Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccino HPV'
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Longo, Giorgio. "Domande e risposte." Medico e Bambino 39, no. 9 (November 9, 2020): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.53126/meb39605.
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Caso, Daniela. "L'accettabilitŕ del vaccino contro il Papilloma Virus (HPV): fattori psicosociali che incidono sulla scelta delle madri." PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE, no. 1 (May 2011): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pds2011-001007.
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L'Italia č stato il primo paese europeo a pianificare una strategia di vaccinazione pubblica contro l'HPV, l'agente virale responsabile del carcinoma della cervice uterina, primo tumore riconosciuto dall'OMS come totalmente riconducibile ad una infezione, proponendo il vaccino alle ragazze nel dodicesimo anno di vita. Con l'avvio della somministrazione di tale vaccino sono sorti dubbi e perplessitŕ riguardo la sua efficacia, i suoi effetti e soprattutto sulla sua possibile accettazione. Pertanto questo studio, che ha coinvolto 507 madri napoletane con figlie dodicenni, si pone l'obiettivo di indagare il ruolo che alcune variabili psicosociali (conoscenze, aspettative di risultato, percezione del rischio, intenzioni, autoefficacia genitoriale ed efficacia familiare) hanno sull'accettazione del vaccino da parte delle madri. Dall'analisi dei dati, raccolti con un questionario self-report, sono emersi profili differenziati delle intervistate in funzione della loro scelta verso il vaccino HPV. Ciň potrebbe avere utili implicazioni nelle campagne di prevenzione in favore degli screening vaccinali, suggerendo di adottare strategie differenziate a seconda delle caratteristiche delle donne da contattare.
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Ghini, Teresa, Cesare Cutrone, Martina Bertinazzi, Marianna Sari, and Antonella Brunelli. "Vaccino HPV e papillomatosi respiratoria ricorrente giovanile: un possibile nuovo uso per un vecchio vaccino." QUADERNI ACP 28, no. 5 (2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.53141/qacp.2021.229-232.
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ODONE, A., S. VISCIARELLI, T. LALIC, F. PEZZETTI, F. SPAGNOLI, C. PASQUARELLA, G. FERRARI, and C. SIGNORELLI. "Carcinomi associati al papillomavirus umano: conoscenze, ruolo e attitudini dei medici otorinolaringoiatri in tema di prevenzione." Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica 35, no. 6 (December 2015): 379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14639/0392-100x-621.
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L’infezione da papillomavirus umano (HPV), in particolare HPV 16, è un riconosciuto fattore causale delle neoplasie orofaringee. L’incidenza delle neoplasie orofaringee è in aumento in diversi paesi europei, inclusa l’Italia, e negli Stai Uniti dove accurati modelli matematici hanno stimato che supererà quella del cancro alla cervice nella prossima decade. Recenti evidenze scientifiche supportano la potenziale efficacia del vaccino anti-HPV nel controllare quella che è stata definita “l’epidemia di neoplasie HPV-correlate”. In questo contesto, i medici otorinolaringoiatri assumono un ruolo cruciale, non solo nella diagnosi e trattamento di questa patologia, ma anche – come è stato sottolineato dall’American Head and Neck Society – nella prevenzione. Abbiamo condotto un’indagine sulle conoscenze e le attitudini dei medici otorinolaringoiatri italiani in tema di infezione HPV, patologie correlate e prevenzione vaccinale. Si tratta della prima indagine conoscitiva in Italia e in Europa sull’argomento. 262 medici otorinolaringoiatri italiani sono stati reclutati durante il 101° Congresso Nazionale della Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, tenutosi in maggio 2014. È stato utilizzato un questionario semi-strutturato sviluppato sulla base delle evidenze disponibili in letteratura e del parere di esperti. Le conoscenze e le attitudini sono state descritte e valutate con tecniche di analisi univariata. È stato inoltre costruito uno score composito di conoscenza. I dati dimostrano come i medici otorinolaringoiatri italiani abbiano, in media, un grado di conoscenza buono dell’infezione HPV e un’attitudine positiva nei confronti della prevenzione, in particolare della vaccinazione. I nostri risultati possono essere una utile base per pianificare, implementare e valutare programmi di educazione continua specifici sul tema della prevenzione dell’infezione da HPV. Come dimostriamo nel nostro studio, programmi di educazione continua specifici sono efficaci nell’aumentare il grado di conoscenza dei medici e l’attitudine positiva nei confronti dei programmi di prevenzione; il che contribuisce a promuovere l’adesione alla vaccinazione nei pazienti e nella popolazione generale. Con l’obiettivo generale di controllare l’epidemia di neoplasie HPV-correlate, maggiori risorse ed energie devono essere dedicate alla formazione e alla diffusione della cultura della prevenzione tra i medici otorinolaringoiatri e la comunità medica in generale. In questo contesto, identifichiamo grande potenziale nella collaborazione tra le comunità e le società scientifiche dell’otorinolaringoiatria e la sanità pubblica.
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Buxton, Jane A., and Jin Hee Kim. "Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B Vaccination Responses in Persons with Chronic Hepatitis C Infections: A Review of the Evidence and Current Recommendations." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 19, no. 2 (2008): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/410362.
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In persons with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, superinfection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause serious complications, including fulminating hepatitis or increased severity of hepatitis. Therefore, it is important to adequately protect persons with chronic HCV infections by immunization. Suboptimal response to vaccines has been reported in patients with chronic liver disease. The present article reviews HAV and HBV vaccine responses reported in the literature when administered to individuals with chronic HCV infection, and reviews current national and international recommendations.RESULTS: Persons with chronic HCV respond well to HAV vaccine, but studies exploring HBV vaccine efficacy in this population have equivocal results. Vaccine schedules and participant characteristics differ among studies, and most do not adjust for confounders. Some studies found no difference in HBV vaccine response between patients with chronic HCV and controls. However, HBV vaccine response was generally reduced in those with cirrhosis and HCV genotype 1. Organizations recommend HAV and HBV vaccines for persons with chronic HCV, but do not suggest alterations in schedule or dose.RECOMMENDATIONS: Because HAV vaccine response is good and routine laboratory testing may not detect lower levels of vaccine-induced anti-HAV, the standard HAV vaccine schedule is recommended without postimmunization testing. HBV vaccine should be administered early in the course of chronic HCV infection because response may be lower in patients with cirrhosis. Reflex testing of anti-HCV reactive sera for anti-HAV and hepatitis B surface antibody can facilitate appropriate follow-up and timely immunization. Determination of postimmunization hepatitis B surface antibody, especially in patients with cirrhosis or genotype 1, will allow HBV vaccine boosters to be offered.
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Morbini, P., and M. Benazzo. "Papillomavirus umano e carcinomi del tratto aerodigestivo: il punto sulle evidenze nella babele dei dati scientifici." Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica 36, no. 4 (August 2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14639/0392-100x-853.
