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Ladenheim, Ruth. "Les vaccins à ADN nu." Biofutur 1995, no. 145 (May 1995): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0294-3506(95)80125-1.
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Pitard, Bruno. "Nanotaxi® pour les vaccins ARN et ADN." médecine/sciences 35, no. 10 (October 2019): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019143.
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QUENTEL, C., M. BREMONT, and H. POULIQUEN. "La vaccination chez les poissons d’élevage." INRAE Productions Animales 20, no. 3 (September 7, 2007): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2007.20.3.3463.
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Les poissons, tout au moins les téléostéens, sont dotés d’un système immunitaire proche de celui des vertébrés supérieurs. Il est composé de deux systèmes majeurs, le système inné ou non spécifique et le système acquis, spécifique du pathogène. Les poissons sont capables de reconnaître un antigène et de développer une réponse immunitaire spécifique. Il est donc possible de les vacciner. Les poissons peuvent être immunisés selon plusieurs voies, l’injection, la balnéation et l’administration orale. Différents types de vaccins existent : des vaccins inactivés, qui sont pour l’essentiel des vaccins anti-bactériens produits par fermentation des bactéries suivie d’une inactivation au formol, des vaccins vivants atténués qui, dans un premier temps, ont été surtout étudiés vis-à-vis des maladies virales afin d’essayer de pallier la déficience des vaccins tués. Bien qu’efficaces par balnéation, ils ne sont pas commercialisés car incompatibles avec les stratégies de contrôle à la fois vétérinaire et environnemental. Enfin, avec le développement de la biologie moléculaire de nouveaux types de vaccins sont en cours d’élaboration chez les poissons comme les vaccins recombinants sub-unitaires dont l’efficacité n’a cependant pas été démontrée. Par contre, les résultats avec les vaccins à ADN sont très prometteurs et ces derniers devraient dans un avenir proche permettre d’optimiser la vaccination chez les poissons.
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Paris, Robert, Robert A. Kuschner, Leonard Binn, Stephen J. Thomas, Stefano Colloca, Alfredo Nicosia, Riccardo Cortese, Robert T. Bailer, Nancy Sullivan, and Richard A. Koup. "Adenovirus Type 4 and 7 Vaccination or Adenovirus Type 4 Respiratory Infection Elicits Minimal Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses to Nonhuman Adenovirus Vaccine Vectors." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 5 (March 12, 2014): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00011-14.
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ABSTRACTAntivector immunity may limit the immunogenicity of adenovirus vector vaccines. We tested sera from individuals immunized with adenovirus type 4 and 7 (Ad4 and Ad7, respectively) vaccine or naturally infected with Ad4 for their ability to neutralize a panel of E1-deleted human and chimpanzee adenoviruses (ChAd). Small statistically significant increases in titers to ChAd63, ChAd3, human Ad35, and human Ad5 were observed. Neutralizing antibodies elicited by Ad4 infection or immunization results in a small amount of adenovirus cross-reactivity.
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Harro, Clayton, Xiao Sun, Jon E. Stek, Randi Y. Leavitt, Devan V. Mehrotra, Fubao Wang, Andrew J. Bett, et al. "Safety and Immunogenicity of the Merck Adenovirus Serotype 5 (MRKAd5) and MRKAd6 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Trigene Vaccines Alone and in Combination in Healthy Adults." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 9 (July 15, 2009): 1285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00144-09.
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ABSTRACT Preexisting immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) diminishes immune responses to vaccines using Ad5 as a vector. Alternate Ad serotypes as vaccine vectors might overcome Ad5-specific neutralizing antibodies and enhance immune responses in populations with a high prevalence of Ad5 immunity. To test this hypothesis, healthy human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative adults were enrolled in a blinded, randomized, dose-escalating, placebo-controlled study. In part A, subjects with baseline Ad6 titers of ≤18 received the Merck Ad6 (MRKAd6) HIV type 1 (HIV-1) trigene vaccine at weeks 0, 4, and 26. In part B, subjects stratified by Ad5 titers (≤200 or >200) and Ad6 titers (≤18 or >18) received the MRKAd5-plus-MRKAd6 (MRKAd5+6) HIV-1 trigene vaccine at weeks 0, 4, and 26. Immunogenicity was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay at week 30. No serious adverse events occurred. MRKAd6 trigene vaccine recipients responded more often to Nef than to Gag or Pol. In part A, ELISPOT response rates to ≥2 vaccine antigens were 14%, 63%, and 71% at 109, 1010, and 1011 viral genomes (vg)/dose, respectively. All responders had positive Nef-specific ELISPOT results. In part B, Nef-ELISPOT response rates at 1010 vg/dose of the MRKAd5+6 trigene vaccine were 50% in the low-Ad5/low-Ad6 stratum (n = 8), 78% in the low-Ad5/high-Ad6 stratum (n = 9), 75% in the high-Ad5/low-Ad6 stratum (n = 8), and 44% in the high-Ad5/high-Ad6 stratum (n = 9). The MRKAd6 and MRKAd5+6 trigene vaccines elicited dose-dependent responses predominantly to Nef and were generally well tolerated, indicating that Ad6 should be considered a candidate vector for future vaccines. Although small sample sizes limit the conclusions that can be drawn from this exploratory study, combining two Ad vectors may be a useful vaccine strategy for circumventing isolated immunity to a single Ad serotype.
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Beaty, Shannon, Natalie Collins, Nicos Karasavvas, Robert Kuschner, Jun Hang, Anima Adhikari, Irina Maljkovic Berry, et al. "A Phase 1 Two-Arm, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Study of Live, Oral Plasmid-Derived Adenovirus Type 4 and Type 7 Vaccines in Seronegative Adults." Vaccines 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2023): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061091.
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PXVX0047 is an investigational vaccine developed for active immunization to prevent febrile acute respiratory disease (ARD) caused by adenovirus serotypes 4 (Ad4) and 7 (Ad7). PXVX0047 consists of a modernized, plasmid-derived vaccine that was generated using a virus isolated from Wyeth Ad4 and Ad7 vaccine tablets. A phase 1 two-arm, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the safety profile and immunogenicity of the investigational adenovirus vaccines. The two components of PXVX0047 were administered orally together in a single dose to 11 subjects. For comparison, three additional subjects received the Ad4/Ad7 vaccine that is currently in use by the US military. The results of this study show that the tolerability and immunogenicity of the PXVX0047 Ad7 component are comparable with that of the control Ad4/Ad7 vaccine; however, the immunogenicity of the PXVX0047 Ad4 component was lower than expected. Clinical trial number NCT03160339.
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邱南昌, 邱南昌, and 張濱璿 Nan-Chang Chiu. "臺灣預防接種受害救濟制度與COVID-19疫苗." 月旦醫事法報告 67, no. 67 (May 2022): 050–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/241553062022050067004.
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Halstead, Scott B., and Leah Katzelnick. "COVID-19 Vaccines: Should We Fear ADE?" Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 12 (August 12, 2020): 1946–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa518.
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Abstract Might COVID-19 vaccines sensitize humans to antibody-dependent enhanced (ADE) breakthrough infections? This is unlikely because coronavirus diseases in humans lack the clinical, epidemiological, biological, or pathological attributes of ADE disease exemplified by dengue viruses (DENV). In contrast to DENV, SARS and MERS CoVs predominantly infect respiratory epithelium, not macrophages. Severe disease centers on older persons with preexisting conditions and not infants or individuals with previous coronavirus infections. Live virus challenge of animals given SARS or MERS vaccines resulted in vaccine hypersensitivity reactions (VAH), similar to those in humans given inactivated measles or respiratory syncytial virus vaccines. Safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines must avoid VAH.
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Yılmaz, Engin. "Aşı Teknolojisinde Yeni Umutlar: mRNA Aşıları." Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 55, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 265–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/mb.20219912.
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Appledorn, Daniel M., Yasser A. Aldhamen, Sarah Godbehere, Sergey S. Seregin, and Andrea Amalfitano. "Sublingual Administration of an Adenovirus Serotype 5 (Ad5)-Based Vaccine Confirms Toll-Like Receptor Agonist Activity in the Oral Cavity and Elicits Improved Mucosal and Systemic Cell-Mediated Responses against HIV Antigens despite Preexisting Ad5 Immunity." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00341-10.
