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Academic literature on the topic 'Valorisation of field residue'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Valorisation of field residue"

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Stone, Jamie, Guillermo Garcia-Garcia, and Shahin Rahimifard. "Selection of Sustainable Food Waste Valorisation Routes: A Case Study with Barley Field Residue." Waste and Biomass Valorization 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 5733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12649-019-00816-5.

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Abstract Purpose It is increasingly accepted in the food and drink manufacturing sector that there is a need to manage unavoidable food waste more sustainably. Yet to do so requires careful balancing of environmental, social and economic performance of any given treatment method alongside its technological maturity and alignment with that company’s wider business goals. The purpose of this article is to apply a novel Sustainable Waste Valorisation Identification (SWaVI) framework which considers these criteria to a case study with Molson Coors to identify whether the current strategy of using In Field Barley Straw Residue as animal feed is the most sustainable. Methods Data was collected via a series of interviews with Molson Coors in spring 2017. Data analysis used a hybrid approach combining Cost–Benefit Analysis and Life-Cycle Assessment with a weighted summation variant of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis to facilitate comparison of supercritical CO2 extraction of wax from straw, with the current strategy of selling that straw as animal feed. Results Application of the SWaVI framework suggests that supercritical CO2 extraction of wax from straw offers a slightly worse Net Present Value compared to sale as animal feed (£89.1 million compared to £95.3 million) but superior social impacts, technological maturity and alignment with company goals making it superior overall. Conclusions Whilst the supercritical CO2 extraction of wax offers the best sustainability and business case performance for Molson Coors, a range of other factors such as long-term market demand, alignment with relevant legislation, and displacement effects on supply chain stakeholders must be considered. Graphic Abstract
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Grisolia, Giulia, Debora Fino, and Umberto Lucia. "Biomethanation of Rice Straw: A Sustainable Perspective for the Valorisation of a Field Residue in the Energy Sector." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 8, 2022): 5679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095679.

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Rice straw represents a field waste. Indeed, only 20% of the rice straw produced is used in the pulp and paper industry. The larger amount of this field residue is burned or left in the field, which has very important environmental consequences. Recently, analogous to a barrel of oil, a metric approach to rice straw, the rice straw barrel, was introduced in order to assign economic value to this waste. In this paper, potential annual biomethane production from anaerobic digestion is evaluated, resulting in a range of biomethane created for each rice straw barrel depending on volatile solid (VS) content as a percentage of total solid (TS) content and on biomethane yield: 23.36 m3 (VS=73.8%TS, 92 L kgVS−1), 26.61 m3 (VS=84.08%TS, 186 L kgVS−1), 29.27 m3 (VS=95.26%TS, 280 L kgVS−1). The new concept of the rice straw barrel is improved based on a new indicator for sustainability, the Thermodynamic Human Development Index (THDI), which was introduced within the last three years. The improvement in sustainability by using rice straw barrels for different countries is analysed based on the THDI.
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Marchelli, Filippo, Giorgio Rovero, Massimo Curti, Elisabetta Arato, Barbara Bosio, and Cristina Moliner. "An Integrated Approach to Convert Lignocellulosic and Wool Residues into Balanced Fertilisers." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020497.

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Valorising biomass waste and producing renewable energy or materials is the aim of several conversion technologies. In this work, we consider two residues from different production chains: lignocellulosic residues from agriculture and wool residues from sheep husbandry. These materials are produced in large quantities, and their disposal is often costly and challenging for farmers. For their valorisation, we focus on slow pyrolysis for the former and water hydrolysis for the latter, concisely presenting the main literature related to these two processes. Pyrolysis produces the C-rich biochar, suitable for soil amending. Hydrolysis produces a N-rich fertiliser. We demonstrate how these two processes could be fruitfully integrated, as their products can be flexibly mixed to produce fertilisers. This solution would allow the achievement of balanced and tuneable ratios between C and N and the enhancement of the mechanical properties. We propose scenarios for this combined valorisation and for its coupling with other industries. As a result, biomass waste would be returned to the field, following the principles of circular economy.
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Mateos-Aparicio, Inmaculada, Elena Pérez-López, and Pilar Rupérez. "Valorisation Approach for the Soybean By-Product Okara Using High Hydrostatic Pressure." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 6 (September 18, 2019): 548–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666180516092837.

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Okara is a perishable, cheap and abundant by-product derived from soybean after extracting the soluble fraction for tofu or soybean drink, mainly known as soymilk, production. Nowadays, Okara is mostly discarded: landfill and incineration, but a useful alternative for valorisation would be to use it as a valuable source of dietary fibre. However, it presents low soluble dietary fibre (SDF) content responsible for prebiotic and anti-carcinogenic effects, so an easy industrial transformation to maximize its SDF content would be most interesting for this purpose. Different approaches can be used to increase SDF content, such as chemical or enzymatic treatments with food-grade enzymes at atmospheric pressure, but these conventional methods present some disadvantages as that the chemical procedures are pollutant and the extractions normally are incomplete, and the enzymatic methods could be expensive to scale-up. On the other hand, currently, consumers are demanding for safer, more natural and minimally-processed foods. This request has led researchers and manufacturers to develop new technologies, and within these, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is one of the top-10 most popular emerging technologies applied in the field of food science. The effect of HHP, and more recently, the combined effect of HHP and enzymatic treatment on okara by-product have been studied, showing that this novel approach, should also be considered in order to stabilise other agro-food byproducts -due to their perishable character- as well as to improve the functionality of the rich-ininsoluble dietary fibre from vegetable residues.
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Granata, Giuseppe, Emanuela Moscardini, Giuliana Furlani, Francesca Pagnanelli, and Luigi Toro. "Automobile shredded residue valorisation by hydrometallurgical metal recovery." Journal of Hazardous Materials 185, no. 1 (January 2011): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.107.

