Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Vagues en zone côtière'
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Jamois, Eric. "Interaction houle-structure en zone côtière." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22083.pdf.
Full textFor the design of marine or coastal structures subject to nonlinear waves in deep to shallow water, it is crucial to take into account both wave/structure and wave/wave interactions on large fluid domains. In this purpose, a high-order Boussinesq-type model has been developed and used to investigate nonlinear wave interactions with piecewise rectangular bottom-mounted (surface piercing) structures. Several practical applications of the model involving highly nonlinear wave run-up on a rigid plate are presented. Both normal and oblique wave conditions are considered. A new physical phenomenon creating large wave amplification in front of reflective structures is also fully studied
Shurgalina, Ekaterina. "Dynamique de champs de vagues irréguliers en zone côtière." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDM0002/document.
Full textSurface and internal gravity waves have an important impact on the hydrological regime ofthe coastal zone. Intensive surface waves are particularly interesting to study because they canbe a serious threat to ships, oil platforms, port facilities and tourist areas on the coast; suchwaves hampered the implementation of human activities on the shelf. Nonlinear internal wavesaffect the underwater biosphere and cause sediment transport, they create washouts soil at thebase of platforms and pipelines, affect the propagation of acoustic signals. Freak waves have aparticularly strong impact, and they are studied in this thesis. Therefore, the study of freak waveformation in the coastal zone is relevant and practically significant.The main goal of the thesis is the study of particularities of abnormal wave formation incoastal zones under different assumptions on the water depth and wave field form. In particular,it is demonstrated that the mechanism of dispersion focusing of freak wave formation "works"for waves interacting with a vertical barrier. It is shown that just before the maximum waveformation a freak wave quickly changes its shape from a high ridge to a deep depression.Lifetime of freak wave increases with the growth of number of individual waves in anomalouswave packet, and lifetime of freak wave increases with water depth decreasing.It is demonstrated that pair interaction of unipolar solitons leads to decrease of the thirdand fourth moments of the wave field. It is shown that in the case of heteropolar solitoninteraction the fourth moment increases.The nonlinear dynamics of ensembles of random unipolar solitons in the framework of theKorteweg - de Vries equation and the modified Korteweg - de Vries equation is studied. It isshown that the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the soliton gas are reduced as a resultof soliton collision, the distribution function of wave amplitudes are defined. The behavior ofsoliton fields in the framework of these models is qualitatively similar. It is shown that in thesefields the amplitude of the big waves is decreased in average due to multi-soliton interactions.A new braking effect of soliton with a small amplitude and even changing of its direction inmulti-soliton gas as a result of nonlinear interaction with other solitons is found in the frameworkof the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation.It is shown that in heteropolar soliton gas abnormally big waves (freak waves) appear inthe frameworks of the modified Korteweg - de Vries equation. With increasing of soliton gasdensity the probability and intensity of freak waves in such systems increases
Lafon, Christine. "Étude des conditions de déferlement en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Toulon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUL0013.
Full textThe ocean surface is a permanent location of exchanges between ocean and atmosphere, mostly in breaking area. This requires studies of sea state, defined by the wave field properties and the surface resulting of its breaking. The aim of this study was to understand the pro cesses occurring at the interface in coastal zone, to better understand the parameters that control them, and ta introduce a whitecap model in a wave numerical model. This work is essentially based on results obtained during two experimental campaigns that took place in NIediterranean coastal areas (FETCH and EMMA). The waves analysis conduct to determine a specific relation between non dimensional parameters (significant height and peak frequency) following the classical formalism JONSWAP. Study of wind stress at the interface presents an influence of wind speed and f wave age. Results on waves and wind stress show a reasonable agrement with models found n literature. We show that the whitecap coverage depends on classical meteorological parameters (such as wind speed and friction velocity) but also on oceanic parameters (such M wave ge and dimensionless energy). Friction velocity weil represents variations of breaking in coMtal zone when it is measured and not obtained from wind speed. The whole sea state events are better scale with wave age. Finally, a numerical wave model has been adapt to our experimental site (from precedents results) to represent whitecap coverage in the Toulon-Hyères area. From a spatially and temporally homogeneous wind input, a few experimental events has been modeled
Raoult, Cécile. "Modélisation numérique non-linéaire et dispersive des vagues en zone côtière." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1150/document.
Full textIn this work, a potential flow model based on the Euler-Zakharov equations was developed with the objective of simulating the propagation of irregular and multidirectional sea states from deep water conditions to the coast over variable bathymetry. A highly accurate representation of nonlinear and dispersive effects for bidimensional (2DH) nearshore and coastal domains on the order of kilometers is targeted.The preexisting 1DH version of the model, resolving the Laplace Boundary Value problem using a combination of high-order finite difference schemes in the horizontal direction and a spectral approach in the vertical direction, was improved and validated. The generation of incident waves through the implementation of specific Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions was studied in detail. In practice, these conditions were used in combination witha relaxation zone to improve the stability of the model.The linear dispersion relation of the model was derived analytically for the flat bottom case. Its analysis showed that the accuracy of the representation of dispersive effects improves significantly by increasing the vertical resolution (i.e. the maximum degree of the Chebyshev polynomial basis used to project the potential in the vertical). A convergence study conducted for moderate to highly nonlinear solitary waves confirmed the exponential convergence in the vertical dimension owing to the spectral approach, and the algebraic convergence in time and in space (horizontal dimension) with orders of about 4 (or higher) in agreement with the numerical schemes used.The capability of the model to represent nonlinear effects induced by variable bathymetry, such as the transfer of energy between harmonic components, as well as the accurate representation of dispersive properties, were demonstrated with comparisons to several experimental data sets. A visco-potential flow formulation was also implemented to take into account viscous effects induced by bulk viscosity and bottom friction. This formulation was validated inthe limit of small viscosity for mild slope bathymetries.To represent 2DH wave fields in complex nearshore domains, the model was extended using an unstructured discretization (scattered nodes) in the horizontal plane. The horizontal derivatives were estimated using the RBF-FD (Radial Basis Function - Finite Difference) method, while the spectral approach in the vertical remained unchanged. A series of sensitivity tests were conducted to evaluate numerically the robustness of the RBF-FD method, including a comparison of a variety of RBFs with or without shape factors and augmented polynomials. The 2DH version of the model was used to simulate two wave basin experiments, validating the approach and demonstrating the applicability of this method for 3D wave propagation, including nonlinear effects. As an initial attempt to improve the computational efficiency ofthe model for running simulations of large spatial domains, the code was adapted to use a parallelized direct linear solver
Lajoie, David. "Modélisation de la houle en zone côtière : prévision de l'agitation à l'intérieur des ports et mise au point d'atténuateurs de houle dynamiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX22041.
Full textChu, Tien Dat. "Dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière dans les cas de sédiments multi-classes." Le Havre, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LEHA0009.
Full textThe sediment dynamics in coastal zone results from very complex interaction between the hydrodynamic forcing (wave, current, tide) and marine sediments which generally exhibit different sizes, densities and shapes. This interaction often leads to the formation of ripples on the bed and the phenomenon of sediment-sorting. The ripples and the sediment segregation significantly influence the sediment transport by changing the bottom roughness, the structure of the bed boundary layer and the dissipation of the hydrodynamic forcing. This thesis focuses on the sediment dynamics in coastal zone in the case of heterogeneous sediments in size and density. The objective of this work is to provide a contribution to the understanding and the modeling of the process which control the sediment transport and sediment-sorting under the action of waves. The experimental tests were conducted in wave flume and a theoretical study was made
Tessier, Caroline. "Caractérisation et dynamique des turbidités en zone côtière : l'exemple de la région marine Bretagne Sud." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13307.
