companies are gathered and risks are compared. Three difffferent riskmeasures: variance, value at risk, and conditional value at risk are used in this thesis.Conclusions which has been drawn, are that wind energy company stock risks arenot signifificantly lower than the stocks of other companies. Furthermore, optimalportfolios should include short positions of one or two of the energy companies forthe studied time period and under the difffferent risk measures.
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Čížek, Roman. "Energetická a finanční analýza jednotlivých zdrojů energie pro provoz RD." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81531.
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The aim of the diplom thesis is to evaluate systems of different heat sources from economical, environmental and user aspect for modern low-energy construction and classic house from 80 of the 20century.
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Bushwereb, M. L. "Fats as energy-yielding sources in poultry rations." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378476.
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Moran, Oliver. "Value-Cost Appraisal of Wind Energy Applying Portfolio Analysis." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1864.
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To meet electricity demand, electric utilities develop portfolio strategies for generation, transmission, and distributions systems. Portfolio strategies combine different assets in a portfolio (getting the average returns from the assets) but the risk or in other words the variability of these returns is expected to cancel each other out, since one asset is likely to be up when another is down. Throughout this analysis the energy consumption for the last 40 years is examined from a Levelised Generation Cost (LGC) and portfolio diversity aspect using certain parameters. When monitoring the gas field productions in UK waters the decline in production from the start of the decade can be noticed. Questions have been asked including what will the UK government invest in next? People are often told if they want to receive higher returns from their investment, they should increase the proportion of stocks in their portfolio or change the mix and invest in more aggressive asset/stock combinations. So can the United Kingdom rely on more imports from a perilously volatile market? When the situation is analysed closely and past events are scrutinised, such as when Russia stopped all gas supplies across the Ukraine (which carried about a fifth of the EU's gas needs) and more presently the conflicts in the Middle East which have affected oil prices, the answer is simple. The United Kingdom investing in more imports is akin to telling people to drive 100 miles per hour if they want to get somewhere sooner. While it's possible that they will arrive faster, it also dramatically increases the likelihood that they won't arrive at all. So where does this leave the future of energy consumption in the British Isles? To counteract this problem the government has looked towards wind power, with focus on offshore wind and in June 2011 they announced the largest nuclear programme for a generation with eight new sites having been proposed. The UK however has gained financially from the northern gas fields with calculated CCGTs LCG of £30.31 MWh provideding affordable electricity for its customers during the last decade (Department of Trade and Industry, 2000). With the gas production declining however a move to nuclear with£175.95 LCG seems costly. Onshore wind £28.62 MWh expected return with £40 MWh income generation used and £34.82 Renewables Obligation Certificates (ROCs) shows why developers are constructing wind farms through out the British Isles. The Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) analysis has also shown the overall economical diversity of fuels since 1970 has improved.
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Colley, Zahra J. Lee Yoon Y. "Compaction of switchgrass for value added utilization." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Spring/master's/COLLEY_ZAHRA_56.pdf.
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Falkenström, Erik, and Jacob Halvarsson. "Framtidens boende : Vad som påverkar kundernas val av bostäder." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-31165.
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Bygg- och fastighetssektorn står för närmare 40 procent av Sveriges energianvändning och miljöpåverkan. Därför har större fokus på energieffektiva och miljöcertifierade byggnader ökat det senaste decenniet inom branschen. För att fortsätta utvecklingen framåt kom EU med direktiv för medlemsländerna, där mål sattes för åren 2020 och 2050 gällande energianvändningen.Syftet med arbetet är att ta reda på vilken påverkan olika faktorer har när kunderna gör sina val av bostäder i framtiden. Faktorer som arbetet främst fokuserar på är energi, miljö och utformning.Arbetet bygger till stor del på intervjuer från mäklare samt olika aktörer från byggbran-schen. Mäklarnas syn på vilka faktorer som eftersöks på marknaden ansågs som ett bra tillvägagångsätt eftersom det är de som jobbar med kunderna. Intervjuer gjordes även med aktörer för att jämföra om deras syn överensstämde med mäklarnas.Efterfrågan på energieffektiva och miljöcertifierade bostäder har idag ingen stor inver-kan för kundens val av bostad. Dock tyder det på att medvetenheten och efterfrågan från kunderna kommer öka i framtiden.En viktig del i framtidens bostäder blir även utformningen, att projekt anpassas efter målgrupp och att undersökningar för vilka ytor som skapar värde för kunderna görs. En flexiblare planlösning där kunderna med enkla medel kan påverka utformningen av sina bostäder är en betydande faktor som kommer vara avgörande för framtidens bostäder.
