Academic literature on the topic 'Valuers fondamentales'

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Journal articles on the topic "Valuers fondamentales":

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Miklaszewicz, Przemyslaw, and Marek Safjan. "Horizontal Effect of the General Principles of EU Law in the Sphere of Private Law." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 3 (June 1, 2010): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010037.

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Abstract: This paper examines aspects of the substantive general principles of EU law concerning fundamental rights. The main issue is how fundamental rights and basic treaty freedoms may be invoked in the context of relations between individuals subject to EU law mechanisms. In this respect, direct and indirect horizontal effects of the general principles of EU law are discussed, and their relationship with basic treaty freedoms is taken into account. In particular, two models of resolving conflicts between treaty freedoms and fundamental rights are displayed, namely conflict resolution within the treaty system (Community method) and granting primacy to one of the protected values in the case of a genuine conflict between them. Furthermore, a question is raised whether a fundamental right resulting from specific ‘non-public regulation’, such as the internal rules adopted by football associations, could be effectively opposed to a treaty freedom. Finally, negative effects of the horizontal application of EU general principles are discussed. More specifically, it is argued that the extensive application of the principle of equality in the realm of private law creates a risk of infringing the very core of private autonomy and depriving individuals of the necessary freedom to shape their relations individually and in line with their subjective preferences. Résumé : Le présent article analyse les aspects des principes généraux de droit de l’Union européenne de nature matérielle, notamment ceux qui expriment les droits fondamentaux. La question principale est de savoir comment les droits fondamentaux et les libertés fondamentales consacrées par le traité peuvent être invoqués dans le contexte des relations entre les individus soumis au droit de l’Union européenne. À cet égard, les effets directs et indirects des principes généraux de droit de l’Union européenne sont discutés. En outre, le texte prend note des relations entre lesdits principes et les libertés fondamentales reconnues dans le traité. En particulier, deux modèles de résolution de conflits entre les libertés fondamentales garanties par le traité et les droits fondamentaux sont présentés, notamment la résolution des conflits au sein du système du traité (la méthode communautaire) et la technique qui consiste à accorder la primauté à une des valeurs protégées en conflit. Ensuite, la question est de savoir si un droit fondamental résultant d’une réglementation non publique, telle qu’adoptée par les associations de football, pourrait effectivement être opposé à une liberté fondamentale consacrée par le traité. De plus, les effets négatifs de l’application horizontale des principes généraux de l’Union européenne sont discutés. Plus particulièrement, il est soutenu que l’application extensive du principe d’égalité en droit privé crée un risque d’enfreindre le noyau dur de l’autonomie privée et de priver les particuliers d’une liberté nécessaire pour modeler individuellement leurs relations avec les autres suivant leurs préférences subjectives.
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Lusztig, Michael. "Charter Creep: Creeping Precommitment and the Threat to Liberal Republicanism." Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, no. 3 (September 2010): 689–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000673.

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Abstract. At the heart of constitutionalism lies a fundamental flaw, what Stephen Holmes calls the paradox of democracy. On one hand precommitment—the constitutional entrenchment of certain fundamental rules and values—represents a restriction upon the ability of otherwise self-governing citizens to govern themselves. On the other, absent precommitment, self-governance becomes a precarious proposition. In this article I distinguish between “good” precommitment, whereby values to be protected are generally considered to be more prized than the short-term values that threaten them, and “bad,” precommitment to values in the absence of general and ordinal preferences. Specifically, I examine judicially mandated, creeping precommitment in the context of abortion and free speech rights in Canada.Résumé. Il y a au cœur du constitutionnalisme un défaut fondamental, ce que Stephen Holmes appelle le paradoxe de la démocratie. D'une part, le préengagement (precommitment) – la constitutionnalisation de certaines règles et valeurs morales fondamentales – représente une contrainte limitant la capacité des citoyens autrement autonomes à se gouverner eux-mêmes. D'autre part, sans cet engagement préalable, l'autonomie devient une proposition précaire. Dans cet article, je fais la distinction entre le «bon» préengagement, portant sur des valeurs morales à protéger qui sont généralement considérées comme étant plus précieuses que les valeurs à court terme qui les menacent, et le «mauvais» préengagement, portant sur des valeurs morales non tranchées par des préférences générales et ordinales. J'examinerai spécifiquement le préengagement rampant, judiciairement autorisé, dans le contexte des droits à l'avortement et à la liberté d'expression au Canada.
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Orange, J. B. "Robert H. Binstock, Stephen G. Post and Peter J. Whitehouse (eds.). Dementia and Aging: Ethics, Values and Policy Changes. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 184." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 15, no. 1 (1996): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800013374.

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RÉSUMÉCet ouvrage, rédigépar Binstock, Post et Whitehouse, découle d'une série de colloques tenus aux États-Unis ayant pour thème les questions éthiques, morales, biomédicales, personnelles etpolitiques fondamentales touchant les soins offerts aux personnes atteintes de démence. Les rédacteurs et les auteurs ayant contribué à la publication proviennent de nombreux domaines et professions, notamment des secteurs de l'éthique, du droit, de la médecine, des soins infirmiers, de la philosophie, de la théologie, des sciences politiques, de la psychiatrie et de la psychologie Outre les faits présentés par les divers auteurs de cet ouvrage, le lecteur découvrira d'importantes questions qui l'aideront à saisir davantage certains des principaux points ayant trait aux soins humains offerts aux personnes atteintes de démence.
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Amri, Kais. "Ressorts comiques et valeurs rhétoriques des contributions verbales violentes dans le théâtre moliéresque." Verbum et Lingua, no. 22 (June 30, 2023): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/vel.vi22.217.