Full textPezzoli, Alessandro. "Influence des conditions météorologiques sur l'état de surface de la mer en zone côtière : modélisation et prédiction." Toulon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001TOUL0018.
Full textBlot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Université du Sud Toulon Var, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651785.
Full textBlot, Romain. "Etude et modélisation des variations spatio-temporelles des distributions d'aérosols en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Phd thesis, Toulon, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00651785/fr/.
Full textWith 70% of the planet surface covered by seas and oceans, the presence of sea salt particles, produced mainly by the waves breaking, represents a major constituent in the geochemical cycle of the atmosphere and in the earth radiative budget. Ln order to anticipate the possible changes, our knowledge has to progress towards a more precise description and modelling of surface flux. The present study proposes a general framework for a better characterization of particles injected in the atmosphere by the waves breaking. One of the objectives is to study the parametrical and numerical models' validity in order to predict the spatio-temporal sea spray's variation at a local and regional scale. A first part of this work is dedicated to the study of the aerosol concentrations' spatial variation in a Mediterranean coastal zone. To do so, a coupling between a meso-scale meteorological code (RAMS) and an aerosol determinist model (Medex) developed by the LSEET has been operated. The predictions of the coupling are confronted with the data recorded during an experimental campaign led in May 2007 at Porquerolles Island. The second part is focused on the parametrical model improvement : with the help of the data recorded in May 2007, the seasonal influence has been corrected, thus refining the Medex predictions. The third part is dedicated to the parameters influencing the sea spray concentrations during an episode of Mistral. It is shown that other parameters than the wind speed act, such as fetch or the height of the marine boundary layer. The last part proposes the development of a numerical transport model of aerosols. The first results show the influence of the atmospheric stability on the horizontal and vertical profiles of sprays
Capobianco, Régis. "Mesure de la houle en zones côtière et littorale." Toulon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUL0017.
Full textAbstract Wave measurement in coastal zone. Instrumentation design in wave tank and sea. The littoral zone constitutes one of the lost variable mediums and complexes of planet. Place of life and work for more than 60 % of the world population, it suffers from a high anthropic and increasing pressure. The preservation of this fragile medium of important socio-economic interest needs a knowledge of the processes controlling its evolution. The determination of wave - and current is necessary to evaluate theirs effects on harbors constructions, evolution of coast shape, the forecast of pollutants derives and sediments transport, navigation, work planning of civil engineering at sea. The goal of this work consists in developing a system of measurement for coastal and littoral zone. A buoy and pressure sensor array have been studied and experiments were taken in wave tank and near shore zone. The first part presents different wave theories we need in our coastal application. (small slope and 2D waves assumption). A presentation of means of measurement used, existing instrumentation and their limitations. The second treats system design during this work. We start with the presentation of the principal hydrodynamic effects on a small body and its anchoring in presence of wave and current. The configuration chosen, the analyses in monochromatic, bi-chromatic and irregular wave and the frequency response of the system function of the geometry is presented (Wave tank experiments). We conclude by measurements analysis during experimental work on the beach of Sete (2000) and Truc Vert (2001)
Zhang, Jie. "Intéractions vagues-fond marin et mécanismes de formation des vagues scélérates en zone côtière Wave-bottom interaction and extreme wave statistics due to shoaling and de-shoaling of irregular long-crested wave trains over steep seabed changes." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDM0003.
Full textIn the maritime community, the term "rogue wave" or “freak wave” is used for waves whose wave height exceeds twice the significant wave height of the ambient sea state, and which appear more frequently than predicted by the Rayleigh distribution for wave height based on a Gaussian sea state hypothesis. In the oceanic domain, rogue waves that have caused loss of lives and severe damage have been widely reported in recent decades. In coastal areas, irregular bathymetry can also trigger such high extreme waves due to seabed-wave interactions. In this thesis, we focus on three mechanisms or scenarios of wave-bottom interactions that can lead to the formation of high waves.The first scenario is a resonance phenomenon, known as Fabry-Perot resonance, which can develop when monochromatic waves propagate over a bathymetry with two areas of sinusoidal undulations on an otherwise flat bottom. In the resonator zone located between the two areas of ripples, a significant increase in the height of the incident wave can be obtained if the resonance condition is met. By comparing numerical simulations with either exact or approximated bottom boundary condition and an asymptotic linear analytical solution, we observe a shift of the resonance frequency at the resonance condition for cases where the ratio between the amplitude of the ripples and the water depth is large: resonance occurs for a smaller wave number than predicted by the approximate analytical theory. This downshift effect of resonance frequency plays a secondary role for Bragg resonance, but it is very important and sensitive for Fabry-Perot resonance.The second scenario corresponds to the instabilities of amplitude modulated wave trains, commonly called "breathers", which propagate over irregular bottoms. Three types of bathymetric profiles are studied experimentally and numerically with a fully nonlinear model and with nonlinear (cubic) Schrödinger equation. This study has shown that for shallow depths and for certain conditions, the amplitude of the modulation can reach twice the amplitude of the initial train. This shallow depth amplification results from mechanisms that do not exist at constant depth. The influences of parameters that can affect the dynamics of breathers, including the Akhmediev breather parameter, water depth, steepness of the carrier wave, wave period and bottom slopes are analysed.The third scenario corresponds to unidirectional irregular wave trains propagating on variable coastal bottom profiles. When an incident sea state in equilibrium condition passes over a submerged bar or step, non-equilibrium dynamics appear and force the sea state to a new equilibrium compatible with the finite depth, characterized by highly non-Gaussian statistics and an increased probability of extreme wave occurrence. The combination of large-scale experiments and fully nonlinear simulations allows a better understanding of the dynamic response of the wave train. The resulting data were analysed in depth using a combination of spectral, bispectral and statistical approaches
Rocha, Mariana Vieira Lima Matias da. "Observation et modélisation des ondes infra-gravitaires et des non-linéarités des vagues en milieu littoral." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU043/document.
Full textWave nonlinearities have long been recognised as being among the main drivers of sediment transport in the coastal zone. However, there are still significant errors in the prediction of this transport associated, partially due to inaccurate predictions of the velocity nonlinearities. The infragravity waves, which coexist with the short waves in the coastal zone, are long-period waves (with 20-200 s) associated to the short-wave groups. Their generation, propagation and dissipation mechanisms are already reasonably well understood, but their influence on sediment transport is still very poorly characterised. In order to (i) improve current predictions of velocity nonlinearities and (ii) investigate the role of infragravity waves in sediment transport, new experiments were carried out both in a fixed-bed wave flume and in a light-weight-sediment wave flume. The physical-modelling data set is used in combination with field data and numerical simulations for studying both subjects. Existing parameterizations of velocity nonlinearities account only for the influence of local wave parameters (e.g. wave height, wave length and water depth), which leads to considerable estimation errors, especially of the maximal values of nonlinearity. This work shows that the velocity nonlinearities depend also on non-local wave parameters: (i) offshore wave steepness, (ii) offshore spectral bandwidth and (iii) beach slope. A new parameterization is proposed, which reduces by about 50% the root-mean-square error relatively to former parameterizations. The experimental results in the light-weight-sediment wave flume demonstrate that wave conditions with the same short-wave energy, but different low-frequency modulation, shape different equilibrium beach profiles. The influence of the infragravity waves on the sediment transport is confirmed and depends on two different mechanisms: (i) advection of the short-wave suspended sediment by the infragravity-waves, which is dependent on the infragravity-wave height and phasing with the short-wave groups and (ii) modulation of short-wave nonlinearities by infragravity-wave motion, both directly and indirectly, through water-depth modulation. Changes in the beachface morphology induced by infragravity waves are connected to beach-profile changes in the surf and inner-shoaling zones, highlighting the existent link between the different zones of the cross-shore beach profile
Chassagneux, François-Xavier. "Etude expérimentale des processus hydro-sédimentaires sous le déferlement de vagues irrégulières." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENI011.