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ABSTRACTHIV/AIDS continue to devastate populations worldwide. Recent studies suggest that vaccines that induce beneficial immune responses in the mucosal compartment may improve the efficacy of HIV vaccines. Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based vectors remain a promising platform for the development of effective vaccines. In an effort to improve the efficacy of Ad5-based vaccines, even in the presence of preexisting Ad5 immunity, we evaluated the potential for an Ad5-based HIV vaccine to induce antigen-specific immune responses following sublingual (s.l.) administration, a route not previously tested in regard to Ad-based vaccines. s.l. vaccination with an Ad5-based HIV-Gag vaccine resulted in a significant induction of Gag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in both the systemic and the mucosal compartment. We also show that s.l. immunization not only avoided preexisting Ad5 immunity but also elicited a broad repertoire of antigen-specific CTL clones. Additionally, we confirm for the first time that oral delivery of a vaccine expressing a potent Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist can stimulate innate immune responses through induction of cytokines and chemokines and activation of NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophagesin vivo. These results positively correlated with improved antigen-specific CTL responses. These results could be achieved both in Ad5-naïve mice and in mice with preexisting immunity to Ad5. The simplicity of the s.l. vaccination regimen coupled with augmentation of TLR-dependent pathways active in the oral cavity makes s.l. delivery a promising method for HIV vaccine development specifically, as well as for many other vaccine applications in general.
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Guzmán-Martínez, Oscar, Kathia Guardado, Elsa Ladrón de Guevara, Saturnino Navarro, Crescencio Hernández, Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas, and Hilda Montero. "IgG Antibodies Generation and Side Effects Caused by Ad5-nCoV Vaccine (CanSino Biologics) and BNT162b2 Vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech) among Mexican Population." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090999.
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SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly generated a pandemic. Vaccines are currently being rolled out to control the viral spread and prevent deaths. Emergency vaccines, using new platforms, have been approved. Their effectiveness, safety and immunogenicity in different populations are not fully known. This study aimed to discover the immunogenicity of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) BNT162b2 and adenovirus vector Ad5-nCoV vaccines through IgG antibody generation against subunit 1 of protein S (S1 IgG) and assess the side effects of the vaccines. A total of 115 vaccinated people were included, 61 of whom received the BNT162b2 vaccine, while 54 received Ad5-nCoV. Measurements of S1 IgG antibodies were carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The BNT162b2 vaccine generated S1 IgG antibodies in 80.3% of the participants after the first dose. The number of seropositive participants increased to 98.36% with the administration of the second dose. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine generated S1 IgG antibodies in 88.89% of those vaccinated. Women generated more antibodies when administered either vaccine. There were no serious adverse effects from vaccination. In conclusion, not all participants had detectable S1 IgG antibodies. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine presented the most seronegative cases. The studied vaccines were shown to be safe.
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Tang, Jinyi, Cong Zeng, Thomas M. Cox, Chaofan Li, Young Min Son, In Su Cheon, Supriya Behl, et al. "Respiratory humoral and cellular immune responses following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2022): 65.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.65.22.
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Abstract Vaccination is the key for controlling COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated to induce robust and persistent humoral and cellular immunity in the circulation, but the vaccine-induced immune responses in the respiratory tract remain largely elusive. Here, we examined SARS-CoV-2 S-specific antibody, B and T cell immune responses in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood from unvaccinated, COVID-19 vaccinees or COVID-19 convalescents that recovered from prior moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that mRNA vaccination induced significant SARS-CoV-2 S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the blood but not in the BAL. Similarly, mRNA vaccination failed to provoke detectable SARS-CoV-2 S RBD-specific B cell responses in the BAL despite marked RBD-specific B cells were observed in the blood of COVID-19 vaccinees. In contrast, robust SARS-CoV-2 S-specific B and T cell responses were present in the BAL of COVID-19 convalescents. Furthermore, significant neutralizing antibody responses were only observed in the BAL from convalescents but not vaccinees, while both COVID-19 vaccinee and convalescent groups mounted marked neutralizing antibody responses in the blood. Thus, despite their induction of robust circulating humoral and cellular immunity, the current COVID-19 vaccines provoke relatively weak cellular and neutralizing antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract. Our results indicate that a mucosal booster vaccine may be needed to establish robust immunity in the respiratory mucosa, which could provide a strong first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 re-infection.
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Thiele, Sonja, Aljona Borschewski, Judit Küchler, Marc Bieberbach, Sebastian Voigt, and Bernhard Ehlers. "Molecular Analysis of Varicella Vaccines and Varicella-Zoster Virus from Vaccine-Related Skin Lesions." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 7 (May 11, 2011): 1058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05021-11.
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ABSTRACTTo prevent complications that might follow an infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the live attenuated Oka strain (V-Oka) is administered to children in many developed countries. Three vaccine brands (Varivax from Sanofi Pasteur MSD; Varilrix and Priorix-Tetra, both from Glaxo-Smith-Kline) are licensed in Germany and have been associated with both different degrees of vaccine effectiveness and adverse effects. To identify genetic variants in the vaccines that might contribute to rash-associated syndromes, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles of variants from the three vaccines and rash-associated vaccine-type VZV from German vaccinees were quantitatively compared by PCR-based pyrosequencing (PSQ). The Varivax vaccine contained an estimated 3-fold higher diversity of VZV variants, with 20% more wild-type (wt) SNPs than Varilrix and Priorix-Tetra. These minor VZV variants in the vaccines were identified by analyzing cloned full-length open reading frame (ORF)orf62sequences by chain termination sequencing and PSQ. Some of these sequences amplified from vaccine VZV were very similar or identical to those of the rash-associated vaccine-type VZV from vaccinees and were almost exclusively detected in Varivax. Therefore, minorities of rash-associated VZV variants are present in varicella vaccine formulations, and it can be concluded that the analysis of a core set of four SNPs is required as a minimum for a firm diagnostic differentiation of vaccine-type VZV from wt VZV.
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Broderick, Michael P., Sandra Romero-Steiner, Gowrisankar Rajam, Scott E. Johnson, Andrea Milton, Ellie Kim, Lisa J. Choi, et al. "Immune Responses in U.S. Military Personnel Who Received Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY) Concomitantly with Other Vaccines Were Higher than in Personnel Who Received MenACWY Alone." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 8 (June 8, 2016): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00267-16.
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ABSTRACTImmunological responses to vaccination can differ depending on whether the vaccine is given alone or with other vaccines. This study was a retrospective evaluation of the immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) administered alone (n= 41) or concomitantly with other vaccines (n= 279) to U.S. military personnel (mean age, 21.6 years) entering the military between 2006 and 2008. Concomitant vaccines included tetanus/diphtheria (Td), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis vaccines, and various influenza vaccines, among others; two vaccine groups excluded Tdap and IPV. Immune responses were evaluated in baseline and postvaccination sera forNeisseria meningitidisserogroups C and Y 1 to 12 months (mean, 4.96 months) following vaccination. Functional antibodies were measured by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay with rabbit complement (rSBA) and by measurement of serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The percentage of vaccinees reaching threshold levels (IgG concentration in serum, ≥2 μg/ml; rSBA titer, ≥8) corresponding to an immunologic response was higher postvaccination than at baseline (P< 0.001). Administration of MenACWY along with other vaccines was associated with higher geometric means of IgG concentrations and rSBA titers than those measured 4.60 months after a single dose of MenACWY. In addition, higher percentages of vaccinees reached the immunological threshold (range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.5 to 21.7) and more of them seroconverted (OR range, 1.8 to 4.8) when MenACWY was administered with any other vaccine than when administered alone. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the observed differences among groups in the immune response to MenACWY when given concomitantly with other vaccines to U.S. military personnel.
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Braucher, Douglas R., Jamie N. Henningson, Crystal L. Loving, Amy L. Vincent, Eun Kim, Julia Steitz, Andrea A. Gambotto, and Marcus E. Kehrli. "Intranasal Vaccination with Replication-Defective Adenovirus Type 5 Encoding Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Elicits Protective Immunity to Homologous Challenge and Partial Protection to Heterologous Challenge in Pigs." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 11 (August 29, 2012): 1722–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00315-12.
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ABSTRACTInfluenza A virus (IAV) is widely circulating in the swine population and causes significant economic losses. To combat IAV infection, the swine industry utilizes adjuvanted whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines, using a prime-boost strategy. These vaccines can provide sterilizing immunity toward homologous virus but often have limited efficacy against a heterologous infection. There is a need for vaccine platforms that induce mucosal and cell-mediated immunity that is cross-reactive to heterologous viruses and can be produced in a short time frame. Nonreplicating adenovirus 5 vector (Ad5) vaccines are one option, as they can be produced rapidly and given intranasally to induce local immunity. Thus, we compared the immunogenicity and efficacy of a single intranasal dose of an Ad5-vectored hemagglutinin (Ad5-HA) vaccine to those of a traditional intramuscular administration of WIV vaccine. Ad5-HA vaccination induced a mucosal IgA response toward homologous IAV and primed an antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response against both challenge viruses. The Ad5-HA vaccine provided protective immunity to homologous challenge and partial protection against heterologous challenge, unlike the WIV vaccine. Nasal shedding was significantly reduced and virus was cleared from the lung by day 5 postinfection following heterologous challenge of Ad5-HA-vaccinated pigs. However, the WIV-vaccinated pigs displayed vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) following heterologous challenge, characterized by enhanced macroscopic lung lesions. This study demonstrates that a single intranasal vaccination with an Ad5-HA construct can provide complete protection from homologous challenge and partial protection from heterologous challenge, as opposed to VAERD, which can occur with adjuvanted WIV vaccines.
