Academic literature on the topic 'Validité viable'

SommaireL'autodétermination des peuples autochtones suscite la controverse en droit international contemporain depuis que le processus de décolonisation s'est achevé, à la fin des années 1960. Parce qu’ils craignaient avant tout des désordres nationaux, de nombreux pays ont refusé de reconnaître que les peuples autochtones ont le droit de se séparer du territoire national et d'obtenir leur indépendance. Cependant, même la reconnaissance d'un droit moins vaste, soit un droit de recevoir un statut spécial et d'obtenir l'autonomie politique dans le cadre des frontières étatiques existantes, demeure une question litigieuse, car aucune définition claire des bénéficiaires et de la substance de ces droits ne peut être établie. De toute façon, la disparité des conditions politiques, économiques, sociales et climatiques dans lesquelles vivent les peuples autochtones du monde entier rend futile la création d'un seul et unique concept d'autodétermination qui s'appliquerait au monde entier. Pour sortir de cette impasse, on propose d'adopter une approche procédurale, au lieu d'essayer de fixer ces questions dans des termes juridiques stricts.Le fait de qualifier le concept d'autodétermination de processus, au lieu de le décrire comme étant une série de règles exactes et préétablies, a pour avantage d'apporter un élément de flexibilité, car il permet aux deux parties, c'est-à-dire les États et les peuples autochtones, de trouver des appuis pour défendre leurs intérêts et d'imaginer une solution viable qui tienne compte des circonstances particulières de chaque cas. Mais toutes les parties concernées devraient tout d'abord accepter trois conditions préalables:(1) Le droit de sécession immédiate et d'indépendance complète, en tant qu'aspect du droit à l'autodétermination, devrait être réservé aux peuples autochtones des territoires d'outre-mer.(2) Les États ont le devoir de favoriser l'autonomie de leurs peuples autochtones et le fardeau de prouver qu 'ih offrent la plus grande autonomie possible aux peuples autochtones vivant sur leurs territoires.(3) Une fois que des ententes relatives à l'autonomie ont été conclues, les États ne peuvent pas les révoquer, les abréger ou les modifier unilatéralement.L'auteur de cette note examine ensuite le régime d'autonomie du Groenland et conclut que ce régime semble satisfaire aux critères énoncés, bien que la question du statut actuel du Groenland (et des îles Faroe) au sein du royaume danois demeure incertaine sur le plan constitutionnel. Le régime d'autonomie implique un transfert irrévocable des pouvoirs législatifs et administratifs des autorités danoùes aux autorités du Groenland, ce qui a pour effet de créer un régime juridique indépendant au Groenland. Par ailleurs, il est entendu que le régime d'autonomie du Groenland permet d'établir un système judiciaire indépendant, si les tribunaux danois du Groenland ne reconnaissent pas la validité de la Loi d'autonomie du Groenland.

This study aims to validate Korean versions of the 9-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, testing for its factor pattern validity through Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The 9-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale was translated according to the guidelines of the International Test Commission and tested with two Korean samples. First, the Exploratory Factor Analysis found that both two-factor and three-factor solutions were viable options with the first sample. Second, comparison validations of these two solutions were tested by confirming the dimensionality of their structures through the Confirmatory Factor Analyses with the second sample, with the conclusion that the three-factor model solution was the most parsimonious model. Finally, the three-factor model of the 9-item Utrecht Work Engagement Scale was demonstrated to have good discriminant validity and convergent validity, as well as internal consistency of its subscales.

Delayed luminescence (DL) has been widely studied for its applications in developmental biology and describes a phenomenon whereby biological materials radiate for a relatively long time (seconds and more) after illumination. Researchers have postulated that DL is potentially useful for determining the physiological status of biological materials, including crop seeds. Until recently this claim only remained within academia and there have been no known reports for the advancement of its use in seed testing and genebank management. This article examines the gaps in knowledge for adopting DL for seed testing by reviewing the history of DL applications in analytical studies of crop seeds and the incompletely understood mechanisms within seeds for displaying DL. We identified a need for more experimental data to validate the DL mechanisms in seeds before the procedure can be used for seed testing.