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Morais, Ana R. C., Ana C. Mata, and Rafal Bogel-Lukasik. "Integrated conversion of agroindustrial residue with high pressure CO2within the biorefinery concept." Green Chem. 16, no. 9 (2014): 4312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc01093k.

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Mirabile, Daphne, Maria Ilaria Pistelli, Marina Marchesini, Roberta Falciani, and Lisa Chiappelli. "Thermal valorisation of automobile shredder residue: injection in blast furnace." Waste Management 22, no. 8 (December 2002): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(02)00071-5.

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Li, Wei, Shuguang Xu, and Xiang Xu. "Valorisation of Corncob Residue towards the Sustainable Production of Glucuronic Acid." Catalysts 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12121603.

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The production of glucuronic acid (GA) directly from actual biomass via chemocatalysis is of great significance to the effective valorisation of biomass for a sustainable future. Herein, we have developed a one-step strategy for the conversion of cellulose in corncob residue into GA with the cooperation of Au/CeO2 and maleic acid, achieving a 60.3% yield. Experimental and density functional theory (DFT) results show that maleic acid is effective in the fractionation of cellulose from corncob residue and the depolymerisation of cellulose fragments to glucose, on account of the good capacity for proton migration. Au/CeO2 is responsible for the selective oxidation of glucose to GA, in which the formation of glucaric acid is restrained, due to the weak capacity of Au/CeO2 on the proton transfer without the occurrence of the ring-opening reaction of glucose. Therefore, the relay catalysis of Au/CeO2 and maleic acid enables the production of GA via the complex cascade reactions. This work may provide insight regarding the conversion of actual biomass to targeted products.
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Gunaratne, Tharaka, Joakim Krook, and Hans Andersson. "Current Practice of Managing the Waste of the Waste: Policy, Market, and Organisational Factors Influencing Shredder Fines Management in Sweden." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 9540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229540.

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The recycling-industry residue called shredder fines (fines) presents a disposal problem, incurs handling costs, and reduces resource efficiency in general. This study aims to identify the challenges of facilitating fines valorisation in the Swedish context. Hence, the shredding company perspective of the underlying factors that sustain the current practice of fines management is established by studying the case of a specific shredding company using semi-structured interviews. Utilisation in landfill covering offers the company a secure outlet and a legislatively-compliant low-cost disposal option for fines. Additionally, lack of specific regulatory standards, unfavourable regulation of waste reutilisation, and lack of market demand for secondary raw materials (SRMs) create disincentives to develop valorisation options. Also, the lack of corporate-level focus on the issue has resulted in a lack of organising for and capacities to improve the handling of the material. Initiating fines valorisation needs to challenge these prevailing circumstances and thus necessitates governmental interventions. Simultaneously, favourable conditions for SRM utilisation are needed; that is, established outlets for fines-derived SRMs and clear regulatory and market playing rules that reduce uncertainty and investment risk of developing tailored processes for upgrading and resource recovery need to be available.
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Kosutic, Milenko, Jelena Filipovic, Zvonko Njezic, Vladimir Filipovic, Vladimir Filipovic, and Bojana Blagojevic. "Flakes product supplemented with sunflower and dry residues of wild oregano." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 23, no. 2 (2017): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq160413036k.

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This paper investigates the effects of simultaneous addition of sunflower (3, 6 or 9 g/100 g of sample) and dry residue of wild oregano (0.5 or 1 of sample), on the physical texture and chemical properties of corn flakes to obtain new products with altered nutritional properties. The chemometric analysis pointed at the versatile beneficial contributions of sunflower in corn flakes enriched with dry residue of wild oregano enabling the optimization of corn flakes formula. The presented data point that addition of milled sunflower in investigated corn flakes products improved nutritive properties while addition of dry residue of wild oregano improved physical characteristics of corn flakes products. Regarding quality (sample CF11, score value of 0.59) maximum scores have been obtained with the addition of 6 g/100 g of sunflower and 1 g/100 g of dry residue of wild oregano per 100 g of sample for corn flakes formulation. Production of corn flakes with addition of wild oregano residues contributed to the food waste valorisation in the food industry.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Valorisation of field residue"

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Mata, Ana Cristina Dias da. "The agroindustrial residue valorisation with high pressure CO2 within biorefinery concept." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12165.

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GRISOLIA, GIULIA. "Biofuels from micro-organisms: Thermodynamic analysis of sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2973986.

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Burgess, Magdalena S. E. "Nitrate leaching from a subsurface-drained corn field under different tillage and residue levels." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55481.