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Wang, Anqi. "Advantages And Disadvantages of Different COVID-19 Vaccines." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 45 (April 18, 2023): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v45i.7483.
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After the outbreak of the epidemic, countries around the world have begun intensive research and development of vaccines. Theoretically, all existing vaccine types and technologies can be applied to COVID-19 vaccine research. More than 100 COVID-19 vaccine projects registered on the official website of WHO include these three generations of different types of vaccines. At present, 16 vaccines have entered clinical trials, five of which are from China, including two inactivated vaccines under China Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "China Biotechnology"). Most of these vaccines are still in phase I. This article will introduce inactivated vaccine, Ad5-nCoV Adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccine, RBD CHO vaccine and nucleic acid vaccine in detail. The different vaccines have different advantages due to the different ways of working. At the moment when the COVID-19 vaccine has been launched, personal protection and cutting off the transmission route of COVID-19 are still the most important ways to protect oneself and prevent the spread of the epidemic.
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Muñoz-Valle, José Francisco, Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno, Mónica Guadalupe Matuz-Flores, Cristian Oswaldo Hernández-Ramírez, Saúl Alberto Díaz-Pérez, Christian Johana Baños-Hernández, Francisco Javier Turrubiates-Hernández, Alejandra Natali Vega-Magaña, and Jorge Hernández-Bello. "Efficacy and Safety of Heterologous Booster Vaccination after Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologics) Vaccine: A Preliminary Descriptive Study." Vaccines 10, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030400.
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Several studies have reported the benefits and safety of heterologous vaccination among different approved vaccines; however, there are no specific reports on the effects of vaccination with the Ad5-nCoV and other vaccines of the same or different technologies. In the present study, we evaluated the neutralizing antibodies percentage against SARS-CoV-2 in Mexican patients immunized with the Ad5-nCoV vaccine six months after its application. Moreover, the effect of the heterologous vaccination with the Ad5-nCoV vaccine and a booster dose of ChAdOx1-S-Nov-19, Ad26.COV2.S, BNT162b2, or mRNA-127 were determined. Our results suggest that a heterologous regimen of one dose with Ad5-nCoV vaccine followed by a booster dose of a different vaccine is safe and induces a stronger humoral immune response.
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Chondronasiou, Dafni, Tracy-Jane Eisden, Anita Stam, Qiana Matthews, Mert Icyuz, Erik Hooijberg, Igor Dmitriev, David Curiel, Tanja de Gruijl, and Rieneke van de Ven. "Improved Induction of Anti-Melanoma T Cells by Adenovirus-5/3 Fiber Modification to Target Human DCs." Vaccines 6, no. 3 (July 18, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030042.
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To mount a strong anti-tumor immune response, non T cell inflamed (cold) tumors may require combination treatment encompassing vaccine strategies preceding checkpoint inhibition. In vivo targeted delivery of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) to dendritic cells (DCs), relying on the natural functions of primary DCs in situ, represents an attractive vaccination strategy. In this study we made use of a full-length MART-1 expressing C/B-chimeric adenoviral vector, consisting of the Ad5 capsid and the Ad3 knob (Ad5/3), which we previously showed to selectively transduce DCs in human skin and lymph nodes. Our data demonstrate that chimeric Ad5/3 vectors encoding TAA, and able to target human DCs in situ, can be used to efficiently induce expansion of functional tumor-specific CD8+ effector T cells, either from a naïve T cell pool or from previously primed T cells residing in the melanoma-draining sentinel lymph nodes (SLN). These data support the use of Ad3-knob containing viruses as vaccine vehicles for in vivo delivery. “Off-the-shelf” DC-targeted Ad vaccines encoding TAA could clearly benefit future immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Cassier, Maurice. "Producing, Controlling, and Stabilizing Pasteur's Anthrax Vaccine: Creating a New Industry and a Health Market." Science in Context 21, no. 2 (June 2008): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889708001713.
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ArgumentWhen Pasteur and Chamberland hastily set up their small biological industry to meet the agricultural demand for the anthrax vaccine, their methods for preparation and production had not yet been stabilized. The process of learning how to standardize biological products was accelerated in 1882 when vaccination accidents required the revision of production norms as the first hypotheses on fixity, inalterability, and transportability of vaccines were invalidated and replaced by procedures for continuous monitoring of the calibration of vaccines and the renewal of vaccine strains. Initially, the incompleteness and ongoing development of production standards justified Pasteur's monopoly on the production of the anthrax vaccine under his immediate supervision. Later on, the Pasteur Institute maintained control of these standards in the framework of a commercial monopoly that it established on the veterinary vaccines first sent and then cultivated abroad by the Société de Vulgarisation du Vaccin Charbonneux Pasteur, founded in 1886.
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Sun, Haiyan, Dhiraj Acharya, Amber M. Paul, Huafang Lai, Junyun He, Fengwei Bai, and Qiang Chen. "Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Activity of a Plant-Made Vaccine against West Nile Virus." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (January 17, 2023): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020197.
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West Nile virus (WNV) causes annual outbreaks globally and is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in Unite States. In the absence of licensed therapeutics, there is an urgent need to develop effective and safe human vaccines against WNV. One of the major safety concerns for WNV vaccine development is the risk of increasing infection by related flaviviruses in vaccinated subjects via antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). Herein, we report the development of a plant-based vaccine candidate that provides protective immunity against a lethal WNV challenge mice, while minimizes the risk of ADE for infection by Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) virus. Specifically, a plant-produced virus-like particle (VLP) that displays the WNV Envelope protein domain III (wDIII) elicited both high neutralizing antibody titers and antigen-specific cellular immune responses in mice. Passive transfer of serum from VLP-vaccinated mice protected recipient mice from a lethal challenge of WNV infection. Notably, VLP-induced antibodies did not enhance the infection of Fc gamma receptor-expressing K562 cells by ZIKV or DENV through ADE. Thus, a plant-made wDIII-displaying VLP presents a promising WNV vaccine candidate that induces protective immunity and minimizes the concern of inducing ADE-prone antibodies to predispose vaccinees to severe infection by DENV or ZIKV.
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Deng, Sheng-Qun, Xian Yang, Yong Wei, Jia-Ting Chen, Xiao-Jun Wang, and Hong-Juan Peng. "A Review on Dengue Vaccine Development." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010063.
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Dengue virus (DENV) has become a global health threat with about half of the world’s population at risk of infection. Although the disease caused by DENV is self-limiting in the first infection, the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect increases the mortality in the second infection with a heterotypic virus. Since there is no specific efficient medicine in treatment, it is urgent to develop vaccines to prevent infection and disease progression. Currently, only a live attenuated vaccine, chimeric yellow fever 17D—tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV), has been licensed for clinical use in some countries, and many candidate vaccines are still under research and development. This review discusses the progress, strengths, and weaknesses of the five types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, viral vectored vaccine, and DNA vaccine.
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McFarland, Elizabeth J., Ruth A. Karron, Petronella Muresan, Coleen K. Cunningham, Charlotte Perlowski, Jennifer Libous, Jennifer Oliva, et al. "Live-Attenuated Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine With M2-2 Deletion and With Small Hydrophobic Noncoding Region Is Highly Immunogenic in Children." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, no. 12 (February 1, 2020): 2050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa049.
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Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral cause of severe pediatric respiratory illness, and vaccines are needed. Live RSV vaccine D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII, attenuated by deletion of the RSV RNA regulatory protein M2-2, is based on previous candidate LID/ΔM2-2 but incorporates prominent differences from MEDI/ΔM2-2, which was more restricted in replication in phase 1. Methods RSV-seronegative children aged 6–24 months received 1 intranasal dose (105 plaque-forming units [PFUs] of D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII [n = 21] or placebo [n = 11]) and were monitored for vaccine shedding, reactogenicity, RSV-antibody responses and RSV-associated medically attended acute respiratory illness (RSV-MAARI) and antibody responses during the following RSV season. Results All 21 vaccinees were infected with vaccine; 20 (95%) shed vaccine (median peak titer, 3.5 log10 PFUs/mL with immunoplaque assay and 6.1 log10 copies/mL with polymerase chain reaction). Serum RSV-neutralizing antibodies and anti-RSV fusion immunoglobulin G increased ≥4-fold in 95% and 100% of vaccines, respectively. Mild upper respiratory tract symptoms and/or fever occurred in vaccinees (76%) and placebo recipients (18%). Over the RSV season, RSV-MAARI occurred in 2 vaccinees and 4 placebo recipients. Three vaccinees had ≥4-fold increases in serum RSV-neutralizing antibody titers after the RSV season without RSV-MAARI. Conclusions D46/NS2/N/ΔM2-2-HindIII had excellent infectivity and immunogenicity and primed vaccine recipients for anamnestic responses, encouraging further evaluation of this attenuation strategy. Clinical Trials Registration NCT03102034 and NCT03099291.