These two objects [The True and the False] are recognized, if only implicitly, by everybody who judges something to be true —and so even by a sceptic. (Frege, G., “On Sense and Reference”, Trans. Geach & Black, p. 63.) One of the most striking Fregean theses is the claim that declarative sentences (if true or false) are proper names of truth-values (I call this thesis (TP) for short). I here analyse Frege’s reasons for (TP) following Simpson’s reconstruction. Simpson has shown that Frege’s argument (if he has one) in favour of (TP) is not conclusive. But if (TP) cannot be established then other important Fregean claims, general semantic theses, fail as well. Thus, the aim of my paper is to introduce the aforementioned (TP) via a stipulation. The stipulation is not a merely ad hoc solution but is based on three main considerations: (i) Frege’s conjecture as it stands is either in-conclusive or lacks supporting argument. (ii) There is a well established practice in Mathematics that allows stipulations whenever they are needed in the theory. And finally, (iii) Frege’s notion of naming (namingF) is a theoretical concept which admits of an explication in Carnap’s sense. According to Frege the main function of language is that of naming. Thus semantically significant parts of language are names. Language is partitioned into types: names are either complete or incomplete. Incomplete names are function names which include function expressions (in a Mathematical sense), predicates, connectives and quantifiers. Complete names are called proper names and include: (1) grammatically ordinary proper names (genuine names in Frege’s terminology); (2) what we would nowadays call definite descriptions; (3) mathematical terms which describe or name numbers, like ‘2’, ‘2+5’; and (4) declarative sentences. The Proper names (1), (2) and (3) satisfy the two following semantic principles reconstructed by Church from Frege’s article “On Sense and Reference”: (I) When a constituent name of a compound name lacks denotation the compound name does not denote either. (II) When a constituent name of a compound name is replaced by another name having the same denotation, the denotation of the compound name does not change. (But sense may change.) According to II, the compound name ‘The wife of Ulises’ lacks denotation since ‘Ulises’ does not denote. According to III, the denotation of the compound name ‘The capital of England’ does not change when substituting name ‘Churchill’s country’ for ‘England’. Simpson argues that Frege introduces (TP) by showing that declarative sentences and their truth-values satisfy principles II and III. Simpson reformulates these principles for declarative sentences replacing ‘compound name’ by ‘sentences’ and ‘denotation’ by ‘truth-value’ in the relevant places as follows: (II’) When a constituent name of a sentence lacks denotation the sentence has no truth- value. (III’) When a constituent name of a sentence is replaced by another name having the same denotation, the truth-value of the sentence (if there is such a truth-value) does not change. According to II’ the sentence ‘Odysseus was set ashore at Ithaca while sound asleep’ lacks truth-value since ‘Odysseus’ does not denote. The sentence ‘The morning star is far from earth’ does not change its truth-value when ‘evening star’ replaces ‘morning star’ in accordance with principle III’. Simpson holds that for Frege (TP) follows from the premise that declarative sentences and their truth-values satisfy principles II’ and III’. However my reading of Frege’s texts does not agree with Simpson’s interpretation on this point. Frege considers the above mentioned principles only as necessary conditions for proper names. Hence I cannot see any argument here but and experimental development of (TP). Setting aside this point, the importance of Simpson’s reconstruction remains since it allows us to analyse Frege’s reason for (TP). Simpson finds Frege’s claim to be twofold: (a) declarative sentences are proper names and (b) their truth-values are their denotation; and he further argues that to conclude (TP) even were we to assume (a) we should also need to establish the truth of (b). In order to establish (b) Simpson argues that Frege must prove: (b’) that the naming relation holding between sentences and their truth-values satisfies principles II’ and III’, and (b’’) that there are no other entities satisfying principles II’ and III’ holding the naming relation to sentences. Simpson rejects (b’’) arguing two issues. First, that there are other kinds of entities satisfying principles II’ and III’, and which hold the naming relation to sentences; and second, that there is an infinity of such entities. His argument is as follows. Let us suppose that sentence A is a compound proper name. Let us also suppose that the denotation of A is the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value, i.e., the class of all the sentences which have the same truth-values as A. If the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value is the denotation of A, principles II’ and III’ are satisfied. Principle III’ is satisfied by sentence A and its supposed denotation since if the denotation of A is the equivalence class of all the sentences that have the same truth-value that A has, then if we replace a constituent name of A by other name having the same denotation the truth-value of A will not change nor will its equivalence class. Principle II’ is satisfied by A and its equivalence class given that in order to construct the denotation of A it is a necessary and sufficient condition that A have a truth-value. If a constituent name of the compound name A lacks denotation then A lacks denotation in the just described sense since we cannot construct the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value. Thus following Frege’s strategy Simpson concludes that the equivalence class mod. truth-value of a given sentence is the denotation of such a sentence. From this starting point he also argues that the number of possible denotata is infinite because principles II’ and III’ are also satisfied by the unitary class whose unique element is the equivalence class of A mod. truth-value, and in general they are satisfied by every member of the infinite series: {CA}…{{CA}}…{{{CA}}}… where “CA” stands for equivalence class of A mod. truth-value. Simpson’s reconstruction shows: (a) that Frege’s argument is not conclusive and (b) that there is an ad hoc flavour in Frege’s strategy. But if there is such and ad hoc flavour, and if (TP) is necessary for the theory, why do we not just stipulate (TP)? An affirmative answer is based on three main reasons: (i) Frege’s “argument” is not conclusive. (ii) In Mathematics there are cases where a stipulation is needed to validate a law. For instance using the intuitive notion of exponentiation the algebraic law: am = am-n an fails for a0 when m=n. Thus it is necessary to stipulate that a0=1 to validate the aforementioned law. This is not alien to Frege’s aim since he introduces “the special stipulation that divergent infinite series shall stand for number 0” (Cfr. “On Sense and Reference”, Trans. Geach & Black, p. 70). (iii) Frege’s notion of naming (namingF) is a theoretical concept that fulfills the following requirements for an explication in Carnap’s sense: (1) NamingF is similar to our intuitive notion of naming (namingI) in such a way that in most cases in which namingI has so far been used, namingF can be used; however, close similarity is not required and considerable differences are permitted. (2) The characterization of namingF is given in the form of a definition so as to introduce namingF into a well-connected system of theoretical concepts, as follows: a namesF x= df. x is an object and: if a is a genuine name x is the denotation of a, if a is a definite description x is the unique entity which satisfies the predicates occurring in a, if a is a declarative sentence x is the truth-value of sentence a. (3) NamingF is a concept useful for the formulation of many universal statements, among others following: every predicate is a function name, every concept is a function whose value is always a truth-value, every equivalence statement is an identity statement. (4) NamingF is a simple as is possible, that means, as simple as the more important requirements (1), (2) and (3) permit. (4) NamingF is a simple as is possible, that means, as simple as the more important requirements (1), (2) and (3) permit. Frege’s (TP) is used to subsume predicates to function names and their referents (concepts) to functions, as follows. According to Frege a first level monadic function name is an expression which contains a gap and its denotation is a function. Traditionally predicates have been regarded as monadic expressions containing a gap, and concepts are the denotations of predicates. When a function name is saturated by a proper name the resulting expression is a compound proper name. When a predicate is saturated by a singular term the result is a declarative sentence. If (TP) is the case then predicates and first level function names behave the same way. Thus since function names denote functions, predicates also denote functions. The subsumption of predicates to function names has two profitable consequences: there is an ontological reduction when concepts are considered as functions, and the traditional notion of a function is extended in two ways, by admitting a new kind of expression (predicates) as function expressions and by admitting a new kind of thing (truth-values) as arguments. Frege also uses (TP) to treat every equivalence statement as an identity statement, as follows. Statements of the form ‘P≡Q’ are true when P and Q have the same truth-value. If P and Q have the same truth-value and (TP) is the case, then P and Q have the same denotation. Then any assertion that results from replacing ‘=’ by ‘≡’ will also be true since ‘P≡Q’ is true if and only if P and Q have the same denotation. And finally, on the base of the definition of namingF, principles II’ and III’ result in general semantic laws. To conclude: the stipulation of (TP) has the advantage of avoiding the dubious Fregean conjecture. It is dubious in several ways: (i) our pre-theoretical conception of naming does not agree with the idea that sentences perform that role; (ii) even assuming that sentences could do that job, it is not clear what the reasons are for considering just truth-values to be their denotation instead of facts or other more intuitive candidates; (iii) even taking sentences as names and truth-values as their denotation, Frege’s reasons for (TP) seem to be inconclusive. Only if we consider theoretical needs and the naming notion as a theoretical one, can we dispel our intuitive rejection of (TP). [L.V.]