Full textThis thesis presents a wave channel simulation of the hydrodynamic and sediment transportprocesses in the wave breaking region. The spatio-temporal analysis of the mean and instantaneousflow structure relies on a full set of high resolution data. The study focuses on processes related tothe wave boundary layer and to the impact of surface breaking on the mobile bed.A terraced beach profile is generated by the breaking of irregular wave sequences (JONSWAP) on amobile bed constituted of low density sediments (_ _ 1.19). In these conditions, the acoustic measurementof velocity profiles, concentration profiles and sediment flux profiles are synchronised withsequences of video images and wave heights. An analysis of the evolution of mean hydrodynamicand sediment transport quantities is undertaken across the entire wave breaking zone. An intra-waveanalysis on the flow structure below irregular breaking waves is carried out. Finally, bed shear stressbelow a breaking wave predicted by different physical models and direct measurements, are comparedand discussed
Kühn, Yannik. "Machine Learning Methods for the Analysis of Coastal Sea States." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PAUU3029.
Full textPrecise wave forecasts are essential for many coastal communities as they help ensuring safe maritime operations, mitigation of coastal hazards, and the enjoyment of marine recreation. While a reliable global forecast coverage does exist, local, high-resolution forecasts are often not available in many areas due to a significant computational demand. However, recent advances in machine learning have produced several promising approaches to drastically reduce forecast computation time.This thesis investigates one such machine learning approach called super-resolution, that was already successfully employed to speed up computations in fluid mechanics.The concept involves using a numerical model over a mesh with coarse resolution and then converting the results to a higher resolution using a trained machine learning model, thereby avoiding heavy computations in high resolution. This thesis examines the feasibility of the super-resolution approach for coastal wave forecasts. The first part of the thesis presents a proof-of-concept study on data-driven super-resolution using results from a spectral wave model over a structured grid. It demonstrates that this approach can accelerate forecasts by up to 50 times compared to a direct high-resolution computation, with a negligible loss in accuracy. The second part extends this method to unstructured meshes, analyzing the influence of bathymetry and wave energy conditions through a hindcast along the Basque coast. It is found that graph neural networks and polynomial regressions are promising approaches, where the former is suited for highly variable wave fields and the latter for scenarios where speed is paramount. A third part extends the application of super-resolution to wave spectra directly. Despite challenges in evaluating the best model among four tested options, the results suggest that data-driven super-resolution can provide accurate and fast predictions of spatially distributed wave spectra with an accuracy comparable to high-resolution wave model computations
Stépanian, Alexis. "Evolution morphodynamique d'une plage macrotidale à barres : Omaha beach (Normandie)." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003997.
Full textSambe, Alioune Nar. "Développement d’un modèle de simulation 3D d’impact de vagues en zones côtières et offshores." Thesis, Toulon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUL0012/document.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is thus to improve the field validity for the CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) code for waves modelling, by integrating new numerical methods more efficient. The project should eventually lead to make a powerful simulation tool that can be used for forecasting the impact of waves in coastal areas and offshore. It is therefore completely in line with PRINCIPIA development activities in hydrodynamic with the aim of strengthening its position and support its growth. In this paper, we first focus on the specific problem of numerical diffusion for the convection equation that models the two fluid interface discontinuities. Interface compression methods allowing limiting the interface diffusion problem are presented. The main advantages of these compression methods are that they keep properly the interface and minimize the spurious free surface diffusion which may be beneficial in case of strongly nonlinear motion of the free surface. Moreover, they are easy to implement for problems in two or three dimensions. In the other hand, an improvement of the solver is presented; it concerns the development and validation of the Adams-Bashforth multi-scale time integration method which adjusts the time step depending on the local size cell. The advantage of this method is that it significantly reduces the computation time when small cells are mixed with large cells in the mesh domain. Each cell is assigned with a level of CFL only based on a geometric criterion. The improved model is validated. It is confronted with experimental results of 2D solitary wave breaking on a sloping bottom and the 3D dam break problem over a rectangular obstacle. In both cases, a very satisfactory agreement is found, with a better interface definition with the sharpening method and a significant gain in CPU time with Adams-Bashforth multi-scale time integration method
Sambe, Alioune Nar. "Développement d’un modèle de simulation 3D d’impact de vagues en zones côtières et offshores." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUL0012.
Full textThe aim of the thesis is thus to improve the field validity for the CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) code for waves modelling, by integrating new numerical methods more efficient. The project should eventually lead to make a powerful simulation tool that can be used for forecasting the impact of waves in coastal areas and offshore. It is therefore completely in line with PRINCIPIA development activities in hydrodynamic with the aim of strengthening its position and support its growth. In this paper, we first focus on the specific problem of numerical diffusion for the convection equation that models the two fluid interface discontinuities. Interface compression methods allowing limiting the interface diffusion problem are presented. The main advantages of these compression methods are that they keep properly the interface and minimize the spurious free surface diffusion which may be beneficial in case of strongly nonlinear motion of the free surface. Moreover, they are easy to implement for problems in two or three dimensions. In the other hand, an improvement of the solver is presented; it concerns the development and validation of the Adams-Bashforth multi-scale time integration method which adjusts the time step depending on the local size cell. The advantage of this method is that it significantly reduces the computation time when small cells are mixed with large cells in the mesh domain. Each cell is assigned with a level of CFL only based on a geometric criterion. The improved model is validated. It is confronted with experimental results of 2D solitary wave breaking on a sloping bottom and the 3D dam break problem over a rectangular obstacle. In both cases, a very satisfactory agreement is found, with a better interface definition with the sharpening method and a significant gain in CPU time with Adams-Bashforth multi-scale time integration method
Pepy, Guillaume. "Etude du formaldéhyde (HCHO) en zone côtière Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677015.
Full textPépy, Guillaume. "Etude du formaldéhyde (HCHO) en zone côtière Antarctique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU045/document.
Full textWith the aim to investigate the production and destruction mechanisms of formaldehyde (HCHO) on a seasonal scale in the remote troposphere, HCHO was monitored over a 13-months period at Dumont d'Urville station, located near the East Coast of the Antarctic continent. Monthly means of 50 ppt in winter and up to 200 ppt in summer were measured. In spring, summer and autumn, a daily variation was detected with amplitude of ≈40 ppt and a maximum during the afternoon. The analytical instrument (Aerolaser, AL4021) deployed for the measurements, was found to be extremely sensitive to ambient temperature variations. The origin of the temperature dependence was investigated, and the deployed analytical method was adapted to eliminate this artefact. The impact of local contamination sources at the measurement site was explored in detail. Anthropogenic combustions were found to have a limited impact (maximum 150 pptv on hourly means) versus a local emission source from ornithogenic soils, induced by the omni-presence of Adelie penguins on the site in summer (maximum 200 pptv on hourly means). From november to march, these sources can introduce an overestimation by a factor 5 of the daily HCHO amplitude, while the influence on the monthly averaged budget can account up to 100 ppt. The raw dataset was thoroughly filtered using local meteorological criteria to eliminate any potential contamination. HCHO measurements were compared to simulations made with a numerical box model developed on the base of the current understanding of the photochemical sources and sinks of HCHO. During summer, methane oxidation was found to be the major source of HCHO production, likely due to enhanced levels of oxidants such as hydroxyl radical (OH) or nitrogen oxide (NO) occurring at DDU since this coastal site is under strong continental influence. Snow emissions and HCHO formation via methyl-hydroperoxyde oxidation complete the summer budget (respectively 10 to 20% of the CH4 oxidation). In contrary to what was observed for the Weddell Sea area, halogens chemistry is probably unlikely to contribute significantly at Dumont d'Urville (<10% of the CH4 oxidation). Finally, the initially attended summer source originating from non-methane hydrocarbons oxidation was found to be inefficient and to contribute only with less than 5 % of the CH4 oxidation. During winter the snowpack source was found to be preponderant (70% of CH4 oxidation) versus the gas phase chemistry sources of HCHO. Model investigations, performed on a seasonal and daily scale have shown that gas phase processes together with deposition and snow emission have to be considered to achieve a correct reconstruction of the observations
Pennanguer, Stéphane. "Incertitude et concertation dans la gestion de la zone côtière." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NSARH058.