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Wilson, Nancy A., Brandon F. Keele, Jason S. Reed, Shari M. Piaskowski, Caitlin E. MacNair, Andrew J. Bett, Xiaoping Liang, et al. "Vaccine-Induced Cellular Responses Control Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication after Heterologous Challenge." Journal of Virology 83, no. 13 (April 29, 2009): 6508–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00272-09.
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ABSTRACT All human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine efficacy trials to date have ended in failure. Structural features of the Env glycoprotein and its enormous variability have frustrated efforts to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies. To explore the extent to which vaccine-induced cellular immune responses, in the absence of neutralizing antibodies, can control replication of a heterologous, mucosal viral challenge, we vaccinated eight macaques with a DNA/Ad5 regimen expressing all of the proteins of SIVmac239 except Env. Vaccinees mounted high-frequency T-cell responses against 11 to 34 epitopes. We challenged the vaccinees and eight naïve animals with the heterologous biological isolate SIVsmE660, using a regimen intended to mimic typical HIV exposures resulting in infection. Viral loads in the vaccinees were significantly less at both the peak (1.9-log reduction; P < 0.03) and at the set point (2.6-log reduction; P < 0.006) than those in control naïve animals. Five of eight vaccinated macaques controlled acute peak viral replication to less than 80,000 viral RNA (vRNA) copy eq/ml and to less than 100 vRNA copy eq/ml in the chronic phase. Our results demonstrate that broad vaccine-induced cellular immune responses can effectively control replication of a pathogenic, heterologous AIDS virus, suggesting that T-cell-based vaccines may have greater potential than previously appreciated.
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Whelan, Allison M. "Lowering the Age of Consent: Pushing Back against the Anti-Vaccine Movement." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 3 (2016): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516667942.
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This article examines the rise of the anti-vaccination movement, the proliferation of laws allowing parental exemptions to mandatory school vaccines, and the impact of the movement on immunization rates for all vaccines. It uses the ongoing debate about the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as an example to highlight the ripple effect and consequences of the anti-vaccine movement despite robust evidence of the vaccine's safety and efficacy. The article scrutinizes how state legislatures ironically promote vaccination while simultaneously deferring to the opposition by promulgating broad opt-outs from mandatory vaccine laws. This article concludes by offering an alternative legislative approach to specifically combat the anti-vaccine movement's impact on HPV vaccination rates. Lowering the age of consent has not been widely attempted or proposed and provides an alternative statutory mechanism to push back against vaccine resistance.
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Ali, Muhammad Zahid, Yousra Anwar, Adil Abbas, Noor Ul Ain, Zainab Khalid, Arooj Sattar, Muhammad Usman, Arzoo Nazir, and Shah Zeb. "Recent Advances in Vaccine Technology for Viral Infection Management: A Spotlight on Next-Generation Vaccines and Nucleic Acid-Based Platforms." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 17, no. 5 (June 23, 2023): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023175261.
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Recent advances in vaccine technology and their uses in viral infection management were the focus of the study. Potential nucleic acid-based platforms for vaccine development, including DNA and RNA vaccines, were also investigated. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a lot of attention was paid to RNA-based vaccinations like mRNA vaccines because of their rapid development and scalability. These vaccines were shown to be effective at eliciting protective immune responses and provided the adaptability to include multiple antigenic sites. Preclinical and clinical research of this magnitude is required for the development and assessment of these innovative vaccine methods. Immunogenicity, side effects, and efficacy were all taken into account. The study highlighted the need for more investigation and cooperation between researchers, physicians, and business allies to speed up the process of turning these novel vaccine strategies into successful therapies against different types of viral infections. Our study demonstrated the potential of viral vectors, nanoparticles, and nucleic acid-based platforms in developing vaccine technology, and it contributes important insights into the design and evaluation of innovative vaccine tactics against viral diseases. These results add to the existing body of knowledge and may help direct future antiviral research and development. Keywords: Vaccine development, Viruses, DNA Vaccines, RNA Vaccines, COVID-19 Vaccines
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Crum, Tommie, Kirsten Mooney, and Birendra R. Tiwari. "Current situation of vaccine injury compensation program and a future perspective in light of COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases." F1000Research 10 (December 7, 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51160.2.
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Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and reducing mortality. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review focuses on vaccine injury compensation programs and highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We conclude that the vaccine injury compensation programs are available in limited number of countries across four continents - mostly in Europe. Lack of standard approach and scope of injury prevention and compensation programs across the countries exists. Some important limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Therefore, additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.
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Crum, Tommie, Kirsten Mooney, and Birendra R. Tiwari. "Current situation of vaccine injury compensation program and a future perspective in light of COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases." F1000Research 10 (July 26, 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51160.1.
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Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and mortality reduction. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this article is to review the existing vaccine injury compensation programs in different countries. The review also highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We have identified 27 countries operating vaccine injury compensation programs. In Canada, Quebec is the only province with a scheme; however, discussions are ongoing in Canada for nationwide implementation in light of COVID 19. Study limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.
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Matsegora, N. А., and A. V. Kaprosh. "Current state of developments and research of new candidate vaccines against tuberculosis (literature review)." Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases, HIV Infection, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30978/tb-2022-2-48.
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147 literature sources on Tuberculosis vaccine, Vaccine prevention of tuberculosis were considered, 33 of them were studied in detail.According to the WHO report, 14 candidates for the TB vaccine are in clinical trials, including the AEC/BC02, Ad5 Ag85A and ChAdOx185A-MVA85A phase 1 vaccines, MTBVAC, ID93+GLA-SE, TB / FLU-04L and the GamB phase vaccine. 2a, amplifiers DAR-901, H56:IC31, M72/AS01, BCG revaccination and RUTI vaccine in phase 2b, VPM1002 and MIP/Immuvac in phase 3. Candidate TB vaccines vary in type and purpose.By type of vaccine are: subunit, vector, genetically modified live recombinant vaccines, live attenuated vaccines containing M. tuberculosis, inactivated vaccines.Subunit TB vaccines — contain purified immunoactive protein components isolated from M. tuberculosis with the addition of an adjuvant to enhance their immunogenic properties.Recombinant live vaccines — use a live vector to deliver heterologous antigens that elicit an immune response.Weakened live vaccines — contain a variant of a live pathogen that has been weakened to prevent serious disease when administered.Inactivated tuberculosis vaccines are designed to prevent and treat TB and are still being studied. These are vaccines with inactivated whole bacteria or their cleavage fragments, prepared physically or chemically.According to the purpose, vaccine candidates are studied in different target groups as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, in the context of anti-relapse prophylaxis and therapeutic vaccination, as well as to prevent the activation of LTBI in HIV-infected and contact persons.The results of recent clinical trials are important in addressing critical knowledge gaps and will clearly demonstrate the value of new TB vaccination strategies for endemic countries, and will shape the next generation of clinical trials.
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Liang, Xiaoping, Danilo R. Casimiro, William A. Schleif, Fubao Wang, Mary-Ellen Davies, Zhi-Qiang Zhang, Tong-Ming Fu, et al. "Vectored Gag and Env but Not Tat Show Efficacy against Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6P Challenge in Mamu-A*01-Negative Rhesus Monkeys." Journal of Virology 79, no. 19 (October 1, 2005): 12321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.19.12321-12331.2005.