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I carcinomi squamosi dell'orofaringe associati all'infezione da papillomavirus umano (HPV) costituiscono ormai una entità ben caratterizzata, che interessa prevalentemente maschi, giovani adulti o di mezza età, non fumatori. Essi hanno generalmente una prognosi più favorevole rispetto alla controparte non associate ad infezione, e per questo è stato proposto di dedicare a questo gruppo di pazienti un approccio terapeutico meno aggressivo. L'incidenza dei carcinomi dell'orofaringe associati a HPV è in rapido aumento nella maggior parte dei paesi occidentali, ma per quanto riguarda la popolazione italiana non sono disponibili dati epidemiologici in merito. Per quanto riguarda le altre regioni del distretto testa-collo, una più modesta porzione di lesioni displastiche di alto grado e di neoplasie appare essere correlata all'infezione da HPV, mentre il ruolo del virus nei tumori della laringe è stato parzialmente ridimensionato. HPV determina la trasformazione neoplastica delle cellule infettate tramite l'espressione dei suoi due oncogeni, E6 ed E7, che interagiscono con i meccanismi di apoptosi e regolazione del ciclo cellulare della cellula ospite. L'unica metodica in grado di documentare con certezza l'espressione degli oncogeni virali è attualmente l'amplificazione dell'RNA messaggero trascritto dai due oncogeni. Il consenso riguardo la strategia per l'identificazione dei pazienti affetti da carcinoma dell'orofaringe associato a HPV dal punto di vista clinico e diagnostico è tuttora limitato. Le metodiche diagnostiche più utilizzate, singolarmente o in combinazione, comprendono l'immunocolorazione con anticorpi diretti contro p16, l'ibridazione in situ per genotipi virali ad alto rischio e l'amplificazione del DNA virale mediate PCR. La possibilità di ottenere una diagnosi precoce grazie all'identificazione dell'infezione virale nelle cellule epiteliali esfoliate dal cavo orale o dall'orofaringe non ha finora fornito risultati soddisfacenti, tuttavia la persistenza del virus nel cavo orale in pazienti trattati per carcinoma dell'orofaringe ha dimostrato una significativa associazione con il rischio di recidiva del tumore. Non sono ancora disponibili sufficienti dati che documentino in maniera dettagliata la storia naturale dell'infezione a la sua progressione verso lo sviluppo di una neoplasia, e che definiscano con chiarezza le modalità di trasmissione e i fattori di rischio, comunque è chiaro che i comportamenti sessuali hanno un peso rilevante nel determinare il rischio di sviluppo di neoplasia dell'orofaringe HPV-correlata. La progressive diffusione nelle giovani generazioni del vaccino contro HPV, e soprattutto la sua estensione agli adolescenti di entrambi i generi è sicuramente destinata a modificare in maniera rilevante anche l'epidemiologica dei tumori HPV-correlati nel distretto testa-collo nel prossimo futuro.
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Cavallo, Maria Caterina, Filippo Cipriani, Simone Gerzeli, Nadia Demarteau, Alessia Marocco, and Francesco Bamfi. "L’introduzione del vaccino anti-HPV bivalente adiuvato con AS04 nelle regioni italiane: impatto economico ed effetti sulla salute delle donne." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 9, no. 1S (September 15, 2008): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v9i1s.998.
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Introduction: the impact of cervical cancer prevention, in particular through HPV female vaccination, has been published for many countries at the national level. However, to our knowledge no attempt has been made to address the impact at a regional level. Since the Italian health reforms of the early 1990s, introducing “managerialism”, decentralization and quasi-market mechanisms, regional authorities have consequently been experimenting with different organizational and funding models to achieve an acceptable combination of equity, efficiency, freedom of choice and cost-containment. Methods: a Markov model, previously described and successfully adapted to the national scenario [La Torre, 2007], has been used to explore the impact of preventive cervical cancer vaccination with Cervarix™ at a regional level in Italy. Resource use was based on a standard therapeutic path applied to all regions. However we quantified the impact of the so-called “decentralization progress” by collecting regional data on: pap-test coverage, tariffs for treatments and cost of the vaccination course. We performed for each Italian region a cost-effectiveness analysis combined with a regional budget impact analysis. The regional analyses compared HPV vaccination, both of a single female cohort (12 years old) and a multiple female cohort (12+16 years old), plus screening to screening only. Results: 21 regional reports were produced presenting regional results on screening coverage, treatments costs, ICER and ICUR, net cost per subject vaccinated etc. Conclusions: national and regional analyses have two different aims: the former wants to address national regulatory agencies and needs to be representative of the national population whereas the latter deals with the real budget-holders, accountable in the eyes of patients. Furthermore in the Italian scenario, characterized by decentralization and local autonomy, a further level of detail is essential in order to describe the specific local settings and implications of a new health intervention.
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Toft, Lars, Martin Tolstrup, Merete Storgaard, Lars Østergaard, and Ole S. Søgaard. "Vaccination against oncogenic human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected populations: review of current status and future perspectives." Sexual Health 11, no. 6 (2014): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh14015.
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Background Men and women with HIV infection are at increased risk of developing cancers associated with human papillomavirus (HPV). The two licensed prophylactic HPV vaccines protect against de novo infection with HPV-16 and HPV-18, which cause the majority of HPV-associated cancers. Currently, no vaccine efficacy data are available for persons with HIV infection. Nevertheless, some countries have implemented specific HPV vaccination recommendations for HIV-positive populations. To specifically recommend prophylactic HPV vaccination in people with HIV, the vaccines must be safe and immunogenic in immunosuppressed people at a high risk of HPV infection. This review aims to summarise the current knowledge from published HPV vaccine trials in HIV-infected populations, to compile scheduled and ongoing HPV vaccine trials with HIV-positive study populations and to extrapolate the relevant knowledge about HPV vaccine efficacy in HIV-negative populations to an HIV context. Methods: The databases PubMed, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for peer-reviewed articles and scheduled or ongoing clinical HPV vaccine trials enrolling HIV-positive persons. Results: Current data indicate that prophylactic HPV vaccines are safe and immunogenic in different HIV-positive populations (children, female adolescents, adults). Increased immunogenicity has been reported in persons on antiretroviral therapy compared with antiretroviral-naïve persons, whereas no clear association has been found between CD4+ cell count at immunisation and vaccine response. Several scheduled and ongoing HPV vaccine trials aim to determine vaccine efficacy against disease endpoints in HIV-infected study populations. Conclusion: Prophylactic HPV vaccination appears safe, immunogenic and, by extrapolation, likely to reduce HPV-associated cancer development among persons with HIV infection.
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Heffernan, Margaret E., Suzanne M. Garland, and Mark A. Kane. "Global reduction of cervical cancer with human papillomavirus vaccines: insights from the hepatitis B virus vaccine experience." Sexual Health 7, no. 3 (2010): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09134.
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Background: Worldwide, prophylactic vaccines against two major human cancers are now commercially available: hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines (first licensed in 1982) against primary hepatocellular carcinoma and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines (first licensed 2006) against cervical cancer. Initial implementation strategies for HBV vaccination were not successful in preventing disease in the community: it took 15 years for significant global reduction in the burden of this disease. Methods: We compare and contrast HBV vaccine experiences to challenges for successful global HPV vaccination strategies, and make recommendations accordingly. Results: Lessons from HBV immunisation for successful outcomes with HPV immunisation showed that several factors need to be met: (i) the engagement of key stakeholders in all aspects of planning and delivery of HPV vaccine strategies; (ii) understanding the specific characteristics of targeted population groups; (iii) global cooperation and support with WHO recommendations; (iv) Government supported mass immunization programs and cooperation between public and private entities; (v) affordable HPV vaccines for some regions; (vi) culturally appropriate and diverse public education programs in targeted health promotion strategies; (vii) pro-active health providers and parents in encouraging adolescents to undertake HPV vaccination; and (vii) eventual immunisation of infants. Conclusions: The key to success will be affordable, readily deliverable HPV vaccines to young girls as universal campaigns.
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Fang, Lily, Amanda Yu, and Jane A. Buxton. "Identification of Acute Vaccine-Preventable Hepatitis in Individuals with Chronic Hepatitis in British Columbia between 1991 and 2007." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 22, no. 1 (2011): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/564290.
