Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Valorisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique'
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Liu, Xun. "Valorisation énergétique de la biomasse lignocellulosique par digestion anaérobie : Prétraitement fongique aérobie." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0099/document.
Full textBioconversion to methane lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most promising alternatives for the production of methane from anaerobic digestion. However, lignocellulosic biomass has various bio-physicochemical characteristics due to their biochemical composition and diverse structural organization. Moreover, their low biodegradability in anaerobic condition requires pretreatment before methanation to optimize methane production. This work aims to evaluate the influence of the characteristics of a wide range of lignocellulosic substrates on their anaerobic biodegradability and correlations between their bio-physical-chemical characteristics and biomethane potential, and study the effects of fungal pretreatment in the presence of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora on the biogas potential of lignocellulosic biomass selected in this study and characterize their changes of their characteristics before and after the fungal pretreatment. The characterization of 36 representative lignocellulosic biomass of a wide range of potentially mobilized deposits allowed to highlight the linear correlations between biomethane potential of biomass and some of their bio-physical-chemical characteristics, of which the lignin content and biochemical oxygen demand. The forest and agricultural biomass exhibited distinct characteristics of the aerobic and anaerobic biodegradability. The results of fungal pretreatment of the 5 biomass indicated that the white rot fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora reacts distinctly depending on the pretreated biomass. For some biomass, fungal pretreatment leads to significant increase of methane production and the bioconversion rate of methane. This species presents the ability to selectively degrade lignin on some biomasses, in others, the ability to non-selectively degrade polysaccharides and lignins. In addition, for both strains of Ceriporiopsis subvermispora tested, different metabolisms were highlighted on the same biomass. The results of compositions and those of the structural analysis of biomass (initials, autoclaved, controls, and pretreated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) showed that their structure can be modified without observing a significant transformation of their biochemical composition
El, Hage Roland. "Prétraitement du miscanthus x giganteus : vers une valorisation optimale de la biomasse lignocellulosique." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10063/document.
Full textMiscanthus x giganteus (MxG) is, because of its composition, a source of renewable lignocellulosic material that can be of great interest for the production of high added value molecules. MxG used in this work comes from the agricultural high school of Courcelles-Chaussy, Metz-France. Its high content of hemicelluloses (26 %), lignin (26 %) and cellulose (36 %) makes it a good source of polymers and renewable fuel. In the present study we have characterized the straw of MxG and optimized the process of delignification in a single step (1) by an ethanol organosolv treatment and in a two steps (2) including an autohydrolysis pretreatment with water / organosolv. The ethanol organosolv process permits a good separation of the three constituents of our biomass (lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses). The two steps treatment process, involving an autohydrolysis with water (in the presence or absence of 2-naphthol) before the pretreatment organosolv has facilitated the later stage of delignification in destructurizing the lignin. An investigation of the physico-chemical properties was performed on the structure of the milled wood lignin and organosolv lignin of MxG extracted with different treatment severities. A way of valorization for the organosolv lignin has been proposed by their incorporation in the formulation of an adhesive for wood in which a non volatile and low toxic aldehyde (glyoxal) is used instead of formaldehyde. A formulation consisting in 100 % of natural resins (60 % tannins of mimosa and 40 % of glyoxalated lignin) was used for the production of particle board and gave promising results with internal bond strength of 0.41 MPa, higher than the value of the current European standard. Finally, a study was conducted on the antioxidant properties of organosolv lignin extracted at different severities. The results have shown a correlation between the antioxidant activity and the operating conditions of treatment organosolv, the average molecular weight, the polydispersity index and the phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin
Ligner, Emmanuelle. "Valorisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique en carburant : étude de catalyseurs hétérogènes pour la réaction d’aldolisation." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2050.
Full textThe utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for fuel production requires the upgrading of the various oxygen-containing compounds from which it is formed. Following biomass depolymerization, these C5 and C6-building units include organic carbonyl groups, which can be condensed into compounds of more suitable molecular weights by aldolisation. The present work aimed at understanding the structure-activity relationship of heterogeneous catalysts used for the gas-phase aldol condensation of acetone, which was used as a model carbonyl-containing compound, in the presence of dihydrogen. Most efforts were devoted to the discovery of bifunctional systems (metallic + basic characters) exhibiting stable activity for the formation of linear oligomers. Alkali-substituted zeolites were first investigated but only displayed low activity. Several key parameters were shown to determine the activity, such as the nature of the alkali counter-cation, the residual sample acidity and the zeolite structure through the diffusivity of reaction products. Basic oxides derived from spinel structures (comprising Al, Na, Zn, Co or Cu) exhibited significantly greater acetone aldolisation activities than the basic zeolites aformentioned. Higher densities of basic sites lead to an increased formation of heavy products, resulting in the inhibition of the activity. The vicinity of metallic and aldolisation sites favored the formation of linear trimers, limiting the extent of cyclization. Cu-aluminate catalysts were shown to be instable under reductive atmospheres, and it is proposed that the active catalyst was formed of metallic copper particles supported onto an aluminium-rich oxide. The Na-content of the catalyst was shown to be crucial to obtain a solid with a stable catalytic activity and selective for the formation of linear trimers. The main role of Na was to limit dehydration of reaction intermediates and to favor the formation of oligomers
Thiebaud-Roux, Sophie Borredon Marie-Elisabeth. "Valorisation chimique de composés lignocellulosiques obtention de nouveaux matériaux /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2004. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000045.
Full textGatt, Etienne. "Etude de la déconstruction de résidus agricoles lignocellulosiques par extrusion biocatalytique." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0006/document.
Full textBiocatalytic extrusion, also named bioextrusion, is a reactive extrusion technique using enzymes as catalysts. Bioextrusion is considered as a link between the previous physico-chemical pretreatment (like alkaline extrusion) and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis in batch conditions. The extrusion allows a continuous, flexible and versatile process for high consistency media, easily transferable to the industrial level. However, complexity of both lignocellulosic biomass and lignocellulolytic enzymes and their interactions during the extrusion process are underlined by the literature. Numerous response surface methodology experiments with starchy biomass indicate that bioextrusion efficiency is mainly influenced by substrate and enzymes loading. Enzymatic activity during the bioextrusion process of lignocellulosic biomass is confirmed by the experiments despite the mechanical constraints and the limited residence time. During bioextrusion, best holocellulosic fraction hydrolysis results were obtained with high substrate and enzymes loadings. Significant modifications of the solid fraction like particule size reduction, visual deconstruction of the biomass structure, increased sensibility to thermal decomposition and the evolution of the surface exposure of crystalline and amorphous cellulose were observed. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the bioextrdates is prolonged in batch conditions. Clear improvements of speeds and rates of sugars conversion up to 48 h indicate a long term influence of the bioextrusion. Gain observed are steady for the pretreated wheat straw whereas it increases with time for corn residues and birch barks. Post-extrusion, a negative influence of the substrate loading is measured. However, best enhancements for the glucose conversion of pretreated wheat straw are detected for high substrate and enzymes loadings. From 4 to 48 h, significant losses in xylose conversion are measured with previous bioextrusion. Indicators of the solid fraction deconstruction, observed during the bioextrusion step, indicate a stronger biomass degradation after 48 h. Improvements of glucose conversion rates can be associated with good mixing conditions of the extruder, especially due to the use of kneading elements. Enzymes are probably more homogeneously distributed (distributive mixing) and can access more catalytic sites available. Moreover, dispersive mixing limits the enzyme jamming due to the biocatalysts concentration. Extrusion process permits an better agitation efficiency, good mass transfer conditions and probably a higher contact between substrate and enzymes. Lower xylose conversion results may be attributed to non-specific adsorptions or inactivation phenomena due to mechanical constraints and lignin residues. Good deconstruction results on the solid fraction may be associable with a synergetic action between mechanical and biochemical constraints. Autofluorescent signal analysis of the lignin fraction show its evolution during the deconstruction of the solid residue. During the hydrolysis, a progressive production of very small particles, appearing to be associated with the lignin fraction is observed. Lignin-carbohydrate complexes are also detected in the liquid fraction. These heteropolymeric complexes, difficult or even impossible for the enzymes to hydrolyze, are an obstacle to the biomass valorization. If lignin deconstruction is mainly due to the alkaline pretreatment, bioextrusion process seems to reduce the proportion of these heteropylymers with high molecular weights
Thiebaud-Roux, Sophie. "Valorisation chimique de composés lignocellulosiques : obtention de nouveaux matériaux." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7362/1/thiebaud.pdf.
Full textYu, Xiaoxi. "Valorisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique humide par la mise en place de procédés d'extraction et de séparation des polyphénols et des protéines : cas des tiges de colza." Thesis, Compiègne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015COMP2246.