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Nitrate leaching was studied on a 2.4-ha subsurface-drained corn (Zea mays L.) field in southwestern Quebec. The soil was a sandy loam to loamy sand (mean depth 46 cm) overlying clay. Treatments, begun in fall 1991, consisted of no-till, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage with crop residues either removed or retained at harvest. Drain flow volume and NO$ sb3 sp-$-N concentrations in flow were monitored year-round, and soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels measured in spring and fall. A total of 34 kg NO$ sb3 sp-$-N ha$ sp{-1}$ was recorded in drain flow in 1992 from the site as a whole, equivalent to 20% of applied fertilizer N. In the first 14 months of monitoring, over 70% of water samples had NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels exceeding Canadian drinking water guidelines (10 mg NO$ sb3 sp-$-N L$ sp{-1}),$ and about 25% had over 40 mg NO$ sb3 sp-$-N L$ sp{-1}.$ Flow-weighted mean concentration for the site as a whole in 1992 was 19 mg NO$ sb3 sp-$-N L$ sp{-1}.$ Unanticipated variations in drain depth significantly affected flow volume and total NO$ sb3 sp-$-N losses, hampering assessment of treatment effects on drain water parameters. In 1992, post-harvest soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels at 0-25 cm were significantly lower in plots with crop residues retained, regardless of tillage system, than in plots with residues removed. In May 1993 (pre-tillage), soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels were similar for all treatments, having dropped in no-residue plots and risen slightly in plots with residues, suggesting immobilization of NO$ sb3 sp-$-N by crop residues in summer-fall and mineralization in spring. The NO$ sb3 sp-$-N measured in drain flow represents a substantial loss of N from the farm system, and has negative implications for water quality. Within the time-frame of the study, crop residues appeared to have a greater effect on soil NO$ sb3 sp-$-N levels, and thus leaching potential, than did tillage system.
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Hartmann, Annabelle [Verfasser], Hélène [Akademischer Betreuer] Esnault, Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] Nicaise, and Olivier [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittenberg. "On rational points of varieties over complete local field with algebraically closed residue field / Annabelle Hartmann. Gutachter: Johannes Nicaise ; Olivier Wittenberg. Betreuer: Hélène Esnault." Duisburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029288437/34.

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Hartmann, Annabelle [Verfasser], Hélène Akademischer Betreuer] Esnault, Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] [Nicaise, and Olivier [Akademischer Betreuer] Wittenberg. "On rational points of varieties over complete local field with algebraically closed residue field / Annabelle Hartmann. Gutachter: Johannes Nicaise ; Olivier Wittenberg. Betreuer: Hélène Esnault." Duisburg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029288437/34.

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El, Kantar Sally. "Valorisation des coproduits issus des industries d’agrumes : extraction des molécules bioactives par des technologies innovantes." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2440/document.

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Ce travail de doctorat consiste à valoriser les coproduits issus des industries d’agrumes par des technologies innovantes. Le pressage des agrumes produit des millions de tonnes de déchets par an dans le monde. Ces déchets (peaux, pulpes et pépins) sont généralement dédiés à l’alimentation animale ou bien éliminés par compostage ou incinération. Cependant leur contenu en molécules bioactives conduit à plusieurs voies de valorisation. Vu que les peaux constituent à peu près la moitié de la masse des déchets d’agrumes, les études ont été faites sur la valorisation des peaux de différents types d’agrumes. Les méthodes conventionnelles généralement utilisées pour l’extraction des molécules d’intérêt (extraction solide-liquide, hydrodistillation) présentent plusieurs désavantages tels que l’utilisation des solvants coûteux et toxiques, les longues durées d’extraction et la consommation élevée en énergie. Pour cette raison plusieurs technologies innovantes non thermiques telles que les Champs Electriques Pulsés (CEP), les Décharges Électriques de Haute Tension (DEHT) et les ultrasons (US) et thermiques comme les microondes (MO) et les infrarouges (IR) ont été testées dans ce travail de thèse, pour la valorisation des coproduits d’agrumes. Les agrumes entiers (oranges, pomelos, citrons) sont traités par les CEP à une intensité de 3 kV/cm et l’extraction du jus d’agrumes et des polyphénols a été réalisée par pressage. L’étude de la perméabilisation cellulaire induite par les CEP a été réalisée par plusieurs méthodes et a montré que les degrés d’endommagement diffèrent selon le type d’agrumes traités. L’électroporation des cellules, induite par les CEP a permis d’augmenter les rendements en jus après pressage et d’améliorer le passage des polyphénols des peaux d’agrumes dans le jus. Ce qui explique la possibilité d’obtention d’un jus riche en polyphénols en traitant les agrumes par les CEP avant leur pressage. Parmi les solvants testés pour l’extraction des polyphénols à partir des peaux d’agrumes, l’eau est le moins efficace. L’ajout de 20% de glycérol dans l’eau a modifié la polarité du milieu et a amélioré l’extraction des polyphénols. L’utilisation d’un mélange enzymatique a favorisé la libération des polyphénols piégés dans les polysaccharides. Les solvants eutectiques profonds préparés, ont été aussi efficaces que les mélanges hydro éthanoliques. Pour améliorer d’avantages l’extraction dans les différents solvants verts ou dans le mélange enzymatique, les peaux d’agrumes ont été prétraitées par les DEHT dans l’eau. L’effet mécanique des DEHT, capable de fragmenter les peaux a permis d’améliorer l’extraction des polyphénols 6 dans les différents solvants. L’intensification de l’extraction des polyphénols a été aussi réalisée par les IR et les US. L’extraction des polyphénols par les IR a été optimisée en ayant recours à la méthodologie de surface de réponse. Le chauffage par les IR n’a pas altéré les polyphénols extraits qui ont gardé des activités antifongiques et anti-mycotoxinogènes importantes. Le prétraitement des peaux d’agrumes par les IR sans solvant a fragilisé les structures cellulaires, ce qui a permis d’augmenter la diffusion des polyphénols durant le traitement avec les US
This work consists of the valorization of citrus by-products with innovative technologies. Citrus pressing produces millions of tons of waste per year worldwide. This waste (peels, pulps and seeds) is generally dedicated to animal feed or eliminated by composting or incineration. However its content in bioactive molecules leads to several ways of valorization. Since peels present about half of the citrus waste mass, studies have been focused on the valorization of citrus peels by the extraction of bioactive compounds. Conventional methods generally used for the extraction of bioactive compounds (solid-liquid extraction, hydrodistillation) have several disadvantages such as the use of expensive and toxic solvents, long extraction times and high energy consumption. For this reason, several innovative non-thermal technologies such as Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF), High Voltage Electrical Discharges (HVED) and Ultrasounds (US) and thermal treatments such as microwaves (MO) and infrared (IR) have been tested for the valorization of citrus by-products. Whole citrus fruits (oranges, pomelos, lemons) were PEF treated at an intensity of 3 kV/cm, then citrus juice and polyphenols were extracted by pressing. The study of the PEF-induced cell permeabilization was conducted by several methods and showed that the degree of damage varied according to the type of the treated fruit. The electroporation of the cells induced by the PEF, allowed an increase the juice yields after pressing and improved the liberation of the polyphenols from the citrus peels into the juice. This explains the possibility of obtaining a juice rich in polyphenols by treating the whole fruits with PEF before pressing. Among the solvents tested for the extraction of polyphenols from citrus peels, water is the least effective. The addition of 20% glycerol to water changed the polarity of the medium and improved the extraction of the polyphenols. The use of an enzyme mixture enhanced the release of the polyphenols related to the polysaccharides. Deep eutectic solvents have been as effective as hydroethanolic mixtures. To improve the yields and the kinetics of extractions in the different green solvents and in the enzyme mixture, citrus peels were pretreated with HVED in water. The mechanical effect of HVED, based on the fragmentation of the peels has improved the extraction of polyphenols in the various solvents. The intensification of polyphenols extraction was also conducted by IR and US. The extraction of polyphenols by IR was optimized using the surface response methodology. IR heating did not alter the extracted polyphenols which have significant antifungal and anti-mycotoxinogenic activities. The pretreatment of citrus peels with IR weakened the cell structures, increasing thus the diffusion of polyphenols during US treatment
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Byard, Kevin. "Qualified difference sets : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1204.