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BACKGROUND: In British Columbia (BC), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines are provincially funded for persons with chronic hepatitis infections. PURPOSE: To assess the effectiveness of BC public health follow-up of HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) cases and immunization policy by determining the number of vaccine-preventable acute hepatitis infections reported following a chronic HBV or HCV diagnosis, by examining demographic characteristics and by observing temporal trends.METHODS: All newly identified cases of HAV, HBV and HCV between 1991 and October 2007 were extracted from the BC integrated Public Health Information System and linked to ascertain cases of hepatitis suprainfection.RESULTS: Between 1991 and October 2007, 30 BC residents with chronic HBV and 104 with HCV were subsequently diagnosed with HAV. Acute HBV was identified in 162 persons previously diagnosed with HCV. Significantly more men than women developed hepatitis suprainfection (P<0.0001), but women were of a younger age when they were diagnosed with HAV (P=0.02) and acute HBV (P=0.0002). HAV suprainfection cases among those with HCV peaked in 1998 at 33 cases and declined to zero cases in 2007. In comparison, HBV suprainfection among individuals with chronic HCV peaked in 1996 at 26 cases and declined to two cases in 2007.DISCUSSION: Cases of HAV and acute HBV have declined among HCV-infected individuals. However, despite the availability of publicly funded vaccines for high-risk groups, a substantial number of acute HBV infections post-HCV identification are still identified, indicating that follow-up and vaccination coverage should be improved in these populations.
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Eto, Yoshiki, Narcís Saubi, Pau Ferrer, and Joan Joseph-Munné. "Expression of Chimeric HPV-HIV Protein L1P18 in Pichia pastoris; Purification and Characterization of the Virus-like Particles." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (November 20, 2021): 1967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111967.
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Currently, three human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are already licensed and all of them are based on virus-like particles (VLPs) of HPV L1 capsid protein but not worldwide accessible. While about 38.0 million people were living with HIV in 2019, only 68% of HIV-infected individuals were accessing antiretroviral therapy as of the end of June 2020 and there is no HIV vaccine yet. Therefore, safe, effective, and affordable vaccines against those two viruses are immediately needed. Both HPV and HIV are sexually transmitted infections and one of the main access routes is the mucosal genital tract. Thus, the development of a combined vaccine that would protect against HPV and HIV infections is a logical effort in the fight against these two major global pathogens. In this study, a recombinant Pichia pastoris producing chimeric HPV-HIV L1P18 protein intracellularly was constructed. After cell disruption, the supernatant was collected, and the VLPs were purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, size exclusion chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and ultrafiltration. At the end of purification process, the chimeric VLPs were recovered with 96% purity and 9.23% overall yield, and the morphology of VLPs were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. This work contributes towards the development of an alternative platform for production of a bivalent vaccine against HPV and HIV in P. pastoris.
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He, Wei, Haiying Pan, Bing Lin, and Xiaoni Zhong. "Analysis of HPV Vaccination Willingness amongst HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men in China." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101069.
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Objective: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are high-risk groups of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the best measure to prevent this is the HPV vaccine. However, few studies have investigated HPV vaccination willingness in the MSM population in China. We aimed to explore the willingness of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative MSM for HPV vaccination and the factors affecting their willingness to vaccinate. Methods: We adopted a non-probability sampling method to recruit HIV-negative MSM volunteers. Participants completed a questionnaire, including sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior characteristics, HPV infection and vaccine-related knowledge, risk perception, and HPV vaccination willingness and promotion attitudes. Results: Of the 406 HIV-negative MSM surveyed, 86.21% were willing to receive HPV vaccine. HPV infection and vaccine-related knowledge (odds ratio [OR] = 2.167, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.049–4.474), HPV infection risk perception (OR = 5.905, 95% CI = 1.312–26.580), and HPV vaccine promotion attitude (OR = 6.784, 95% CI = 3.164–14.546) were all related to HPV vaccination willingness. Conclusion: MSM have a high willingness for HPV vaccination. Strengthening health education for MSM, raising their awareness of HPV infection and vaccines, and promoting their risk perception of HPV infection will help increase their willingness for HPV vaccination.
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Elbahrawy, Ashraf, Hassan Atalla, Mohamed Alboraie, Ahmed Alwassief, Ali Madian, Mohammed El Fayoumie, Ashraf A. Tabll, and Hussein H. Aly. "Recent Advances in Protective Vaccines against Hepatitis Viruses: A Narrative Review." Viruses 15, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15010214.
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Vaccination has been confirmed to be the safest and, sometimes, the only tool of defense against threats from infectious diseases. The successful history of vaccination is evident in the control of serious viral infections, such as smallpox and polio. Viruses that infect human livers are known as hepatitis viruses and are classified into five major types from A to E, alphabetically. Although infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) is known to be self-resolving after rest and symptomatic treatment, there were 7134 deaths from HAV worldwide in 2016. In 2019, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) resulted in an estimated 820,000 and 290,000 deaths, respectively. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a satellite virus that depends on HBV for producing its infectious particles in order to spread. The combination of HDV and HBV infection is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is another orally transmitted virus, common in low- and middle-income countries. In 2015, it caused 44,000 deaths worldwide. Safe and effective vaccines are already available to prevent hepatitis A and B. Here, we review the recent advances in protective vaccines against the five major hepatitis viruses.
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Stanley, Margaret. "Tumour virus vaccines: hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1732 (September 11, 2017): 20160268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0268.
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Two of the most important human oncogenic viruses are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). HBV infection has been preventable by vaccination since 1982; vaccination of neonates and infants is highly effective, resulting already in decreased rates of new infections, chronic liver disease and hepato-cellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, HBV remains a global public health problem with high rates of vertical transmission from mother to child in some regions. Prophylactic HPV vaccines composed of virus-like particles (VLPs) of the L1 capsid protein have been licensed since 2006/2007. These target infection by the oncogenic HPVs 16 and 18 (the cause of 70% of cervical cancers); a new vaccine licensed in 2014/2015 additionally targets HPVs 31, 33, 45, 52, 58. HPV vaccines are now included in the national immunization programmes in many countries, with young adolescent peri-pubertal girls the usual cohort for immunization. Population effectiveness in women is now being demonstrated in countries with high vaccine coverage with significant reductions in high-grade cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (a surrogate for cervical cancer), genital warts and vaccine HPV type genoprevalence. Herd effects in young heterosexual men and older women are evident. Cancers caused by HBV and HPV should, in theory, be amenable to immunotherapies and various therapeutic vaccines for HPV in particular are in development and/or in clinical trial. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
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Chen, Qiao, Tianyi Zhou, and Xiaoni Zhong. "Factors Related to HPV Vaccination Intention among MSM in China: A Bayesian Network Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 15532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315532.
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(1) Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and HPV vaccination is the best strategy to prevent HPV infection. Accepting HPV vaccination is an essential factor affecting vaccine promotion among MSM. We aimed to explore the factors related to HPV vaccination intention among MSM and analyze the potential relationship between these factors. (2) Methods: We adopted a nonprobability sampling method to recruit MSM volunteers. Information collection included general demographics, personal behavioral characteristics, knowledge of HPV/vaccine attitudes, and risk threat perception. Bayesian networks (BNs) were used to analyze the data statistically. (3) Results: The BNs showed that perceived HPV risk and attitudes toward vaccine promotion were directly correlated factors, whereas knowledge of HPV/vaccines, a history of HIV testing, and the number of male sexual partners in the past 6 months were indirectly correlated factors. (4) Conclusions: The results of this study illustrate that MSM have a relatively high propensity to receive HPV vaccines. The proposal that strengthening the propagation of HPV and its relevant vaccines, encouraging MSM to undergo regular corresponding tests, and improving their risk perception of HPV infection can be raised to promote HPV vaccination among MSM.