Background: Social media platforms are integrated into the lives of students. Their use in education has been studied, but this research is scarce in nursing. The objective of this study was to develop and validate the questionnaire “Use and views of the social media for nursing education” through a pilot study, to describe the use and attitudes of nursing students to social media. Methods: Cross-sectional design to validate the modified scale “Students’ Use and Views of the Social Media questionnaire.” The sample consisted of 107 undergraduate nursing students. Results: The factor analysis extracted three main components to explain social media use for nursing education, with component 1 being the “Need to use media in my professional training,” component 2—“To deepen my professional knowledge” and component 3 “Contrast information.” High reliability was demonstrated with Chronbach’s alpha value (0.84). Conclusion: The final tool was proven to have high validity and reliability values, so it is positioned as a viable tool to explore this reality. Students use social media for education in a high proportion and have positive attitudes regarding their education inclusion.

Poverty is one of the world’s greatest economic and social problems of all time. Therefore, sustainable solutions to reduce it are essential to increase the well-being of individuals and society. In this paper, the various causes of poverty, such as social and economic inequalities, limited access to education and health, will be analysed. After an introduction, the concept of sustainable development will be presented, underlying the virtues, as well as limits of it. There will be explored sustainable solutions for poverty reduction, which focus on sustainable development and the promotion of social and economic inclusion. Such solutions could be the creation of jobs and investment in the agricultural sector, the development of infrastructure and public services, the promotion of access to education and health services, and support for local communities and the social and solidarity economy. To validate these findings, qualitative methodology based on content analysis of sustainable development literature will allow to identify and evaluate good practices in sustainable development and poverty reduction. Therefore, it will be possible to show that sustainable solutions for poverty reduction are not only feasible but also effective in terms of social and economic impact. The paper will end with conclusions, arguing that sustainable solutions to poverty reduction are the key to increasing the well-being of individuals and society, and showing that interconnectivity, when considered in a sustainable approach, can improve the benefits for economic and social life.

In the last couple of decades, numerous energy management strategies have been devised to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emission, hence introducing the concept of microgrids. In a microgrid, distributed energy generators are used. Microgrid enables a point which ameliorates in exchanging power with the main grid during different times of day. Based on the system constraints, in this work, we aim to efficiently minimize the operating cost of the microgrid and shave the power consumption peaks. For this purpose, we introduce an improved binary bat (iBBat) algorithm which helps to schedule the load demand of smart homes and energy generation from distributed generator of microgrid to the load demand and supply. The proposed energy management algorithm is applied to both grid-connected and islanded modes of the microgrid. The constraints imposed on the algorithm ensure that the load of electricity consumer does not escalate during peak hours. The simulation results are compared with BBat and binary flower pollination algorithm, which validate that the iBBat reflects substantial reduction in operating cost of microgrid. Moreover, results also show a phenomenal reduction in the peak-to-average ratio of load demand from main the main grid.

E-learning lecture system is a lecture system that has been the talk of the world for several years. With regard to this e-learning process, there will still be teaching materials that are made. Teaching materials in the form of material for one semester published through e-learning media. Each teaching material needs to go through the validation process. So far, teaching materials created by lecturers only to support the lecture process, not many lecturers who validate the teaching materials given to students. The importance of validation of teaching materials is necessary to see the suitability of teaching materials to business / industry needs, so that the teaching materials are appropriate and suitable for use in learning. Therefore, the research is conducted to determine the validity of this resource. The formulation of the problem in this research is how the validity of basic chemistry textbook content for e-learning lecture system in FKIP UMMY Solok? To answer the problem formulation used R & D research method using 4D development model. The content validation of Textbook is done by expert consideration method and for data analysis of expert consideration result, used CVR index developed by Lawshe. Validation of this textbook aims to see the suitability of the content or substance of teaching materials. Triangulation results of expert consideration data obtained information that the validity of Basic Chemistry Basic textbook relevant / viable in terms of content and can be used for e-learning lecture system.