Full textThis thesis work concerns the study and the evaluation of the extraction and the separation of valuable compounds from rapeseed residues. The impact of different treatments (grinding, pulsed electric fields, high voltage electrical discharges and ultrasound) on the enhancement of the extraction of polyphenols and proteins from rapeseed stems was compared. These treatments can damage cell membranes and 1 or cell walls mechanically, electrically or acoustically, thus facilitating the release of intracellular compounds to the surroundings. The extraction kinetics, yield of total polyphenols and proteins and energy consumption were mainly studied. In addition, influences of plant maturity on the efficiency of studied treatments for the extraction of polyphenols and proteins have been studied. The methods tested for the separation of extractives (polyphenols and proteins) include coagulation, membrane filtration and the combination of these two methods in order to reduce the consumption of organic solvents and the retention ofpolyphenols during separation. The separation of extractives was evaluated by means of analysis of purity and relative removal. Finally, positive effects of electrical treatment on the extractive separation step such as the increase ofpermeate flux and the decrease of membrane fouling have been observed
Nonviho, Guévara. "Valorisation chimique de la biomasse oléagineuse d’origine béninoise : Lophira lanceolata et Carapa procera." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0052/document.
Full textThe chemical composition of wild oilseeds, such as Lophira lanceolata (Ll) and Carapa procera (Cp) of Benin is mostly unknown. Yet they undergo crafted transformations for food, cosmetic and therapeutic purposes. This study aims to characterize their seeds, hulls and woods. From these crops, different oils have been extracted. One of them has been produced in rural area according to aqueous ancestral method. On the whole, oils of Ll have presented an interesting nutritional profile. They are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (> 50% m/m: mass for mass), especially that extracted by artisanal process. Beyond its good chemical properties, it provides essential fatty acids, phytosterols such as lupeol and more tocols compounds. Roasting and the use of enzymes have also assessed the impact of these methods on the chemical composition of LI seeds. Differently, Cp oil’s has an abundant presence of MUFA, tocotrienols (85.56% w/w) and the richest composition in lanosterol (28.03%, m/m). The seeds cakes, hulls and wood of both species showed various distributions on chemical components (extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). The characterization of hemicelluloses from different parts of plants has shown that they are essentially glucuronoxylans type. Extractives also offered a wide range of compounds mostly appreciated for industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. The chemical composition of the shells of Lophira was rich in organic compounds such as lignin (32.13%, dry weight) so their biosorbent capacity was evaluated. They showed methylene blue good adsorption capacity in aqueous solution, which highlighted their potential use in the purification of wastewater
Dubuis, Alexis. "Déformulation de matrices complexes : vers une méthodologie raisonnée adaptée aux matrices issues des procédés de valorisation de la biomasse." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1228/document.
Full textThe conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels and biosourced molecules produces complex thermosensitive liquid matrices which cover a wide range of polarity and molecular weight. Analytical tools developed in the literature only give a partial description of these oxygenated matrices. To understand the reactivity of these samples and optimize the development of conversion processes, a better characterization is required. The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the interest of a relevant fractionation step prior to separation techniques to help the molecular characterization of biomass samples. The reverse engineering proposed for the sample is desired complete and chemically controlled (without loss or sample modification). Two fractionation pathways were investigated: (1) solubility fractionation with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and (2) size fractionation with size exclusion chromatography (SEC). These techniques intend to be complementary to reversed-phase liquid chromatography hyphenated to ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy detection and high resolution mass spectrometry (RPLC-UV/HRMS). LLE, CPC and SEC methods were developed on model molecules to understand mechanisms involved and control the chemical selectivity. 2D contour plots were obtained, improving the resolving power and structuring chromatograms in comparison with RPLC-UV/HRMS. Then, SECxRPLC-UV/MS and CPCxRPLC-UV/MS hyphenations were applied to describe two complex samples from different substrates produced on experimental pilot units from two possible conversion pathways of lignocellulosic biomass (biochemical and thermochemical). The complementarity of separation modes allows to double the number of peaks detected, benefiting from the chemical organization of compounds. This constitute a support to identification also enhanced by multi-detection which provide additional structural information on compound detected, especially HRMS. Chemical organization in 2D contour plots were presented and discussed to propose the most adapted strategy to fully fractionate a sample based on the measurement of relevant descriptors. Finally, one of the fractionation approach developed in this thesis was used to isolate and structurally elucidate key molecules of a complex sample through MS fragmentation experiments and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
Di, Menno Di Bucchianico Daniele. "Development of processes for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass based on renewable energies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMIR27.
Full textThe world is facing the impacts of climate change due to its long dependence on fossil fuels, and specifically Europe, which is facing an energy crisis, has recognized the fragility of its fossil fuel-dependent energy system and has moved strongly towards renewable energy resources. Among renewables, biomass not only powers bio-energy production but also serves as a vital source of bio-carbon, used to create high-value molecules, replacing fossil-based products. Alkyl levulinates, derived from biomass, particularly stand out for their potential as bio-additives and bio-fuels. Acid solvolysis of hexose sugars from biomass appears to be a promising and cost-effective production route, which requires further investigation not yet found in the literature. The potential of alkyl levulinate extends to its conversion into γ-valerolactone (GVL), a promising bio-solvent, commonly obtained by hydrogenation through molecular-hydrogen. Besides being a key reagent, hydrogen is also a promising energy carrier, facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources into the market. Hydrogen energy storage systems support this integration, promoting 'green' industrial transformation. This thesis focuses on technological investigation and sustainability assessment of a potential biorefinery system, integrating lignocellulosic biomass valorization, energy production, and hydrogen generation. The study encompasses experimental investigations, optimizing technologies for the production of butyl levulinate and its subsequent hydrogenation to GVL. Sustainability considerations are fundamental to the process configuration, aligning with the global shift towards renewable and carbon bio-resources. In order to answer the question of sustainability, the research presents a first section focused on the experimental investigation of the optimal technology for the production of butyl levulinate. The solvolysis of the biomass-derived hexose Fructose to butyl levulinate was investigated, in terms of optimal process conditions and kinetic modelling. Selected an effective heterogeneous catalyst, the effect of the solvent was investigated, showing the benefits of using GVL as co-solvent, together with butanol, on the conversion and dissolution kinetics of fructose. In these conditions, the solvolysis to butyl levulinate was studied in depth from a kinetic point of view, first by proposing a model for the solvolysis of 5-HMF, an intermediate in the fructose pathway, and then extending the modelling from fructose itself. A robust kinetic model, describing the reaction mechanism of solvolysis, was defined and validated, particularly under conditions of high initial fructose concentration (applying the concept of High-gravity), and including in the modelling the kinetics of dissolution, and degradation of fructose, under acidic conditions.In the second part of the research, the technological perspective was extended to the hydrogenation of butyl levulinate to GVL. Starting from a conceptual design phase, the overall fructose-to-GVL process scheme was defined, simulated, and optimized on the basis of the process intensification concept. In the third part, the process was then dropped into a real case study in Normandy, France, adapting the analysis to the local availability of lignocellulosic biomass and wind energy. The study defines a methodology for designing and integrating the energy-supply system, evaluating different scenarios. The sustainability assessment, based on key performance indicators spanning economic, environmental, and social dimensions, culminates in an aggregated overall sustainability index. The results highlight scenarios integrating the GVL biorefinery system with wind power and hydrogen energy storage as promising, demonstrating high economic profitability and reduced environmental impact. Finally, sensitivity analyses validate the robustness and reliability of the methodology, generally extendable also to other technological systems
Come previsto, il mondo sta affrontando gli effetti tangibili del cambiamento climatico come conseguenza di un'economia basata sui combustibili fossili per centinaia di anni. Oltre a dover affrontare e adottare misure correttive per limitare gli effetti del riscaldamento globale, l'Europa sta affrontando una grave crisi energetica, che rivela la fragilità del sistema energetico europeo, prevalentemente dipendente dalle importazioni di combustibili fossili. La geopolitica delle risorse fossili ha innescato la necessaria rimodulazione dell'economia energetica europea, che si sta spostando "forzatamente" verso le risorse energetiche rinnovabili per diventare un'economia fossile e a zero emissioni di carbonio. Nel panorama delle rinnovabili, le risorse più sfruttate sono l'energia solare, eolica e da biomassa. Oltre alla produzione di bioenergia, la biomassa è una fonte inestimabile di biocarbonio, che può essere sfruttata e valorizzata per la produzione di molecole ad alto valore aggiunto che possono essere utilizzate in vari settori industriali, per la produzione di carburanti, prodotti chimici, materiali e sostituendo i corrispondenti prodotti di origine fossile. In questo contesto, sono stati sviluppati sistemi innovativi di bioraffinazione della biomassa di seconda generazione per trasformare e decostruire la complessa struttura della biomassa in molecole piattaforma più semplici, che possono poi essere trasformate in molecole ad alto potenziale. Tra queste, gli alchil levulinati sono stati identificati per il loro notevole potenziale come bioadditivi e biocarburanti. Esteri dell'acido levulinico, questi composti possono essere ottenuti da derivati della biomassa, come i monosaccaridi dello zucchero, secondo diverse vie di reazione; tra queste, la solvolisi acida degli zuccheri esosi può essere una via di produzione promettente ed economicamente vantaggiosa, che richiede ulteriori indagini non ancora presenti in letteratura. Il potenziale degli alchil levulinati risiede anche nella possibilità di un ulteriore trasformazione mediante idrogenazione per produrre γ-valerolattone (GVL), una molecola con un mercato promettente come bio-solvente, grazie alle sue proprietà di stabilità, ecotossicità e biodegradabilità. L'uso dell'idrogeno gassoso è la via più comune per l'idrogenazione del GVL, ma, oltre a essere un reagente chimico fondamentale, l'idrogeno è anche uno dei principali protagonisti della transizione energetica. Infatti, come vettore energetico, l'idrogeno può portare alla piena penetrazione delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili nel mercato dell'energia, costituendo un complemento-tampone per lo stoccaggio delle energie rinnovabili intermittenti, attraverso la progettazione di sistemi di stoccaggio dell'energia dell'idrogeno (HydESS). L'accumulo di energia a idrogeno a lungo termine può consentire l'autosufficienza dei sistemi di energia rinnovabile, in quanto agisce da ponte tra le funzionalità dei sistemi Power-to-Hydrogen, in grado di assorbire i surplus energetici delle energie rinnovabili e di immagazzinarli, e quelle dei sistemi Hydrogen-to-Power, che restituiscono energia rinnovabile quando le fonti di energia primaria non sono disponibili. In quest'ottica, lo sviluppo di tali sistemi può portare all'integrazione completa e stabile delle fonti di energia rinnovabile in asset industriali già esistenti, così come in nuovi mercati industriali, come le bioraffinerie di biomassa lignocellulosica, promuovendo lo sviluppo di realtà industriali "verdi" in termini di trasformazione di materiali ed energia. Il mercato industriale globale si sta evolvendo verso la decarbonizzazione e la riqualificazione di diversi asset, attraverso investimenti in efficienza energetica e l'introduzione di processi green per la valorizzazione delle fonti rinnovabili, ma l'implementazione su larga scala di queste iniziative richiede un'analisi completa e approfondita della loro sostenibilità
Huron, Maïté. "Modélisation cinétique de l'hydrolyse enzymatique de biomasse lignocellulosique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENI044.