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Le discours violent dans le théâtre de Molière se présente comme le résultat des conflits d’ordres variés. L’échange de violences peut être centré sur des rivalités qui opposent des protagonistes qui se disputent les mêmes objets de désir : argent, femme, pouvoir ou idées.[1] Ces mêmes conflits peuvent être aussi la conséquence d’un comportement « excentrique » comme la jalousie, l’avarice, la prétention, le libertinage, l’hypocondrie, etc., qui mènent leurs auteurs à agir d’une façon qui s’oppose aux règles et aux canons du bon sens. Dans les deux cas, les contributions violentes de tels ou tels personnages s’agencent selon un pur travail sur « les ressources du langage » ; un travail qui accorde au discours agressif littéraire des valeurs rhétoriques qui le distinguent du discours violent ordinaire. Dans le cadre d’un théâtre comique, cet arsenal langagier est naturellement mobilisé pour provoquer le rire chez le spectateur ; l’on rit des « parlures » et des caractères grossis, des inconséquences et des incohérences des personnages dépeints de manière intentionnellement exagérée. Toutefois, il existe non-équivalence fondamentale dans l’usage de la violence verbale entre les personnages forts et les personnages faibles. Si les forts usent d’une impolitesse directe et s’affirment à travers la prise en charge de leur discours agressif, les faibles recourent à des stratégies discursives plus prudentes comme la « « fausse politesse » et l’ « hyper-politesse » pour attaquer sans risquer d’être découverts. Ces échanges agressifs servent une sorte de « catharsis comique », qui en mobilisant la violence verbale de part et d’autres, divertissent le spectateur en le poussant à rire sur le compte des personnages jugés comme excentriques. Cela se fait donc dans la bonne intention de ramener ces personnages malades au bon sens et au juste milieu.
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Hammell, Karen R. Whalley. "Client-centred occupational therapy in Canada: Refocusing on core values / Recentrer l’ergothérapie au Canada sur les valeurs fondamentales de la pratique centrée sur le client." Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 80, no. 3 (June 2013): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008417413497906.

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Romano, Floriana, and Oriana Maria Todaro. "Le ragioni del volontariato: dare o ricevere?" PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', no. 1 (September 2010): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psc2010-001014.

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La ricerca esplora le motivazioni che stanno alla base dell'impegno personale in attivitŕ di volontariato e le relazioni tra queste motivazioni, il sistema valoriale e la struttura di personalitŕ. I partecipanti alla ricerca sono 104 volontari che operano in diverse associazioni di volontariato. Gli strumenti utilizzati sono il Voluntary Function Inventory, il Portrait Values Questionnaire, il Big Five Observer. Dai risultati č emerso che le donne fanno volontariato in percentuale maggiore rispetto agli uomini; si rileva una correlazione inversa tra l'etŕ e la funzione utilitaristica orientata alla carriera; soprattutto la funzione sociale č alla base delle azioni di volontariato. Il contesto si č rivelato fondamentale per promuovere l'impegno nel volontariato, al contrario, valori ed aspetti della personalitŕ si sono rilevati non influenti.
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Yrondi, Antoine, Djamila Bennabi, Emmanuel Haffen, Delphine Quelard, Ludovic Samalin, Julia Maruani, Etienne Allauze, et al. "Treatment-Resistant Depression in a Real-World Setting: First Interim Analysis of Characteristics, Healthcare Resource Use, and Utility Values of the FondaMental Cohort." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120962.

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Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is among the most common psychiatric disorders. One-third of patients are usually unresponsive to several lines of treatment. This study aimed to describe the FondaMental French cohort of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and to estimate utility and healthcare resource use outcomes. Methods: Patients with TRD were evaluated prospectively over four years (baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 and 48 months) in a real-world clinical setting. Interim analyses focused on the first two consecutive years. Four MDD-related states (major depressive episode (MDE), response, remission, recovery) were defined based on the MADRS (Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale) and other clinical events. Health status was assessed with the EuroQol 5 Dimensions 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L) questionnaire. Utility values were estimated as preference measures that the patients assigned to their overall health status. Results: This study was based on 252 patients with TRD. The mean utility value by health state was 0.41, 0.63, 0.80, and 0.90, for MDE, response, remission, and recovery, respectively. At baseline, 59% of patients had an MADRS score of at least 28. Their baseline average utility value was lower compared to the other patients (0.43 versus 0.58, p < 0.001). This significant difference persisted at the following visits. The rate of patients in MDEs having at least one hospitalisation for depression or other reasons than depression was generally higher than that in the other health states. Conclusion: This study documented patterns in healthcare resource consumption, quality of life, and other characteristics in patients with TRD, both globally and by health state and depression severity.
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Mathieu-Colas, Michel. "Syntaxe du Trait D'union." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 153–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.19.1.10mat.