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Kamolratanakul, Supitcha, and Punnee Pitisuttithum. "Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness against Cancer." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121413.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, with 15 HPV types related to cervical, anal, oropharyngeal, penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers. However, cervical cancer remains one of the most common cancers in women, especially in developing countries. Three HPV vaccines have been licensed: bivalent (Cervarix, GSK, Rixensart, Belgium), quadrivalent (Merck, Sharp & Dome (Merck & Co, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA)), and nonavalent (Merck, Sharp & Dome (Merck & Co, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA)). The current HPV vaccine recommendations apply to 9 years old and above through the age of 26 years and adults aged 27–45 years who might be at risk of new HPV infection and benefit from vaccination. The primary target population for HPV vaccination recommended by the WHO is girls aged 9–14 years, prior to their becoming sexually active, to undergo a two-dose schedule and girls ≥ 15 years of age, to undergo a three-dose schedule. Safety data for HPV vaccines have indicated that they are safe. The most common adverse side-effect was local symptoms. HPV vaccines are highly immunogenic. The efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines has been remarkably high among young women who were HPV seronegative before vaccination. Vaccine efficacy was lower among women regardless of HPV DNA when vaccinated and among adult women. Comparisons of the efficacy of bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines against HPV 16/18 showed that they are similar. However, the nonavalent vaccine can provide additional protection against HPV 31/33/45/52/58. In a real-world setting, the notable decrease of HPV 6/11/16/18 among vaccinated women compared with unvaccinated women shows the vaccine to be highly effective. Moreover, the direct effect of the nonavalent vaccine with the cross-protection of bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines results in the reduction of HPV 6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58. HPV vaccination has been shown to provide herd protection as well. Two-dose HPV vaccine schedules showed no difference in seroconversion from three-dose schedules. However, the use of a single-dose HPV vaccination schedule remains controversial. For males, the quadrivalent HPV vaccine possibly reduces the incidence of external genital lesions and persistent infection with HPV 6/11/16/18. Evidence regarding the efficacy and risk of HPV vaccination and HIV infection remains limited. HPV vaccination has been shown to be highly effective against oral HPV type 16/18 infection, with a significant percentage of participants developing IgG antibodies in the oral fluid post vaccination. However, the vaccines’ effectiveness in reducing the incidence of and mortality rates from HPV-related head and neck cancers should be observed in the long term. In anal infections and anal intraepithelial neoplasia, the vaccines demonstrate high efficacy. While HPV vaccines are very effective, screening for related cancers, as per guidelines, is still recommended.
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Jovanovic, Marina, Djordjije Karadaglic, Zoran Golusin, Silvija Brkic, and Mirjana Poljacki. "Experimental vaccines for sexually transmitted infections." Medical review 62, no. 1-2 (2009): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0902042j.
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Introduction. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major global public health problems. Present strategies for prevention have limitations. Vaccines are an attractive addition to the current prevention armamentarium because they provide durable protection and do not require repetitive adherence to be effective. Challenges for vaccination include induction and long-term maintaince of mucosal immune responses in the female genital tract. Vaccines: a realistic goal?. For the time being, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have recommended only hepatitis and HPV immunization to be routinely offered. Final, III stage trials are underway on other prophylactic vaccines for human papillomavirus and genital herpes. Though vaccines against Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are in early stages of development they do offer the hope of preventing pelvic inflammations. The high incidence of HIV-infection for which a vaccine would not be readily available, 'cries out' for an effective vaccine. Vaccines for HPV infections. According to a recent meta-analysis of worldwide prevalence data, vaccinating with HPV-16/18 VLP against HPV-16 and HPV-18 could prevent over 70% of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. The latest release of data from the phase III trial of a quadrivalent recombinant non-infectious vaccine HPV-6/11/ 16/18 L1 VLP, including HPV types 6,11,16,18 have given complete protection against HPV-16/18-related cervical intraepithelial neoplasias 1, 2/3, and adenocarcinoma in situ and cancer through 2 years of post-vaccination follow up. Conclusion. Despite the fact that the development of vaccines for STI prevention was rather slow in the past, the ideal vaccine would decrease transmission of the infection between partners and would prevent complications of disease. Moreover, in future decades, increasingly successful universal vaccination of newborns and children will substantially reduce the need for vaccination of persons with specific risk factors, including sexual risk.
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Rashid, MH, MA Alim, MK Rahman, MM Hoque Chowdhary, MM Rahman Khan, I. Mahmood, and ARMS Ekram. "Hepatitis E Vaccine: Present and Future." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 22, no. 2 (December 1, 2009): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v22i2.37755.
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Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in the world, and it can be caused by blood- and food-borne viruses. Blood-borne 'hepatitis agents are HBV, HCV and HDV, whereas HAV and HEV are food-borne hepatitis viruses. HEV infection is an important infectious agent in developing countries, but it is also an emerging disease in developed countries, which is likely due to travel or immigration from endemic areas. The main route of human HEV transmission is fecal-oral (fecally contaminated water), although other routes were also reported such as person-to-person transmission, blood products, mother-to-child transmission and zoonotic transmission (e.g., by pigs, particularly in developed countries, and seafood. Epidemiologically, only one serotype of HEV exists in the world, Genetically , the virus has been classified into four genotypes and several subgenotypes designated 1 (1a-e), 2 (2a and b), 3 (3aj) and 4 (4a-g). Each genotype shows a distinct geographical distrib ution. Genotype 1 of HEV is reported from developing countries in Asia and Africa; genotype 2 has been detected in some countries in Africa as well as in Mexico; genotype 3 is distributed globally and genotype 4 of HEV is only found in Asian countries. The genotypes may not only vary with respect to their geographical distribution, but also in their pathogenicity. Genotypes 1 and 2 are primarily human pathogens, causing acute hepatitis in young, nonimmunocompromised people; genotypes 3 and 4, however, have been found in swine and other animals and could therefore be responsible for zoonotic transmissions, preferentially in the elderly or in immunocompromised patients.TAJ 2009; 22(1): 330-336
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Deeks, SL, MC Tunis, and S. Ismail. "Résumé de la mise à jour du CCNI sur l'utilisation recommandée du vaccin contre le virus du papillome humain (VPH) : Calendrier de vaccination du vaccin nonavalent contre le VPH à deux doses et utilisation des vaccins anti-VPH chez les populations." Relevé des maladies transmissibles au Canada 43, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14745/ccdr.v43i06a04f.
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Tomaszewski, Tre, Alex Morales, Ismini Lourentzou, Rachel Caskey, Bing Liu, Alan Schwartz, and Jessie Chin. "Identifying False Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Information and Corresponding Risk Perceptions From Twitter: Advanced Predictive Models." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 9 (September 9, 2021): e30451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/30451.
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Background The vaccination uptake rates of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine remain low despite the fact that the effectiveness of HPV vaccines has been established for more than a decade. Vaccine hesitancy is in part due to false information about HPV vaccines on social media. Combating false HPV vaccine information is a reasonable step to addressing vaccine hesitancy. Objective Given the substantial harm of false HPV vaccine information, there is an urgent need to identify false social media messages before it goes viral. The goal of the study is to develop a systematic and generalizable approach to identifying false HPV vaccine information on social media. Methods This study used machine learning and natural language processing to develop a series of classification models and causality mining methods to identify and examine true and false HPV vaccine–related information on Twitter. Results We found that the convolutional neural network model outperformed all other models in identifying tweets containing false HPV vaccine–related information (F score=91.95). We also developed completely unsupervised causality mining models to identify HPV vaccine candidate effects for capturing risk perceptions of HPV vaccines. Furthermore, we found that false information contained mostly loss-framed messages focusing on the potential risk of vaccines covering a variety of topics using more diverse vocabulary, while true information contained both gain- and loss-framed messages focusing on the effectiveness of vaccines covering fewer topics using relatively limited vocabulary. Conclusions Our research demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of using predictive models to identify false HPV vaccine information and its risk perceptions on social media.
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Mulherkar, Tania H., Daniel Joseph Gómez, Grace Sandel, and Pooja Jain. "Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses." Viruses 14, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14092037.