Full textMany industrial projects are working on 2nd generation bioethanol, which is an promising alternative to fossil biofuels. To achieve its production, lignocellulosic biomass is first pretreated to increase the accessibility of the cellulosic fraction and further hydrolyzed by cellulolytic enzymes to convert cellulose into glucose. Glucose is then converted into ethanol during a fermentation step performed by yeast. In this production scheme, enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the key bottlenecks and should be improved to make the process economically viable.The objective of this PhD thesis was to better understand the mechanisms involved in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose in order to integrate the main descriptors into a detailed kinetic model. An experimental study was carried on cellulose (Avicel) and steam exploded wheat straw. Enzymes adsorption, decrease of hydrolysis rate, role of lignin and morphology modification of the substrate during hydrolysis were studied. It allowed a better understanding of the parameters that impact the enzymatic hydrolysis.These results were used to develop a kinetic model of the enzymatic hydrolysis. The distinct actions of the main enzymes involved in hydrolysis (cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and β-glucosidases) were detailed. The synergy and inhibition phenomena and the evolution of the morphology of the cellulosic substrate were also integrated. This model predicts the evolution of different parameters during reaction time (polymerization degree, enzymes adsorbed, surface area) and the impact of the enzymes ratio on the efficiency of the cocktail. The model was validated on Avicel cellulose but still has to be extended to more complex substrates such as steam exploded wheat straw
Khelfa, Anissa. "Etude des étapes primaires de la dégradation thermique de la biomasse lignocellulosique." Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ015S/document.
Full textBiomass is a renewable energy source, which collect and stock CO2. The objectives of this work were to study the thermal behavior of natural biomass and its components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). We were particularly interested in the thermal degradation mechanisms of natural polymers arising, first, during heat treatments (primary mechanisms). This work was carried out with in the framework of the ACI "Biomasters" with the support of Credit Mutuel. The thermal behaviors of biomass and its components were studied by using thermogravimetry (TGA), pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry(Py-MS) and pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography with detection by mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The thermal behaviors of biomass components were shown, by TGA, to be appreciably different and their roles were specified in thermal degradation. We also showed the impossibility of proposing estimated laws of biomass thermalbehavior on the basis of the main component TGA results. With Py-MS, we developed a method allowing to highlight the most representative molecular fragments evolved during biomass thermal degradation. This enabled us to specify the most sensitive components towards metallic catalystaction. The Py-CG/SM analysis of the mixtures showed that vapor compositions in the mixtures are close to simple laws of addition. We complete our work by an application of pyrolysis/gasification of Miscanthus for the of a sas with value
Khelfa, Anissa Weber Jean-Victor. "Etude des étapes primaires de la dégradation thermique de la biomasse lignocellulosique." Metz : Université de Metz, 2009. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2009/Khelfa.Anissa.SMZ0915.pdf.
Full textNordmann, Vincent. "Caractérisation et impact des différentes fractions d'une biomasse lignocellulosique pour améliorer les prétraitements favorisant sa méthanisation : utilisation de la paille de blé comme biomasse lignocellulosique d'étude." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993129.
Full textNordmann, Vincent. "Caractérisation et impact des différentes fractions d’une biomasse lignocellulosique pour améliorer les prétraitements favorisant sa méthanisation : utilisation de la paille de blé comme biomasse lignocellulosique d’étude." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15247/document.
Full textMethanization or anaerobic digestion is a biological process to transform organicmatter into a gas mixture composed by a majority of methane and carbon dioxide. Thistechnology is developing rapidly for the production of biomethane as renewable energysource. However this biotechnological route has low performances when lignocellulosicbiomass is used as raw material.Wheat straw has been chosen as typical biomass and the role of each lignocellulosicfraction (extractives, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) has been determined on theperformance of anaerobic digestion. A synthetic biomass has been built with different pureconstituents of the wheat straw to assess the impact of holocellulose-lignin interactions onmethanization. Then methane potential of various lignin degradation products (phenolicmolecules) has been studied. Majority of them have been shown an inhibitory effect butthree of them have been converted to methane: ferulic and vanillic acids andsyringaldehyde.Various physical pretreatments (heating, microwave irradiation, sonication andrefining) and chemical pretreatments (sodium hydroxide, ammonia and ozone) have beenselected to prepare the biomass to anaerobic digestion and their impacts on wheat strawcomposition have been evaluated. The best methanization yield has been obtained afterpretreatments by sodium hydroxide heating by microwave irradiation
Kpogbemabou, David. "Procédé de fabrication de biocarburants à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique biologiquement destructurée." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7fd615c5-8c38-410c-b7cc-cb5b1011ea0a.
Full textThe use of fossil carbon for energy is a major cause of emission of greenhouse gas emissions. The use of alternative energy sources such as biofuels can reduce these emissions. The second-generation biofuels is an interesting step but requires an important hydrogen consuming for hydrodeoxygenation step. The objective of this work was to develop lignocellulosic biomass by an original process combining biochemical conversions (decomposition of organic matter) and thermochemical (catalytic hydroliquefaction). Organic matter was characterized during the decomposition step by physico-chemical techniques (DRIFTS, DTA / TGA), as well as by molecular using mass spectrometry (headspace, pyrolysis, thermochemolysis). The study of lipid biomarkers showed that the biological activity is changing rapidly before stabilizing around 36 days. Lignocellulosic biomass has been converted into bio-oil by catalytic hydroliquefaction. The temperature and reaction time were optimized. The influence of the solvent, the catalyst and the decomposition were studied. The chemical fractionation (IHSS) has highlighted the important part of the refractory fraction, the "humin". This fraction appears to be most interesting for liquefaction in terms of quantity and quality of bio-oil formed
Herbaut, Mickaël. "Déconstruction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : corrélations entre l’activité et la mobilité enzymatiques." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMS047.
Full textBiomass recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis is a multifactorial phenomenon still challenging to understand. The main objective of this work was to determine factors that could be considered as generic markers of this recalcitrance. The relationship between enzymes dynamics and cell wall chemical and structural properties was studied using a panel of contrasted biomass samples (wheat straw, miscanthus, poplar) submitted to four different pretreatments, using a combination of chemical, spectroscopic and microscopy analyses.Lignin structure and composition were found to be the main factors explaining recalcitrance for all three biomasses, as highlighted by the negative correlations between fluorescence intensity and glucose yield. Increasing porosity improves saccharification differently for each species reflecting the different organisation of their cell walls. Mobility measurements of probes representative of enzyme size revealed that pretreatments have a more important impact on cell wall structure than the subsequent saccharification. Both the activity and mobility of enzymes are governed by pores sizes whose diameter need to be at least 5 times the diameter of the enzymes for the catalyst to diffuse efficiently in the cell wall, likely due to a fill-in effect caused by interactions with lignin. The intertwining between lignin and pores sizes was emphasized by measurements of the probes interactions with lignin revealing that binding depended on lignin structure, but also on its accessibility and on cell wall porosity.Our strategy and results provide insights for the improvement of pretreatment methods allowing a better valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass
Macedo, Lucélia Alves de. "Torréfaction de biomasse lignocellulosique : effet catalytique du potassium sur les espèces condensables." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0299/document.