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Drakley, Catherine. "The dietary energy value of wheat for young broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391650.
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Jagtap, Rohan Surendra, and Smruti Smarak Mohanty. "Sustainable Manufacturing: Green Factory : A case study of a tool manufacturing company." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-168688.
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Efficient use of resources and utility is the key to reduce the price of the commodities produced in any industry. This in turn would lead to reduced price of the commodity which is the key to success. Sustainability involves integration of all the three dimensions: environmental, economic and social. Sustainable manufacturing involves the use of sustainable processes and systems to produce better sustainable products. These products will be more attractive, and the industry will know more about the climate impact from their production. Manufacturing companies use a considerable amount of energy in their production processes. One important area to understand the sustainability level at these types of industries is to study this energy use. The present work studies energy use in a large-scale tool manufacturing company in Sweden. Value Stream Mapping method is implemented for the purpose of mapping the energy use in the different operations. To complement this, an energy audit has been conducted, which is a method that include a study and analysis of a facility, indicating possible areas of improvements by reducing energy use and saving energy costs. This presents an opportunity for the company to implement energy efficiency measures, thus generating positive impacts through budget savings. Less energy use is also good for the environment resulting in less greenhouse gas emissions level. This also helps in long-term strategic planning and initiatives to assess the required needs and stabilize energy use for the long run. Social sustainability completes the triad along with environmental and economic sustainability. In this study, the social sustainability is reflected with the company’s relationship with its working professionals by conducting a survey. The sustainable manufacturing potential found in the case study indicates that significant progress can be made in the three sustainability dimensions. Although, the scope of the thesis is limited to a tool manufacturing company, several of the findings could be implemented in other tool companies as well as industries belonging to other sectors.The thesis is a joint report between Linköping and Uppsala University. My thesis teammate has published it before at UU Diva Portal. The URL is: https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?dswid=8179&pid=diva2%3A1449223&c=1&searchType=SIMPLE&language=en&query=sustainable+manufacturing&af=%5B%22dateIssued%3A2020%22%5D&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aq2=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&noOfRows=50&sortOrder=author_sort_asc&sortOrder2=title_sort_asc&onlyFullText=false&sf=undergraduate
Green Factory project, AB Sandvik Coromant
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Bengtsson, Peder. "Increasing the value of household appliances by adding a heat pump system." Licentiate thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörs- och kemivetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-33596.
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Historically, domestic tasks such as preparing food and washing and drying clothes and dishes were done by hand. In a modern home many of these chores are taken care of by machines such as washing machines, dishwashers and tumble dryers. When the first such machines came on the market customers were happy that they worked at all! Today, the costs of electricity and customers’ environmental awareness are high, so features such as low electricity, water and detergent use strongly influence which household machine the customer will buy. One way to achieve lower electricity usage for the tumble dryer and the dishwasher is to add a heat pump system. The function of a heat pump system is to extract heat from a lower temperature source (heat source) and reject it to a higher temperature sink (heat sink) at a higher temperature level. Heat pump systems have been used for a long time in refrigerators and freezers, and that industry has driven the development of small, high quality, low price heat pump components. The low price of good quality heat pump components, along with an increased willingness to pay extra for lower electricity usage and environmental impact, make it possible to introduce heat pump systems in other household products. However, there is a high risk of failure with new features. A number of household manufacturers no longer exist because they introduced poorly implemented new features, which resulted in low quality and product performance. A manufacturer must predict whether the future value of a feature is high enough for the customer chain to pay for it. The challenge for the manufacturer is to develop and produce a high-performance heat pump feature in a household product with high quality, predict future willingness to pay for it, and launch it at the right moment in order to succeed. Tumble dryers with heat pump systems have been on the market since 2000. Paper I reports on the development of a transient simulation model of a commercial heat pump tumble dryer. The measured and simulated results were compared with good similarity. The influence of the size of the compressor and the condenser was investigated using the validated simulation model. The results from the simulation model show that increasing the cylinder volume of the compressor by 50% decreases the drying time by 14% without using more electricity. Paper II is a concept study of adding a heat pump system to a dishwasher in order to decrease the total electricity usage. The dishwasher, dishware and water are heated by the condenser, and the evaporator absorbs the heat from a water tank. The majority of the heat transfer to the evaporator occurs when ice is generated in the water tank. An experimental setup and a transient simulation model of a heat pump dishwasher were developed. The simulation results show a 24% reduction in electricity use compared to a conventional dishwasher heated with an electric element. The simulation model was based on an experimental setup that was not optimised. During the study it became apparent that it is possible to decrease electricity usage even more with the next experimental setup.