Full textThe analysis of coastal zone management initiatives in France (Commission Environnement Littoral, 2002) and abroad (European Commission, 1999) reveals that the principal deficiency of these initiatives relates to the concertation, the participation and the involvement of stakeholders. Based on this report, this thesis, focused on concerted management, presents the concertation as a way to reduce uncertainty, inherent in coastal zone management. It deals with the functional aspects of concertation and the conditions to its implementation in the processes of coastal zone management. This thesis is built around the three key elements of territorial management: territories, projects and men. Starting from a crossed analysis of case studies in Brittany (Bay of Mont Saint-Michel, Iroise Sea, Gulf of Morbihan), this thesis analyses the behaviours and strategies of stakeholders in concertation processes, then is interested in possible coordinations between the different processes engaged on the same territory. While being based on the concept of territorial concertation, this thesis develops a systemic approach of concertation, reveals the “system of territorial concertation” and the dynamics which govern its functioning. The concertation appears when certain conditions and certain factors are joined together within the system of concertation. It generates new properties (or conditions) which have in particular the effect to generate new methods of collaboration between stakeholders. The concept of “small coastal zone management”, developed in the conclusion, recapitulates the lessons of this research to propose a new approach of territorial management in coastal zone
Silva, Paulo Manuel da Cruz Alves da. "Contribution à l'étude de la dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10193.
Full textBoutin, Guillaume. "Interactions vagues-banquise en zones polaires." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0050/document.
Full textSea ice, which covers most of the ocean near the poles, is a key component of the climate system. Global warming is driving its massive melting, especially in the Arctic. Where sea ice cover decreases, fetch increases leading to more energetic sea states. This means potentially enhanced wavesice interactions effects in the future. The quick evolution of sea ice extent and volume combined with the intensification of human activities in polar regions urge us to improve our understanding of waves-ice interactions.Sea ice attenuates waves. They can however propagate through it and break it far into the ice cover. Attenuation depends on ice properties such as floe size, thickness, etc. Once broken, resulting floes are more likely to drift and melt. In addition, wave attenuation yields a force which pushes the floes in the direction of wave propagation.A simplified representation of sea ice, including a floe size distribution, has been incorporated in a wave model.It allows us to show the important contribution of dissipative mechanisms in the wave attenuation, especially those induced by the bending of the ice plates. After validation, the modified wave model is coupled to an ice model. The floe size distribution is exchanged in the coupled framework and used in ice lateral melt computation. The force exerted by the waves on the ice floes is sent from the wave model and is shown to compact sea ice in summer. This reduces the melting and significantly increases the temperature and salinity in the surface ocean close to the ice edge
Safari, Iman. "Analyse de la performance hydraulique d'un nouveau type de bloc artificiel utilisé pour la protection côtière." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2057.
Full textAmong the whole various parts composing a rubble mound breakwater, armour layer represents the key component of the structure stability. It is composed either of quarry stones or of artificial concrete armour units when the design wave conditions require heavy armour elements that careers may not able to provide. The development of the concrete armour unit performance has been the subject of numerous studies. The main concern was to propose optimizations leading to a better hydraulic stability thereby allowing low consumption of concrete and thus significant savings. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a new artificial armor unit for rubble mound breakwaters. Work will contribute to develop methods for optimizing shapes of the armour units. The lesson collected at the end of the thesis will produce new forms more performing than those available today on the market. Based on hydraulic model tests, the results demonstrate the large hydraulic stability, in spite of overtopping remaining to be improved. In this study, other experimental tests were performed to investigate the velocity field close to the armor layer and also the wave -induced loadings acting on one instrumented block. A new formula is proposed concerning velocity longitudinal in relation to run-up. It is shown that the influence of the wave characteristics (breaking wave, impact) is a decisive parameter for the hydrodynamic coefficients
Sénéchal, Nadia. "Étude de la propagation des vagues au-dessus d'une bathymétrie complexe en zone de surf." Bordeaux 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR12780.
Full textIn this thesis, wave transformations in the surf zone are examined from data collected on a wave energy dominated beach. Data have been examined with two methods: a so-called "integrated' method whose aim was to determine which parameters determine the wave energy in the surf zone and a "high frequency" method whose aim was to analyse non linear processes. The "integrated" method led to a parameterization of the ratio of significant wave height to local water depth (g parameter) when the beach profile is linear (without bar systems). But this approach also underlines the difficulty to correctly characterize the wave frequency of breaking waves, which is a key parameter in this parameterization. The "high frequency" method led to the analysis of the phenomenon of merging shocks and the phenomenon of harmonic generation and decoupling when the wave field propagates over a ridge and runnel system. In particular, the energy transfers between the wave components have been estimated. The infragravity wave frequency band has also been analyzed. In particular, it appears that the local bathymetry is a key parameter in the infragravity energy frequency structure
Chatterjee, Arnab. "Rôle des micro-algues benthiques dans la zone côtière : biomasse, biodiversité, productivité." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0005/document.