Full textThe chemical valorization of condensable species from biomass torrefaction as well as the use of a low-cost carrier gas such as flue gas may be important steps for industrial-scale implementation of torrefaction. The condensable species yield varies according to the biomass composition, in particular by the presence of certain minerals, and also changes according to the operating conditions such as the gas atmosphere. In this context, to investigate the effect of potassium on mass loss of biomass during torrefaction and in the yield of condensable species, three demineralized biomasses were impregnated with different concentrations of K2CO3 and then torrefied at 275°C up to a target mass loss (25 or 30%). Torrefaction was carried out in both a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) instrument and a laboratory fixed-bed reactor under nitrogen and flue gas atmospheres. TGA of raw and K-impregnated biopolymers (cellulose, xylan and lignin) were performed to facilitate interpretation of the results. When K content increased in the biomass, shorter torrefaction times were sufficient to obtain the targeted mass loss. This behavior seems to be a result of shifting the cellulose decomposition to lower temperatures. The maximum reaction rates are much higher under flue gas because the biomass undergoes oxidation reactions in addition to the ordinary decomposition. Regardless of the gas atmosphere employed, K inhibits the production of anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, LAC and DGP) and furans (except 2-furanmethanol). This suppression is accompanied by a substantial increase in acetol yield. The cleavage of pyranose rings in cellulose which results in the formation of low molecular weight compounds is favored in the presence of K to the detriment of the depolymerization which delivers levoglucosan. K promotes the production of 2- furanmethanol, syringol and guaiacol especially under flue gas atmosphere. However, the yields of vanillin and syringaldehyde decreased in the presence of K whereas they are strongly favored under flue gas atmosphere when the biomass does not contain K. The effect of K on the yields of condensable species from biomass torrefaction is demonstrated whatever the gas atmosphere. Moreover, under the conditions tested, the oxygen present in the atmosphere intensifies, to a greater or lesser extent, the tendency imposed by the K
Ludot, Camille. "Développement de méthodologies de synthèse de tensioactifs glycosidiques à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS045/document.
Full textAlkyl PolyGlycosides (APGs) are biobased and biodegradable amphiphilics with good surfactant properties and low skin irritability, which are sought in cosmetics, detergents and food. APGs are synthesized by acid-catalyzed Fischer's glycosidation of a carbohydrate source and a glycosyl acceptor such as a long-tailed alcohol. Industrial APGs production suffers from various drawbacks such as the poor solubility of the carbohydrate in the fatty alcohol, the pressure management and the use of toxic or corrosive acid catalysts. Those issues impose more stringent demand on equipment, increase the production costs and favor APGs degradation reactions.Firstly we have been involved in developing an innovative strategy for the catalyst-free synthesis of APGs under atmospheric pressure. Sulfoxides and sulfones have been efficiently used for the manufacture of APGs starting from various glycosyl donors and acceptors. The reaction was induced by organic acids produced by partial carbohydrate caramelisation. Interestingly some of the sulfur-containing solvents were not soluble in fatty alcohols at room temperature whereas the reaction medium was homogenous at the glycosidation temperature. These solvents have been easily recovered and recycled without decrease of APGs yields. A decanol-sulfolane biphasic reaction medium has been designed for the production of decyl-D-xylosides in short reaction times and yields up to 83 %.The second phase of this work was focused on the direct conversion of lignocellulosic materials into APGs. The transglycosidation reaction of xylan and poplar hemicelluloses has been studied under thermal activation, without solvent or in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide, and under microwave irradiations. The efficiency of each activation mode has been discussed as a function of the botanical origin and the chemical composition of lignocellulosic substrates
Despax, Solenne. "Développement de méthodologies de synthèse d’hydroxyméthyl furfural (HMF) à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS042/document.
Full text2,5-Furan dicarboxylique acid (FDCA) was listed in 2010 as one of the top 10 bio sourced molecules which can serve as building blocks to replace the petrochemical terephthalic acid in the production of polyesters based-plant. This compound belongs to the family of furans and can be obtained after dehydration and oxidation of sugars. One way of synthesis uses a key intermediate, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). However, there is currently no commercial production of HMF because of its intrinsic reactivity. The formation of this compound thus represents one of the limiting steps in the production of FDCA. In this context, we have explored new strategies for the synthesis of HMF which could be economically and environmentally favorable. The study of the dehydration of monosaccharides which are abundant in lignocellulosic biomass was first carried out. Synthetic routes have been selected in view of a possible industrial development and in order to reduce as possible as we can the cost of production to obtain the HMF at a competitive price. Crystals of HMF with sufficient purity for industrial applications has been supplied from D-fructose after a synthesis in dimethylsulfoxide without catalyst and after a liquid-liquid extraction. Recycling of organic solvents used for the synthesis and the extraction represents a real benefit for this process. From D-glucose, a synthesis in organic medium in two steps without purification but only filtration afforded a syrup of concentrated HMF. The catalyst used for the isomerization step of the D-glucose into D-fructose was successfully recycled. The direct conversion of cellulose into HMF in a medium composed of an organic solvent was then approached. The implemented strategy is part of an eco-design approach to get the HMF from lignocellulosic biomass, without pretreatment. Accessibility of cellulose by its dissolution in the reaction medium was the first challenge for subsequent conversion. The combination of a chloride catalyst and a system composed of an ammonium salt and an organic solvent was effective to produce HMF. From the view point of sustainable chemistry, this method gathers noticeable advantages such as use of cheap ammonium additive, cheap and naturally abundant metal and allows production of HMF from renewable raw materials. The adjustment method to the lignocellulosic biomass has provided modest but encouraging yields for further work
Debboub, Aicha. "Hydrolyse enzymatique de la biomasse lignocellulosique : nouvelle technologie de prétraitement et de catalyse." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2012. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6160/1/030374198.pdf.
Full textChamoulaud, Gwenae͏̈l. "Valorisation de la biomasse : transformations électrocatalytiques du furfural." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2309.
Full textAuger, Eric. "Equilibres de phases des fluides oxygénés issus du traitement thermochimique de la biomasse lignocellulosique." Paris 13, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA132022.
Full textConverting lignocellulosic biomass into second generation biofuels is a complex process. It supposes that the thermodynamic properties of the involved molecules are well known to improve the process efficiency. Usually, these molecules are oxygenated, polar and multifunctional compounds such as phenols, furans, and sugars. The SAFT (Statistical Associating Fluid Theory) equation of state, which was developed from statistical mechanics, is considered as an important tool for describing the complex behaviour of these molecules. When combined with a group contribution method, GC-PPC-SAFT allows parameters of a chemical function to be reused from one molecule to another. The model also becomes predictive through the use of experimental or ab initio calculated data. Due to the polar nature of most of the molecules derived from biomass, the model is extended to account for different polar contributions: polarity, polarity and polarisability (perturbation theory of Wertheim RPT-1), and truncation of polarity (in order to separate association and polarity phenomena)). The aim of such an extension is the proper consideration of electrostatic effects which have an important nfluence on Liquid-Liquid equilibrium that is now better estimated. Finally, a series of experimental measurements on H-bonding by FTIR spectroscopy enables the model to be confronted to fluid structural data. Such data of fractions of non-associated molecules are used to improve parameters adjustment and consequently lead to more realistic values. Moreover, the relative proportion of the associating term in the SAFT equation can be assessed
Periyasamy, Karthik. "Production de bioéthanol à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique en utilisant des enzymes cellulolytiques immobilisées." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI024/document.
Full textThe overall objective of the study was to produce bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass by using free and immobilized xylanase, cellulase and β-1, 3-glucanase. Specifically, this study was focused on the isolation of Trichoderma citrinoviride strain AUKAR04 and it produces xylanase (55,000 IU/gds), Cellulase (385 IU/gds) and β-1, 3-glucanase (695 IU/gds) in solid state fermentation. Then the free enzymes were biochemically characterized such as effect of pH, temperature and metal ion concentration and kinetics parameters. Then the enzymes were subjected to two types of immobilization using carrier-free co-immobilization (combi-CLEAs) method and immobilized on bifunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles (ISN-CLEAs) with higher thermal stability, extended reusability and good storage stability. Liquid ammonia pretreatment removed 40% lignin from the biomass and retained 95% of glucan, 65% of xylan and 41% of arabinan in sugarcane bagasse (SCB). SCB was enzymatically hydrolyzed and converted to 87% glucose from cellulose and 74% of xylose, 64% of arabinose from the hemicelluloses which is remarkably higher than the activity of the free enzymes. Chemical and structural analysis of SCB was done by ATR-FTIR, TGA and XRD. FTIR result showed a successful pretreatment of the SCB raw material. It showed that hemicelluloses and cellulose are partially depolymerized by the action of xylanase, cellulase and β-1,3-glucanase in ISN-CLEAs. TGA studies showed that the thermal stability of the ammonia pretreated and enzymatically treated samples have improved remarkably. XRD results showed that the crystallinity index of the ISN-CLEAs treated SCB increased to 61.3±1% when compared to the ammonia-treated SCB. Mono-culture fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae LGP2Y1 utilized SCB hydrolysate containing 103.8 g/L of glucose and produced 42 g/L ethanol in 36 h of fermentation. The overall metabolic yield achieved was about 79% of theoretical yield. Co-culture fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae LGP2Y1 and Candida utilis ATCC 22023 utilized SCB hydrolysate containing 107.6 g/L of glucose and 41.5 g/L xylose and produced 65 g/L ethanol in 42 h of fermentation. The overall metabolic yield in co-culture fermentation achieved was about 88 % of the theoretical yield
Hélou, Marion. "Valorisation de la biomasse pour la synthèse de polycarbonates." Rennes 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REN1S204.