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ABSTRACT Simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge studies in rhesus macaques were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of adenovirus-based vaccines in the context of different major histocompatibility complex class I genetic backgrounds and different vaccine compositions. Mamu-A *01 allele-negative rhesus monkeys were immunized with one of the following vaccine constructs: (i) replication-defective recombinant adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat (Ad5/HIVTat); (ii) Ad5 vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag (Ad5/SIVGag); (iii) Ad5 vector expressing the truncated HIV-1jrfl Env, gp140 (Ad5/gp140_jrfl); (iv) Ad5 vector expressing the SHIV-89.6P gp140 (Ad5/gp140_89.6P); or (v) the combination of Ad5/SIVGag and Ad5/gp140_jrfl. Following intravenous challenge with SHIV-89.6P, only those cohorts that received vaccines expressing Gag or Env exhibited an attenuation of the acute viremia and associated CD4-cell lymphopenia. While no prechallenge neutralizing antibody titers were detectable in either Ad5/gp140-vaccinated group, an accelerated neutralizing antibody response was observed in the Ad5/gp140_89.6P-vaccinated group upon viral challenge. The set-point viral loads in the Ad5/SIVGag- and Ad5/gp140_jrfl-vaccinated groups were associated with the overall strength of the induced cellular immune responses. To examine the contribution of Mamu-A *01 allele in vaccine efficacy against SHIV-89.6P challenge, Mamu-A*01-positive monkeys were immunized with Ad5/SIVGag. Vaccine-mediated protection was significantly more pronounced in the Mamu-A*01-positive monkeys than in Mamu-A*01-negative monkeys, suggesting the strong contributions of T-cell epitopes restricted by the Mamu-A*01 molecule. The implications of these results in the development of an HIV-1 vaccine will be discussed.
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Lau, Chin Shern, May Lin Helen Oh, Soon Kieng Phua, Ya Li Liang, Yanfeng Li, Jianxin Huo, Yuhan Huang, Biyan Zhang, Shengli Xu, and Tar Choon Aw. "Kinetics of the Neutralizing and Spike SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies following the Sinovac Inactivated Virus Vaccine Compared to the Pfizer mRNA Vaccine in Singapore." Antibodies 11, no. 2 (May 27, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antib11020038.
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Introduction: We compared the early total spike antibody (S-Ab) and neutralizing antibody (N-Ab) responses to two vaccines. Methods: We studied 96 Pfizer and 34 Sinovac vaccinees over a 14-month period from January 2021 to February 2022. All vaccinees received three doses of one type of vaccine. Antibody levels (Roche Elecsys total S-Ab and the Snibe N-Ab) were tested 10 days after the first dose, 20 days after the second dose, and 20 days after the booster dose. Results: At all time points, the mRNA vaccine generated higher S-Ab and N-Ab responses than the inactivated virus vaccine (S-Ab: first dose 2.48 vs. 0.4 BAU/mL, second dose 2174 vs. 98 BAU/mL, third dose 15,004 vs. 525 BAU/mL; N-Ab: first dose 0.05 vs. 0.02 µg/mL, second dose 3.48 vs. 0.38 µg/mL, third dose 19.8 vs. 0.89 µg/mL). mRNA vaccine recipients had a 6.2/22.2/28.6-fold higher S-Ab and 2.5/9.2/22.2-fold higher N-Ab response than inactivated virus vaccine recipients after the first/second/third inoculations, respectively. Mann–Whitney U analysis confirmed the significant difference in S-Ab and N-Ab titers between vaccination groups at each time point. Conclusions: The mRNA vaccines generated a more robust S-Ab and N-Ab response than the inactivated virus vaccine at all time points after the first, second, and third vaccinations.
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Steinhoff, Mark C., George F. Reed, Michael D. Decker, Kathryn M. Edwards, Janet A. Englund, Michael E. Pichichero, Margaret B. Rennels, Edwin L. Anderson, Maria A. Deloria, and Bruce D. Meade. "A Randomized Comparison of Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Two Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccines." Pediatrics 96, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.3.567.
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Objective. To compare prospectively the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two licensed whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Methods. We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blinded assessment of two licensed whole-cell pertussis vaccines with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids that were included in a multicenter trial evaluating 13 acellular pertussis vaccines. Infants were immunized at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with a single lot of Lederle (309 infants) or Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories (MPHBL; 94 infants) vaccine. Results. The group receiving the Lederle vaccine demonstrated significantly higher antibody titers to pertussis toxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by the Chinese hamster ovary cell pertussis toxin neutralization assay, and to fimbrial antigens by ELISA, as well as higher mean agglutinin titers. In contrast, the group receiving the MPHBL vaccine demonstrated higher ELISA antibody levels to filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin. Similar differences were observed in the proportions of vaccinees seroconverting to these antigens. Rates of systemic and local reactions were relatively low for both vaccines. Although the Lederle product had substantially lower reactogenicity in this study than previously reported for that vaccine, the MPHBL vaccine was significantly less reactogenic in nearly all clinical categories. Conclusion. The two whole-cell vaccines demonstrated statistically significant differences in postimmunization antibody levels to all six evaluated pertussis antigens. Whether these statistically significant differences in antibody levels have clinical relevance is not clear. Rates of nearly all local and systemic reactions were significantly lower among the MPHBL group than the Lederle group. Licensed whole-cell diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines produced by different manufacturers cannot be assumed to be similar in reactogenicity or immunogenecity.
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Kim, Ji Yeun, So Yun Lim, Soonju Park, Ji-Soo Kwon, Seongman Bae, Ji Young Park, Hye Hee Cha, et al. "Immune Responses to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 Vaccines and to Natural Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infections Over a 3-Month Period." Journal of Infectious Diseases 225, no. 5 (November 25, 2021): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab579.
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Abstract Background There are limited data directly comparing immune responses to vaccines and to natural infections with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study assessed the immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines over a 3-month period and compared the immune responses with those to natural infections. Method We enrolled healthcare workers who received BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines and patients with confirmed COVID-19 and then measured S1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G and neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses. Results A total of 121 vaccinees and 26 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. After the second dose, the BNT162b2 vaccine yielded S1 IgG antibody responses similar to those achieved with natural infections (mean IgG titer [standard deviation], 2241 [899] vs 2601 [5039]; P = .68) but significantly stronger than responses to the ChAdOx1 vaccine (174 [96]; P < .001). The neutralizing antibody titer generated by BNT162b2 was 6-fold higher than that generated by ChAdOx1 but lower than that by natural infection. T-cell responses persisted for 3 months with BNT162b2 and natural infection but decreased with ChAdOx1. Conclusions Antibody responses after the second dose of BNT162b2 are higher than after the second dose of ChAdOx1 and like those occurring after natural infection. T-cell responses are maintained longer in BNT162b2 vaccinees than in ChAdOx1 vaccinees.
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Casimiro, Danilo R., Aimin Tang, Ling Chen, Tong-Ming Fu, Robert K. Evans, Mary-Ellen Davies, Daniel C. Freed, et al. "Vaccine-Induced Immunity in Baboons by Using DNA and Replication-Incompetent Adenovirus Type 5 Vectors Expressing a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gag Gene." Journal of Virology 77, no. 13 (July 1, 2003): 7663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.13.7663-7668.2003.
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ABSTRACT The cellular immunogenicity of formulated plasmid DNA and replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vaccine vectors expressing a codon-optimized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene was examined in baboons. The Ad5 vaccine was capable of inducing consistently strong, long-lived CD8+-biased T-cell responses and in vitro cytotoxic activities. The DNA vaccine-elicited immune responses were weaker than those elicited by the Ad5 vaccine and highly variable; formulation with chemical adjuvants led to moderate increases in the levels of Gag-specific T cells. Increasing the DNA-primed responses with booster doses of either Ad5 or modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccines suggests a difference in the relative levels of cytotoxic and helper responses. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Iyasu Angani, Dereja. "Veterinary vaccine development: The helical project." Insights in Veterinary Science 4, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001025.
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Vaccine production process have been fuzzy journey to the public and, in some degrees, to those in the setting. By clearly showing the lengthy and challenging journey of vaccine development process, thereby suggesting the economic and health implication of improper use of veterinary vaccines, the paper tries to add the attention given to infection prevention. Starting from the foundations, the types and requirements of veterinary vaccines are described. The paper concludes with current research and regulatory quos in the topic.
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Kang, Chang-Yuil, Soojeong Chang, Kwang-Soo Shin, In Kyung Jung, Hyemin Park, Jonghan Oh, Seowoo Park, Jieun Shin, and Jong Heon Kim. "Development of broadly protective COVID-19 vaccine against up-to-date variants based on adenovirus type 5/35 vector platform." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2023): 159.06. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.159.06.