Full textThe most important primary producer groups of the coastal zones are suspended phytoplankton cells (Pannard et al, 2008) and microphytobenthos (MPB) (Woelfel et al., 2010). In these regions, phytoplankton and benthic microalgae are both recognized as being principal components of the diet for economically important suspension-feeding fauna (Gillespie et al., 2000). However, although phytoplankton has been vastly documented, MPB is often understudied.In sufficient light for photosynthesis they can inhabit the top few centimeters of the substrate layers (mud or sand) of marine sediment (Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990, MacIntyre et al. 1996, MacIntyre and Cullen 1996) and play an important role as a food source for higher trophic levels (Revsbech et al. 1981, Sorokin 1991, Charpy and Charpy-Roubaud 1990 ). Benthic microalgal biomass mostly follows a similar distribution to the total organic matter content of surficial sediments indicating that sediment geochemical processes such as nutrient release from the breakdown of organic matter may be important in determining the distribution of MPB (Light, 1998). However, on the other hand, though not proportional with the MPB biomass, benthic production can even surpass the pelagic contribution (Underwood and kromkamp, 1999). With their ability of high primary production benthic microalgal communities can profoundly influence the flux, transformation and turnover of carbon and nutrients in coastal areas. Benthic primary producers contribute to the availability of energy and matter for benthic and pelagic food webs and define benthic and pelagic energy budgets, which affect the chemistry at the sediment-water interface, and regulate sediment stability. The shallow waters, where MPB thrives, allow a more direct interaction between pelagic and benthic processes keeping the benthos much less susceptible to physical and biochemical disturbances such as evaporation, eutrophication, and wind-forcing (Molen, 2011). Because attached microalgae can avoid advective processes and adapt to changes in light availability at short time scales, their importance is particularly enhanced (Phinney, 2004). As a result of the impact that MPB carries in a coastal ecosystem, along with the study of the functional role of MPB, investigations on their diversity have also gained some importance in the last two decades (Sundbaeck & Joensson, 1988; Blanchard, 1990; Montagna et al., 1995). Like phytoplankton, MPB communities can also act as sensitive indicators of water quality as the taxonomic composition of MPB assemblages can vary as per different nutrient levels (Lange-Bertalot, 1979; Kann, 1986). However, although the importance of MPB has been emphasized on intertidal zones (Pinckney & Zingmark, 1993; Colijn & De Jonge, 1984; Herman et al., 2000), the subtidal zones have generally been ignored till yet on this regard and as a result of which not much is known about the MPB dynamics in the subtidal zones. The subtidal zone of Bay of Brest was chosen for this study because there had been comprehensive input of nitrates to the zone in the past century .This zone has being amazingly resistant to eutrophication for quite some time, although silicate and nitrate ratio got down during the past 20 years. Research has been done previously on the spatial distribution of MPB in the zone in terms of primary productivity and biomass, but in order to achieve a more holistic view of these important photoautotrophs, a temporal study is necessary as well. The objectives of this work have been to characterize the temporal distribution of MPB in terms of biomass, productivity and biodiversity in the subtidal zone of Bay of Brest on a monthly scale, assess a comparative reasoning between MPB and the phytoplankton of the overlying water column complying on the same factors and draw an understanding on the significance of seasonal fluctuations of MPB in the overall seasonal distribution of photoautotrophs. […]
Etty, Claude Aubert. "Détection des insectes par radar Doppler polarimétrique : application à l'étude d'une zone côtière." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30194.
Full textUmasangaji, Halikuddin. "Contamination des calanques par les micropolluants organiques (Cortiou) zone côtière de Marseille, France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0520/document.
Full textDemographic explosion has led to increase intensively environmental contaminants issued from different anthropogenic release e.g. petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and also other domestic waste such as detergents as household cleaner. Due to their persistence and the toxicological point of view, the remnants of these organic contaminants, which can be detected in the different environmental matrices (water, sediment, air and biota), sometimes with very low concentration (micropollutants), has gained the public attention. This study aims to determine the concentration levels of selected contaminants in surficial sediments and identifying the source of these chemicals in Cortiou Creek. The results showed high contamination by hydrocarbons in the studied area. Additionally, these results probably reflected that biodegradation processes occurred concomitantly with a chronic apportionment of untreated sewage loading. These organic pollutants also confirmed an adverse effect for marine biota and more particularly for benthic communities for some stations
Mounsamy, Jean-Marc. "Modélisation numérique de l’hydrodynamique côtière : application à la zone cotière de Pointe-à-Pitre." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGUY0631.
Full textThe present work is about the numerical study of the three dimensional form of the unstationnary Navier--Stokesequations. These equations are studied under their classical form but also under their hydrostatic one. Thetime--dependent problem is solved using a projection method called the standard incremental projection method which isused as the reference to the numerical study of the new projection methods we proposed : the hydrostatic projectionmethod and the extended dynamical projection method. These methods are combined with a volume penalization methodto take into account obstacles of any shape in the simulation domain using cartesian meshes. A new formulation of the hydrostatic Navier--Stokes equations is obtained from the use of the penalization method and studied. The space isdiscretized using the finite volume method on a staggered MAC mesh.A new computational fluid dynamic code nammed VivAn'O have been developped during this work. It had permitted thenumerical study of the proposed methods. It was also used to carry out simulations in the harbour area of Pointe--à--Pitre usine real bathvmetric data
Oursel, Benjamin. "Transferts et dynamique des contaminants métalliques en zone côtière. : Impact d’une grande agglomération méditerranéenne." Thesis, Toulon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUL0019/document.
Full textThe aim of this PhD was to evaluate the impact from Marseille agglomeration on thecoastal area, using trace metals and organic carbon quantification. On the French Mediterraneancoast, Marseille is the largest agglomeration (~1.7M inhabitants), located directly on coast andhave the biggest European underground wastewater treatment plan (WWTP, 1.62M eq). Theimpact of this urbanized and industrialized area on the coastal zone (bulk fluxes) remainsmisunderstood, because of the multiplicity of contaminant sources (direct inputs(rivers/effluents) vs. diffusive ones (coastal industrial wasteland, aerosols, …)) partlycontrolled by climatic conditions. Similarly, the transfer mechanisms of contaminants thatcontrol their fate to the open sea (net fluxes) have to be studied. In such context, numerouswater and sediment sampling campaigns were performed during contrasted climatic conditions(baseflow vs. flood) in the tributaries and along a 2km coastal-offshore transect in front of theoutputs. The main objectives of this study were to determine contaminants sources, transfermechanisms and fate in the coastal zone. During baseflow conditions, results have shown thatthe system dynamic is mainly controlled by the WWTP inputs, that are for instance the maincontributor (>75%) of Ag, Cu or Pb inputs to the coastal area. When discharged to the sea, thestudied trace metals presented non-conservative behaviours, consecutive to adissolved/particulate fractionation out of equilibrium in the outlets associated to fastremobilization at the beginning of the salinity gradient. These results were confirmed by labremobilization experiments allowing to better understand the desorption kinetics of tracemetals. Under such conditions, it was demonstrated that on-field filtration is a prerequisite toavoid under-estimation of the dissolved fraction of trace metals. The monitoring of a flood eventduring a rainy period has shown the high reactivity of the studied system, a peculiarity ofMediterraneean coastal rivers. Most of the studied trace metals, mainly brought in theparticulate fraction, suffer desorption processes when discharged to the sea, a processcharacterized by kinetics slower and effective at higher salinity in comparison to baseflowinputs. These differences are most probably linked to the nature of particles being urban andorganic during baseflow, mostly terrigeneous and inorganic during flood. Finally, a settling rateexperiment was designed in the lab in order to evaluate the physical and chemical characteristicsof representative particles. The obtained parameters were integrated in the 3D hydrodynamicand sediment transport model of IFREMER allowing to better evaluate the fate of pollutedparticles in the coastal area
Demoisson, Ambre. "Etude de la source et du transport des aérosols marins en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Thesis, Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0018/document.
Full textThe knowledge of both the source and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols is needed for a better understanding of a large number of physicochemical processes that control the lower troposphere properties. In this context, the present work deals with the modelization of the generation and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols in the Mediterranean coastal zone. In particular, this study allowed improvement of the aerosol transport model MACMod on the basis of a specific work on the boundary conditions. A new formulation of the sea-spray source function has been determined for the northern Mediterranean and effects of the transformations of the sea-spray particles during their atmospheric transport were identified. In addition, to better take into account the influence of the anthropogenic zones for the boundary conditions, the implementation of the CHIMERE model on the study area was made. Finally, a last part of the thesis was dedicated to the use of the MACMod model for the air quality forecasting and the survey of the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations
Demoisson, Ambre. "Etude de la source et du transport des aérosols marins en zone côtière méditerranéenne." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUL0018.