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Syntax of the Hyphen: Complex Patterns Among the different values of the hyphen in French (typographical uses, grammatical uses, lexical uses, etc.), this study focuses on a specific set of complex patterns. Three models are developed: a) correlative models, based on the particle mi- (mi-sérieux, mi-plaisant); b) juxtaposed models, particularly the pattern NO N1-N2 (V opposition consonne-voyelles, le vol Paris-Londres), which allows a typological description based on the nature of the introductory term (NO); c) double-compound models (conférence de presse-marathon, ex-homme de gauche), characterized by a form of discrepancy between the morphological pattern and the graphic boundaries (*presse-marathon, *ex-homme). They can combine with the first two models (mi-salle de billard, mi-cabinet de travail; l'interaction recherche fondamentale-recherche appliquée). These patterns are analyzed with a view to an automatic treatment of hyphenated forms.
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GESTRI, MARCO. "MASSIMO IOVANE, La tutela dei valori fondamentali nel diritto internazionale (The Protection of Fundamental Values in International Law), Napoli, Editoriale Scientifica, 2000, pp. 590." Italian Yearbook of International Law Online 10, no. 1 (2000): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221161300x00275.

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Angelini, Valeria. "School as a political agent: the formative and recurring role of schools in society." Form@re - Open Journal per la formazione in rete 23, no. 3 (December 31, 2023): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/form-15082.

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The paper aims to explore the political role of schools and the importance of democratic education in the contemporary context. Education is a crucial factor in shaping future generations for change in societies. School, as a central institution in the educational process, plays a fundamental role in promoting democratic values and providing individuals with the necessary skills to actively participate in political life. It takes a critical and reflective perspective on the political role of schools and the importance of democratic education for the development of more inclusive, balanced and democratic societies. La scuola come agente politico: il ruolo formativo e ricorrente della scuola nella società. Il contributo si propone di esplorare il ruolo politico della scuola e l’importanza dell’educazione democratica nel contesto contemporaneo. L’educazione è un fattore cruciale nella formazione delle future generazioni per il cambiamento delle società. La scuola, come istituzione centrale nel processo educativo, svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel promuovere valori democratici e fornire agli individui le competenze necessarie per partecipare attivamente alla vita politica. Si pone come una prospettiva critica e riflessiva sul ruolo politico della scuola e sull’importanza di un’educazione democratica per lo sviluppo di società più inclusive, equilibrate e democratiche.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Valuers fondamentales":

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Amaritei, Irina. "La fondamentalité dans le droit de l'Union européenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMOND039.

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La fondamentalité est une notion omniprésente dans le droit de l’Union européenne. Sans définition précise, sans fonction claire au sein du système de l’Union, la fondamentalité est sans cesse mobilisée. Compte tenu de cette réalité, la présente thèse se propose de répondre à une problématique étroitement liée au rôle de cette notion de fondamentalité. Cette dernière contribue-t-elle à la structuration du droit de l’Union ? Si la réponse semble une évidence au vu du sens primaire de la fondamentalité, l’utilisation, les adaptations et l’évolution de cette notion – regroupant des valeurs, des droits, des libertés, des principes ou encore des objectifs – mettent en lumière un tableau particulièrement complexe. La fondamentalité ne peut être qu’à l’origine d’une structuration imparfaite du droit de l’Union eu égard à son contenu composite et à son application encadrée. Cependant, le caractère évolutif et adaptable de la notion comble ces imperfections, contribuant à une structuration pragmatique du droit de l’Union. De ce fait, la fondamentalité est à l’origine d’une structure propre à l’Union, caractérisée par la souplesse et par l’évolution
Fundamentality is an ubiquitous notion in the EU’s law. Without an exact definition nor a specific function within the system, fundamentality is nonetheless constantly used. In light of this reality, this thesis attempts to answer a question closely linked to this notion’s role. Has fundamentality the capacity to structure the EU’s law? The answer seems obvious if we consider the primary meaning of this notion. The way fundamentality – including values, rights, freedoms, principles and even purposes – is mobilised, adjusted, and made evolve emphasises a particularly complex picture. In view of its heterogenous meaning and its constrained application, fundamentality can only shape a flawed structure. Be that as it may, this notion’s adaptability and its evolving nature can cover these flaws towards creating a pragmatic structure of the EU’s law. Hence, fundamentality establishes EU’s own structure, marked by flexibility and evolution
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Mattaloni, Cristian. "Il Centro Commerciale nel contesto della Grande Distribuzione Organizzata: analisi fondamentale e Fair Value." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/7451.