Les enjeux de santé publique auxquels nos systèmes de santé et éducatif ont à faire face nécessitent des transformations qui passent notamment par le développement d’interventions en santé des populations (actions, programmes, organisations, politiques). Ces interventions sont généralement considérées comme complexes. La complexité est un enjeu majeur pour l’évaluation des interventions. Si les devis expérimentaux sont les références pour la recherche clinique, leur contrôle des facteurs contextuels pour renforcer la validité interne des études, obère la validité externe de ces recherches. Il convient d’aller au-delà de ces designs centrés sur l’efficacité, afin de comprendre les mécanismes et processus de l’intervention. Cette approche doit permettre d’examiner la mise en oeuvre et les conditions de routinisation, de transférabilité et de mise à l’échelle de l’intervention, dans le monde réel. Dans cette perspective, Chen a proposé un changement de paradigme en développant le modèle de la validité intégrative. Dans une approche ascendante, celui-ci reconnait 3 types de validité : la validité interne, la validité externe et la validité viable. La validité viable s’intéresse à l’intégration des interventions dans le système dans lequel elle vise à être déployées, hors d’un contexte de recherche. La validité viable correspond à la perception des parties prenantes quant à savoir si une intervention est utile, appropriée, faisable, abordable, adaptée et évaluable, dans le monde réel (Chen, 2010). Cette thèse s’intéressait à la pertinence de l’approche ascendante pour les interventions en santé des populations et au concept de viabilité : Quelle est la place de la viabilité dans le développement et l’évaluation d’interventions complexes en santé des populations ? En quoi l’étude de la viabilité est un préalable pour envisager la pérennisation, le transfert et la mise à l’échelle de l’intervention ? Quels sont les critères (et dimensions) à considérer pour analyser la viabilité ? L’objectif était d’analyser la viabilité d’interventions innovantes à partir du vécu de l’intervention par les parties prenantes. Une stratégie d’étude de cas multiples, mobilisant des méthodes qualitatives, suivant plusieurs niveaux d’analyse imbriqués a été choisie. Les trois cas ont été sélectionnés au regard de points de similitudes (ex : intervention dans le champ de la petite enfance) et de contrastes. Les résultats étaient en convergence avec les postulats de Chen quant à la pertinence d’adopter une approche ascendante en recherche et de s’intéresser à la validité viable. Elle proposait de décrire la viabilité comme le potentiel d’une intervention innovante : (i) à s’intégrer dans les projets, programmes, organisations, politiques existantes afin de former un tout cohérent en termes d’objectif, de missions des parties prenantes, de leviers d’interventions et de moyens ; et (ii) à faire sens pour les parties prenantes de l’intervention dans le monde réel. Ce « faire sens » dépendait de l’adéquation entre la perception des parties prenantes de l’intervention innovante et du système dans lequel elles évoluent. Les résultats ont permis d’éprouver les critères de viabilité tels que mis à jour par Chen en 2023 et de les décliner en dimensions. Ils ont mis en avant l’interdépendance de la perception de ces critères par les parties prenantes qu’ils soient liés à la nature ou à la faisabilité de l’intervention. En outre la viabilité est située : il s’agissait de s’intéresser aux conditions de viabilité plus que de proposer une vision binaire de la viabilité. Différents déterminants de la viabilité ont été identifiés : les composantes du changement organisationnel et les niveaux de l’approche socio-écologique. Finalement, cette thèse a permis d’interroger la définition d’une intervention probante sous le prisme de la viabilité. Des recherches complémentaires sont en cours pour interroger le concept dans une perspective interdisciplinaire
Public health challenges facing our healthcare and education systems call for transformations that include the development of population health interventions (actions, programs, organizations, policies). These interventions are generally considered to be complex. Complexity is a major issue for the evaluation of interventions. While experimental designs are the gold standard for clinical research, their control of contextual factors to reinforce the internal validity of studies obviates the external validity of such research. It's essential to go beyond these efficacy-focused designs, in order to understand the mechanisms and processes of the intervention. This approach should make it possible to examine the implementation and conditions of routinization, transferability and scaling-up of the intervention, in the real world. To this end, Chen proposed a paradigm shift by developing the integrative validity model. This bottom-up approach recognizes 3 types of validity: internal validity, external validity and viable validity. Viable validity concerns the integration of interventions into the system in which they are to be deployed, outside a research context. Viable validity corresponds to stakeholders' perception of whether an intervention is useful, suitable, practical, affordable and evaluable, in the real world (Chen, 2010). This PhD explored the relevance of the bottom-up approach to population health interventions and the concept of viability: What is the place of viability in the development and evaluation of complex population health interventions? In what way is the study of viability a prerequisite for considering the sustainability, transfer and scaling-up of interventions? What criteria (and dimensions) should be considered when analyzing viability? The aim was to analyze the viability of innovative interventions based on stakeholders' experience of the intervention. A multiple-case study strategy, mobilizing qualitative methods and following several interlocking levels of analysis, was chosen. The three cases were selected on the basis of similarities (e.g.: intervention in the field of early childhood) and contrasts. The results converged with Chen's postulates on the relevance of adopting a bottom-up approach to research and focusing on viable validity. They suggested describing viability as the potential of an innovative intervention: (i) to integrate with existing projects, programs, organizations and policies to form a coherent whole in terms of objective, stakeholder missions, intervention levers and inputs; and (ii) to make sense to the intervention's stakeholders in the real world. This "making sense" depended on the fit between the stakeholders' perception of the innovative intervention and the system in which they are evolving. The results made it possible to test the viability criteria as updated by Chen in 2023 and to decline them into dimensions. They highlighted the interdependence of stakeholders' perceptions of these criteria, whether related to the substance or feasibility of the intervention. Moreover, viability is situated: the aim was to focus on the conditions of viability rather than to propose a binary vision of viability. Various determinants of viability were identified: the components of organizational change, the interlocking levels of the socio-ecological approach. Finally, this research questioned the definition of a evidence-based intervention through the prism of viability. Further research is underway to examine the concept from an interdisciplinary perspective

This chapter depicts and defends monism in its positivist-epistemological manifestation (as envisaged by the Vienna School of Jurisprudence’s pure theory of law) as the most viable concept to theorize the relationship between different bodies of law. After a short introduction to the (neo-)Kantian sources of Kelsen’s theory, the concept of the Grundnorm and the hierarchy of norms will be discussed in detail. Subsequently, it will be argued why legal monism under the primacy of international law is the only avenue through which the law can be meaningfully cognized and the concept of legal validity be taken seriously. The last part of the chapter is dedicated to a defence of legal monism against two of its staunchest critics, namely H.L.A. Hart and Joseph Raz.