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Rosa, Tammy Scarlett Balbina Sales. "POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO DA EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (AGUAPÉ) E DA PISTIA STRATIOTES (ALFACE D’ÁGUA)." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2016. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/188.
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Must of the energy consumption in the world comes from non-renewable sources of energy, the main information occurs in nature in a longer time than their consumption and subject of depletion causing negative impacts in its use. Alternative sources are necessary. The use of biomass as fuel material, is widely used and appears as the main substitute for fossil fuels. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the energy potential of macrófitas Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) existing in the region of Campos Gerais, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. Assessment took place gravimetric design,analysis growth, immediate analysis and determination of the calorific value. The macrophyte water hyacinth and water lettuce showed intermediate energy potential compared biomasses studied today. Immediate analysis did not show satisfactory values when compared to biomass already used. For higher calorific values the average and the productivity of the dry mass values were similar to biomasses already used. The water hyacinth showed characteristic values about water lettuce.
Grande parte do consumo energético do mundo é proveniente de fontes não renováveis de energia, ou seja, sua formação na natureza ocorre em um tempo maior do que o seu consumo, sendo passíveis de esgotamento e causando impactos negativos na sua utilização. Fontes alternativas se fazem necessárias. O uso de biomassa como material combustível é muito utilizado e aparece como principal substituto dos combustíveis fósseis. Portanto este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar potencial energético das macrófitas Eichhornia crassipes (aguapé) e Pistia stratiotes (alface d’água) existentes na região dos Campos Gerais, município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brasil. Para avaliação realizou-se dimensionamento gravimétrico, análise de crescimento, análise imediata e determinação do poder calorífico. As macrófitas aguapé ealface d’água apresentaram potencial energético intermediário quando comparadas as biomassas hoje estudadas. A análise imediata apresentou valores não satisfatórios quando comparados a biomassa já utilizada. Para o poder calorífico superior os valores foram médios e para a produtividade da massa seca os valores foram semelhantes às biomassas já utilizadas.O aguapé mostrou valores característicos superiores a alface d’água.
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Soutar, Iain. "From local to global value : the transformational nature of community energy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/21861.
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The UK energy system has in the past been characterised by the ownership and control of large-scale supply technologies by corporate entities. It has become apparent however that such structures are ill suited to addressing contemporary energy challenges of decarbonisation, energy security and affordability. Moreover, their resistance to change means that the current system is fundamentally inconsistent with the need for energy system change. The advent of affordable renewable energy however, particularly at small-scale, offers new prospects for addressing these energy challenges. In particular, they present an opportunity for greater societal engagement in the energy system, not least as owners and managers of energy assets, but also as stakeholders with interest and influence in the energy system more generally. Within the context of greater citizen engagement in energy, community energy has developed in the UK as an organised means for “collective action to purchase, manage and generate energy” (DECC, 2014b). Such collective action is complimented by progressively broad engagement by individuals in the energy system as investors and prosumers, rather than solely consumers. This thesis responds to a need to better understand the role and value of community energy, and wider societal engagement more generally, within the wider energy system. Taking a mixed-methods approach, this thesis contends that community energy has the potential to have significant impacts at both local and national scales. Social, economic and environmental impacts of a specific community energy project are evidenced to illustrate the breadth and scale of potential impacts at the local level. Broader analysis of the community energy movement, and of ‘small-scale energy’ more generally is suggestive of the potential for such approaches to be transformative in terms of overcoming system inertia. In particular, the energy system is undergoing a process of democratisation, whereby power, wealth and value is gradually distributed among society. A key role for policymakers then is to consider the strategic importance of democratisation.