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Qualified difference sets are a class of combinatorial configuration. The sets are related to the residue difference sets that were first discussed in detail in 1953 by Emma Lehmer. Qualified difference sets consist of a set of residues modulo an integer v and they possess attractive properties that suggest potential applications in areas such as image formation, signal processing and aperture synthesis. This thesis outlines the theory behind qualified difference sets and gives conditions for the existence and nonexistence of these sets in various cases. A special case of the qualified difference sets is the qualified residue difference sets. These consist of the set of nth power residues of certain types of prime. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of qualified residue difference sets are derived and the precise conditions for the existence of these sets are given for n = 2, 4 and 6. Qualified residue difference sets are proved nonexistent for n = 8, 10, 12, 14 and 18. A generalisation of the qualified residue difference sets is introduced. These are the qualified difference sets composed of unions of cyclotomic classes. A cyclotomic class is defined for an integer power n and the results of an exhaustive computer search are presented for n = 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. Two new families of qualified difference set were discovered in the case n = 8 and some isolated systems were discovered for n = 6, 10 and 12. An explanation of how qualified difference sets may be implemented in physical applications is given and potential applications are discussed.
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Gasquet, Valentine. "Epuration d’H2S du biogaz à partir de résidus de traitement thermique bruts et formulés : Comparaison des performances et compréhension des mécanismes d’adsorption." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI106.