Full textThe knowledge of both the source and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols is needed for a better understanding of a large number of physicochemical processes that control the lower troposphere properties. In this context, the present work deals with the modelization of the generation and atmospheric transport of marine aerosols in the Mediterranean coastal zone. In particular, this study allowed improvement of the aerosol transport model MACMod on the basis of a specific work on the boundary conditions. A new formulation of the sea-spray source function has been determined for the northern Mediterranean and effects of the transformations of the sea-spray particles during their atmospheric transport were identified. In addition, to better take into account the influence of the anthropogenic zones for the boundary conditions, the implementation of the CHIMERE model on the study area was made. Finally, a last part of the thesis was dedicated to the use of the MACMod model for the air quality forecasting and the survey of the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations
Degryse-Kulkarni, Christine. "Morphodynamique de la zone de swash." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2057.
Full textNdoumbe, Samuel. "Étude de la zone d'apparition des vagues à l'interface du film annulaire tombant." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPL582N.
Full textBarale, José. "Etude expérimentale de l'interaction entre deux vagues successives dans la zone littorale proche." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0052.
Full textThis study investigates the hydrodynamic processes resulting fromthe interaction between two bores, particularly when these happen on a beach with a gradual slope or nearby. The research was conducted with a new experimental device. The latter was designed with a short channel, closed at both ends, with two gates separating the channel in three parts of varying lengths and filled to different levels, defining respectively two reservoirs and a “nearshore zone”. At the other end of the channel lies an inclined, impermeable plane, which represents the beach. The rapid openings of the gates, with a controlled lag time, generate two successive waves that interact either before or on the beach, or after one of them swashes on the beach. A classical shadowgraphy method enables high frequency measurement of the free interface position over time. During the characterisation of the experimental device, we demonstrated that the velocity of the front originating from the dam break follows a theoretical model based on the characteristics evolution of the hyperbolic Saint-Venant equations obtained in the shallow water approximation, and proposed by Stoker (1957) fairly well. This occurs despite some effects that disrupt this dynamic, as for instance the finite size of the thanks. In particular, we observe that the front velocity depends mostly on non-linearity and not on dispersive effects, accordingly to shallow water approximation. During the generation of two successive bores, we propose two simple modelizations to describe the initial dynamics of the displacement of the second front, before it interacts with the first one. These simple models frame the actual solution, but also collide with the finite size effects of the reservoirs. The interactions of the two "similar" bores on the beach, or nearby, and the dynamics of the water lens swashing on the beach are analysed according to the time shift, and the angle of slope, considering the nature "fusion" or "collision" of the interaction. For a given beach angle, our study obtained the maximum run-up with a time shift that generates a merging of the fronts at the beginning of the shore. It appears that the optimum angle in this settingmatches that of a type of intermediate beach between a very reflective and a dissipativebeach
Pasquet, Audrey. "Etude des mécanismes de dispersion en zone côtière. Application aux fronts tidaux en mer d'Iroise." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00684963.
Full textBrière, Christophe. "Etude de l'hydrodynamique d'une zone côtière anthropisée : l'embouchure de l'Adour et les plages adjacentes d'Anglet." Pau, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PAUU3007.
Full textOver the last decades, coastal areas have become a favourite site for touristic, recreational activities, and housing estates. Thus, they draw considerable attention and pressure to development. Traditionally this attention has not been matched with knowledge, resulting in a proliferation of coastal problems. In many places, the natural erosion of sandy coasts has often been accelerated by anthropic activities. The Anglet coastal area is an example of this. The beaches have been decreasing for decades and the Adour River mouth, located northward, is subject to important silting, which results in dredging activities twice a year. Several groins have been built since 1970 in order to control these two phenomena but they are only partially effective. In this context, the conurbational council of Bayonne-Anglet-Biarritz had financed a research program. The thesis involved is aimed at improving the hydro-sedimentary behaviour of the coastal area by experimental and numerical means. The continuous tendency and constant rate of erosion were underscored by an analysis of the evolution of the beaches based on 24-year period surveys. The hydrodynamic forcings, and especially the offshore wave climates, were studied (Chap. II). A field campaign was carried out in March 2003 in order to increase the knowledge of the physical processes and to obtain field data for the evaluation of numerical models. Under low energetic conditions, an energy concentration due to refraction of waves above the dredging spoil was observed in the south of the River mouth. In this local point, the currents were directed to the mouth at ebb and flood tides (Chap. III). The selected numerical models (phase-resolving and phase-average wave propagation models & 2DH hydrodynamic model) were assessed by comparing field measurements of March 2003 with numerical results (Chap. IV). A coupled Tomawac/Telemac 2D approach was adopted to describe the circulation induced by representative forcings (wave, tide, wind, river flow). Hydrodynamic regimes were obtained under realistic conditions based on statistical analysis. The coupled contribution of waves and tide was also studied (Chap. V). The action of tides is underscored at the boundaries of the system where the sediment transport rate is not significant even under high energetic conditions. Moreover, the combined effect of waves and tides accounts for the sediment transit from the South to the North which results in the erosion of Anglet beaches and the silting of the River mouth. Finally, the major effect of waves is brought under attention near the Adour River mouth where the sediment transport rate is significant; all the more as the energetic conditions are high (storm events and swells)
Pasquet, Audrey. "Étude des mécanismes de dispersion en zone côtière : application aux fronts tidaux en mer d'Iroise." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1666/.
Full textIn coastal areas, when the summer stratification settles, the bottom and surface turbulent boundary layers can overlap and delineate thermal fronts. An example in the Iroise sea is the Ushant front that develops around areas of intense mixing (ZMP): the "Raz de Sein" and the area of Ouessant. Its extension is variable and exceeds the areas of mixed waters production. Both the extension of the front and its variability are sensitive to mechanisms of dispersion of homogenized waters. Those mechanisms of dispersion are studied using academic configurations where tidal mixing is represented as fixed areas where stratified waters are continuously homogenized. It is shown that baroclinic instability developing at the edge of the ZMPs represents the most efficient mechanism to disperse the homogenized waters. Any process that modifies the characteristics of baroclinic instability, or the auto-propagating efficiency of emerging structures, significantly impacts the dispersion rate and pattern. The sensitivity of dispersive processes to seasonal and local parameters is analyzed. Realistic configurations of the Iroise sea are then used to investigate the variability of thermal fronts when mixing processes are combined with dispersive mechanisms. Thermal gradients in the surface and subsurface layers are investigated considering extension patterns of the Ushant front during summer 2009. It is shown that thermal fronts are partly initiated by the presence of mixed waters produced in ZMPs and subducted in subsurface. Those anticyclonic structures thicken the subsurface layer, and can interact with surface turbulence, thus favoring the outcropping of cold to mild waters at the surface
Noblet, Mélinda. "L'adaptation au changement climatique en zone côtière au Canada et au Sénégal, une comparaison Nord-Sud." Thesis, Amiens, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AMIE0042/document.
Full textThis thesis addresses the institutional and vernacular processes of adaptation to climate change in coastal areas. The purpose of this study is to challenge the generally accepted idea by the international community that the southern countries would be more vulnerable and able to cope with the negative impacts of the CC than the northern countries. Canada, a northern country considered developed and the Senegal a southern country perceived under development were selected as case studies. This thesis analyses the ways the problems of the climate and climatic vulnerability are perceived and managed by the Canadian and Senegalese societies and critically examines the actions taken at the title of adaptation. We chose to proceed within a constructivist perspective by establishing the framework of the analysis which concurrently combines the approaches multi-scalar, definitional, interactive and diachronic. From a methodological point of view, this thesis is based on a qualitative approach and privileges semi-directed interview and focus group. The results show that the climatic vulnerability is an international problem and the capacities to be adapted are equally weak in both countries. We have also observed that global warming and the problems it produces put under serious questions the methods of managing environmental issues and patterns of development in both sides north and south
Célie, Sabrina. "Détermination des zones d'implantation d'éoliennes offshore flottantes en zone côtière Méditerranéenne à partir d'un modèle atmosphérique." Toulon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOUL0004.