Full textSeveral heterocyclic six (and five)-membered ring carbonates have been prepared from glycerol as a bioresource. Within green and sustainable chemistry, various catalytic systems have been established for the ring-opening (co)polymerization (ROP) of these cyclic carbonates, with a special emphasis on trimethylene carbonate. A series of organometallic (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe3)2], Lewis acids (Al(OTf)3, Bi(OTf)3) or organic (DMAP, TBD, BEMP) catalysts, in association with an alcohol have been revealed highly active and productive for the controlled « living and immortal » ROP of these (novel) carbonates. The activities (TOFmax = 31 150 h-1) and productivities (TONmax = 46 500 mol/mol) reached with such an atom-saving procedure (20 ppm in initial catalyst content) are exceptional. Depending on the nature of the alcohol, various α-hydroxy, ω-alkoxy ester polycarbonates can be prepared. The choice of a diol or triol as co-initiator/chain transfert agent allowed to access polycarbonates of various topologies, linear or branched. The most significant, the Lewis acid and organocatalysts remain highly efficient in the ROP of technical grade TMC. Copolymerization of these carbonates, especially with lactide, affords copolyesters of variable type (block, random) and architecture (linear, branched), depending on the catalytic system selected. Thermal and mechanical properties, in particular, stiffness and elasticity, may be modulated according to the chemical composition as well
Rammal, Abbas. "Mathématiques appliquées et traitement du signal pour l’évaluation de la dégradation de la biomasse lignocellulosique." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS033.
Full textIn this thesis we propose to implement methods of applied mathematics and signal processing for the study of the evolution of plant biomass during the biodegradation process. The degradation of plant biomass is identified by FTIR spectroscopy, particularly in the MIR and NIR ranges. We proposed a new unsupervised classification method of Fuzzy C-Means based on the covariance factor to classify the IR data with spherical and not spherical form to identify the pre-treatment methods and the choice of spectral ranges that are the best adapted for our study. We have developed mathematical tools and innovative algorithms to combine these spectral information and identifying infrared spectroscopic markers that are discriminative in the lignocellulosic residues according to their level of degradation. For this, we have proposed a stochastic optimization method based on a genetic algorithm by choosing the appropriate parameters. We have shown that the joint analysis of the MIR and NIR spectra by the outer product (OP) provides better results than the separate analysis for the discrimination of the lignocellulosic biomass during the degradation process. Then, we proposed a new nonlinear optimization approach based on the built of vector which highlights the weight of spectral bands. Finally, we have developed a mathematical modelisation based on the extension of the GA-PLS algorithm combining the MIR and NIR spectral information by outer product (OP-GA-PLS) which significantly improves the prediction performance of the state of degradation of biomass
Rouches, Elsa. "Impact de prétraitements fongiques sur la méthanisation de la biomasse lignocellulosique, caractérisation des substrats transformés." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS113.
Full textAnaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most efficient ways to produce renewable energy. However, lignin contained in this biomass is difficult to hydrolyze. This limitation can be overcome by pretreatments. Among them, low-cost white-rot fungi pretreatments seem attractive but were scarcely applied for anaerobic digestion. The current study investigates white-rot fungi pretreatments of wheat straw to improve its methane production. Firstly, a selection step has revealed the efficiency of Polyporus brumalis BRFM 985 since 43% more methane per gram of pretreated volatile solids were obtained compared to the control straw. Taking into account the dry weight loss occurring during the pretreatment, it still corresponded to 21% more methane per gram of initial total solids. Moreover, glucose addition during the pretreatment was shown to limit delignification and thus methane production from the substrate. Secondly, pretreated samples were obtained in an experiment device aiming to optimize the pretreatment with P. brumalis BRFM 985; tested pretreatments parameters were: culture duration, temperature, initial substrate moisture content and metals addition. Response surfaces of methane production from those samples were built. Optimum methane production was not reached in the experimental domain but the positive impact of metals addition was demonstrated, so as the importance to choose adequate culture duration. Then, the use of pyrolysis-GC-MS technic to access pretreatment efficiency was studied. Estimation of fungal biomass amount on wheat straw with this method appeared possible. Polysaccharides/lignin ratio determined with py-GC-MS allowed to classify some pretreated samples according to their anaerobic degradability. Solid State Anaerobic Digestion (SSAD) of wheat straw pretreated in pilot-reactor was carried out in batch with leachate recycle. During SSAD start-up phase, too high Substrate/Inoculum (S/I) ratio leads to Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) accumulation and sometimes to reactor failure but with high S/I more substrate can be treated and methane production per reactor volume increases. With wheat straw, S/I between 2 and 3 (Volatile Solid basis) allow a successful start-up in SSAD. Whereas Total VFA/alkalinity ratio under 0.6 corresponds to stable wet anaerobic digestion; this limit seems not well adapted to SSAD. It was observed that SSAD reactors were able to recover from acidification phase when Total VFA/alkalinity was lower than 2 and with VFA concentrations inferior to 10 g/L in leachate. Despite the improvement of biodegradability and the facilitation of start-up phase, non-optimized fungal pretreatment did not improve methane production after taking into account mass losses occurring during the pretreatment
Passicousset, Joël. "Descripteurs physico-chimiques de la biomasse lignocellulosique en hydrolyse enzymatique : vers une caractérisation in-situ." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0004.
Full textOne of the paths that are envisioned to reduce the environmental footprint of human’s activities in the field of the transportation is about ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Amongst all the different processes that are projected to convert such substrates made of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the bioconversion process into ethanol represents a promising option since it is quite mature, and ethanol is readily usable in the current gas-cars fleet. The pretreatment step that aims at making cellulose more accessible and more digestible to the enzymatic hydrolysis still needs improvements in order to make this process economically viable. To study the relations between operating conditions, physicochemical modifications, and their effects on substrates’ digestibility, a wide range of samples with a high variability of their physicochemical parameters was needed. Samples were produced from a wheat straw that was dilute-acid and steam exploded with a wide range of operating conditions. Multi-technique and multi-scale analyses led to a precise characterisation of the physicochemical effects provoked by the pretreatment. These results also allowed identifying key substrate parameters that are responsible for the substrate enzymatic digestibility. Based on the observations, an empirical model was proposed to express the substrate digestibility as a function of these critical parameters. Finally, in situ monitoring of tissue degradation and enzyme adsorption-desorption on plant tissues during saccharification was carried using UV-autofluorescence microscopy. Thanks tothese experiments, hydrolysis mechanisms on pretreated matrices are now better understood, and depend upon pretreatment operating conditions
Eibner, Simon. "Pyrolyse flash de biomasse lignocellulosique : comment catalyser la désoxygénation au cours des mécanismes primaires et secondaires ?" Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0026.
Full textFlash pyrolysis of biomass is seen as a new way to produce bio-oils which can be converted to biofuels and chemicals. However, development of such pyrolysis processes requires implementation of an efficient and innovative catalytic strategy to deoxygenate bio-oils. Pyrolysis mechanisms involve both biomass degradation reactions - primary mechanisms - and gas phase reactions - secondary mechanisms -. As a consequence, our work has been directed along two research lines. First, we tested whether impregnating a catalyst precursor in the biomass can act on the primary pyrolysis mechanisms in order to promote deoxygenation. Then we sought to enhance the catalytic cracking of pyrolysis vapours using a heterogeneous catalyst.Pyrolysis experiments of impregnated biomass show that metal nitrate salts - Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ce – mainly enhance cellulose depolymerisation at the expense of its fragmentation. Moreover, nitrate anions inserted in biomass promote the production of dehydrated anhydrosugars which can be used to synthesize value-added molecules. Pyrolysis of impregnated biomass also results in the formation of a catalytically active charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Those charcoals were successfully employed to catalyse the deoxygenation of model vapour phase compounds. However, it was found that the catalytic activity of these charcoals was limited by their low specific surface area, in comparison with the measured performance measured for commercially available activated charcoal containing metal nanoparticles. Among the tested metals, the ceria-based catalyst was found both to efficiently reduce bio-oil acidity and to enhance phenol yields. Additionally, this catalytic cracking catalyst reduces the oxygen content in the pyrolysis bio-oil and increases its heating value. This encouraging result suggests that catalytic vapour cracking could be integrated in a hydrodeoxygenation-based process to produce biofuels. This option should reduce the cost of hydrodeoxygenation and in particular the hydrogen consumption
Baig, Muhammad. "Extraction de composant de biomasse lignocellulosique oléagineuse en milieu eau et CO2 subcritique et fonctionnalisation enzymatique." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20215/document.