This chapter discusses the acceptance of professional competence that allows for compassion toward oneself as well as toward other professionals. This chapter addresses how to recognize distress in others, offer support and assistance to those in distress, validate the setting of appropriate boundaries—for one’s self and for others—and reduce the conflict that arises between work and family life. This chapter promotes dialogue between providers by challenging the stigma that providers should be wary of sharing their emotional concerns and by supporting an open dialogue between colleagues as well as advocating for the request for help and support. A primary focus is on open communication and teamwork, and readers are supported to create a viable plan that supports clarity in cancer navigation.

The idea of knowledge through action is discussed and appraised, as well as the manner whereby it introduces a further (potentially irreconcilable) difference between philosophy and literature. Knowledge-through-action is discussed in relation to arguments within religious aesthetics—by Karl Rahner and von Balthasar’s “Theo-drama”—and also to overlapping claims within philosophical aesthetics—by Angela Leighton and Roger Scruton’s version of Heidegger’s “presencing” through poetry. The chapter attempts to formulate a viable point at which Milton’s form of acting as knowing can be accepted by a philosopher. Paradigms of knowledge that encompass and validate more than propositional knowledge are examined (and, for the most part, rejected) as potential meeting points with Milton. A distinction between knowledge and meaningfulness is proposed, and the notion of purchase is developed.

This monograph analyzes the legal institute of habeas corpus in the Brazilian civil process, in particular, to survey and validate the hypotheses in which the writ procedure can be used in the protection of the rights of the personality, understood here as those powers that guarantee the safety physical, moral and intellectual of the human person. It identifies the damages resulting from the affront to the rights of the personality as well as the legal instruments suitable for the effective judicial provision. It analyzes the appropriateness and adequacy of the habeas corpus legal instrument for the protection of the essential and basic aspects of people, their dignity and personality as fundamental attributes, to providing greater effectiveness and speed in judicial protection in exceptional situations that demand the satisfaction of the law material urgently. Indirectly, the problem of slowness and lack of effective in procedural protection is faced here, presenting habeas corpus as a viable solution in those cases of risk and harm to the person.

This chapter looks at the history and fundamental elements of resolution authority as it has been developed and used in the United States. The goal of resolution authority in the United States has been to deal with failed banks and other financial institutions in a manner that stems runs, avoids contagion and preserves critical operations, the same goal as deposit guarantee schemes. First introduced in the United States in 1933 as part of the deposit insurance programme for banks, resolution authority was originally little more than the method by which the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation honoured its obligations to insured depositors before evolving to its current state. Resolution authority, as conceived in the United States, has two principal components—the core resolution powers and the claims process. The core resolution powers consist of the authority to quickly separate the assets and viable parts of a failed bank's business (the good bank) from its capital structure liabilities (the bad bank), so that its critical operations are preserved and runs and contagion are avoided. It is virtually always completed in the United States over a weekend commonly known as resolution weekend. The claims process involves determining the validity and amount of the claims of individual holders of capital structure liabilities in accordance with ordinary principles of due process and distributing the residual value of the good bank to such holders in satisfaction of their claims. The claims process typically takes at least six to nine months to be completed in order to comply with ordinary principles of due process for potential claimants.

AbstractEvery venture is developed under high uncertainty and causal ambiguity. A large majority of digital startups leverage the lean startup approach to validate the attractiveness of their venture, to reduce avoidable investments of scarce resources, and to structure the venturing process. Digital entrepreneurs highlight that prioritization and the definition of MVPs are two challenges that entrepreneurs face when applying the lean startup approach. We provide support on these particular challenges through a structured approach—the venture pyramid—to (in)validate digital business models in the face of high uncertainty. Furthermore, we map different types of digital business models with patterns of minimum viable products to inspire digital entrepreneurs and scientists alike. To illustrate our thoughts, we have developed two case studies of German startups that applied a process of rigorous iteration and learning to their venturing processes.

AbstractWe offer lean scholarship as an approach to developing a portfolio of high-quality, high-impact papers. Indeed, our scholarly identity is typically generated and reinforced by our portfolio of published papers than by any one paper. By lean scholarship, we refer to iterative experimentation, stakeholder engagement, and collective learning in generating a portfolio of papers. Lean scholarship starts with an entrepreneurial mindset and involves creating a minimum viable paper, exploring its validity, and adding a plausible paper to one’s portfolio. Lean scholarship requires managing the portfolio by periodically deciding whether to persevere, pivot, or terminate each paper. Therefore, this chapter moves away from our emphasis on a single paper to think more broadly about the entrepreneurial process of constructing and managing a portfolio of entrepreneurship studies

AbstractPlatform business models grow in relevance in nearly every industry by an optimization of transaction costs or a significant increase in innovativeness. Many entrepreneurs choose platform business models to create and capture value. Although the benefits of platform business models demonstrably have immense growth potential, these business models are also accompanied by unique challenges for startups in their early stages of development. In this chapter, we aim to discuss the specific challenges that digital entrepreneurs face when validating their platform business model concept. We also develop a processual model, based on the venture pyramid (discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-53914-6_4 of this book) to validate the critical assumptions of platform business models. Based on three case studies of early-stage startups, we shed light on the dynamics of testing platform business models and discuss different approaches to develop a minimum viable platform.