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2010/2011
ABSTRACT Il presente studio si sofferma sull’analisi fondamentale delle imprese che usiamo denominare Centri Commerciali e che rientrano nei processi della “Grande Distribuzione Organizzata”. Insieme ad un profilo e ad un inquadramento generale del Centro si metteranno a fuoco i caratteri quali/quantitativi dei fondamentali drivers del valore che caratterizzano il complesso strategico del centro commerciale, vale a dire il suo core business, costruito e posto in azione dagli investitori/fondatori che lo hanno ideato e che hanno pianificato il suo sviluppo. Quanto si dirà da un lato esprimerà una linea guida dei criteri di stima del valore di mercato del complesso strategico del centro commerciale; dall’altro indicherà come l’innegabile forza d’investimento che accompagna la creazione di grandi centri influisca sia sull’assetto delle città, sia sulle loro periferie, sia sull’economia circostante. La straordinaria forza d’investimento immobiliare che presiede all’attivazione dei centri commerciali incide sullo sviluppo micro e macroeconomico dei sistemi sociali e richiama l’esigenza di una rivisitazione del concetto di mercato e di economia di mercato. Invero in termini negoziali occorre considerare l’insieme dei vantaggi e l’insieme degli svantaggi conseguenti alla presenza dei centri commerciali ed alla loro diffusione. Il negoziato economico non può non valutare il rischio del possibile degrado urbanistico delle città, la perdita di valore dei centri storici, il disagio procurato dalla rarefazione dei negozi di vicinato (necessari per gli acquisti da parte di talune fasce sociali), ecc. corrispondenti alla diffusione dei centri commerciali. Ciò significa che la “causa economica” la quale giustifica la legge della domanda e dell’offerta e che è presente quando si debba accettare o respingere l’inserimento di un nuovo centro commerciale deve abbracciare le molte componenti coinvolte configurando un processo che richiede una risposta alla seguente domanda: la scelta di introdurre quel centro commerciale si caratterizza per un’utilità sociale? In una tale prospettiva emerge come l’economia di mercato necessiti di una visione complessiva del sistema dove il concetto di mercato dovrà essere riconsiderato ed esteso. Tale analisi che esula dall’economia del presente lavoro sarà sommariamente evidenziata discutendo del concetto di valore economico totale (VET). L’aspetto segnalato per ultimo va sottolineato. La diffusione dei centri commerciali ed in particolare l'azione della Grande Distribuzione Organizzata influiscono sull'assetto urbano e sociale delle città (negli ultimi anni abbiamo assistito ad una crescita sensibile nel nostro Paese di centri commerciali, supermercati, ipermercati, grandi magazzini, discount, ecc. nel mentre hanno chiuso e stanno ulteriormente riducendosi i piccoli esercizi dei centri cittadini). La prima parte della tesi è strutturata in due sezioni. La prima sezione partendo da un’analisi storica dei primi centri, dalle loro origini sino ai giorni nostri, mette in luce il processo di trasformazione economico, sociale e culturale delle città e degli stili di vita dei consumatori, la qual cosa ha inciso notevolmente sull’economia locale e sulla natura dell’indotto che ruota attorno ai centri commerciali. Nella seconda parte della tesi, divisa in più sezioni, a partire da una descrizione degli investimenti (sia immobiliari che finanziari che immateriali) i quali rappresentano gran parte del valore dei centri commerciali ed alimentano i drivers strategici in termini di creazione di valore e di sviluppo, si conduce un’analisi riferita alle diverse tipologie di centri commerciali. Vengono quindi proposti processi di lettura del contesto aziendale fondati sull’uso della cash flow analysis e del discounted cash flow model. L’analisi fondamentale e di valutazione prosegue tenendo conto del raccordo tra valore dei centri commerciali e costi benefici prodotti nella comunità in cui i centri operano, con ciò determinando l’esigenza che la stima del valore dei centri per quanto riferita al gruppo imprenditoriale coinvolga il contesto economico più vasto in cui i centri sono inseriti. Ancora sia consentita una chiosa finale. La presenza dei centri commerciali influisce o può influire sui corretti processi di acquisizione dei tributi da parte dell’Agenzia delle Entrate. La Finanza Locale, nonostante i nuovi processi di trasferimento delle risorse dallo Stato e di autonomia fiscale, non riesce sempre ad assicurare che i tributi erariali che derivano dai consumatori locali (somme enormi) ricadano e si risolvano a beneficio delle stesse comunità in cui quei redditi si generano, in quanto i versamenti delle imposte sul reddito d’impresa, dell’imposta sul valore aggiunto, ecc., dei grandi gruppi della distribuzione avvengono, nella maggior parte dei casi, dove le società della GDO hanno la sede legale. Le Agenzie preposte alla riscossione delle entrate tributarie nei territori interessati (e quindi le regioni e gli altri enti locali interessati) vedono così riconfigurati (secondo i casi ridotti od aumentati) i loro introiti, non di rado dipendenti dal "riscosso" e non dal “prodotto” in quel territorio. A ciò si associa l’eventualità che gli enti locali si dimostrino interessati ad interventi di "finanza di progetto" la quale implica un nuovo rapporto tra pubblico e privato e chiama in causa interessi sociali ed ambientali dei centri urbani e aspetti di responsabilità e solidarietà sociale delle imprese della GDO le quali suppongono analisi e protocolli particolari.
XXIV Ciclo
1975
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DI, LOLLO MARTINA. "La tutela dei diritti fondamentali dei lavoratori nel commercio internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi del Molise, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11695/98921.