Full textThis work addresses the integrated biorefining concept (extraction, fractionation, separation of compounds from biomass prior to further transformation) by developing discrete units with the ultimate objective of coupling them to enable a continuous flow configuration. Due to the complexity of solid, there is a need for a sustainable and environmentally friendly pre-treatment technology. Sub-critical water has been used as a solvent for extracting natural compounds in addition to hydrolysis. This work investigated the hydrolysis of carbohydrates (rice bran) and triacylglycerols (TAG; sunflower oil) chosen as models. The attribute of subcritical water (ion product and dielectric constant) in continuous flow reactors built for the purpose, allowed almost quantitative hydrolysis of hemicellulose and TAG. The effect of adding CO2 and therefore carbonic acid was positive on the hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Further, free fatty acids were transformed to ethyl esters using lipase within continuous flow super critical CO2 resulting in 95% yield. The hydrolysis and esterification reaction kinetics were studied. To address the complex interplay between multiple processing parameters response surface methodologies (RSM) were developed. Using the empirical data the models were successfully validated, therefore showing the utility of the RSM to assist process development. The important question of solubility of extractible in subcritical water was also addressed, through the development of a prediction method, validated with experimental data. In summary this work shows the possibility of applying the innovative Integrated Biorefining concept under continuous flow conditions -instead of the current application under batch conditions- for producing valuable compounds
Chappaz, Alban. "Développement de nouveaux milieux et catalyseurs acides pour la transformation de biomasse lignocellulosique en molécules plateformes." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0936.
Full textThe thesis presented in this document aims at converting lignocellulosic biomass into levulinic acid. This target is a valuable building block which can lead to various products.This platform intermediate can be obtained by acid-catalyzed conversion of cellulose contained in raw biomass. However, the state of the art concerning this acid-catalyzed reaction revealed that the current conditions (diluted acids in harsh temperature conditions) result in numerous by-products formation. The selectivity issue often deals with process control, in particular with reaction time optimization.Our approach lies in using concentrated Brønsted acids as alternative media to catalyze cellulose conversion. Indeed, the high acidity level allow the interaction with hydrogen bonds in cellulose fibrils and favor cellulose decristallization. This property should promote the transformation of cellulose into levulinic acid at lower temperature thus limiting the formation of by-products. Therefore, acidity measurements in such media have been developed and performed. An extensive study on glucose and Avicel cellulose conversion in concentrated aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid was performed at 80°C. Levulinic acid yields, up to 50 mol%, were determined by HPLC analysis and a special attention was dedicated to the identification and quantification of soluble or insoluble by-products, allowing the characterization of new species never described in aqueous solutions. Referring to the acidity levels previously determined, a comparison between acidity and catalytic results will be setted.Finally, the effect of metallic chloride addition on the transformation of glucose and cellulose in sulphuric acid solutions has been investigated, revealing improvements yielding up to 70 mol% levulinic acid. This range of selectivity is unprecedented at such a low temperature
Hohwiller, Carole. "La production de carburants liquides par thermoconversion de biomasse lignocellulosique : évaluation pour le système énergétique français futur." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00620639.
Full textAbdou, Alio Maarouf. "Production de bioéthanol à partir d'une biomasse lignocellulosique multi-ressources locale par prétraitement Organosolv et hydrolyse enzymatique." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CLFAC061.
Full textIn a context of energy transition and the fight against climate change,2nd generation bioethanol production is recognized as a promising way to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels.The objective of this study is to analyze the feasibility of 2nd generation bioethanol production from a "wood waste" type of wood substrate, consisting of sawdust obtained from a local sawmill. This sawdust is a mixture of four types of softwood species, representative of local species. Chemical analysis of this waste has shown that it contains approximately 70% (g/g) of potential sugar source in the form of cellulose and hemicelluloses exploitable for the production of 2nd generation ethanol by biochemical route, which involves three key stages: a pretreatment stage, an enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis, and finally a fermentation stage. The pretreatment step selected in this work is based on an Organosolv method. This process uses a pure or diluted organic solvent, added with a catalyst to remove lignin while promoting the recovery of cellulose and hemicelluloses and limiting the formation of inhibitors. Lignin as a coproduct of fractionation can be valued elsewhere. Parameters such as the concentration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) as a catalyst, the ethanol/water ratio in the extraction solvent, the treatment temperature, and the applied pressure were studied to optimize the fractionation of the wood, the yield and the purity of the cellulose, the recovery of the lignin and the absence of formation of inhibitors. For the pretreatment, the optimal conditions obtained experimentally on sawdust are as follows: an ethanol/ water ratio of 60/40 with 0.25% H2SO4 for one hour extraction at 175 °C. These conditions made it possible to eliminate 50% of the lignin while preserving 82 ± 3% of the initial cellulose with a purity of 71 ± 3%. Next, the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated substrate under the optimal conditions by an enzyme cocktail (CellicR© Ctec2, Novozymes, Denmark) at 50 °C with shaking (180 rpm) achieved a conversion of cellulose to glucose of 80% after 12 days. Finally, fermentation of the glucosidic hydrolyzate by a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae led to obtaining an alcoholic fermentation yield close to 80% of the theoretical yield, which seems consistent with the absence of inhibiting compounds observed during the fermentation step. Process simulations at the biorefinery scale showed that que 70,088 tons/year of wet biomass could be converted into 11,400 tons/year of ethanol, enhancing water and ethanol savings (4.8 L water per L ethanol, and 99% ethanol recovery, respectively), at the expense of higher energy requitements (10.9 and 8.6 kWh/L ethanol for hot and cold utilities, respectively) than in pretreatments in aqueous phase
Sampaio, Mergulhão Carolina. "Étude expérimentale de la cinétique de combustion de biocarburants issus de la biomasse lignocellulosique à hautes pressions." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1R045.
Full textIn 2019, nearly 30% of the CO2 emissions in the EU come from the transport sector. Electrification is one of the possible and stringent alternatives towards reducing CO2 emissions from the mobility; nevertheless, its wide availability would cost an enormous budget and decades to replace more than 300 million passenger cars powered by internal combustion engines. Moreover, some domains such as aviation and marine transport are still far from adopting electrification due to the comparably lower energy density of the batteries and carbon-free energy provision. Considering these situations and limitations, renewable biofuels emerge as a promising way to decarbonize the transport sector promptly. Biofuels are currently blended as additives, and can be produced by transformation of lignocellulosic biomass; inedible and renewable feedstock utilized for second-generation biofuel production. The newly introduced biofuels would demonstrate different combustion characteristics than the conventional fossil-based fuels, which need to be investigated in detail. The implementation of such substances requires precise operation strategy to avoid engine knock from spark-ignition (SI) engines, which is a major obstacle against increasing the thermal efficiency in highly turbocharged engines. Taking into account that the engine knock, or in general the autoignition of the unburned end-gas under low temperature conditions, is governed by the autoignition chemistry of fuel, it is, necessary to ensure their compatibility with the new engines by looking into their reaction pathways in engine-relevant conditions. This study aims to present a benchmark of potential new biofuels and/or additives to be used in (SI) engines, as well as provide useful discussions from a kinetics perspective on the co-oxidation of these compounds along with conventional fuels. Four oxygenated lignocellulosic derived compounds (LDCs) were investigated; anisole, o-cresol, prenol, and cyclopentanone (CPN), which are either potential automotive fuels or additives. Isooctane, which has often been used as the reference gasoline surrogate, was also tested to compare the acquired data with literature and validate the methodology used in this study. Ignition delay times (IDTs) were measured using ULille Rapid Compression Machine (RCM), and the mixtures of isooctane/LDC/O2/inert were evaluated at stoichiometric fuel-in-air conditions. The composition effect was investigated, varying the amount of LDC within isooctane mixtures and also varying the compression pressure from 14 to 25 bar. The effect of temperature on the IDT was investigated at 20 bar, and core gas temperatures from 665 to 870 K. The surrogates were formulated at stoichiometric conditions and prepared until the LDC fraction reached the maximum reasonable value given their volatility. The limits were 20% for o-cresol, 40% for anisole and CPN, and 50% for prenol. Overall, the LDC addition inhibits the isooctane reactivity, which can be ranked in descending order for reactivity: pure isooctane, o-cresol, anisole, and cyclopentanone. On the other hand, prenol surrogate was the only one to show limited reactivity at low temperatures and promote the isooctane reactivity at high temperatures, i.e., from 800 to 870 K
Modjinou, Tina. "Valorisation de la biomasse pour l'élaboration de matériaux bioactifs sous irradiation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1152/document.