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Le biogaz est un vecteur énergétique renouvelable, local, non intermittent et aux multiples usages. Avant toute forme de valorisation, il est cependant nécessaire d’épurer ce gaz. Cette épuration consiste notamment à l’abattement du sulfure d’hydrogène (ou H2S). Celui-ci peut être traité par adsorption sur des matériaux nobles tels que le charbon actif. Afin de s’inscrire dans l’économie circulaire tout en réduisant les coûts de traitement, l’idée est d’utiliser des résidus de traitement thermiques, proches des adsorbants traditionnels, pour éliminer l’H2S du biogaz. Dans un premier temps, une méthode analytique a été mise au point pour quantifier la quantité de soufre élémentaire présente dans différents matériaux avec l’ATG-ACD. La quantité de matière organique dans la matrice solide et sa porosité ont une influence sur l’oxydation du soufre lors des essais sous air et également sur sa vaporisation. Durant cette thèse, trois types de résidus de traitement thermique (cendre de biomasse – CCB, biochar – BCH et cendre de boue d’épuration – CBE) ont été utilisés pour adsorber l’H2S d’un biogaz d’Installation de Stockage de Déchets Non Dangereux (ISDND). Deux d’entre eux n’épuraient pas efficacement l’H2S. Les capacités d’adsorption finales des BCH et CBE étaient en effet assez faibles et ces matériaux ne retenaient jamais la totalité de l’H2S entrant. Au contraire, les CCB se sont révélées être de bons adsorbants avec une capacité d’adsorption massique en fin d’essai de 175 mgH2S/gMS. La caractérisation des matériaux a permis de comprendre les mécanismes d’adsorption à l’origine de la rétention de l’H2S. Pour tous les matériaux, en début d’essai, les conditions sont favorables à la chimisorption de l’H2S en soufre élémentaire. Cependant, alors que les CCB et les CBE ont un pouvoir tampon qui leur permet de rester basique, les BCH s’acidifient. De la physisorption non sélective a alors lieu avec ces matériaux. Les CBE sont toutefois limitées par leur absence de microporosité pour stocker le soufre chimisorbé et les BCH par l’absence de minéraux catalyseurs et leur trop faible densité. A partir de la comparaison des RTT bruts, il nous a semblé intéressant d’associer des matériaux aux caractéristiques différentes pour tenter d’obtenir un adsorbant plus efficace et donc de réussir à valoriser ces résidus. Des tests d’adsorption avec un biogaz synthétique ont d’abord été réalisés pour estimer le potentiel de différentes formulations. Le seul mélange pour lequel une forte synergie a été observée est celui constitué de CBE et de charbon actif (CA). Les résultats encourageants obtenus lors des essais avec le biogaz synthétique ont été confirmés lors d’essai avec un biogaz d’ISDND. L’ajout de CA a permis retenir de manière beaucoup plus efficace l’H2S et de rendre la CBE utilisable pour l’épuration de biogaz à l’échelle industrielle. Le CA a apporté la porosité nécessaire pour qu’ait lieu la chimisorption de l’H2S et le stockage du soufre élémentaire
Biogas is a renewable, local, non-intermittent energy which can be used in different ways. Before its valorization, it is necessary to clean this gas, notably to remove hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This component can be removed by adsorption on noble materials such as activated carbon (AC). In order to reduce the waste disposal and participate to circular economy while reducing the cleaning costs, the use of thermal treatment residues (TTR), close to traditional adsorbents, receives more and more attention to remove H2S from biogas. First, an analytical method was developed in order to quantify the amount of sulfur present in different materials with TGA-DSC under air and nitrogen atmosphere. The amount of organic matter in the material and its porosity affect elemental sulfur oxidation when experiments were carried out with air and also its vaporization. Organic matter vulcanization was also observed, leading to the formation of longer and more complex carbon chains. During this thesis, three types of TTR were used for the removal of H2S from a landfill biogas: biomass ash (BA), biochar (BCH) and incinerated sewage sludge (ISS). It was found that two of them are not sufficiently efficient as themselves for H2S removal. Final adsorption capacities of BCH and ISS were quite low and these materials never adsorbed the total amount of H2S entering in the reactor. On the contrary, BA was a good adsorbent with a final adsorption capacity of 175 mgH2S/gDM. The materials characterization let us understand the adsorption mechanisms leading to H2S removal. For all the materials, at the beginning of the experiment, the conditions are favorable to H2S chimisorption into elemental sulfur. However, while BA and ISS have a buffering capacity leading to the basicity of the solid, BCH begin acid. Then, non-selective physisorption takes place with this TRR. ISS adsorption was limited by its too low porosity and BCH by the absence of catalyst minerals and its too low density. Comparison of removal performances of TTR also highlights the influence of humidity on adsorption efficiency for ISS as well as the effect of gas flow on experimental adsorption test. With the adsorption efficiency comparison between the different TTR, it seems interesting to associate materials with different characteristics in order to try to obtain more efficient adsorbents and consequently find a valorization way for all the TTR. Adsorption experiments with a synthetic biogas were first performed in order to assess the potential of various formulations. A strong synergy was observed with the formulation with ISS and 10-30 % of AC. The encouraging results obtained with the synthetic biogas were confirmed with an experiment using a landfill biogas and a larger reactor. ISS itself was indeed a bad adsorbent but the addition of AC provides enough porosity to efficiently adsorb H2S
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Abu-Mahfouz, Adnan Mohammed. "Elliptic curve cryptosystem over optimal extension fields for computationally constrained devices." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25330.

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Data security will play a central role in the design of future IT systems. The PC has been a major driver of the digital economy. Recently, there has been a shift towards IT applications realized as embedded systems, because they have proved to be good solutions for many applications, especially those which require data processing in real time. Examples include security for wireless phones, wireless computing, pay-TV, and copy protection schemes for audio/video consumer products and digital cinemas. Most of these embedded applications will be wireless, which makes the communication channel vulnerable. The implementation of cryptographic systems presents several requirements and challenges. For example, the performance of algorithms is often crucial, and guaranteeing security is a formidable challenge. One needs encryption algorithms to run at the transmission rates of the communication links at speeds that are achieved through custom hardware devices. Public-key cryptosystems such as RSA, DSA and DSS have traditionally been used to accomplish secure communication via insecure channels. Elliptic curves are the basis for a relatively new class of public-key schemes. It is predicted that elliptic curve cryptosystems (ECCs) will replace many existing schemes in the near future. The main reason for the attractiveness of ECC is the fact that significantly smaller parameters can be used in ECC than in other competitive system, but with equivalent levels of security. The benefits of having smaller key size include faster computations, and reduction in processing power, storage space and bandwidth. This makes ECC ideal for constrained environments where resources such as power, processing time and memory are limited. The implementation of ECC requires several choices, such as the type of the underlying finite field, algorithms for implementing the finite field arithmetic, the type of the elliptic curve, algorithms for implementing the elliptic curve group operation, and elliptic curve protocols. Many of these selections may have a major impact on overall performance. In this dissertation a finite field from a special class called the Optimal Extension Field (OEF) is chosen as the underlying finite field of implementing ECC. OEFs utilize the fast integer arithmetic available on modern microcontrollers to produce very efficient results without resorting to multiprecision operations or arithmetic using polynomials of large degree. This dissertation discusses the theoretical and implementation issues associated with the development of this finite field in a low end embedded system. It also presents various improvement techniques for OEF arithmetic. The main objectives of this dissertation are to --Implement the functions required to perform the finite field arithmetic operations. -- Implement the functions required to generate an elliptic curve and to embed data on that elliptic curve. -- Implement the functions required to perform the elliptic curve group operation. All of these functions constitute a library that could be used to implement any elliptic curve cryptosystem. In this dissertation this library is implemented in an 8-bit AVR Atmel microcontroller.
Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
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Letellier, Richard. "Interpretation des modes vibrationnels des nucleosides entrant dans la constitution d'un adn." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066131.