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Abstract The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) omicron strain has evolved into a highly divergent variant with several sub-lineages. These new emerging variants could impair the protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines based on the ancestral spike, causing breakthrough infections and re-infections. Therefore, it is imperative to develop new multivalent vaccines that can provide broad protection against currently prevalent new variants. We previously developed AdCLD-CoV19-1 OMI, an Ad5/35 platform based non-replicating recombinant adenoviral vector that encodes the spike protein of BA.1, and currently performing clinical studies. We also constructed vaccines against emerging subvariants such as BA.5, BA.2.75, XBB, BQ.1.1, and BN.1 using the Ad5/35 platform and evaluated their immunogenicity by sera from vaccinated mice. To develop the bivalent vaccine, we selected a combination of BA.5 and BA.2.75 vaccines by antigenic cartography map based on cross-neutralizing activities. We found that a bivalent vaccine could induce broadly neutralizing antibodies against the predominant circulating strains and improved cross-neutralization capacity. These data suggest that the bivalent vaccine broadens immunity against current prevalent omicron subvariants. We further investigate combinations of next-generation multivalent vaccines to confer broad protection against new subvariants. Based on the results of preclinical studies, clinical trials of the polyvalent vaccines will be conducted. Supported by grant from the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (2020M3A9I2107463)
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Kawile, Leo, Keli Fisher, and Mia Noergaard. "An Exploration of the Relationship Between Vaccine Knowledge and Vaccine Willingness." Psi Beta Research Journal - Brief Reports 3, no. 1 (October 12, 2023): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54581/luzr1510.
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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has lasted nearly three years, costing millions of lives worldwide. How-ever, increased availability of COVID-19 vaccines has provided an opportunity to increase survival rates. Willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine has seen fluctuations in the United States. Key pivotal shifts have been due to increasing accessibility of COVID-19 vaccines and public knowledge of how COVID-19 vaccines work, largely influenced by both the spread of information and misinformation. This study exam-ined patterns between COVID-19 vaccine knowledge and willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine in southern California residents over 18. Responding to an online survey, participants (n = 77) reported demographic information (including vaccine status), rated their willingness to receive the vaccine based on social pressures and perceived safety. Participants also answered questions about their individual and perceived vaccine knowledge. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s r. In support of the hypotheses, participants with higher levels of vaccine knowledge and greater perceived threat of COVID-19 were more willing to receive a vaccine. However, perception of vaccine knowledge was not significantly correlated with vaccine willingness or actual vaccine knowledge. Our findings add further understanding of factors that influence willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The results can inform researchers, policy makers, and the general public, furthering progress toward sufficiently immunizing the American population against COVID-19.
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Camacho, Luiz Antonio Bastos, Marcos da Silva Freire, Maria da Luz Fernandes Leal, Savitri Gomes de Aguiar, Jussara Pereira do Nascimento, Takumi Iguchi, José de Azevedo Lozana, and Roberto Henrique Guedes Farias. "Immunogenicity of WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD yellow fever vaccines: a randomized trial." Revista de Saúde Pública 38, no. 5 (October 2004): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102004000500009.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the immunogenicity of three yellow fever vaccines from WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD substrains (different seed-lots). METHODS: An equivalence trial was carried out involving 1,087 adults in Rio de Janeiro. Vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were administered following standardized procedures adapted to allow blocked randomized allocation of participants to coded vaccine types (double-blind). Neutralizing yellow fever antibody titters were compared in pre- and post-immunization serum samples. Equivalence was defined as a difference of no more than five percentage points in seroconversion rates, and ratio between Geometric Mean Titters (GMT) higher than 0.67. RESULTS: Seroconversion rates were 98% or higher among subjects previously seronegative, and 90% or more of the total cohort of vaccinees, including those previously seropositive. Differences in seroconversion ranged from -0.05% to -3.02%. The intensity of the immune response was also very similar across vaccines: 14.5 to 18.6 IU/mL. GMT ratios ranged from 0.78 to 0.93. Taking the placebo group into account, the vaccines explained 93% of seroconversion. Viremia was detected in 2.7% of vaccinated subjects from Day 3 to Day 7. CONCLUSIONS: The equivalent immunogenicity of yellow fever vaccines from the 17D and 17DD substrains was demonstrated for the first time in placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial. The study completed the clinical validation process of a new vaccine seed-lot, provided evidence for use of alternative attenuated virus substrains in vaccine production for a major manufacturer, and for the utilization of the 17DD vaccine in other countries.
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Balatif, Ridwan, Fadlan Hafizh Harahap, and Isni Dhiyah Almira. "Recent Development on HIV Variants and HIV Vaccine." Cermin Dunia Kedokteran 49, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 687–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.55175/cdk.v49i12.328.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus from the Retrovirus family that attacks human immune cells, especially T lymphocytes. The increasing number of HIV cases requires a more effective preventive measure; among others is through vaccination. Although it has been about 40 years, there is no HIV vaccine on the market yet. It can be because of many variations of HIV and each country has its own dominant HIV variant. In addition, the ability of HIV virus to evade immune responses, high mutation rates, and limited experimental animals add to the difficulties to develop effective vaccines. As of May 2022, 16 vaccines are currently undergoing phase I/II clinical trials. Among HIV vaccines that have already undergone phase III clinical trials, only RV 144 vaccine gave promising results, with efficacy reaching 31.2%. The development of the HIV vaccine continues to obtain a safe and effective HIV vaccine.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) merupakan virus dari famili Retrovirus yang menyerang sel imun manusia terutama limfosit T. Kasus infeksi HIV yang terus meningkat, membutuhkan tindakan pencegahan yang lebih efektif antara lain dengan vaksin HIV. Tetapi, meskipun sudah sekitar 40 tahun, belum ada vaksin HIV yang diedarkan. Hal ini bisa karena banyaknya variasi HIV serta tiap negara memiliki varian HIV dominan yang berbeda. Selain itu, kemampuan HIV menghindari respon imun, laju mutasi yang tinggi, ditambah dengan keterbatasan hewan coba, menyulitkan pembuatan vaksin. Hingga bulan Mei 2022 terdapat 16 vaksin yang tengah menjalani uji klinis fase I/II. Di antara vaksin HIV yang sudah pernah menjalani uji klinis fase III, hanya vaksin RV 144 yang memberikan hasil menjanjikan yakni efikasi mencapai 31,2%. Perkembangan vaksin HIV terus berlanjut untuk mendapatkan vaksin HIV yang aman dan efektif.
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Kamboj, Sakshi, Siya Srivastava, Sana Siddiqui, and Rohit Singh. "A WEB-BASED CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY AMONG INDIANS REVEALS A WILLINGNESS SHIFT REGARDING COVID-19 VACCINE UPTAKE AFTER THE SECOND WAVE." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(5).647.656.
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This study aimed to determine the shift in willingness regarding the COVID-19 vaccine after the second wave. The study attempts to understand the willingness towards COVID-19 vaccination by assessing the public's knowledge, concerns, and attitude regarding the vaccine. Between May 16 to May 28, 2021, the individuals of the general population were invited to fill the online questionnaire. Total 711 participants had given their informed consent and completed the questionnaire on their background and vaccination behavior-related variables such as knowledge, practices, and their concerns regarding the vaccine. Before the launching of the vaccine, people were less likely to get vaccinated (63.6%); however, once the second wave hit India, attitudes towards vaccines shifted dramatically, and the figure increased to 84.4%. A significant proportion of the population is now willing to take the vaccine. There are several socio-demographic differences regarding knowledge and concerns related to vaccines, especially in age and gender groups. The success of a COVID-19 vaccination program is determined not just by the vaccine's efficacy, but also by its uptake. To ensure optimum vaccination uptake, there is an immediate need for the most effective policy and communication.
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Wang, Meicheng. "Dengue virus and vaccines: A review." Theoretical and Natural Science 15, no. 1 (December 4, 2023): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/15/20240502.
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Dengue disease is a significant global health issue with nearly 400 million infections per year. Therefore, it is vital to developed a universal dengue vaccine. However, developing such a vaccine faces major challenges including risk of ADE, lack of predictive animal models, and insufficient immunological correlates of protection. First licensed dengue vaccine Dengvaxia showed increased risk of severe dengue likely due to ADE from imbalanced immunity against the four dengue serotypes. This review summarizes current dengue vaccine candidates like Dengvaxia, TAK-003, and TV003/TV005. It highlights the mechanisms and implications of ADE in vaccine-induced immune responses. Potential innovative solutions are discussed including focusing on highly neutralizing epitopes like envelope domain III and leveraging new vaccine platforms such as virus-like particles and mRNA vaccines. These approaches may improve the quality of neutralizing antibodies over cross-reactive enhancement-prone responses. However, definitive immunological correlates for protection remain unknown. Continued research is urgently needed to enable universal dengue vaccine that provides long-lasting immunity against all serotypes without risk of ADE.
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Auclair, Sarah, Lynn Soong, and Haitao Hu. "Differential T follicular helper cell responses induced by candidate HIV vaccine strategies utilizing ALVAC versus Ad5 vectors." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 125.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.125.22.