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Il benessere derivante da un’economia sostenibile è uno dei valori protetti dal diritto internazionale; partendo da questa considerazione, la ricerca si propone di analizzare i possibili punti di contatto tra interessi di natura economica e valori di natura non economica, da sempre considerati confliggenti. Risulta fondamentale, a tal fine, la disamina della disciplina del sistema multilaterale che fa capo all’Organizzazione mondiale del commercio (OMC) e, successivamente, di quella contenuta negli accordi di libero scambio (Free Trade Agreements, FTAs) a portata regionale e/o bilaterale. Nel corso del Novecento il diritto del commercio internazionale ha subito profondi cambiamenti dovuti all’istituzione dell’OMC nel 1995; una delle principali innovazioni apportate dal nuovo sistema multilaterale è sicuramente costituita dal meccanismo di soluzione delle controversie gestito dal Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). Nell’elaborato vengono analizzate, più in generale, le competenze dell’Organizzazione, tutte orientate a favorire la piena liberalizzazione del commercio internazionale, attraverso l’eliminazione degli ostacoli agli scambi e il divieto di comportamenti protezionistici o discriminatori degli Stati. Tuttavia, è proprio in virtù del processo di globalizzazione e della correlata estesa partecipazione dei Paesi in via di sviluppo alle relazioni economiche internazionali che si pone l’esigenza di una maggiore considerazione dei non-economic values. Tra le tematiche più dibattute, desta particolare interesse quella relativa all’incidenza che l’abbattimento progressivo di ogni forma di ostacolo alla liberalizzazione degli scambi determina sulla garanzia dei diritti fondamentali dei lavoratori in una dimensione individuale e collettiva; ciò, dal momento che il lavoro costituisce un fattore produttivo primario nell’economia globale. Come ampiamente osservato, il dibattito in ordine alla possibilità di inserire una clausola sociale nel diritto dell’OMC, attraverso la quale realizzare l’integrazione dei “core labour standards”, così come definiti dall’Organizzazione internazionale del lavoro (OIL), nel sistema multilaterale, risulta non privo di criticità, quanto tendenzialmente infruttuoso a causa dei limiti statutari dell’OMC. I Paesi in via di sviluppo, rappresentanti la maggioranza dei membri dell’Organizzazione, infatti, si sono sempre mostrati contrari all’adozione di una disciplina che stabilisse delle restrizioni alla liberalizzazione al fine di salvaguardare i non-trade concerns. Muovendo da tali considerazioni, la ricerca pone in evidenza l’assunto per cui al di là dei progressi compiuti sul piano interpretativo, grazie al ruolo svolto dai panels e dall’Organo d’Appello dell’OMC nell’integrazione di valori non economici nel sistema multilaterale, soluzioni alternative sono state individuate sul piano regionale e bilaterale. Tra le soluzioni individuate, vi è quanto previsto dal North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation, Side Agreement in materia sociale concluso nell’ambito dell’accordo di libero scambio tra USA, Canada e Messico nel 1992 (NAFTA); detto ultimo accordo verrà presto sostituito dall’US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), siglato il 30 novembre 2018 e appena ratificato dalle Parti. In tale contesto, costituisce ulteriore oggetto di trattazione il Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), accordo regionale di libero scambio ai sensi del quale gli Stati Uniti hanno promosso, nel 2010, un’azione contro il Guatemala, in relazione all’asserita violazione dei core labour standards da parte di tale ultimo Stato; il procedimento rappresenta infatti il primo caso in assoluto nella prassi applicativa di una clausola sociale presente in un accordo di libero scambio, nell’ambito del quale sono state sollevate una serie di questioni di rilievo giuslavoristico di considerevole risonanza. Sulla scorta delle argomentazioni accennate, la ricerca dimostra come sebbene appaia certamente più agevole stabilire un equilibrio tra interessi economici e valori di natura non economica a livello regionale e bilaterale, non siano tuttavia da escludere possibili progressi futuri nell’ambito dell’OMC, grazie all’incoraggiante opera propulsiva svolta dai panels e dall’Organo d’Appello sul piano interpretativo.
The benefits due to a sustainable global economy are included in the range of values protected by international law; starting from this consideration, the principal scope of the research is to analyze the points of contact between economic interests and non-economic values, which have always been considered as inconsistent. In this perspective, it is necessary to examine the multilateral system regime within the World Trade Organization (WTO) and then, to study the provisions contained in the Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) concluded at a regional and/or at a bilateral level. During the twentieth century, international trade law has radically changed because of the institution of the WTO in 1995; one of the main innovations of the multilateral trading system is the new dispute settlement mechanism managed by the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). The thesis analyzes, more in general, the competences of the WTO, which are all addressed to the aim of promoting a full international trade liberalization, through the removal of obstacles to trade and the prohibition of protectionist or discriminatory national measures. However, because of the globalization and the growing participation of developing countries in economic relations that the need of a greater consideration for non- economic values arises. Among the most debated issues, the one relating to the influence that the progressive elimination of any form of obstacle to trade liberalization has on the protection of fundamental rights at work in an individual dimension, as much as in a collective one, assumes great importance; that is because work represents a primary factor in the productive process and, in general, in global economy. As widely observed in this dissertation, the debate relating to the possibility of an inclusion of a social clause in WTO law, in order to achieve the integration of the “core labour standards” within the multilateral system, as established by the International Labour Organization’s (ILO), is characterized by some critical points and tendentially conducts to poor results because of the structural limits within the WTO. More specifically, developing countries, which represent the majority of the members of the Organization, have never agreed on the adoption of a restrictive legal framework with specific limits, like non- trade values. Starting from these considerations, the thesis comes to the conclusion that beyond the progress made thanks to the role played by the interpretative activity of the WTO panels and its Appellate Body in attempting to integrate non-economic values into the multilateral system, other alternative solutions have been identified at a regional and bilateral level. Among the solutions mentioned, it is interesting to consider the provisions contained in the North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation, a Side Agreement in social matters adopted in the context of the Free Trade Agreement between USA, Canada and Mexico in 1992 (NAFTA); this last FTA will be replaced by the US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), a new agreement signed on November, the 30th, 2018 and currently just ratified by the Parties. In the same context, the dissertation takes into account the Dominican Republic-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR), that is a free trade agreement within the meaning of which the United States have undertaken a legal action against Guatemala in 2010, based on the alleged violation of the core labour standards; in particular, the proceeding represents the first case in absolute in the practice of a social clause application within a FTA, in which the panel has examined a range of important labour law issues. On the basis of these considerations, the research shows that although it seems to be easier to find an equilibrium between economic interests and non- economic values at a regional or bilateral level, we should not exclude future progress within WTO, thanks to the encouraging interpretative activity made by the panels and the Appellate Body.
4

Todorova, Marieta. "L'interdiction d'abus des droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10009.