Full textThe part of the renewable energies in the French electric production should increase in a important \vay in the years to corne, encouraged in it by the policy of the European Union in protection of the environment. The most easily exploitable kind of renewable energy most easily exploitable in term of profitability and technological solutions is supplied by windmills. The maritime zones have the advantage to offer a better wind potential even for a higher cost but are rather quickly limited by the bathymetry. The floating offshore windmills will allow to increase the distances from the coast by pushing away the deep limit, with the advantage to offer a better exposure to the wind, to allow the exploitation of more powerful! wind fields and to decrease the visual impact. A climatological study is led over the last twenty years (from the data ECMWF and from the meteorological station of Marignane), to know the occurrence of the various typical meteorological situations of the Mediterranean coast (mistral, East wind. West wind, breeze of earth and sea breeze, no wind). The meteorological modelling w:ith mesoscale model RAMS 43 is used to obtain a better understanding of the climatology of the Mediterranean region and the detailed spatiotemporal structure of the wind fields in the troposphere. The attention is focus on the 10 m levels (for the interaction with the waves field) and 100 m levels (height foreseen by the axis of windmills). The modelling of the wind field in the zone of study presents various problems due to the presence of coastal zone and a very damaged topography. An adaptation of the model to the site is made by entering in the model a precise topography and vegetation. To validate the simulations, the results are compared with the experimental data measured during the campaigns of FETCH (1998), Map (1999) and DISCOUNT (2001). Then, the atmospheric modelling is used to estimate the wind potential of the region Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur. Beforehand an estimation of the wind resources of the region from the parameters of Weibull is established. Then the association of the statistical analysis and the modelling completes these results by determining the fields of annual and monthly average wind potential as well as the power density of the zone. From this, the most profitable places for the exploitation of floating offshore windmills were selected
Gallissaires, Jean-Marie. "Etude des transits sableux sur la zone côtière : application aux littoraux aquitain (France) et Fluminense (Brésil)." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10666.
Full textGuenard, Vincent. "Etude du mistral en zone côtière : approches théoriques et observationnelles appliquées aux campagnes MAP et ESCOMPTE." Toulon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUL0010.
Full textThe vertical structure of the coastal mistral has been investigated in the context of the MAP (autumn 1999) and ESCOMPTE summer 2001) field campaigns. The study combines the observational (through the exploitation of the multi-platform data avalaible in both experiments), the theoretical (using the basic existing theories dealing with orographic flows) and the numerical (using the non-hydrostatic atmospheric model RAMS) approaches to point out the physical processes involved in mistral episodes. Upstream blocking, channelling, splitting, wave breakings, lee wakes, downslope and frictional effects result in a deep or a shallow structure according to the direction of the incident flow in strong mistral events. The daily weak mistral is lifted up above the atmospheric boundary layer by convection and sea breezes while the nighttime weak mistral is accelerated by land breezes as a nocturnal low-level jet
Trombetta, Thomas. "Initiation des efflorescences phytoplanctoniques en zone côtière : le rôle de la température et des interactions biologiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG088.
Full textIn temperate marine ecosystems, the major part of the annual primary production is generated in spring during rapid phytoplankton biomass accumulation periods, called ‘blooms’, supporting the diversity and the functioning of these ecosystems. Several physical, chemical and biological mechanisms triggering the bloom initiation were evocated for these ecosystems. However, for shallow coastal zones, under the influence of complex environmental forcing factors, mechanisms triggering blooms are not well known. The objective of the present thesis was to identify and classify the forcing factors contributing to the bloom initiation in these zones, especially the role of physical and chemical forcing factors and biological interactions in the microbial network, but also to understand the consequences of the temperature elevation on this functioning in the global warming context.In this frame, a monitoring with a dual approach was carried out in Thau lagoon: a high frequency (15 min) in situ monitoring of hydrological , meteorological and biological parameters; and a weekly monitoring of the abundance of the microbial community (virus, bacteria, phytoplankton, heterotrophic flagellates and ciliates), and its diversity, with a particular look at phytoplankton. These monitoring were carried out from winter to spring in two consecutive years, 2015 and 2016. Besides these monitoring, an in situ mesocosm experiment was carried out during the 2018 spring to simulate the temperature elevation according to the global warming scenario, in the presence and the absence of mesozooplankton. The objective of this experiment was to identify the direct effect of warming and the indirect effect of the zooplankton on the phytoplankton dynamic, the pigment composition and succession, during the pre-bloom, bloom and post-bloom periods. A correlation network analysis between 110 various groups/taxa/species highlighted the major interactions characterizing the microbial interaction network during the bloom and the non-bloom periods and the differences between these two years. During the bloom periods, intraguild phytoplankton competition and mutualism between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria dominated the microbial food web. This suggested an energy transfer based on both bacterial and phytoplanktonic biomass, through the microzooplankton predation. During the non-bloom periods, interaction between ciliates and heterotrophic bacteria (bacterivory) dominated, suggesting an energy transfer mainly based on bacterial biomass. Besides, the high frequency monitoring highlighted the predominant role of the water temperature increase, especially during the early spring, in the initiation of the phytoplankton blooms. The combination between the phytoplankton metabolism stimulated by the temperature increase and the low grazing pressure triggered the phytoplankton biomass accumulation starting the blooms. Furthermore, 2016 year, with the warmer winter recorded in France (Meteofrance), was characterized by a weaker phytoplankton biomass accumulation during the early spring, a dominance of the small phytoplankton at the expanse of diatoms, and a dominance of interactions between small size microorganisms. The mesocosm experiment confirmed the role of the temperature elevation on the bloom amplitude reduction (diminution of 50% of the chlorophyll a concentration) and the promotion of small phytoplankton such as small green algae and dinoflagellates, at the expanse of diatoms. This amplitude and composition modification of phytoplankton blooms was mainly due to the indirect effect of the zooplankton grazing increase under warming. Furthermore, the results underlined that it was microzooplankton which mainly controlled the phytoplankton dynamic and biomass and the mesozooplankton was mainly accomplished the role of the secondary consumer in this system
Baghdadi, Mehme. "Courantologie lagrangienne de surface par radar VHF en zone côtière : Mise en oeuvre et méthodologie d'application." Toulon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOUL0007.
Full textSidan, Lucie. "Le droit public face à la "capacité de charge". L'administration des territoires de la zone côtière." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. https://theses-public.univ-perp.fr/2020PERP0035.pdf.