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Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Bekele, Yonas, Jay A. Berzofsky, and Francesca Chiodi. "Undetectable Anti-HBs Antibodies: Need of a Booster Dose for HIV-1-Infected Individuals." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121484.
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HBV vaccination effectively prevents HBV transmission and the development of liver cancer. Disease progression and liver-related complications are more common in HIV-1/HBV co-infected than HBV mono-infected individuals. A considerable body of literature, which will be reviewed here, indicates that response to HBV vaccine is suboptimal in HIV-1-infected individuals and that the poor maintenance of protective immunity to HBV vaccines in these individuals is an important medical issue. Several factors affect HBV vaccine response during HIV-1 infection including CD4+ T cell counts, B cell response, vaccine formulation, schedules, and timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The initial response to HBV vaccination also plays a critical role in the sustainability of antibody responses in both HIV-1-infected and uninfected vaccinees. Thus, regular follow-up for antibody titer and a booster dose is warranted to prevent HBV transmission in HIV-1 infected people.
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de Oliveira, Cristina Mendes, José Humberto T. G. Fregnani, and Luisa Lina Villa. "HPV Vaccine: Updates and Highlights." Acta Cytologica 63, no. 2 (2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000497617.
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HPV is the most common sexually transmitted biological agent and is the cause of many conditions in men and women, including precancer lesions and cancer. Three prophylactic HPV vaccines targeting high-risk HPV types are available in many countries worldwide: 2-, 4- and 9-valent vaccines. All the 3 vaccines use recombinant DNA technology and are prepared from the purified L1 protein that self-assembles to form HPV type-specific empty shells. This non-systematic review aims to summarize the HPV epidemiology and the vaccine development to review the landmark trials of HPV vaccine, to present to most remarkable results from clinical trials and the real world, and to stress the challenges and the barriers for HPV vaccine implementation.
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O’leary, Sean T., Yvonne A. Maldonado, and David W. Kimberlin. "Update From the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 8, no. 6 (October 7, 2019): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piz058.
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Abstract The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), a group of medical and public health experts, meets 3 times per year to develop recommendations for vaccine use in the United States. There usually are 15 voting members, but at the June 2019 meeting, only 14 were present; each member’s term is 4 years. ACIP members and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) staff discuss the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine research, effectiveness, safety data, and clinical trial results. Representatives from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (Y. A. M. and D. W. K.) and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (S. T. O.) are present as liaisons to the ACIP. The ACIP met on June 26 to 27, 2019, to discuss the use of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in adults, pneumococcal vaccines in adults, measles updates, zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccines, meningococcal vaccines, and dengue vaccine.
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Bryan, J. T., J. F. Smith, W. Ruiz, M. K. Brownlow, M. J. Brown, and M. T. Esser. "Evaluation of antibodies induced by an HPV vaccine to cross-neutralize pseudovirions of vaccine-related HPV types." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 15008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.15008.
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15008 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical cancer. The HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18 quadrivalent L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine has been shown to be highly efficacious in preventing HPV vaccine type-related disease. The HPV A7 species contains types 18, 45 and 59. The A9 species include types 16, 31, 33, 35, 52 and 58. The potential of the vaccine induced antibodies to cross-neutralize infection of pseudovirions (PsV) of HPV types within the A9 and A7 species was evaluated. Methods: Sera from quadrivalent, monovalent HPV 16, or monovalent HPV 18 vaccinees were evaluated. Sera were tested in a multiplexed competitive Luminex Immunoassay (cLIA) against vaccine types to demonstrate HPV type-specific seroconversion. A9 and A7 VLP type cross-reactive binding ability was assessed by a total IgG LIA. HPV L1 and L2 PsV containing secreted alkaline-phosphatase (SEAP) sequences were constructed using native HPV sequences for 16 and 31 and with mammalian codon-optimized sequences for 18 and 45. Demonstrated expression of SEAP was used as an indirect measure of PsV infection of 293TT cells. Results: All subjects seroconverted to high titers against the vaccine HPV types. Cross-reactive antibodies were generated. Quadrivalent vaccinee sera bound to HPV 31, 45, 52 and 58 VLPs. These total IgG titers were 1.5–2 logs lower than the titers to the vaccine types. PsV types 18 and 45 were neutralized using the 18 monovalent and the quadrivalent sera. At month 7, the PsV 18 neutralization titer was ∼1–1.5 logs less than that required for PsV 45 cross-neutralization. Neutralization studies using PsV of the A9 species are in progress. Conclusions: High titers of anti-HPV antibodies are elicited by vaccination with HPV VLP vaccines. These antibodies can prevent in vitro PsV infection of vaccine-HPV types. Cross-reactive, cross-neutralizing antibodies are generated, however at reduced titers compared to the vaccine-specific types. Antibody titers required for cross-protection against non-vaccine types are not known. [Table: see text]
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Liu, Hanfei. "Research progress of HPV vaccine for preventing damage from HPV infection." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 8 (August 17, 2022): 604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v8i.1221.
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Human papillomavirus virus is one of the common infectious diseases in the world. HPV causes around 90% of the cervical cancers [1] and other diseases in males, females and bisexuals. In this article, the HPV vaccine is discussed as an effective way to prevent HPV intervention. The currently available HPV vaccines are 2, 4 and 9 valent which are all included in this article. The 2-valent targets 16, 18 types of HPV, the 4-valent and 9- valent can target 6, 11, 16, 18; 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 types of HPV. The target populations of these 3 HPV vaccines are similar. Need to mention that many gender populations (males, females and bisexuals included) are all encouraged to take HPV vaccine at certain ages. The limitations of HPV vaccines cause the inhibition of the prevention of HPV and low inoculation rates worldwide, especially in developing countries. Limitations include inoculation age, target HPV types and vaccine price. This article also proposes a future tendency of research may on resolving these restrictions and promoting HPV vaccines in teenagers.
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Torres-Cornejo, Almudena, and Georg M. Lauer. "Hurdles to the Development of Effective HBV Immunotherapies and HCV Vaccines." Pathogens and Immunity 2, no. 1 (April 9, 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.20411/pai.v2i1.201.
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Chronic infections with HBV and HCV continue to be major public health problems, with hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide; this is despite the availability of both an effective prophylactic HBV vaccine for more than 3 decades and potent direct antivirals for HBV and, more recently, HCV infection. Consequently, development of HBV immunotherapies and prophylactic HCV vaccines remains extremely urgent, but limited funding and significant gaps in our understanding of the correlates of immune protection pose serious hurdles for the development of novel immune-based interventions. Here we discuss immunological questions related to HBV and HCV, some shared and some pertinent to only 1 of the viruses, that should be addressed for the rational design of HBV immunotherapies and HCV vaccines.
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Shata, Mohamed T., and David M. Hone. "Vaccination with a Shigella DNA Vaccine Vector Induces Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells and Antiviral Protective Immunity." Journal of Virology 75, no. 20 (October 15, 2001): 9665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.20.9665-9670.2001.
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ABSTRACT A prototype Shigella human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 DNA vaccine vector was constructed and evaluated for immunogenicity in a murine model. For comparative purposes, mice were also vaccinated with a vaccinia virus-env(vaccinia-env) vector or the gp120 DNA vaccine alone. Enumeration of the CD8+-T-cell responses to gp120 after vaccination using a gamma interferon enzyme-linked spot assay revealed that a single intranasal dose of the Shigella HIV-1 gp120 DNA vaccine vector elicited a CD8+ T-cell response to gp120, the magnitude of which was comparable to the sizes of the analogous responses to gp120 that developed in mice vaccinated intraperitoneally with the vaccinia-env vector or intramuscularly with the gp120 DNA vaccine. In addition, a single dose of the Shigella gp120 DNA vaccine vector afforded significant protection against a vaccinia-env challenge. Moreover, the number of vaccinia-env PFU recovered in mice vaccinated intranasally with the Shigella vector was about fivefold less than the number recovered from mice vaccinated intramuscularly with the gp120 DNA vaccine. Since theShigella vector did not express detectable levels of gp120, this report confirms that Shigella vectors are capable of delivering passenger DNA vaccines to host cells and inducing robust CD8+ T-cell responses to antigens expressed by the DNA vaccines. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first documentation of antiviral protective immunity following vaccination with a live Shigella DNA vaccine vector.