Eye tracking experiments are an important contribution to human computer interaction (HCI) research. Eye movements indicate attention, information processing, and cognitive state. Oculomotor activity is usually captured with high temporal resolution eye tracking systems, which are expensive and not affordable for everyone. Moreover, these systems require specific hard- and software. However, affordable and practical systems are needed especially for applied research concerning mobile HCI in everyday life. This study examined the reliability/validity of low temporal resolution devices by comparing data of a table-mounted system with an electrooculogram. Gaze patterns of twenty participants were recorded while performing a visual reaction and a surveillance task. Statistical analyses showed high consistency between both measurement systems for recorded gaze parameters. These results indicate that data from low temporal resolution eye trackers are sufficient to derive performance related oculomotor parameters and that such solutions present a viable alternative for applied HCI research.

A highly contested issue in educational leadership research is the place of narrative inquiry to study school leadership practice. While the study of narratives has had long epistemological roots in the works of Dewey, Bruner, Clandinin, and Connelly, its potential for revealing the human condition and providing deeper insights into critical issues like power, inequity, social justice, and oppression is often underestimated. Moreover, the method has also drawn much debate for its limitations ranging from its highly reflexive nature to issues of validity and reliability of “storied” experiences. This chapter outlines some arguments for the use of narrative inquiry and suggests a nuanced and expanded understanding of the method as a viable approach to study “wicked” problems in the age of Anthropocene. The chapter also aims to inspire further discussions of how narrative inquiry could be further re-conceptualized to study educational leadership in the anthropogenic era.

Social commerce is a new extension of electronic commerce that involves using social media in the online shopping process. Although the adoption of social technologies was studied in several researches, it is still needed to investigate the specific characteristics of social commerce and the affecting factors on its acceptance. This article verifies the influence of the enjoyment factor on the adoption of social commerce through applying a questionnaire sample allocated to 282 Jordanian social media users from those who are interested in online shopping. The research model is developed to validate the impact of enjoyment, in addition to some other factors, on the behavioral intentions to adopt and use social commerce. The results show that the enjoyment is a key factor on accepting social commerce. The research model indicates that it is viable and has a good power in explaining the variance in the behavioral intentions to adopt and use social commerce.

This chapter mainly focuses on the use of narco-analysis tests on accused/suspects during the investigation and its legality in the country. Although tests like narco-analysis do not have any legal validity, as the responses or confessions from a semi-conscious person are not admissible in court, these tests are still undertaken by the police during investigations. The tests are not 100 per cent accurate. The chapter discusses about the process of the narco-analysis test and discusses its legality under the provisions of the Constitution of India and various other legislations enforced in India, such as the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC) and Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Further, it critically assesses the narco-analysis test in terms of its adverse effects on one’s health, the accuracy of the test, violation of rights, and mental torture. The narco-analysis test may be a useful and viable tool for investigation and to find information in a potential case rather than using third-degree or custodial violence by the police, but it should also not violate the right of the accused as guaranteed by the Constitution.

Abstract Several terms used in this book need clear definitions. These include hybridization, hybrid, and hybrid zone. Harrison (1993) has discussed the various definitions of the term hybridization that have been used in scientific literature. Each of these relates to levels of divergence between the individuals that undergo reproduction. The extremes of these definitions are crosses between genetically distinct individuals, and between individuals from different species (Harrison, 1993). The former is frequently used by plant and animal breeders and the latter by evolutionary biologists. Harrison’s (1990) definition includes crosses between “individuals from two populations, or groups of populations, which are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable characters.” I have adopted this definition with the following modifications. First, natural hybridization involves matings that occur in a natural setting—this excludes cases of experimental hybridizations. Second, I will consider those crosses that are successful in producing some viable F1 progeny that possess some level of fertility. This latter restriction reflects my desire to focus on the potential ongoing evolutionary effects from hybrid generations past the initial F1. However, it is important to point out that almost all cases of natural hybridization result in at least a few viable individuals with some measure of fertility (e.g., Grant, 1963). Thus, when an author states that inviable or infertile offspring are produced, it is usually meant that the offspring are fewer in number or are less fertile relative to progeny from crosses between genetically more similar individuals. The reduction in levels of viability and fertility has led most authors to discount natural hybridization as an evolutionarily important process. This conclusion ignores the importance of rare events in evolution and is contradicted by actual cases where unlikely hybrid events have led to diversification (Arnold and Hodges, 1995a). The validity of the arguments presented in this book do not depend on hybrids being relatively common in nature. However, it is also apparent that natural hybridization does not usually lead to 100% inviability or infertility.

One of the best ways for businesses to give exceptional customer service is to make efficient supply chain management a strategic goal. Supply chain management (SCM) stands the process of actively managing supply chain actions in order to provide a competitive advantage over the long term and maximise the value of the customer. Sensors in IoT devices assess certain aspects of theworld around them, such as, temperature, location movement, handling, humidity, movement speed, light levels and other environmental parameters. GPS and other technologies are used for Internet of Things devices. It can track, validate products and deliveries in the supply chains. IoT in supply chain management is becoming increasingly important, and it has the potential to create a strategic competitive advantage. IoT-powered supply chain management is gaining traction as a viable solution to supply chain management's control and visibility issues, while also adding value and solving other challenges. It can also keep track of improving quality control across the storage conditions for the products and supply chain. Supply chain components must be prepared to place their belief in wearables makers to protect their data in order for wearables to continue to benefit the supply chain. The problems and applications of IoT on supply chain management are surveyed and summarised in this study