Full text'Carrying capacity' becomes a notion that Public law can understand, in shore areas, but also in coastal and marine areas. Although it has been indirectly addressed through case law judgments concerning land spatial planning operations and in the framework of the environmental law and through of public authorities acts, the clear mention of 'carrying capacity' in the field of law is a recent development. This is a step forward attributed in particular to the new Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Protocol (under the Barcelona Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean), signed on 21 January, and entered into force on 24 March 2011. The 'carrying capacity', in its notional and functional aspect, presupposes different implications for the coastal, environmental and maritime law, but needs to be resolutely studied from the point of view of the public law. The purpose of this thesis is precisely to examine the understanding of this notion through various legal matters related to it (The public domain, the land use planning law, the environmental law, the coastal law, etc.). Also in the private law, or more precisely, as regards its use in the management of private activities (public economic law) and its legal sectoral applications (pollution law, for example). The IZCM Protocol marks the legal recognition of the 'carrying capacity' as notion. Undoubtedly, for the signatory States and their administrations, the consideration of carrying capacity, which makes it possible to control the pressures exerted on the coastal zone and to set the limits of its exploitation, is a new proposal. The competent public administrations for coastal areas, will take up this proposal, in a proactive approach to controlling the changing coastal fringe. In order not to let this impetus fall back, and from a perspective of concrete administrative science, it is necessary to consider the daily life of the active administration through urban planning, coastal and environmental law, to understand how public law appropriates, explicitly or indirectly, the carrying capacity, and if it does so, by means of which legal instruments. Nevertheless, even when engaged, the law alone does not seem to be strong in front of the exercise of measuring carrying capacity, or even carrying capacities; they seem to depend, and this is a public choice like any other, on ordered or available scientific information. In addition to all difficulties linked to scientific measurement and the uncertainties recognized, or even displayed, by the specialized sciences, there are also the difficulties arising from the willingness of administrative and political leaders: to integrate these data from the ecological reality into land use planning and to make the administrative effort to open up conciliation processes (between economic interests and protection of the elements of the environment). The whole is not favored by the context of crisis and economic development, but it is supported by the new demands of the right to a healthy environment and by several industrial and health crisis
Huynh-Thanh, Son. "Etude numérique de la couche limite turbulente oscillatoire générée par l'interaction houle-courant en zone côtière." Grenoble INPG, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPG0101.
Full textPecqueur, David. "Rôle des protozoo-et virioplancton dans le contrôle des bactérioplancton et phytoplancton en zone côtière Méditerranéenne." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20149.
Full textThe aims of this thesis work were to shed new lights on the functioning of the microbial food web (MFW) in the Thau coastal lagoon through a “global approach” that permit us to study simultaneously the entire MFW components (21 groups) from viruses to microzooplankton. Growth and mortality of microorganisms were studied experimentally along seasons and during a mesocosm experiment. We particularly focus on mortality due to microzooplankton (<200µm) grazing and viral lysis. Responses of the different components of the MFW under a typical Mediterranean forcing, flash flood, was also studied during an in situ monitoring and a mesocosm experiment in the Thau Lagoon.In conclusion, it appears that heterotrophic bacteria show the highest growth rates (until 2.18 day-1). Growth rates of pico- and nanophytolankton groups were always lower than 1.5 day-1. The major cause of mortality of the different group studied, reaching on average 90%, was due to the predation by the microzooplankton. Mortality due to viral lysis appeared to be a “sporadic processes”, less important than microzooplankton grazing indeed. In addition, the observed grazing rates or bacterivory were close to growth rates of microorganisms, suggesting an efficient trophic transfer of the microbial biomass towards higher trophic levels.River flash flood; an important forcing in the Mediterranean coastal zone; triggered on a short time scale, a decrease in growth and grazing rates of microorganisms whereas viral lysis was enhanced. However, the important dynamics of this studied MFW allowed the rapid reestablishment of growth and grazing rates, indicating a strong resilience capability of this system
Nguyen, Thi Ngoc Tuyet. "Risk of eutrophication in the Saigon River : Impacts of the Ho Chi Minh Megacity (Vietnam)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU049/document.
Full textThe Saigon River, a part of Saigon – Dongnai River basin located in Southern Vietnam, is about 250 km long with a catchment area of 4,717 km2. The Dau Tieng reservoir in the upstream of the Saigon River has been constructed for irrigation, flood protection purposes and the control of the intrusion of saline water. When flowing through HCMC, Saigon River is connected with canals and then joins Dongnai River to become the Nha Be River flowing through Can Gio Mangrove to the East Sea. Draining a low elevation coastal zone (LECZ), Saigon River is affected by the asymmetric semi-diurnal tides.The general goal of this thesis is to (i) assess trophic status in the Saigon – Dongnai River, (ii) assess the processes that lead nutrient behavior in the salinity gradient to estimate retention capacity with respect to the nutrients fluxes and (iii) calculate nutrient budgets to further be used for numerical simulations.The first step of this thesis consisted in a survey of nutrient concentrations (N, P, Si) at four sampling sites within the Saigon – Dongnai River system, which was carried out bi-monthly from July 2015 to December 2017, allowing to quantify the levels of nutrient concentrations and of indicators of eutrophication. This thesis pointed out an excess of nutrients in HCMC with concentrations of NH4+ and PO43- averaging to 0.7 mgN L-1 and 0.07 mgP L-1, respectively. We observed that untreated domestic discharges lead to the degradation of Saigon River’s water quality with extreme value of algal biomass (up 150 µChl-a L-1) and hypoxia conditions occurring episodically (DO < 2 mg L-1) during dry season. The eutrophic issue in the city center has no clear effect downstream because eutrophic water mass from Saigon River is efficiently mixed with Dongnai and sea water masses during the semi-diurnal tidal cycle, leading to efficient metabolism of nutrients within the estuarine partBased on field and laboratory surveys, we assessed the eutrophication of the river, and investigated P adsorption-desorption capacity onto suspended sediment (SS) within the salinity gradient. Field surveys showed a clear impact of the megacity, total P increasing three fold in HCMC center, as compared with upstream values. Downstream, in the tidally mixed estuarine area, the total P lowered to less than 0.5 gP kg-1. Laboratory experiments were carried out to characterize the influence of SS concentrations, salinity and turbulence on sorption/desorption processes. Among these observed variables, SS concentration was shown to be the main driver for adsorption capacity of P onto SS in salinity gradient. This underlines the role of cohesive sediment dynamics, as an important driver of nutrient dynamic in this estuarine river system.In this thesis, we analyzed the nutrients, suspended sediments and water discharges database from the Vietnamese Center of Monitoring of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (period 2012 to 2016). Nine sites along the Saigon River and one site in the Dongnai River were used to identify the reference water status before HCMC and the increasing fluxes from upstream to downstream. The calculated fluxes allow drawing a first sediment and nutrients budget at the scale of the Saigon – Dongnai Rivers and discussing the contribution of each sub basins to the total fluxes to the estuarine and coastal zones. Add one sentence pointing out the main result of this 2005-2016 dataseries analysis
Denis, Jacques. "Développement et validation de méthodes de classification de la zone côtière : une contribution à sa gestion intégrée." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30297.
Full textDurafour, Marine. "Dynamique sédimentaire en zone côtière dans le cas de sédiments hétérogènes : application au domaine côtier haut-normand." Thesis, Le Havre, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEHA0010/document.
Full textParticle shape is recognized to influence the hydraulic behavior of grains but is not used in current bedload transport models for two reasons: the mechanisms of initiation of motion of sediments according to their shape are not well understood and the difficulties to define particle shape with common parameters. Several instruments were deployed in-situ, before this study, in the Eastern English Channel in March 2011. A detailed analysis of the data collected is carried out to monitor the quantities of bedload transported materials along a tidal cycle in the three study areas explored. These in-situ measurements are then compared to existing formulations using two approaches: a single fraction approach, using the median diameter of the sediment mixture, and a multiple fraction approach, involving a discretization of the granulometric curve. The need to oscillate between these two methods according to the granulometric extent of the site studied is highlighted. Photographs of grains of the sediment cover and transported in-situ by bed load highlight a preferential transport of the most circular particles of the seabed. A new formula is developed, which takes into account the heterogeneity of particles in size and in circularity, to estimate bedload sediment transport under the action of a single current. The proposed adjustment significantly improves model predictions, especially for coarse fractions of sediments. Preliminary tests in a current channel are also performed to validate a new experimental set-up and protocol in order to compare in-situ and experimental results