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Delong, Gayle. "Receipt of HPV Vaccine Associated with Increased Prevalence of High-Risk HPV Infections." International Journal of Vaccine Theory, Practice, and Research 2, no. 1 (September 17, 2021): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v2i1.28.
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Identifying possible negative side effects of vaccines helps to determine whether benefits outweigh the costs of a medical intervention that claims to prevent a disease. Such a cost-benefit analysis is essential both for vaccine policy as well as informed consent. This study seeks to determine whether the use of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is related to an increase in high-risk (HR), possibly cancer related, HPV infections. Data from the U.S. National Health and Examination Nutrition Survey reveal a statistically significantly higher percentage of women who received an HPV vaccine carried an HR-HPV than women who did not receive an HPV shot (Rao-Scott Chi-square contrast p-value of 0.002). Vaccine recipients tested positive less frequently for HPVs targeted by the vaccines, but had a higher prevalence of other HR (cancer related) HPVs. The results suggest that a thorough investigation of the effects of HPV vaccines on HR-HPV viruses (and other pathogens) not targeted by them is warranted.
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Hunter, Michael G., and Jeffrey J. Post. "An audit of pneumococcal and hepatitis vaccination in an outpatient HIV clinic." Sexual Health 9, no. 5 (2012): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh11192.
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Background HIV-positive adults are at risk of vaccine preventable infections including Streptococcus pneumoniae, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Uptake of immunisations in HIV patients is suboptimal despite evidence of efficacy. Methods: An audit was made of the vaccination records in 200 adult HIV-positive regular clinic attendees, with a CD4+ count >200 cells μL–1. Results: Medical records or laboratory data revealed that 10% had been vaccinated against S. pneumoniae; 74% were immune or immunised against HAV; 40% had evidence of natural infection with HBV and 84% of nonimmune patients had been vaccinated. Conclusions: Strategies to improve vaccine uptake are required.
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Shrader, Abigail, Linda Niccolai, Susan T. Mayne, Daniel DiMaio, and Anees B. Chagpar. "Public awareness of the HPV vaccine: A national population-based study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.1574.
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1574 Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with a number of malignancies. While national guidelines exist for the use of HPV vaccines in men and women up to the age of 26, data are lacking regarding public awareness of these vaccines. Methods: The National Health Interview Survey is conducted annually by the CDC, and is designed to be representative of the US population. Questions regarding the HPV vaccine were fielded in 2010, and formed the basis of this analysis. Results: 9120 men and 10946 women between the ages of 18 and 64 were surveyed. More women than men had heard about the HPV vaccine (68.1% vs. 34.0%, p<0.001), and young people (aged 18-26) were more likely to have heard about the vaccine than their older counterparts (54.3% vs. 50.5%, p=0.002). Factors associated with awareness of HPV vaccines amongst the younger cohort (eligible for the vaccine) are shown below. On multivariate analysis, race, insurance, and education were significant predictors of HPV vaccine awareness. Conclusions: While over half of young people aged 18-26 are aware of the HPV vaccine, racial/ethnic minorities, along with less educated and uninsured populations lag behind their majority counterparts in their awareness of the HPV vaccine. These data should be useful in directing public health educational programs. [Table: see text]
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Chin, Jessie, Chieh-Li Chin, Sakshi Panday, Anoosheh Ghazanfari, Ganesh Jagadeesan, Ziyi Wang, Ana Ontengco, et al. "Tracking the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Risk Misinformation: An Explorative Study to Examine How the Misinformation Has Spread in User-Generated Content." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 9, no. 1 (September 2020): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857920091069.
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The goal of the study is to identify and track the dissemination patterns of true and false information about Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines on twitter from 2013 to 2017. We applied a patient-driven HPV-vaccine risk lexicon combining with natural language processing (NLP) models and network analyses to explore the spread of verified true and false HPV-vaccine information. The explorative analyses showed different dissemination patterns of the most popular verified true and false messages about HPV vaccines, which false messages went viral than the true messages. Implications on detecting false HPV-vaccine related information were also discussed.
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Dahab, Amaal Abdo, Saeed Mohammed Dream, Bandar Ibrahim Mokli, Ahmed Ibrahim Alkhawaji, Rami Ali Shebaily, Nawaf Khalid Andijani, Zakia Isam Ibrahim, et al. "Types and importance of human papilloma virus vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 4694. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223232.
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Cervical cancer continues to be a significant global challenge as it is the fourth major cause of mortality among women. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by repeated human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. Although the incidence and death of cervical cancer have declined in high-income nations, the disease still places a heavy burden on low- and middle-income countries. HPV-16Cervical cancer continues to be a significant global challenge as it is the fourth major cause of mortality among women. Cervical cancer is primarily caused by repeated human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. Although the incidence and death of cervical cancer have declined in high-income nations, the disease still places a heavy burden on low- and middle-income countries. HPV-16 is responsible for 50% while HPV-18 is responsible for 10% of cervical cancer cases. The introduction of HPV vaccines is limited in developing areas with greater need, despite the fact that they offer a potential alternative for disease control. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about types and importance of HPV vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention. Three HPV vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer are available including a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against 4 HPV types, and the second is a bivalent vaccine that protects against 2 high-risk oncogenic HPV types and third is a 9-valent vaccine. All three vaccines provide comparable coverage. Preventative vaccinations against the virus, given to women before HPV infection, have proven to be efficient and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Thus, it is advised to immunize girls aged 9-14 years. The development of the HPV vaccine has made primary cervical cancer prevention possible. Health promotion and education can potentially contribute to increasing the awareness of community regarding cervical cancer prevention and can lead to better utilization of HPV vaccine.is responsible for 50% while HPV-18 is responsible for 10% of cervical cancer cases. The introduction of HPV vaccines is limited in developing areas with greater need, despite the fact that they offer a potential alternative for disease control. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about types and importance of HPV vaccine and methods in promoting it for cervical cancer prevention. Three HPV vaccines for prevention of cervical cancer are available including a quadrivalent vaccine that protects against 4 HPV types, and the second is a bivalent vaccine that protects against 2 high-risk oncogenic HPV types and third is a 9-valent vaccine. All three vaccines provide comparable coverage. Preventative vaccinations against the virus, given to women before HPV infection, have proven to be efficient and have the potential to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Thus, it is advised to immunize girls aged 9-14 years. The development of the HPV vaccine has made primary cervical cancer prevention possible. Health promotion and education can potentially contribute to increasing the awareness of community regarding cervical cancer prevention and can lead to better utilization of HPV vaccine.
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Sharma, Sumit. "HPV AND HEAD NECK MALIGNANCIES – ROLE OF VACCINATION." UP STATE JOURNAL OF OTOLARYNGOLOGY AND HEAD AND NECK SURGERY VOLUME 6, VOLUME 6 NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 2018 (December 1, 2018): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36611/upjohns/18.4.
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Human papillomavirus is a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family and it not only causes genital and anal cancers, but also causes a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. It has both sexual and non sexual modes of transmission, former being predominant. Other factors associates with higher risk of HPV induced carcinogenesis are -- Smoking and HIV-infection, male sex and older age. Vaccines are available to prevent HPV infection and are to be given to boys and girls between 14-26 years of age preferably before first sexual contact, and if you already have an HPV infection, getting the HPV vaccine can’t treat it, but it can protect you from getting other types of HPV infections.