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Abstract The development of a safe and effective vaccine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major priority in global health research. Several candidate HIV vaccines have undergone late-stage clinical trials in recent years, several of which utilized non-replicating viral vectors based on canarypox (ALVAC) or human adenovirus (Ad5.) Thus far, the only trial to show moderate (31.2%) efficacy in preventing HIV infection is the RV144 trial, which utilized an ALVAC prime/protein boost strategy. Subsequent analyses showed that protection from HIV infection correlated with the production of IgG3 antibodies directed against the highly conserved V1V2 loop of the HIV envelope (Env) protein, and was abrogated by the production of Env-specific serum IgA antibodies. Although the ineffective Ad5-based vaccines also induced strong Env-specific antibody responses, they failed to induce protective IgG3 and/or V1V2-specific antibodies. To better understand the mechanisms underlying the differential antibody profiles generated by these two vectors, we measured the frequency and functional phenotype of follicular T helper-like cells found in the peripheral blood of vaccine recipients (pTfh). We found that subjects who received an ALVAC prime/protein boost vaccine regimen had higher levels of Env-specific pTfh cells than subjects who received a DNA prime/Ad5 boost regimen, and that these pTfh cells have enhanced ability to induce B cell activation and class switching compared to those found in Ad5-based vaccine recipients. We hypothesize that the higher frequency and functionality of these ALVAC-induced pTfh cells contributes to the uniquely protective antibody response generated by ALVAC prime/protein boost vaccination.
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Kotaki, Tomohiro, Yurie Nagai, Atsushi Yamanaka, Eiji Konishi, and Masanori Kameoka. "Japanese Encephalitis DNA Vaccines with Epitope Modification Reduce the Induction of Cross-Reactive Antibodies against Dengue Virus and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091411.
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Infection with viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus, such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and dengue virus (DENV), is a worldwide health problem. Vaccines against JEV and DENV are currently available. However, the dengue vaccine possibly increases the risk of severe dengue due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Moreover, the Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine reportedly induces cross-reactive ADE-prone antibodies against DENV, potentially leading to symptomatic dengue. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate the risk of ADE through vaccination. In this study, we attempted to develop a JE vaccine that does not induce ADE of DENV infection using an epitope modification strategy. We found that an ADE-prone monoclonal antibody cross-reactive to DENV and JEV recognizes the 106th amino acid residue of the E protein of JEV (E-106). The JE DNA vaccine with a mutation at E-106 (E-106 vaccine) induced comparable neutralizing antibody titers against JEV to those induced by the wild-type JE DNA vaccine. Meanwhile, the E-106 vaccine induced 64-fold less cross-reactive ADE-prone antibodies against DENV. The mutation did not compromise the protective efficacy of the vaccine in the lethal JEV challenge experiment. Altogether, the modification of a single amino acid residue identified in this study helped in the development of an ADE-free JE vaccine.
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Barouch, Dan H., Paul F. McKay, Shawn M. Sumida, Sampa Santra, Shawn S. Jackson, Darci A. Gorgone, Michelle A. Lifton, et al. "Plasmid Chemokines and Colony-Stimulating Factors Enhance the Immunogenicity of DNA Priming-Viral Vector Boosting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vaccines." Journal of Virology 77, no. 16 (August 15, 2003): 8729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.16.8729-8735.2003.
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ABSTRACT Heterologous “prime-boost” regimens that involve priming with plasmid DNA vaccines and boosting with recombinant viral vectors have been shown to elicit potent virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that the utility of recombinant viral vectors in human populations will be significantly limited by preexisting antivector immunity. Here we demonstrate that the coadministration of plasmid chemokines and colony-stimulating factors with plasmid DNA vaccines markedly increases the immunogenicity of DNA prime-recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) boost and DNA prime-recombinant vaccinia virus (rVac) boost vaccine regimens in BALB/c mice. In mice with preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity, priming with the DNA vaccine alone followed by rAd5 boosting elicited only marginal immune responses. In contrast, cytokine-augmented DNA vaccine priming followed by rAd5 vector boosting was able to generate potent immune responses in mice with preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity. These data demonstrate that plasmid cytokines can markedly improve the immunogenicity of DNA prime-viral vector boost vaccine strategies and can partially compensate for antivector immunity.
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Togoo, Khongorzul, Burenjargal Batmunkh, Nomin-Erdene Tsogtbayar, Ulziisaikhan Batmunkh, Enkhtuya Selenge, Khuselt-Od Togtokhbaatar, Gantuya Boldbaatar, Davaalkham Jagdagsuren, Batbaatar Gunchin, and Tsogtsaikhan Sandag. "Antibody response of Comirnaty vaccine in different immunocompromised groups during the COVID-19 pandemic." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2023): 252.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.252.13.
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Abstract A nationwide vaccination program was initiated on February 23, 2021, in Mongolia by 4 types of vaccines for COVID-19 were offered voluntarily. People at increased risk of severe disease were vaccinated with Comirnaty. In this study, we aimed to compare specific antibody responses after the second dose of the Comirnaty vaccine in different immunocompromised groups. This prospective cohort study was conducted from March–April to July–August of 2021. 225 vaccinees presented an immunocompromised population examined for anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD-IgG (ELISA, Proteintech, USA) before the first dose of vaccine and RBD-IgG antibodies were measured 14 – 21 days after the second dose of vaccine. An increase of antibody titer more than 3-fold was considered a positive antibody response after vaccination. We could attend to the after the second dose of examination 172 (76.4%) of 225 vaccinees. Antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines was detected in 164 (95.1%) vaccinees that demonstrated positive antibody response. A positive response was found in all (100.0%) immunocompromised (19 patients received anti-cancer chemotherapy, 90 patients received corticosteroids, 63 HIV-infected patients) groups. The mean titer of RBD-IgG antibodies in anti-cancer chemotherapy (185.1±49.1ng/mL, CI95: 161.4–208.8) and corticosteroids group (161.6±70.3 ng/mL, CI95: 147.1–176.2) was significantly higher compared to HIV-infected group (98.8±32.6 ng/mL, CI95: 90.6–107.0). A significant impact on antibody response after the second dose of Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccination was associated with the immunocompromised condition. The study was funded by the Ministry of Health of Mongolia. None
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Krasnopolsky, Yu. "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE CREATION AND PRODUCTION OF ANTIRABIC VACCINES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 4 (August 2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.04.028.
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Rabies is a neurological disease of a viral nature, leading to death. Rabies virus is an RNA virus that invades the central nervous system, leading to neuronal dysfunction. Timely vaccination can prevent the diseases development. Aim. The article is devoted to immunobiotechnological research aimed at creating antirabic vaccines. Results. The history of the antirabic vaccines creation from the first inactivated vaccines obtained from nervous tissue to the cultivation of the virus on animal cell cultures is considered. The article presents commercially available anti-rabies vaccines: their composition, the used rabies virus strains, cell cultures, the methods of inactivation and purification. The technology of producing an anti-rabies vaccine based on a Pitman Moore virus strain and a chicken fibroblast cell culture is presented. The advantages of different vaccine types are considered: live attenuated, peptide, liposomal, RNA vaccines, vaccines based on viral vectors, transgenic plants and reverse genetics methods. Conclusions. The development of biotechnology, immunology and virology makes it possible to improve constantly vaccine preparations, including those against rabies, increasing their effectiveness and safety.
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I, Rabiu. "COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Africa and Asian Continent: A Comparative Study Between Nigeria and Nepal." Vaccines & Vaccination Open Access 8, no. 2 (August 4, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vvoa-16000166.
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Of all the Covid-19 intervention programs, the use of vaccines has proven effective in the control as well as prevention of the disease. However, higher cases of vaccine hesitancy have been identified as one of the main challenges affecting the successful implementation of vaccination programs, especially in Africa and Asia. Despite the global acceptance of Covid-19 vaccines, African countries, including Nigeria remain the least vaccinated countries even with the proven data with regards to vaccine safety and efficacy. In both Nepal and Nigeria, Nepal has a higher number of approved Covid-19 vaccines with Nigeria having seven and Nepal having eleven. Among these countries, vaccine hesitancy has been identified as a serious concern affecting the implementation of the Covid-19 vaccination Programme. There are still worries about vaccine efficacy and safety as part of the COVID-19 vaccine challenges both in Nepal and Nigeria. This study conducted in-depth research on the various Covid-19 vaccines that have been approved in both Nigeria and Nepal, and highlights the success and challenges of the successful implementation of Covid-19 vaccination in these two countries as well proffers some solutions to these challenges. The work further focus on the comparison of the pattern of vaccination and the challenges affecting it. This paper will serve as resource material as literature searches in major databases (Scopus, web of science, ProQuest, and google scholar) revealed that similar work on the comparison between these two countries on vaccine hesitancy has not been done.