Full textThe valorization of phenolic and terpene derivatives of biomass is perfectly in line with the current challenge of our societies that drives traditional chemistry to evolve towards a sustainable chemistry. Because of their unsaturated nature, terpenes are particularly interesting for synthesizing new materials by thiol-ene chemistry. At the same time, the phenolic derivatives can easily be modified to unsaturated synthons capable of reacting in these same reactions. Thus, a wide range of materials based on linalool and eugenol has been developed under UV irradiation. An approach by photochemistry has been selected since it fits perfectly within the framework of a chemistry more respectful of the environment. The beneficial effect of the oxygenated functions of linalol and phenolic functions of eugenol on antibacterial activity was demonstrated against two bacterial strains mainly responsible for the development of nosocomial diseases: S. aureus and E. coli. The incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles, carvacrol or tannic acid during the crosslinking reaction makes it possible to improve the antimicrobial properties significantly. The association with semi-crystalline biobased and biodegradable polyesters presents an interesting alternative to optimize the thermomechanical performance of the obtained materials.A second type of materials has been synthesized by photocrosslinking epoxidized phenolic derivatives such as resorcinol or eugenol. The photoinitiated cationic polymerization by opening of the ring enables the synthesis of materials whose mechanical properties are higher than the materials obtained by thiol-ene reaction and on the other hand to get rid of the thiol-based crosslinking agent. The synthesis of various monoepoxidized eugenol derivatives offers the advantage of being able to modulate the composition of the obtained materials which may contain phenol functions and / or unsaturations. The phenol groups are essential to the antibacterial activity and lead to the antioxidant properties. The possibility of introducing unsaturations allows a post-functionalization of the surface of the materials.Thus, a wide range of crosslinked, biosourced and bioactive materials whose properties vary from elastomer to thermosetting have been synthesized under irradiation
Fong, Lopez Monica. "Développement d'un procédé de dégradation enzymatique de la biomasse lignocellulosique mettant en œuvre des moyens thermo-mécano-chimiques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0060.
Full textLignocellulosic bioethanol is a sustainable alternative to replace fossil fuels. However, technical barriers at each operational step (pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation and distillation) are part of the bottlenecks for its commercialization. A process counting with an alkaline pretreatment, neutralization, filtration and enzymatic impregnation within a twin screw extruder was set up during BABETHANOL project (2010-2013). The optimization of the process was undertaken in the present study with Sweet Corn Coproduct (SCC) as model raw biomass. In the first part of the study, the conditions of the alkaline pretreatment were evaluated in order to diminish the chemical load, thus reducing their economic cost. For this matter, different strategies were employed: the modification of the chemical agent (NaOH, KOH and Ca(OH)2), the temperature and alkali load of the pretreatment. The results indicate that sodium hydroxide exhibits a higher efficiency and a lower cost than potassium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. An increase of temperature can balance the reduction of chemical input, thus diminishing annual operating costs of the process by 5 million euros. In the second part of the study, the research focuses on the optimal conditions of enzymatic impregnation, also called bioextrusion. Firstly the study the impact of the liquid/solid ratio and the enzymatic load apply during bioextrusion on saccharification at high consistency was carried out. Furthermore, the evaluation of the conditions of the implementation of the consecutive pretreatment- bioextrusion-saccharification/fermentation was performed. For this matter, a series of essays were executed with the whole process set up at lab-scale, i.e. extruder coupled with a 22L reactor. At the outcome, the research work presents a continuous process with the possibility of scale-up that presents a yield of 12.7Kg of ethanol with 100Kg of dry sweet corn coproduct
Bennati-Granier, Chloe. "Nouvelles enzymes fongiques pour l'amélioration de la dégradation de la biomasse lignocellulosique : étude des "Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases" (LPMOs)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4001.
Full textIn the current context, it becomes essential to make alternative to oil, such as the 2G bioethanol, available at large scale. However, the hydrolysis step by Trichoderma reesei enzymes remains the major bottleneck for an economically sustainable process. The present work is part of the Futurol project, and aims at identifying and characterizing new fungal enzymes to improve the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. From the proteomic data available for Podospora anserina and Fusarium verticillioides, a dozen of interesting enzymes were identified in their secretomes. This work focuses, mainly, on the AA9s « Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases » (LPMOs) from P. anserina. Among all the LPMOs studied, PaLPMO9A, PaLPMO9E and PaLPMO9H that harbored a CBM1 were the most active on cellulose. Investigation of their regioselective mode of action revealed that PaLPMO9A and PaLPMO9H oxidatively cleaved at both C1 and C4 positions while PaLPMO9E released only C1-oxidized products. PaLPMO9H that was the most versatile in terms of substrate specificity as it also displayed activity on cello-oligosaccharides and β-(1,4)-linked hemicellulose polysaccharides (e.g., xyloglucan, glucomannan). The hydrolysis yield of the pretreated miscanthus was significantly improved up to 2 fold, when the PaLPMO9E, or PaLPMO9H were supplemented to the T. reesei cocktail. This work demonstrated the importance of these oxidative enzymes for lignocellulose deconstruction by fungi. These biocatalysts open new prospects to improve the enzymatic conversion of plant biomass for 2G bioethanol production
Carillon, Thierry. "Valorisation d'hydrolysats de matière végétale : procédé de séparation du D-xylose et du D-mannose." Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT007G.
Full textGloaguen, Vincent. "Valorisation chimique et biotechnologique de la biomasse thermale de Neris-les-Bains." Compiègne, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995COMP844S.
Full textKhila, Zouhour. "Analyse de cycle de vie émergétique de système de valorisation de biomasse." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0306/document.
Full textActually biomass-based energy supply is a promising route for renewable energy system and sustainable development strategy. Methane rich gas from biomass can be obtained from gasification (Synthetic Natural Gas, SNG). SNG is very suitable, as it could be an important energy carrier. It could replace natural gas for electricity generation and heating systems and use the existing gas infrastructure. The main objective of this work is to investigate the syngas methanation, and to compare the environmental performance and sustainability for different SNG production systems. The French system (valorization of forest residue) and the Tunisian system (valorization of date palm waste) are analyzed and compared by using the Emergetic Life Cycle Assessment method. The inventory data are obtained mainly through process simulation by Aspen PlusTM software. The results show that increasing the steam ratio in syngas can avoid the carbon deposit during methanation process. The cold gas efficiency of the SNG process is 52%.The environmental analysis results show that high greenhouse gas savings can be obtained for each system. The transformity of the French SNG is lower than the one of the Tunisian SNG. On the other hand, the Tunisian system has the highest percentage of renewability and index of sustainability. The environmental performance and the sustainability of the two systems can be made even more attractive by installing the SNG production units near forests or oasis. Overall, the SNG is expected to contribute favorably to the future renewable energy system
Khila, Zouhour. "Analyse de cycle de vie émergétique de système de valorisation de biomasse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0306.
Full textActually biomass-based energy supply is a promising route for renewable energy system and sustainable development strategy. Methane rich gas from biomass can be obtained from gasification (Synthetic Natural Gas, SNG). SNG is very suitable, as it could be an important energy carrier. It could replace natural gas for electricity generation and heating systems and use the existing gas infrastructure. The main objective of this work is to investigate the syngas methanation, and to compare the environmental performance and sustainability for different SNG production systems. The French system (valorization of forest residue) and the Tunisian system (valorization of date palm waste) are analyzed and compared by using the Emergetic Life Cycle Assessment method. The inventory data are obtained mainly through process simulation by Aspen PlusTM software. The results show that increasing the steam ratio in syngas can avoid the carbon deposit during methanation process. The cold gas efficiency of the SNG process is 52%.The environmental analysis results show that high greenhouse gas savings can be obtained for each system. The transformity of the French SNG is lower than the one of the Tunisian SNG. On the other hand, the Tunisian system has the highest percentage of renewability and index of sustainability. The environmental performance and the sustainability of the two systems can be made even more attractive by installing the SNG production units near forests or oasis. Overall, the SNG is expected to contribute favorably to the future renewable energy system
Cherif, Hadj Ahmed. "Torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique prétraitée aux liquides ioniques - Propriétés physico-mécaniques et analyse comparative par spectroscopies de surface." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30581/30581.pdf.
Full textThe heat treatment of wood in a gas atmosphere is a process that aims to improve the properties of wood. Indeed, treated wood possesses improved dimensional stability, reduced hygroscopic nature and resistance to degradation by various factors (fungi, insects). The main disadvantage of the method is the long duration of treatment. This work explores the possibility of using ionic liquids for the treatment of wood as they have the particularity to accelerate the decomposition of the main wood constituents. Surface analysis and testing of physical and mechanical properties were performed on treated wood. The surface analysis showed that ionic liquids have contributed to the degradation of lignin as well as the development of the hydrophobic character of the wood. The physical and mechanical tests have meanwhile revealed that lower moisture and water absorption contents, decreased the swelling and mechanical properties.
Cony, Stéphanie. "Déconstruction raisonnée par voie enzymatique des hétéroxylanes de la biomasse lignocellulosique et purification éco-compatible des différentes fractions fonctionnelles." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMS020.