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Le concept de l'abus de droit a connu un important essor dans la plupart des disciplines. Non seulement l'interdiction d'abus de droit est présente dans de nombreux systèmes juridiques mais elle se retrouve dans les principaux instruments de protection des droits et libertés fondamentaux, qu'il s'agisse des instruments internationaux, universels ou régionaux, ou des instruments internes. Toutefois, la spécificité de cette branche du droit ainsi que la nature particulière du concept d'abus de droit posent la difficile question de la compatibilité de toute clause d'interdiction d'abus de droit avec la philosophie des droits fondamentaux. Cette interrogation implique de relever non seulement le défi de l'identification de la notion dans le domaine des droits fondamentaux mais aussi le défi de sa conceptualisation.L'identification de l'abus des droits fondamentaux est problématique dans la mesure où l'on est en présence d'une notion à contenu indéterminé révélant sa plasticité et sa malléabilité. Ces caractéristiques ont pour effet d'intégrer dans le droit positif un concept controversé, à la fois instable, mobile et confus et imposent à déterminer les éléments concourant à sa définition et à clarifier le champ d'application de l'interdiction d'abus de droit et les sanctions susceptibles de l'accompagner. La conceptualisation de l'abus de droit peut être édifiée à partir du rôle que ce dernier est amené à jouer dans le domaine des droits fondamentaux. L'interdiction de l'abus de droit se révèle en effet un élément important de l'ordre juridique des droits fondamentaux, dont l'usage, devant rester exceptionnel, permet non seulement d'assurer la régulation de l'exercice des droits individuels mais également de protéger les valeurs essentielles à leur sauvegarde et notamment celles inhérentes à la société démocratique. L'interdiction de l'abus vise également à assurer la complétude et concourt à la sauvegarde de la cohérence de l'ordre juridique des droits fondamentaux
The concept of the abuse of the right is spread in most disciplines. This prohibition is, not only, present in several legal systems, but it can also be found in the principal instruments of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Nevertheless the specificity of this branch of the law and the particular nature of the concept of the abuse of right impose the difficult issue of the compatibility of every clause prohibiting the abuse of right and the philosophy of the fundamental rights. Therefore, this interrogation requires raising the challenge of its identification in the fundamental rights area, and the challenge of its conceptualization.The identification of the abuse of the fundamental rights is problematic, since that, we are facing a notion with undetermined content revealing its plasticity and its malleability. These characteristics have the effect of integrating, in the positive law, a controversial concept, unstable and at the same time mobile and confused, they also impose the determination of the elements that contribute to the definition and the clarification of the application field of the prohibition of the abuse of the fundamental rights. The abuse of the right conceptualization can be built if we head from the basic role, that it is managed to assume in the fundamental rights area. The prohibition of abuse of fundamental rights appears to be an important element of fundamental rights legal system, whose custom has to remain exceptional, allowing not only to regulate the exercise of the individual rights but also to defend the essential values in their protection process, and in particular those inherent to every democratic society. The prohibition of abuse of right ensures the coherence and the fullness of fundamental rights legal system
5

Charron, Jacques-Olivier. "La relation entre estimation de la valeur fondamentale des sociétés cotées et évolution de leur cours : une contribution basée sur des études de cas." Phd thesis, Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00646347.

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L'efficience fondamentale, i.e. l'efficience comprise comme conformité de la valorisation par les marchés financiers à la valeur fondamentale des titres est en tant que telle peu testée. Notre recherche vise à renouveler ses modes de test en se basant sur une conception constructiviste de la valeur fondamentale. Ce renouvellement, axé sur l'adoption d'un point de vue d'investi, est mis en oeuvre sur 4 cas de sociétés cotées françaises sur une période de 3 ans. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l'identification des acteurs les plus légitimés de ce type d'expression publique. Elle montre que ce sont les analystes financiers sell-side. La deuxième partie étudie la relation entre l'estimation publique de la valeur fondamentale par ces acteurs et l'évolution des cours. Elle aboutit au constat d'une estimation fortement dépendante de la dynamique du marché. La troisième partie apporte des éléments d'explication de ce constat en présentant sous la forme d'une configuration le mode d'interdépendance dans lequel s'inscrivent à la fois les analystes, les investisseurs et d'autres acteurs.
6

Todorova, Marieta. "L'interdiction d'abus des droits fondamentaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10009.