The assessment of the maneuverability of high-speed vessels is crucial during the early stages of their design. To predict the maneuvering characteristics of a vessel, the accurate assessment of hydrodynamic derivatives is necessary. Thus far, several experimental, analytical, and empirical methods have been utilized to determine such hydrodynamic coefficients. Nonetheless, nowadays, numerical methods are also viable alternatives because of their accuracy and efficient computational time. This paper introduces a hybrid numerical-theoretical method to compute the hydrodynamic coefficients. CFD simulations based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS) are performed by Ansys-CFX software. The Static Drift Tests (SDTs) are conducted at deliberately chosen velocities and in various yaw angles, spanning from –20° to 20°. Mesh sensitivity analysis has been carried out and to validate the proposed numerical model, the results are compared with the available experimental data. Linear and nonlinear hydrodynamic derivatives of the planing craft are computed using a combined method. A comparison between the obtained hydrodynamic coefficients and those calculated using Lewandowski’s semi-empirical method for hard-chine planing hulls has been made. The findings indicate that the suggested hybrid model has the capability to predict the maneuverability performance of a marine vehicle at the preliminary design stage. The results comprise longitudinal force, sway force, and yawing moment in diverse drift angles. The contours of the wetted surface area over the bottom of the vessel and the wave pattern around the transom are presented and discussed.

Introduction: Companies increasingly recognize the effects of socially and environmentally responsible decisions and investment in the sustainability of their businesses. Skilled and well-trained employees (human resources) are like valuable and scares resources and should be managed in sustainable manners. Ergonomics and Human Factors (E/HF) field can help management identify potential problem areas and improve the working conditions to minimize waste such as turnover, injury, absenteeism, etc. The employees’ performance can be used as an indicator of sustainability. Objective: To develop a heuristic model to assess the sustainability of human resources by utilizing micro-, meso, and macro-ergonomics factors, which can be used as diagnostic tool for improvement.Method: A survey questionnaire was developed and distributed among two different organization (a hospital and a manufacturing company). Three different indices of E/HF were calculated as well as performance index. The correlation between indices were studied and three-dimensional plots were created to evaluate the validity of the heuristic model.Finding: There were insignificant correlation between the E/HF indices and performance index in both organization, however, the responses from the manufacturing company matched the heuristic model better than hospital. Conclusion: The heuristic model developed in this study appeared to be viable to assess the sustainability of human resources. Additional work or different methods need to be implemented to validate the results. It seems that the survey should be custom designed for different industry since different factors and elements can affect the sustainability of human resources in each industry.

Grasping and manipulation are critical for many activities of daily living. However, current approaches to grasp rehabilitation do not measure coordination of fingertip forces nor provide metrics for feedback to the user as an aid in regaining fingertip coordination. This paper presents a low-cost mechatronic approach to design and develop a portable and commercially viable grasp rehabilitation device. The performance of the newly developed grasp rehabilitator is compared with an existing research-grade grasping device on a grip and lift task. The results suggest that the newly developed grasp rehabilitator can provide key force measurements that are equivalent to the ones provided by the research-grade grasping device, indicating its validity and potential viability for rehabilitation.

This study continues to further expand the methods utilized by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) to understand microscale damage evolution. The microscale test data collected here will be used to validate many multiscale modeling frameworks’ ability to accurately predict damage evolution in complex, heterogeneous microscale structures. Previous work has conducted testing of transverse compression (TC) pillars in scanning electron microscope (SEM) load stages allowing for the measurement of surface level strains while being loaded. The limitation of this approach is a lack of understanding how damage develops through the thickness of the pillar during loading. This work involved the fabrication of a transverse compression micropillar and the experimental test of this sample that visualized through thickness damage evolution in-situ. A post mortem tomography was conducted to fully analyze damage evolution in the micro-pillar to validate the planned framework would be viable for additional microstructural geometries. A complete examination of the pillar, a postmortem Nano-CT, and a preliminary methodology for evaluating multiscale models are presented within this work.

Abstract The oil industry, in its constant strive to maximize gains out of operational data is constantly exploring new horizons where to combine the latest advances in data science and digitalization, into the areas where key decisions to drive economical and operational decisions reside with an aim at optimizing the capital expenditure through sound decision making. High volume operational data has been recognized as hiding many opportunities where the captured details these repositories that include real time logs and bit run summaries, provide a clear opportunity where to extract insights to support optimized decisions in terms of equipment selection to achieve the desired operational objectives. Current possibilities within data science have opened the possibilities through viable solutions, which in this case, aims at providing advise on which equipment in terms of BHA and Bits to select, that would yield the desired outcome for a drilling run. The whole exercise being based on evidence gathered from previous runs where the details for the equipment, the relevant well characteristics, and the observed rates of penetration and the used parameters, are taken into consideration to provide the optimum combination to be implemented in new runs. The present study describes the methodology in terms of data utilization, data science method development and solution deployment, with the associated issues that had to be addressed in order to provide a viable solution in terms of data utilization, technical validity and final user utilization, as well as a series of recommendations to be addressed within any such endeavors to assure the value addition.

Abstract. This paper investigates the potential for remanufacturing aluminium sheets from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs), specifically focusing on car hoods. The study explores various pre-flattening procedures and reshaping techniques, with warm flattening showing promise despite challenges such as paint degradation. A Design of Experiment (DoE) was used to assess the impact of various factors on the flattening process, and Finite Element (FE) simulations were used to validate the experimental findings. An economic feasibility analysis was also conducted, which revealed that while technically feasible, the economic viability of this remanufacturing process is currently challenging due to the high costs compared to purchasing new sheets. However, with the increasing use of aluminium in automotive body panels and potential market shifts, these remanufacturing initiatives could become economically viable in the future, contributing to sustainability goals in the automotive sector.