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Camara, Aichetou, Anaïs Razurel, Christelle Moreau, Thérésa Kwon, Marion Caseris, Olivier Bourdon, and Sonia Prot-Labarthe. "P44 Vaccine in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis." Archives of Disease in Childhood 105, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): e29.2-e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-nppg.53.
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AimsChronic kidney disease is a major risk factor of vaccine preventable infectious diseases due to the altered immune system and the natural evolution of the disease. There are differences in the prescription of some vaccines for this population. The aim of this study is to elaborate a vaccination protocol for chronic kidney disease and haemodialysis patients for a better immunization coverage, care and prevention against preventable infectious diseases.MethodsThe study was conducted by a multidisciplinary team composed by pharmacists, infectious disease paediatrician and nephrology paediatricians. After a literature research (in Medline with MeSH terms: ‘Kidney Failure, Chronic’, ‘Renal Dialysis’ and ‘Vaccines’)1 2, we compared the French immunization schedule3 for the general population with patient with chronic kidney disease or haemodialysis patients and confront it to the physician practice in our nephrology unit. For each vaccine, we collected the following data: indication, any difference concerning dose, schedule, re-administration, antibody titration and reason for these differences.ResultsThe literature analysis showed disparate practices among countries and even medical centres. The most concerned vaccines were: hepatitis A and B virus vaccine, pneumococcal vaccine, flu and measles vaccines. The difference between vaccine scheduled concerned the indication (meningococcus A, B, C, Y and W135, papillomavirus), dose (hepatitis B), the schedule (hepatitis B, hepatitis A, pneumococcal, measles), re-administration (hepatitis B, varicella), antibody titration (hepatitis B, varicella). Patients with chronic kidney disease are more susceptible to develop hepatitis B infection. As for adult population, the haemodialysis patients are vaccinated with double dose4 of hepatitis B vaccine. The antibodies titration at our hospital is made twice a year and anti-HBs level needed are 30 to 50 UI/mL. Hepatitis A is a recommended vaccine for risk population including haemodialysis patients and chronic kidney disease patients. The vaccination schedule is the same for haemodialysis patients with two doses but the second dose is administered earlier, i.e. six months after the first with an antibody screening. For the pneumococcal vaccine, an additional dose is administered at 3 month of age for premature and at risk children and the conjugated vaccine potentiates the polyosidic vaccine. For measles, the second dose may be omitted if the antibody titration confirms the protection to allow the patient to be registered earlier on the renal transplant list. Flu vaccination is recommended with the same dose and schedule that the other patients, but tetravalent vaccines should always be chosen.ConclusionsChildren with chronic kidney disease or on haemodialysis are more at risk of vaccine preventable infectious diseases and should be vaccinated earlier before beginning dialysis. The specific immunization schedule will be presented and may be used by other hospital and countries for concerned patients.ReferencesBakkaloğlu SA, et al. Vaccination Practices in Pediatric Dialysis Patients Across Europe. A European Pediatric Dialysis Working Group and European Society for Pediatric Nephrology Dialysis Working Group Study. Nephron 2018;138:280–286.Costa NCP, da Canhestro MR, Soares CMBM & Rodrigues JS. Monitoring of post-vaccination anti-HBs titles vaccine in children and adolescents in the pre-dialysis of chronic kidney disease. Braz. J. Nephrol. 2017;39:296–304.DGS_Anne.M, DICOM_Jocelyne.M, DGS_Anne.M & DICOM_Jocelyne.M. Le calendrier vaccinal. Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé (2019). Available at: https://solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/prevention-en-sante/preserver-sa-sante/vaccination/calendrier-vaccinal (Accessed: 28th June 2019)Misurac JM, et al. Immunogenicity of augmented compared with standard dose hepatitis B vaccine in pediatric patients on dialysis: a midwest pediatric nephrology consortium study. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol 2017;12:772–778.
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Tapia-Calle, Gabriela, Philip A. Born, Georgia Koutsoumpli, Martin Ignacio Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Wouter L. J. Hinrichs, and Anke L. W. Huckriede. "A PBMC-Based System to Assess Human T Cell Responses to Influenza Vaccine Candidates In Vitro." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040181.
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Vaccine development is an expensive and time-consuming process that heavily relies on animal models. Yet, vaccine candidates that have previously succeeded in animal experiments often fail in clinical trials questioning the predictive value of animal models. Alternative assay systems that can add to the screening and evaluation of functional characteristics of vaccines in a human context before embarking on costly clinical trials are therefore urgently needed. In this study, we have established an in vitro system consisting of long-term cultures of unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers to assess (recall) T cell responses to vaccine candidates. We observed that different types of influenza vaccines (whole inactivated virus (WIV), split, and peptide vaccines) were all able to stimulate CD4 and CD8 T cell responses but to different extents in line with their reported in vivo properties. In-depth analyses of different T cell subsets revealed that the tested vaccines evoked mainly recall responses as indicated by the fact that the vast majority of the responding T cells had a memory phenotype. Furthermore, we observed vaccine-induced activation of T follicular helper cells, which are associated with the induction of humoral immune responses. Our results demonstrate the suitability of the established PBMC-based system for the in vitro evaluation of memory T cell responses to vaccines and the comparison of vaccine candidates in a human immune cell context. As such, it can help to bridge the gap between animal experiments and clinical trials and assist in the selection of promising vaccine candidates, at least for recall antigens.
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Wei, Yunhua, Yan Wang, Lin Liu, Yan Zha, Yuqi Yang, Yuanlin Wang, Neil Roberts, and Yaying Li. "Analysis of Adverse Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines Experienced by Healthcare Workers at Guizhou Provincial Staff Hospital, China." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 1449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091449.
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Objective: A retrospective survey was conducted of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) experienced by health care workers (HCWs) in a relatively remote ethnic region in southwest China (Guizhou Province) who received COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: From 18 January 2021 to 21 January 2022, all HCWs of Guizhou Provincial Staff Hospital, China, who received at least one dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cell), recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (CHO cell), or one dose of adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccine were asked to complete a self-report questionnaire to provide information on any adverse events that may have occurred in the first 3 days after injection. The frequency of AEFI corresponding to the three types of vaccines were compared and the potential risks of AEFI due to the three different vaccines were predicted by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Of the 904 HCWs who completed the survey, the rates of AEFI were 10.1% (80/794) due to Vero cell, 16.3% (13/80) due to CHO cell, and 46.67% (14/30) due to Ad5 vectored vaccines, and the rates were significantly different (χ2 = 38.7, p < 001) between the three vaccines. Multivariate logistic regression models predict that (1) compared to the Ad 5 vectored group, the risk of AEFI occurrence in the Vero cell group was reduced by about 85.9% (OR = 0.141, 95% CI: 0.065–0.306, p < 0.001) and in the CHO cell group by about 72.1% (OR = 0.279, 95% CI: 0.107–0.723, p = 0.009), (2) the odds for women experiencing AEFI were about 2.1 (OR = 2.093, 95% CI: 1.171–3.742, p = 0.013) times as high as those of men, and (3) the risk of AEFI for HCWs with a Bachelor’s degree or above was about 2.2 (OR = 2.237, 95% CI: 1.434–3.489, p = 0.001) times higher than in HCWs who do not have a Bachelor’s degree. Conclusions: 1. The inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (Vero cell), recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (CHO cell), and adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccine made in China are safe and relatively broad-spectrum. 2. The prevalence of AEFI is more common in women healthcare workers. 3. The risk of AEFI was higher in those with a Bachelor’s degree or above and may be related to the psychological and social effects triggered by the global COVID-19 pandemic.
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Gbaj, Abdul. "Mixing of Sputnik V and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines." Clinical Research Notes 2, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/034.
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Background and Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine helps to develop immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in most cases preventing the disease. Although various brands of vaccines work in different modes, all COVID-19 vaccines prompt an immune reaction to make the body remembers how to protect from the virus in the future. The present study aims to evaluate the safety and the immune response for mixing of Sputnik V and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines on mice. Materials and Methods: Our experimental study was performed on mice weighing on average of 20 g, selected by random allocation. The mice were divided into four groups of 12. Group one received a single dose of 0.5 ml Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine, group two received two doses of 0.5 ml AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, group three received two doses of 0.5 ml Sputnik V together with 0.5 ml AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and group four received two doses of 0.5 ml of 0.9 % NaCl. Results: Our study shows that mixing of Sputnik V and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines is safe and induces good immunity for mice. Conclusion: Mixing of Sputnik V and AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines creates no problems and provides good immunity to mice and may be an interesting technique to help to overcome shortcomings of one or the other vaccine. Further toxicity studies are required to assess potential hazards for humans to evaluate the histopathological characteristics.