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Abstract:
Le concept de l'abus de droit a connu un important essor dans la plupart des disciplines. Non seulement l'interdiction d'abus de droit est présente dans de nombreux systèmes juridiques mais elle se retrouve dans les principaux instruments de protection des droits et libertés fondamentaux, qu'il s'agisse des instruments internationaux, universels ou régionaux, ou des instruments internes. Toutefois, la spécificité de cette branche du droit ainsi que la nature particulière du concept d'abus de droit posent la difficile question de la compatibilité de toute clause d'interdiction d'abus de droit avec la philosophie des droits fondamentaux. Cette interrogation implique de relever non seulement le défi de l'identification de la notion dans le domaine des droits fondamentaux mais aussi le défi de sa conceptualisation.L'identification de l'abus des droits fondamentaux est problématique dans la mesure où l'on est en présence d'une notion à contenu indéterminé révélant sa plasticité et sa malléabilité. Ces caractéristiques ont pour effet d'intégrer dans le droit positif un concept controversé, à la fois instable, mobile et confus et imposent à déterminer les éléments concourant à sa définition et à clarifier le champ d'application de l'interdiction d'abus de droit et les sanctions susceptibles de l'accompagner. La conceptualisation de l'abus de droit peut être édifiée à partir du rôle que ce dernier est amené à jouer dans le domaine des droits fondamentaux. L'interdiction de l'abus de droit se révèle en effet un élément important de l'ordre juridique des droits fondamentaux, dont l'usage, devant rester exceptionnel, permet non seulement d'assurer la régulation de l'exercice des droits individuels mais également de protéger les valeurs essentielles à leur sauvegarde et notamment celles inhérentes à la société démocratique. L'interdiction de l'abus vise également à assurer la complétude et concourt à la sauvegarde de la cohérence de l'ordre juridique des droits fondamentaux
The concept of the abuse of the right is spread in most disciplines. This prohibition is, not only, present in several legal systems, but it can also be found in the principal instruments of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Nevertheless the specificity of this branch of the law and the particular nature of the concept of the abuse of right impose the difficult issue of the compatibility of every clause prohibiting the abuse of right and the philosophy of the fundamental rights. Therefore, this interrogation requires raising the challenge of its identification in the fundamental rights area, and the challenge of its conceptualization.The identification of the abuse of the fundamental rights is problematic, since that, we are facing a notion with undetermined content revealing its plasticity and its malleability. These characteristics have the effect of integrating, in the positive law, a controversial concept, unstable and at the same time mobile and confused, they also impose the determination of the elements that contribute to the definition and the clarification of the application field of the prohibition of the abuse of the fundamental rights. The abuse of the right conceptualization can be built if we head from the basic role, that it is managed to assume in the fundamental rights area. The prohibition of abuse of fundamental rights appears to be an important element of fundamental rights legal system, whose custom has to remain exceptional, allowing not only to regulate the exercise of the individual rights but also to defend the essential values in their protection process, and in particular those inherent to every democratic society. The prohibition of abuse of right ensures the coherence and the fullness of fundamental rights legal system
7

Krobicka, Anna. "Influence de certains aliments laitiers sur la sante bucco-dentaire." Strasbourg 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13124.

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8

Lespagnol, Vivien. "Information diffusion in financial markets : an agent-based approach to test the fundamental value discovery in different market structures." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2012/document.

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L’objectif des travaux présentés dans cette thèse est d’étudier la diffusion de l’information dans les marchés financiers. Considérant comme établi que les individus sont hétérogènes et à rationalité limitée, nous avons fondé nos travaux sur une catégorie de modèles computationnels dans le but de simuler les actions et les interactions des agents autonomes. Cette catégorie est communément nommée modélisation agent (ABM).Plus concrètement, cette recherche se concentre sur le rôle de l’hétérogénéité des agents dans la diffusion et l’utilisation de l’information. À cet effet, nous avons développé deux structures de marché, qui diffèrent par leur transparence. Dans les chapitres 1 et 2, nous introduisons un marché centralisé, où une partie du carnet d’ordre est accessible (information publique). Dans le chapitre 3, nous développons un marché de gré à gré dans lequel les agents négocient et échangent avec leurs relations
The piece of work’s aim is to understand information diffusion in financial markets. Starting from the empirical evidences that agents are heterogeneous and bounded rational, we based our investigations on a class of computational models for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents: the agent - based model (ABM). More precisely, this research focuses on the impacts of agents heterogeneity in diffusion and use of information. For this purpose, we developed two market structures, in which the market transparency varies. In the chapters 1 and 2, we introduce a centralised market, where a part of the order-book is available as a public information. In the chapter 3, we build an Over-The-Counter market, where agents bargains with their trading contacts
9

Benahmed, Hamza. "Effets du traitement a l'ammoniac (nh : :(3)) sur la valeur nutritive et azotee des foins de graminees." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF2D198.

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Dans les essais effectues, le traitement des foins a l'ammoniac s'est traduit par une nette amelioration des quantites ingerees, une legere augmentation de la digestibilite, une mauvaise activite cellulolytique et une faible retention azotee. Neanmoins les foins traites presentent une valeur alimentaire plus elevee que celles des foins non traites, mais probablement plus faible que la valeur potentielle permise par le traitement. Afin d'approcher au mieux cette valeur potentielle, on a etudie deux techniques: la dilution du foin traite par le foin non traite et la complementation par des supplements stimulant l'activite celulolytique dans le rumen. La dilution et la complementation ont un effet favorable sur la valeur azotee grace, notamment, a une amelioration globale de l'activite cellulolytique
10

Elannaz, Houda. "Le programme arabophone de la DW- TV." Thesis, Paris 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA020083.