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Obtention d'un champ de force pour les nucleosides constitutifs de l'adn. Predictions sur l'evolution des spectres raman relatives au residu adenosine. A l'aide d'un calcul phenomenologique base sur la methode gf de wilson, il est rendu compte des modes vibrationnels des quatre nucleosides de l'adn
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Books on the topic "Valorisation of field residue"

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Bull, Leonard. Residue and tillage systems for field crops. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology Division, 1993.

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Feng, Joseph C. Forestry field and laboratory manual for herbicide residue sampling, sample processing and reporting. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont: Forest Pest Management Institute, 1986.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Research and Development. and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., eds. Appendix I of the assessment and control of bioconcentratable contaminants in surface waters: Field evaluation of residue prediction procedures : 1993 draft. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Water, 1993.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Acid-insoluble residue/carbonate content of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Berthoud field, Denver basin, Colorado: A key factor for understanding natural fracturing in chalks? [Denver CO]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Acid-insoluble residue/carbonate content of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Berthoud field, Denver basin, Colorado: A key factor for understanding natural fracturing in chalks? [Denver CO]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Pollastro, Richard M. Acid-insoluble residue/carbonate content of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Berthoud field, Denver basin, Colorado: A key factor for understanding natural fracturing in chalks? [Denver CO]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Acid-insoluble residue/carbonate content of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation, Berthoud field, Denver basin, Colorado: A key factor for understanding natural fracturing in chalks? [Denver CO]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1991.

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Monteleone, Erminio, and Mario Bertuccioli, eds. Secondo Convegno Nazionale della Società Italiana di Scienze Sensoriali. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-872-7.

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Over the last decade there has been a growing interest in sensory science in Italy. This has clearly resulted in an increase in the number of researchers engaged in this sector and the number of companies that exploit sensory evaluations for product innovation and enhancement and in quality control. In Italy, in the sphere of the valorisation of prestige foodstuffs there is an increasing sensitivity towards the adoption of strict methods for describing the sensory properties of the products and ascertaining compliance with defined sensory standards. The Società Italiana di Scienze Sensoriali has played a decisive role in activating and guiding this development. Pursuing this approach, in 2008 the Society organised the 2nd National Convention as an occasion for exchange among professionals working in the field of sensory science.
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Oschwald, W. R. Crop Residue Management Systems. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2015.

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United States Environmental Protect Epa. Hazard Evaluation Division Standard Evaluation Procedure. Magnitude of the Residue: Crop Field Trials. Independently Published, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Valorisation of field residue"

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Saravanabhupathy, Sarveshwaran, Rajlakshmi, Sunipa Sen, Gour Gopal Satpati, Subhara Dey, Rintu Banerjee, Shivani Goswami, Lalit Goswami, Shalini Mehta, and Rajiv Chandra Rajak. "Recent Advancements in Agricultural Residue Valorisation into Bio-Products." In Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 523–42. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8774-8_19.

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Parameswari, R., and R. Rajeswari. "Labeling of Quadratic Residue Digraphs Over Finite Field." In Proceedings of First International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems: Volume 1, 387–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30933-0_39.

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Boltje, Robert, G. Martin Cram, and V. P. Snaith. "Conductors in the Non-Separable Residue Field Case." In Algebraic K-Theory and Algebraic Topology, 1–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0695-7_1.

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Nguyen, Van C., and Oana Veliche. "A Truncated Minimal Free Resolution of the Residue Field." In Association for Women in Mathematics Series, 399–437. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91986-3_17.

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Rasmussen, P. E. "Surface residue and nitrogen fertilization effects on no-till wheat." In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice, 555–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_119.

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Chandana, Pebbeti, Y. Lavanya, and K. Kiran Kumar Reddy. "Ex-Situ and In-Situ Crop Residue Management Technologies in Tropical Countries." In Field Practices for Wastewater Use in Agriculture, 179–99. Series statement: Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering: Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003034506-12.

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Muzangwa, Lindah, Isaac Gura, Sixolise Mcinga, Pearson Nyari Mnkeni, and Cornelius Chiduza. "Impact of conservation agriculture on soil health: lessons from the university of fort hare trial." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 293–304. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0018.

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Abstract Conservation Agriculture (CA) promotes soil health, but issues to do with soil health are poorly researched in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. This study reports on findings from a field trial done on the effects of tillage, crop rotations composed of maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) and residue management on a number of soil health parameters such as carbon (C)-sequestration, CO2 fluxes, enzyme activities, earthworm biomass and the Soil Management Assessment Framework soil quality index (SMAF-SQI). The field trial was done in a semi-arid region of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, over five cropping seasons (2012-2015). It was laid out as a split-split plot with tillage [conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT)] as main plot treatment. Sub-treatments were crop rotations: maize-fallow-maize (MFM), maize-fallow-soybean (MFS); maize-wheat-maize (MWM) and maize-wheat-soybean (MWS). Residue management: removal (R-) and retention (R+) were in the sub-sub-plots. Particulate organic matter (POM), soil organic carbon (SOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activities were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by residue retention and legume rotation compared to residue removal and cereal-only rotations. Also, carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes under CT were higher compared to NT. The calculated soil quality index (SQI) was greatly improved by NT and residue retention. MWM and MWS rotations, in conjunction with residue retention under NT, offered the greatest potential for building soil health. Residue retention and inclusion of soybean in crop rotations are recommended for improving soil health under CA systems in the semi-arid regions of South Africa.
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Dhaliwal, Harpreet Singh, Yadwinder Singh Brar, and Gursewak Singh Brar. "Evaluation of Pollutants Emitted from Open Field Crop Residue Burning in Punjab, India." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 203–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3132-0_20.