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Zhang, Chao, Qiang Ren, and Wenhui Chang. "Epidemiological Features and Risk Factors for Acquiring Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis in HIV-Infected Patients in Shaanxi Province, Northwest China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061990.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients are at a higher risk for co-infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Treponema pallidum (TP; the agent causing syphilis) than the general population. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and syphilis has geographic differences and varies from region to region among HIV-positive individuals. A retrospective study was carried out on HIV-positive individuals between June 2011 and June 2016 in Shaanxi Province. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses using stepwise regression analysis regarding risk factors for HIV–HBV, HIV–HCV, and HIV–syphilis co-infection. HBV–HCV, HCV–syphilis, HBV–syphilis, and HBV–HCV–syphilis co-infection rates were 1.7%, 2.2%, 2.6%, and 0.1%, respectively. The rate of ineffective hepatitis B vaccine immunization was as high as 30.2% among HIV-positive individuals. Ethnicity (OR = 31.030, 95% CI: 11.643–82.694) and HIV transmission routes (OR = 134.024, 95% CI: 14.328–1253.653) were the risk factors for HCV infection in HIV-positive individuals. Among the HIV-positive individuals with the antibodies of TP, the rate of homosexual transmission was also higher, but heterosexual transmission was lower (OR = 0.549 95% CI: 0.382–0.789) The HIV-infected patients in Shaanxi Province had the characteristics of low active detection rate and late diagnosis. The high rate of ineffective vaccination against HBV suggests a need for improved vaccination services.
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Ezeanochie, Michael, and Peter Olasimbo. "Awareness and uptake of human papilloma virus vaccines among female secondary school students in Benin City, Nigeria." African Health Sciences 20, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v20i1.8.
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Background: There is no Government endorsed HPV vaccine immunisation program in Nigeria. The Vaccine has been available at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) in Benin City for more than 7 years.
Objectives: The aim was to evaluate awareness about HPV, the prevalence of HPV immunisation and its associated factors among the study population.
Methods: A cross-sectional study using interviewer-administered questionnaires among 215 females attending secondary schools in Benin city, Nigeria. Participants were selected using multi-stage stratified sampling. The primary outcome measure was HPV immunisation of the girls.
Results: The majority of the participants were between 14 to 18 years (58.6%). Almost all the participants (>97%) had not heard of HPV, HPV Vaccines and Cervical cancer. In addition, 2 (0.9%) persons correctly identified that the virus can be transmitted sexually while only 1 person (0.5%) had received the HPV vaccine. The respondents all agreed that they needed to be enlightened about HPV, HPV vaccines and Cervical cancer. Majority (49.3%) of the girls suggested that this could be done through the mass media (49.3%) or their parents (32.1%).
Conclusion: HPV immunisation, knowledge of HPV vaccines and Cervical cancer among the study population was very low. We recommend interventions in Schools to increase knowledge about cervical cancer and HPV vaccines.
Keywords: Human papilloma virus; vaccines; cervical cancer; Nigeria.
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Aguolu, Obianuju G., Amyn A. Malik, Noureen Ahmed, and Saad B. Omer. "Overcoming Vaccine Hesitancy for Future COVID-19 and HIV Vaccines: Lessons from Measles and HPV Vaccines." Current HIV/AIDS Reports 19, no. 5 (September 17, 2022): 328–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11904-022-00622-0.
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Abstract Background The discovery of vaccines significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases and led to the elimination and eradication of some. Development of safe and effective vaccines is a critical step to the control of infectious diseases; however, there is the need to address vaccine hesitancy because of its potential impact on vaccine uptake. Methods We conducted a narrative review of studies on interventions to address measles and human papillomavirus vaccine hesitancy. We discussed how lessons learned from these studies could be applied towards COVID-19 and future human immunodeficiency virus vaccines. Results We found that there are several successful approaches to improving vaccine acceptance. Interventions should be context specific and build on the challenges highlighted in various settings. Conclusion Strategies could be used alone or in combination with others. The most successful interventions directly targeted the population for vaccination. Use of financial incentives could be a potential tool to improve vaccine uptake.
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Ren, Xuqi, Wujian Ke, Heping Zheng, Ligang Yang, Shujie Huang, Xiaolin Qin, Bin Yang, and Huachun Zou. "Human Papillomavirus Positivity in the Anal Canal in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Men Who Have Anal Sex with Men in Guangzhou, China: Implication for Anal Exams and Early Vaccination." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2641259.
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Background. The epidemiology of HPV in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Guangzhou, China, had not been reported previously. Methods. HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected MSM were recruited from a Guangzhou-based MSM clinic in 2013. Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors were collected. An anal cytological sample was taken for HPV testing. Results. We recruited 79 HIV-infected and 85 HIV-uninfected MSM. The median age was 26 years in both groups. The positivities of anal HPV of any type (81.0% versus 48.2%), any high risk type (50.6% versus 27.1%), any low risk type (55.7% versus 31.8%), and any 9-valent vaccine type (74.7% versus 36.5%) were all significantly higher among HIV-infected compared to that among HIV-negative MSM (p for all < 0.05). The great majority of HPV-infected MSM were infected with 9-valent vaccine types (59 out of 64 HIV-infected and 31 out of 41 HIV-uninfected). Anal bacterial infections were associated with higher anal HPV positivity and greater number of anal HPV types. Conclusion. Sexually active MSM in Guangzhou, especially those infected with HIV, had high and multiple HPV detections. The majority of these cases were potentially preventable by HPV vaccine. Regular anal exams and early HPV vaccination are warranted in this population.
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Akhatova, Ayazhan, Azliyati Azizan, Kuralay Atageldiyeva, Aiymkul Ashimkhanova, Aizada Marat, Yerbolat Iztleuov, Assem Suleimenova, Saikal Shamkeeva, and Gulzhanat Aimagambetova. "Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: From the Origin to the Current State." Vaccines 10, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111912.
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Immunization is the most successful method in preventing and controlling infectious diseases, which has helped saving millions of lives worldwide. The discovery of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection being associated with a variety of benign conditions and cancers has driven the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines. Currently, four HPV vaccines are available on the pharmaceutical market: Cervarix, Gardasil, Gardasil-9, and the recently developed Cecolin. Multiple studies have proven the HPV vaccines’ safety and efficacy in preventing HPV-related diseases. Since 2006, when the first HPV vaccine was approved, more than 100 World Health Organization member countries reported the implementation of HPV immunization. However, HPV vaccination dread, concerns about its safety, and associated adverse outcomes have a significant impact on the HPV vaccine implementation campaigns all over the world. Many developed countries have successfully implemented HPV immunization and achieved tremendous progress in preventing HPV-related conditions. However, there are still many countries worldwide which have not created, or have not yet implemented, HPV vaccination campaigns, or have failed due to deficient realization plans associated with establishing successful HPV vaccination programs. Lack of proper HPV information campaigns, negative media reflection, and numerous myths and fake information have led to HPV vaccine rejection in many states. Thus, context-specific health educational interventions on HPV vaccination safety, effectiveness, and benefits are important to increase the vaccines’ acceptance for efficacious prevention of HPV-associated conditions.
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Askandar, Brahmana. "HPV vaccine development after more than ten years approval." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 28, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v28i12020.39-43.
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At present, ten years have passed since the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was first approved for use in humans. Research related to HPV vaccine, both in terms of effectiveness and immugenicity in its development, has been widely carried out, such as in terms of the indications of the HPV vaccine use that is not only for preventing cervical cancer, the guidelines for administering 2-dose HPV vaccines for those under 15 years of age, and the discovery of the latest HPV vaccine types: nonavalent HPV vaccine. This review literature discusses all aspects of the development of HPV vaccine since it was first approved for use in humans in 2006.