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Le paysage médiatique arabe a connu un accroissement spectaculaire au cours de ces dernières décennies, notamment avec la création des grandes chaînes satellitaires comme Al-Jazeera, Al-Arabiya et MBC… et plus tard avec l’arrivée des chaînes occidentales arabophones à destination des publics arabes comme la BBC, France 24 et DW-TV Arabia. Les chaînes arabophones à destination du monde arabe constituent un phénomène médiatique pouvant servir des objectifs idéologiques, une diplomatie de séduction et des vecteurs d’influence pour atteindre des buts politiques et économiques. L’étude porte sur une de ces chaînes satellitaires, la DW-TV Arabia, et sur le rôle qu’elle joue pour le rayonnement de la culture et la position politique allemande, mais aussi pour promouvoir les valeurs et les pratiques démocratiques de la République fédérale. L’objet de cette recherche est de définir ses objectifs de création, sa ligne éditoriale dans la mesure où elle garantit la crédibilité, l’intégrité professionnelle, et son aptitude à forger un discours médiatique indépendant. Il convient par ailleurs de la situer dans le champ médiatique arabe mais aussi de montrer son rôle stratégique pour maintenir les intérêts économiques allemands dans le monde arabe
The media landscape has known in the twentieth last years a spectacular increase, especially after the creation of satellite's channels with international vocation like Aljazeera, Al-Arabiya and MBC. Lately, the creation of occidental arabophones channels, like BBC, France 24 and DW-TV Arabia, comes to add a new dimension to the media field. The occidental arabophones channels that target Arab World can be considered as a phenomenon in the media field. They can be used to serving ideological objectives, to improve diplomatic relationships, and to make gains in politics and economics domains. This research is focalized in one of these channels; the DW-TV Arabia, this German channel in destination to the Arab World created in 2002. His role as a tool in the proliferation of Germany cultural and politics principles of the federal republic of Germany, to the Arab World, is one of the principals axes treated in this work. Therefore, the motifs of the creation of DW-TV Arabia occupy an important part of this study. The principal aspects who characterized the editorial line of this channel is based on the objectivity, credibility and independence; however, he play a strategic role in improving the economic interests of Germany in the Arab World countries

Books on the topic "Valuers fondamentales":

1

Dockès, Emmanuel. Valeurs de la démocratie: Huit notions fondamentales : liberté, égalité, pouvoir, droit, contrat, propriété, intérêt, représentation. Paris: Dalloz, 2004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Valuers fondamentales":

1

Zhuravlov, Oleksandr, Oleksii Kolomiitsev, Ihor Sachuk, Viacheslav Tretiak, and Oleksii Petrenko. "METHOD OF EVALUATION OF VALUES OF STARTING POINT COORDINATES OF PARAMETRICALLY INDETERMINATE BALLISTIC OBJECT." In IMPATTO DELL'INNOVAZIONE SULLA SCIENZA: ASPETTI FONDAMENTALI E APPLICATI. European Scientific Platform, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/26.06.2020.v1.24.

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2

Monroe, C., D. Leibfried, B. E. King, D. M. Meekhof, W. M. Itano, and D. J. Wineland. "Quantum Computing with Atoms." In Optics in Computing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oc.1997.owc.1.

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One of the fundamental tenets of quantum mechanics is the existence of superposition states, or states whose properties simultaneously possess two or more distinct values. Although quantum superpositions and entanglements seldom appear outside of the microscopic quantum world, there is growing interest in the creation of “big” superpositions and massively entangled states for use in applications such as a quantum computer.1 We report first steps toward this goal by demonstrating a fondamental two-bit quantum logic gate and a “Schrödinger cat”-like state of motion with a single trapped beryllium atom. Both experiments allow sensitive measurements of decoherence mechanisms which will play an important role in the feasibility of quantum computation.
3

Nan, Emanuela. "Rinaturactivazione: nuove strategie di sviluppo sostenibile dai centri storici mediterranei: Genova città-laboratorio." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7984.

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I territori sono oggi utilizzati come un “menu” all’interno del quale ci si sposta sempre più liberamente secondo le proprie necessità. Le città, già da tempo, hanno assunto l’accezione di sistemi integrati, apparendo sempre più simili a una miscellanea, composita e variabile, alla cui definizione concorrono molteplici dispositivi e la cui comprensione e gestione operativa sembra trovarsi non più nella perimetrazione di registri e contesti formali, ma nell’individuazione di regole e tattiche capaci di guidare e prevedere gli esiti e le evoluzioni delle differenti dinamiche e vocazioni. In questo progressivo evolversi delle realtà urbane, i centri storici, in particolare quelli dell’area mediterranea, storicamente, fortemente strutturati, iper-stratificati e densi, risultano inadeguati a rispondere alle nuove necessità della vita odierna Fondamentale, in questo senso, diviene, dunque, individuare e riconoscere un nuovo criterio e metodo per la gestione di questi contesti, mirato, non a stravolgerli o snaturarli in nome del progresso, ma, al contrario, a riattivarli nuovamente come nodi propulsivi a partire dalla riscoperta di valenze e funzioni intrinseche alla loro storica dimensione e natura, sulla base una logica sostanzialmente rinnovativo-reinterpretativo. Genova, si propone come un fantastico laboratorio per l’individuazione di strategie e azioni mirate a tracciarne nuovi sviluppi futuribili rispondenti alle odierne logiche attive di sostenibilità, avanzamento e interconnessione locale e globale. The territories are now used as a "menu", where people move more freely according to their own needs . The city , for some time , have taken on the meaning of integrated systems , appearing more like a miscellany definition of which contribute to multiple devices and whose understanding and operational management appears to be no longer in the delimitation of records and formal, but in ' identification of rules and tactics capable of guiding and predicting possible outcomes and the evolution of the different dynamics and vocations. This gradual development of urban , historic centers , particularly those of the Mediterranean , historically , highly structured , hyper - layered and dense , are inadequate to meet the new needs of today's life . Fundamental , in this sense , becomes, therefore , to identify and recognize a new criterion and method for the management of these contexts , focused, not distorting them or altering them in the name of progress , but , on the contrary , to reactivate them again as dynamic hubs from the rediscovery of values and functions intrinsic to its historical dimension and nature , based on a logic substantially renewal and reinterpretation. Genoa is a fantastic laboratory for the identification of strategies and actions to trace new developments futuristic responding to today's active logical sustainability, progress and interconnecting local and global.

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