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Dowdy, R. H., D. R. Linden, C. E. Clapp, M. S. Dolan, and K. I. Ault. "Nutrient content of monoculture corn (12 Years) as a function of nitrogen, tillage, and residue management." In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice, 567–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_122.

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Tuzimski, Tomasz, and Joseph Sherma. "Overview of the Field of Chromatographic Methods of Xenobiotic Residue Analysis and Organization of the Book." In Determination of Target Xenobiotics and Unknown Compound Residues in Food, Environmental, and Biological Samples, 3–6. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2018. | Series: Chromatographic science series : a series of textbooks and reference books: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429446900-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Valorisation of field residue"

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Haohuan Fu, Oskar Mencer, and Wayne Luk. "Optimizing residue arithmetic on FPGAs." In 2008 International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology (FPT). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fpt.2008.4762364.

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Behring, Arnd, Michal Czakon, and Rene Poncelet. "Sector-improved residue subtraction: Improvements and Applications." In Loops and Legs in Quantum Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.303.0024.

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Cai, Wenting, Shuhe Zhao, Zhaohua Zhang, Fanchen Peng, and Jinjie Xu. "Comparison of Different Crop Residue Indices for Estimating Crop Residue Cover Using Field Observation Data." In 2018 7th International Conference on Agro-geoinformatics (Agro-geoinformatics). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agro-geoinformatics.2018.8476112.

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Heymes, David. "Four-dimensional formulation of the sector improved residue subtraction." In Loops and Legs in Quantum Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.211.0004.

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Xuedong, Dong, and Zhang Yan. "Generating Idempotents of Residue Codes over The Binary Field." In 7th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Computer Science (ICEMC 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemc-17.2017.17.

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Cabrera, A., L. Cox, P. Velarde, and J. Cornejo. "Effect of an organic residue on herbicide field dissipation." In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm080611.

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Sas, Ezter. "Field-scale Environmental Treatment of Municipal Wastewater Reveals Phytochemical Valorisation Opportunities in Fast-growing Willow." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1052922.

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Kamada, Mayumi, Morihiro Hayashida, Jiangning Song, and Tatsuya Akutsu. "Discriminative random field approach to prediction of protein residue contacts." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems Biology (ISB). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isb.2011.6033167.

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Dong, Xuedong. "Generating Idempotents of Quintic Residue Codes over the Binary Field." In 2016 4th International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meici-16.2016.74.

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Pace, Giuseppe. "Underground Built Heritage as catalyser for Community Valorisation. Underground4value." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ksku1784.

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This paper is about how framing an innovative approach for community empowerment by organising networks and consortia for preparing proposals in different research programme frameworks. In the beginning, there was as study for classifying underground spaces and using them as a solution for a sustainable over ground urban development. By advancing in the proposals preparation, the team developed a completely different vision. The underground space was more and more seen as a place for building local identity and sense of belonging, progressing from a functional to a cultural value, from a site conservation to a community valorisation approach, by giving centrality to the people and their needs. As first step, the project faced the challenge of regenerating urban areas by realising Underground Built Heritage potential for local communities and experimenting a methodological approach on sustainability transition. Just like a story, the paper describes the evolution of the approaches, and the implementation of the activities, also if unsuccessful in the competition. The consortium grew and matured, a network based on strong analysis and revision, whose members developed an impressive social capital and learned by any failure. Piece by piece, this network was able to achieve the success, and to start a COST Action, the CA 18110 “Underground Built Heritage as catalyser for Community Valorisation”. The Action, funded for establishing and implementing an expert network, promotes balanced and sustainable approaches to preserve the Underground Built Heritage (UBH) and, at the same time, to realise the potential of the underground space in urban and rural areas for regeneration policies. The paper finally explains how a wellmotivated group of people can transform a network activity, with a little budget, in a research and on field project and how such a network can provide innovative tools for engaging and empowering local communities.
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Reports on the topic "Valorisation of field residue"

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WALKER, PAMELA K., and PHILIP J. RODACY. Field Test Kit for Gun Residue Detection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792870.

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Clausen, Jay L., Julie Richardson, Nic Korte, Nancy Perron, Susan Taylor, Anthony Bednar, Patricia Tuminello, William Jones, Shawna Tazik, and Michael Walsh. Metal Residue Deposition from Military Pyrotechnic Devices and Field Sampling Guidance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada562327.

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Fuchs, Marcel, Jerry Hatfield, Amos Hadas, and Rami Keren. Reducing Evaporation from Cultivated Soils by Mulching with Crop Residues and Stabilized Soil Aggregates. United States Department of Agriculture, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568086.bard.

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Field and laboratory studies of insulating properties of mulches show that the changes they produce on the heat balance and the evaporation depend not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the material but also on the structure of air flow in boundary layer. Field measurements of the radiation balance of corn residue showed a decrease of reflectivity from 0.2 to 0.17 from fall to spring. The aerodynamic properties of the atmospheric surface layer were turbulent, with typical roughness length of 12 to 24 mm. Evaporation from corn residue covered soils in climate chambers simulating the diurnal course of temperature in the field were up to 60% less than bare soil. Wind tunnel studies showed that turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer added a convective component to the transport of water vapor and heat through the mulches. The decreasing the porosity of the mulch diminished this effect. Factors increasing the resistance to vapor flow lowering the effect of wind. The behavior of wheat straw and stabilized soil aggregates mulches were similar, but the resistance to water of soil aggregate layer with diameter less than 2 mm were very large, close to the values expected from molecular diffusion.
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Amirav, Aviv, and Steven Lehotay. Fast Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695851.bard.