Full textAgriculture by-products (wheat bran and straw) are rich in arabinoxylans (AX). These polymers composed of a main chain of β-(1,4) linked xylose ramified by arabinose and ferulic acid, are sources of molecules for various applications: xylooligosaccharides as prebiotics, xylose to synthesize xylitol, a non-cariogenic sweetener, or ferulic acid as a precursor of vanillin or an antioxidant molecule for packaging applications. The aim of this work was to set up an eco-friendly process ranging from wheat bran AX hydrolysis to ferulic acid purification.Hemicellulasic cocktails obtained by growing Thermobacillus xylanilyticus on wheat straw or wheat bran were implemented in various conditions. They released a carbohydrate fraction (mono- and oligosaccharides) and ferulic acid. In order to increase the monomerization, two new β-xylosidases were grown from T. xylanilyticus and characterized. They were tested to supplement the complex hemicellulasic cocktails from T. xylanilyticus and studied in mixture with a pure xylanase and a pure arabinosidase.The choice of a weak anionic resin under free base form to separate the glucidic and the phenolic fractions and to purify ferulic acid was also driven by environnement purposes: Amberlyst A21 resin showed a good affinity for ferulic acid and regeneration allowed a concentrated fraction of ferulate to be obtained. Prior demineralization by electrodialysis increased the capacity of the resin for ferulic acid and the purity of the recovered fraction, potentially allowing crystallization
Jackowiak, David. "Prétraitement de biomasses lignocellulosiques par microondes pour l'amélioration du procédé de biométhanisation." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1921.
Full textThe structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass are known to be critical points to use this material in anaerobic digestion. Indeed, the presence of lignin forms a physical barrier and induces a non-productive adsorption and activity of enzymes. Therefore, this thesis aims at to study the effects of microwave heating of lignocellulosic material, especially on matter solubilisation through soluble COD, and on anaerobic digestion through BMP assays. Experimental studies were carried out on wheat straw and switchgrass, and revealed that their microwave pretreatments led to increase of matter solubilisation and an improvement of their anaerobic digestibility. The best conditions found are the highest heating rate for a final temperature 150°C without any holding time. A temperature beyond 150°C induces an increase of matter solubilisation but decreases the biodegradability of lignocellulosic material. This work studied also the energy balance. The energy calculated from the difference of methane production between treated and untreated sample does not compensate the energy consumed by the microwave pretreatment, at least with the microwave devices used. It therefore appears necessary to study the development of adapted industrial apparatus
Auxenfans, Thomas. "Mise en oeuvre de prétraitements de substrats (ligno)cellulosiques par liquides ioniques hydrophiles : étude compréhensive de la relation structure - saccharification enzymatique." Amiens, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AMIE0112.
Full textThe aim of this study, within the context of the lignocellulosic biomass valorization, is to link structural parameters of (ligno)cellulosic substrates with their enzymatic saccharification performances. Two hydrophilic imidazolium based ionic liquids distinct by their anions were selected and different pretreatments conditions (duration / température) of (ligno)cellulosic substrates were carried out. The quantitative monitoring of enzymatic kinetics were performed by HPLC. Structural and morphological properties were studied by solid State NMR, XRD and SEM. Other means were also performed in order to bring additional information (porosity, spécifie surface, chemical analyses. . . ). The influence of these hydrophilic ionic liquids onto the enzymatic activity of both cellulases (individual or mixture) and xylanases demonstrated the feasibility to carry out the pretreatment and the enzymatic hydrolysis in one-single process. This study showed the formation of compromise between the pretreatment efficiency and the denaturation of enzymes. Based on the biorefinery concept, the co-valorization of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions was performed through successive hydrophilic ionic liquids then chemical (diluted acid) or biological (xylanases) pretreatments of lignocellulosic substrates. Finally, the reuse of ionic liquids has been showed for the efficient pretreatment of (ligno)cellulose without any structural altération (liquid NMR)
Sirmah, Peter Kipkosgei Gérardin Philippe. "Valorisation du "Prosopis juliflora" comme alternative à la diminution des ressources forestières au Kenya Towards valorisation of "Prosopis juliflora" as an alternative to the declining wook resource in Kenya /." S. l. : Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2009_0035_SIRMAH.pdf.
Full textYoussef, Ali. "Valorisation du furfural pour la fabrication d’agrosolvants et de tensioactifs." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS024/document.
Full textThe research work described in this thesis focuses on the valorisation of the biomass in fine chemistry. Is particularly studied the transformation of furfural into new solvents and surfactants. The synthesis of these new molecules (solvents and surfactants) was performed starting from furfural using cheap and eco-compatible (green chemistry) methods. Two reactions were particularly used, the photooxygenation and the photoinduced radical addition which allow to access to new families of solvents and surfactants in high yields. The physico-chemical study of different synthetised compounds showed that they possess interesting properties for industrial applications
Ayoub, Nadim. "Synthèse et valorisation des dérivés furaniques issus de la biomasse par oxydations sélectives." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COMP2677.
Full textBiomass is one of the renewable and green resources that can sustainably meet our needs for the production of fuels, chemicals and materials. Indeed, nonedible biomass such as lignocellulose has attracted attention of researchers and scientists in the last decades as a renewable alternative. Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), derived from the dehydration of pentoses and hexoses respectively, are produced in multimillion ton-scale annually. The latter compounds are, therefore, platform molecules and represent a major interest in the context of sustainable development. This work aims to explore novel and green methods for the selective oxidation of furfural and HMF to produce high value-added bio-sourced products such as, 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), maleic acid and succinic acid. First, an alternative system of HMF oxidation was presented, without the use of noble metal catalysts, high pressures and avoiding the production of toxic wastes. In this context, the gram-scale oxidation HMF leads to the formation of DFF. This reaction was catalyzed by 2-iodobenzenesulfonic acid in the presence of Oxone®. Under optimized experimental conditions, the HMF conversion was found to be 100%, while the DFF yield and selectivity were almost 90%. Subsequently, we demonstrated a catalyst-free process for the gram-scale synthesis of maleic acid from furfural using high frequency ultrasound irradiations. A 70% selectivity of maleic acid with 92% of furfural conversion were achieved without any catalyst under mild conditions using H2O2 as oxidant. Our alternative approach enables the use of biomass instead of petroleum to synthesize maleic acid from furfural in an eco-friendly and energy-efficient process. At last, a novel catalytic process is developed using magnetite nanoparticles, as a cheap and non-noble metal catalyst, and hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of furfural into succinic acid. Total conversion of furfural was achieved with 67% of succinic acid yield under mild conditions
Triki, Ben Salem Rania. "Valorisation de la biomasse végétale : Elaboration de poly(esteramide)s à partir de monomères biosourcés." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066210.
Full textThe work reported in this thesis was carried out in the context of vegetal biomass valorization and focuses on the synthesis of new polyesteramides (PEAs) from furan-based monomers. Three efficient methods of polyesteramide synthesis were studied: (i) direct polycondnesation of monomer mixtures in the bulk, (ii) aminolysis of furanic polyesters and (iii) interchange reaction between oligomers. The NMR and MALDI-ToF MS structural analyses confirmed the formation of the expected polyesteramides. Interestingly, the ester/amide ratio in final copolymers was governed by the initial diester/diamine ratio, any diol excess being eliminated during the synthesis via a series of interchange reactions. However, the existence of side reactions was also demonstrated, specially the formation of inactive furyl end-groups and chain branching through the formation of amidine groups by amine-amide reaction. The best results were obtained by bulk polycondensation from monomers and by aminolysis of aliphatic polyesters by a furanic diamine
Lê, Ngọc Huyền Trân. "Transformation de la biomasse aérienne de Miscanthus giganteus : aptitude à la dégradation enzymatique et valorisation des coproduits en agro-matériaux." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0100.
Full textThe use of plant resources in renewable materials and energy is receiving increased interest. In this respect, Miscanthus (Miscanthus giganteus) is a perennial grass showing great potential as a raw material for bioethanol production. The plant biomass can be harvested at different dates, in autumn (early harvest) in order to maximize yield, and in winter (delayed harvest). The main objectives were first to evaluate the impact of harvesting date (early, late) on the chemical composition susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification of miscanthus aiming at production second generation bioethanol, second to explore the use of lignocellulosic byproduct into agromaterials. The proportion of soluble fraction is mainly affected by the harvesting date while few change occurred in the cell wall composition. Chemical heterogeneity according to the type of organ leads to variation in susceptibility to saccharification. Owing to its high recalcitrance towards enzymatic conversion, a chemical pretreatment is required. Ammonia pretreated biomass is more prone to saccharification compared to acid treated samples. Following ammonia treatment, early harvested biomass is shown to be more efficiently converted by enzymes than a diluted acid pretreatment. Then the use of solid byproducts into cementitious material and self-binding fiberboards is explored. The obtained cementitious material had a great workability and interesting mechanical properties. Enzymatic treatment does not improve the delay in the setting time of the lignocellulosic composite. In contrast to the raw miscanthus, fiberboards are obtained by hot-pressing of byproducts from the saccharified biomass. Nevertheless, industrial applications would still require further improvements of the composites properties