Abstract Carmakers, regulatory agencies, and consumers share an interest in accurately determining a vehicle’s fuel efficiency under operating conditions that match the expected use. Previous studies have shown that a vehicle’s air conditioning (A/C) system is the most energy-intensive non-propulsive system and significantly reduces fuel economy. This study aims to design and validate a new method of improving fuel economy estimates obtained on non-climate-controlled chassis dynamometers, as such laboratories are limited to measuring fuel economy with the A/C system deactivated. The methodology proposed herein uses a chassis dynamometer to measure the fuel economy penalty caused by the A/C system at different steady-state conditions. The hypothesis is that these penalties can be imposed accordingly for a given drive cycle to obtain an additional fuel consumption due to A/C. To validate the proposed methodology, a vehicle was outfitted with a data acquisition system and was driven 50 times around a predefined route using varying A/C settings. The proposed method was then used to estimate the additional fuel consumption due to A/C usage for each of the runs. Comparing the calculated and actual fuel economies showed an average error of 1.924%. It was concluded that the proposed methodology is a viable alternative to existing procedures.

This paper presents a control-oriented model of blood volume response to hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation that can be potentially utilized in closed-loop control of fluid resuscitation. A unique characteristic of the proposed model is that it is built to ensure structural parsimony while retaining physiological transparency. To accomplish this characteristic, blood volume regulation in the body to external perturbations of hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation was modeled as a low-order control system in which the fluid transfer between blood and interstitial fluid is governed by a proportional-integral controller. This in essence resulted in a minimal model with four parameters to be adapted to each individual. The validity of the proposed model was tested using data available in the literature. The results indicated that the proposed model was able to reproduce the blood volume response to hemorrhage and fluid resuscitation with high fidelity: on the average, the prediction error was only 1.53 ± 11.5 %, thus strongly supporting our claim that it can be used as viable basis for the design of closed-loop fluid resuscitation controllers.

Electroluminescence (EL) from vacuum deposited organic molecular heterojunction (HJ) devices can potentially yield red, green and blue light at levels of brightnesses and efficiencies adequate for viable flat panel displays1. However, to date, there has been little detailed analysis of the origin of EL and the current conduction mechanisms in these novel devices. The spatial distribution of EL in HJ devices using tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) as the light emitting layer has been measured and shown to occur within a few hundred Ångstroms of the organic HJ.2 This was assigned to excitons created at the organic HJ subsequently diffusing into the bulk organic layer before radiatively recombining. Charge injection mechanisms in such structures, however, were not elucidated. In polymeric OLEDs, tunneling3 into the conduction bands of the organic material has been invoked to explain the observed current-voltage (I-V) and EL characteristics. However, given the low carrier mobilities characteristic of many organic materials and the difficulties in measuring and interpreting band offset data, the validity of simple band structure and tunneling models remains unclear.

Finding a high paying job in an expanding market is a challenging goal that many people face today. The current work addresses the issue, principally to aid parents, college undergraduates and high school seniors. With many different options available, it is important to identify those options that can lead to economic success with expected job growth. One measure that can be used is monthly income. Looking at the past values for monthly income will give a good idea of which fields are high paying. It is also necessary to project future monthly income based on field of baccalaureate degree earned in order to accurately see what direction the fields are headed financially. Applying the data available to various stationary and trend based models will allow predictions to be made for the future monthly earnings for a field. This paper will aim to validate STEM as a viable option to choose for high pay and increased job growth.

In the present work, gas-liquid flow dynamics in a bubble column are simulated with CFDLib using an Eulerian-Eulerian ensemble-averaging method in a two dimensional Cartesian system. The time-averaged gas holdup simulations are compared to experimental measurements of a cylindrical bubble column performed by Rampure et al. [1]. Numerical predictions are presented for the time-averaged gas holdup at various axial heights as a function of radial position. The effects of grid resolution, bubble pressure model, and drag coefficient models on the numerical predictions are examined. The bubble pressure model is reported to account for bubble stability, thus providing physical solutions. The objectives are to obtain grid-independent numerical solutions to resolve unphysical results observed in FLUENT with increasing grid resolutions [2], and to validate computational fluid dynamics simulations with experimental data to demonstrate the use of numerical simulations as a viable design tool for gas-liquid bubble column flows.

The goal of this Project is to validate and commercialize Syscor's External Leak Detection System (ELDS) cable and wireless sensor node. Syscor's ELDS cable system will be able to detect leaks smaller than 5 barrels (bbl) and will be suitable for deployment in new construction projects as well as existing underground pipelines. The capability of Syscor's ELDS to be plowed in place at a safe distance from the pipeline differentiates the solution from competing approaches as it is more economically viable for existing pipelines. The proposed leak detection cable will be able to recognize leaks that would previously remain unnoticed for long periods of time, reducing the release of chemicals into the environment and remediation costs to pipeline operators.

Environmental temperature is a key factor driving various biological processes, including immune defenses and host-pathogen interactions. Here, we evaluated the effects of environmental temperature on the pathogenicity of the emerging fungus, Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), using controlled laboratory experiments, and measured components of host immune defense to identify regulating mechanisms. We found that adult and juvenile Notophthalmus viridescens died faster due to Bsal chytridiomycosis at 14 ºC than at 6 and 22 ºC. Pathogen replication rates, total available proteins on the skin, and microbiome composition likely drove these relationships. Temperature-dependent skin microbiome composition in our laboratory experiments matched seasonal trends in wild N. viridescens, adding validity to these results. We also found that hydrophobic peptide production after two months post-exposure to Bsal was reduced in infected animals compared to controls, perhaps due to peptide release earlier in infection or impaired granular gland function in diseased animals. Using our temperature-dependent infection results, we performed a geographic analysis that suggested that N. viridescens populations in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada are at greatest risk for Bsal invasion. Our results indicate that environmental temperature will play a key role in the epidemiology of Bsal and provide evidence that temperature manipulations may be a viable Bsal management strategy.