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The overall theme of this project was to increase the speed of analysis for monitoring pesticide residues in food. Traditionally, analytical methods for multiple pesticides are time-consuming, expensive, laborious, wasteful, and ineffective to meet critical needs related to food safety. Faster and better methods were needed to provide more cost-effective detection of chemical contaminants, and thus provide a variety of benefits to agriculture. This overarching goal to speed and improve pesticide analysis was successfully accomplished even beyond what was originally proposed by the investigators in 1998. At that time, the main objectives of this project were: 1) to further develop a direct sample introduction (DSI) device that enables fast sampling and introduction of blended-only agricultural products for analysis by gas chromatography (GC); 2) to evaluate, establish, and further develop the method of simultaneous pulsed flame photometric detector (PFPD) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection for enhanced pesticide identification capabilities; and 3) to develop a new and novel MS pesticide analysis method, based on the use of supersonic molecular beams (SMB) for sampling and ionization. The first and third objectives were successfully accomplished as proposed, and the feasibility of the second objective was already demonstrated. The capabilities of the GC/SMB-MS approach alone were so useful for pesticide analysis that the simultaneous use of a PFPD was considered superfluous. Instead, the PFPD was investigated in combination with an electron-capture detector for low-cost, simultaneous analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in fatty foods. Three important, novel research projects not originally described in the proposal were also accomplished: 1) development of the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method for pesticides in foods; 2) development and optimization of a method using low-pressure (LP) GC/MS to speed pesticide residue analysis; and 3) innovative application of analyte protectants to improve the GC analysis of important problematic pesticides. All of the accomplishments from this project are expected to have strong impact to the analytical community and implications to agriculture and food safety. For one, an automated DSI approach has become commercially available in combination with GC/MS for the analysis of pesticide residues. Meanwhile, the PFPD has become the selective detector of choice for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides. Great strides were made in SMB-MS through the manufacture of a prototype "Supersonic GC/MS" instrument, which displayed many advantages over commercial GC/MS instruments. Most notably, the QuEChERS method is already being disseminated to routine monitoring labs and has shown great promise to improve pesticide analytical capabilities and increase lab productivity. The implications of these developments to agriculture will be to increase the percentage of food monitored and the scope of residues detected in the food, which will serve to improve food safety. Developed and developing countries alike will be able to use these methods to lower costs and improve results, thus imported/exported food products will have better quality without affecting price or availability. This will help increase trade between nations and mitigate certain disputes over residue levels in imported foods. The improved enforcement of permissible residue levels provided by these methods will have the effect to promote good agricultural practices among previously obstinate farmers who felt no repercussions from illegal or harmful practices. Furthermore, the methods developed can be used in the field to analyze samples quickly and effectively, or to screen for high levels of dangerous chemicals that may intentionally or accidentally appear in the food supply.
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Aly, Radi, James H. Westwood, and Carole L. Cramer. Novel Approach to Parasitic Weed Control Based on Inducible Expression of Cecropin in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586467.bard.

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Our overall goal was to engineer crop plants with enhanced resistance to Orobanche (broomrape) based on the inducible expression of sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP). A secondary objective was to localize small proteins such as SLP in the host-parasite union in order to begin characterizing the mechanism of SLP toxicity to Orobanche. We have successfully accomplished both of these objectives and have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing SLP under control of the HMG2 promoter show enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa . Furthermore, we have shown that proteins much larger than the SLP move into Orobanche tubercles from the host root via either symplastic or apoplastic routes. This project was initiated with the finding that enhanced resistance to Orobanche could be conferred on tobacco, potato, and tomato by expression of SLP (Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide produced as an antibiotic by the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina ) under the control of a low-level, root-specific promoter. To improve the level of resistance, we linked the SLP gene to the promoter from HMG2, which is strongly inducible by Orobanche as it parasitizes the host. The resulting transgenic plants express SLP and show increased resistance to Orobanche. Resistance in this case is manifested by increased growth and yield of the host in the presence of the parasite as compared to non-transgenic plants, and decreased parasite growth. The mechanism of resistance appears to operate post-attachment as the parasite tubercles attached to the transgenic root plants turned necrotic and failed to develop normally. Studies examining the movement of GFP (approximately 6X the size of SLP) produced in tobacco roots showed accumulation of green fluorescence in tubercles growing on transformed plants but not in those growing on wild-type plants. This accumulation occurs regardless of whether the GFP is targeted to the cytoplasm (translocated symplastically) or the apoplastic space (translocated in xylem). Plants expressing SLP appear normal as compared to non-transgenic plants in the absence of Orobanche, so there is no obvious unintended impact on the host plant from SLP expression. This project required the creation of several gene constructs and generation of many transformed plant lines in order to address the research questions. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Make gene constructs fusing Orobanche-inducible promoter sequences to either the sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP) gene or the GFP reporter gene. 2. Create transgenic plants containing gene constructs. 3. Characterize patterns of transgene expression and host-to-parasite movement of gene products in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). 4. Characterize response of transgenic potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill .) to Orobanche in lab, greenhouse, and field. Objectives 1 and 2 were largely accomplished during the first year during Dr. Aly's sabbatical visit to Virginia Tech. Transforming and analyzing plants with all the constructs has taken longer than expected, so efforts have concentrated on the most important constructs. Work on objective 4 has been delayed pending the final results of analysis on tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The implications of this work are profound, because the Orobanche spp. is an extremely destructive weed that is not controlled effectively by traditional cultural or herbicidal weed control strategies. This is the first example of engineering resistance to parasitic weeds and represents a unique mode of action for selective control of these weeds. This research highlights the possibility of using this technique for resistance to other parasitic species and demonstrates the feasibility of developing other novel strategies for engineering resistance to parasitic weeds.
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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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