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Toh, Zheng Quan, Chau Quang, Joseph A. Tooma, Suzanne M. Garland, Kim Mulholland, and Paul V. Licciardi. "Australia’s Role in Pneumococcal and Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Evaluation in Asia-Pacific." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080921.
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Australian researchers have made substantial contributions to the field of vaccinology over many decades. Two examples of this contribution relate to pneumococcal vaccines and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, with a focus on improving access to these vaccines in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs). Many LLMICs considering introducing one or both of these vaccines into their National Immunisation Programs face significant barriers such as cost, logistics associated with vaccine delivery. These countries also often lack the resources and expertise to undertake the necessary studies to evaluate vaccine performance. This review summarizes the role of Australia in the development and/or evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines and the HPV vaccine, including the use of alternative vaccine strategies among countries situated in the Asia-Pacific region. The outcomes of these research programs have had significant global health impacts, highlighting the importance of these vaccines in preventing pneumococcal disease as well as HPV-associated diseases.
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Kent, Stephen J., Anne Zhao, Susan J. Best, Jenalle D. Chandler, David B. Boyle, and Ian A. Ramshaw. "Enhanced T-Cell Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vaccine Regimen Consisting of Consecutive Priming with DNA and Boosting with Recombinant Fowlpox Virus." Journal of Virology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 10180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.12.10180-10188.1998.
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ABSTRACT The induction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific T-cell responses is widely seen as critical to the development of effective immunity to HIV type 1 (HIV-1). Plasmid DNA and recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) vaccines are among the most promising safe HIV-1 vaccine candidates. However, the immunity induced by either vaccine alone may be insufficient to provide durable protection against HIV-1 infection. We evaluated a consecutive immunization strategy involving priming with DNA and boosting with rFPV vaccines encoding common HIV-1 antigens. In mice, this approach induced greater HIV-1-specific immunity than either vector alone and protected mice from challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 antigens. In macaques, a dramatic boosting effect on DNA vaccine-primed HIV-1-specific helper and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, but a decline in HIV-1 antibody titers, was observed following rFPV immunization. The vaccine regimen protected macaques from an intravenous HIV-1 challenge, with the resistance most likely mediated by T-cell responses. These studies suggest a safe strategy for the enhanced generation of T-cell-mediated protective immunity to HIV-1.
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Fiander, A. N., A. J. Tristram, E. J. Davidson, A. E. Tomlinson, S. Man, P. J. Baldwin, J. C. Sterling, and H. C. Kitchener. "Prime-boost vaccination strategy in women with high-grade, noncervical anogenital intraepithelial neoplasia: clinical results from a multicenter phase II trial." International Journal of Gynecologic Cancer 16, no. 3 (2006): 1075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200605000-00020.
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The objective of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of a prime-boost human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine regimen. A nonrandomized phase II prime-boost vaccine trial was conducted. Women with biopsy-proven anogenital intraepithelial neoplasia (AGIN) 3 were vaccinated with three doses of a recombinant fusion protein comprising HPV 16, E6/E7/L2 (TA-CIN) followed by one dose of a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding HPV 16 and 18 E6/E7 (TA-HPV). Clinical responses were evaluated by serial photographs, symptomatology, and biopsies before and after vaccination. Twenty-nine women were vaccinated; 27 with vulval intraepithelial neoplasia 3 and 2 with vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3. Clinical responses were seen in five women (17%), with one complete and five partial responses. Fifteen women (62%) had symptomatic improvement. No serious adverse effects were recorded. This is the first trial of a prime-boost vaccination regimen using heterologous HPV vaccines (TA-CIN followed by TA-HPV) in the management of AGIN. Since the prime-boost approach in this cohort offered no significant advantages over single TA-HPV vaccination, there are no further studies planned using this protocol. Future studies are warranted to define responders to immunotherapy.
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Poondi, Nivedha, Jysheng Hou, Sarah M. Michienzi, Mahesh C. Patel, and Melissa E. Badowski. "939. Immunity to Hepatitis A and/or Hepatitis B Viruses Among Inmates Living with HIV." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1125.
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Abstract Background Hepatitis A (HAV) and B viruses (HBV) are vaccine-preventable diseases where screening upon entry into prison provides an ideal public health opportunity to assess vaccination status and administer vaccination while incarcerated. Methods A retrospective, electronic medical record review evaluated incarcerated adults receiving human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) telemedicine care in 26 prisons in Illinois, USA, from 01/01/19 through 12/31/19. Included subjects were living with HIV, incarcerated in the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC), and had available data for HAV/HBV serologies, viral load, and CD4 count during incarceration. The primary objective was to assess rates of HAV and/or HBV immunity in individuals with HIV. The secondary objective was to assess factors associated with vaccination status. Statistical analysis included Chi-squared testing and descriptive statistics. Results Among the 524 patients analyzed, the majority were Black men (75%) with an average age of 44 years. 429 patients had existing data for HAV vaccination where 79% had documented immunity. 397 patients had existing data for HBV vaccination where 5% had HBV infection, 1.4% had an equivocal HBV surface antibody and negative HBV surface antigen, and 70% had documented immunity. In total, 387 patients had existing data for HAV and HBV vaccination status where 213 (55%) were immune to both HAV and HBV while (7%) had no immunity to both HAV and HBV. Immunity did not vary based on CD4 count, age, gender, or race (p > 0.05). Conclusion Assessing serologies and providing Hepatitis A and B vaccinations while incarcerated, where indicated, can increase immunity to these vaccine-preventable viruses and thereby reduce transmission of HAV and HBV. This is of particular importance for patients living with HIV as this is an indication for vaccination. Based on these findings, the telemedicine study team has been able to assess serologies and advocate for vaccination for inmates living with HIV entering the IDOC. Over time, we expect our interventions to result in further improvements in rates of immunity. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Shapiro, Gilla K., Didi Surian, Adam G. Dunn, Ryan Perry, and Margaret Kelaher. "Comparing human papillomavirus vaccine concerns on Twitter: a cross-sectional study of users in Australia, Canada and the UK." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e016869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016869.
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ObjectiveOpposition to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is common on social media and has the potential to impact vaccine coverage. This study aims to conduct an international comparison of the proportions of tweets about HPV vaccines that express concerns, the types of concerns expressed and the social connections among users posting about HPV vaccines in Australia, Canada and the UK.DesignUsing a cross-sectional design, an international comparison of English language tweets about HPV vaccines and social connections among Twitter users posting about HPV vaccines between January 2014 and April 2016 was conducted. The Health Belief Model, one of the most widely used theories in health psychology, was used as the basis for coding the types of HPV vaccine concerns expressed on Twitter.SettingThe content of tweets and the social connections between users who posted tweets about HPV vaccines from Australia, Canada and the UK.Population16 789 Twitter users who posted 43 852 tweets about HPV vaccines.Main outcome measuresThe proportions of tweets expressing concern, the type of concern expressed and the proportions of local and international social connections between users.ResultsTweets expressing concerns about HPV vaccines made up 14.9% of tweets in Canada, 19.4% in Australia and 22.6% in the UK. The types of concerns expressed were similar across the three countries, with concerns related to ‘perceived barriers’ being the most common. Users expressing concerns about HPV vaccines in each of the three countries had a relatively high proportion of international followers also expressing concerns.ConclusionsThe proportions and types of HPV vaccine concerns expressed on Twitter were similar across the three countries. Twitter users who mostly expressed concerns about HPV vaccines were better connected to international users who shared their concerns compared with users who did not express concerns about HPV vaccines.
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de Sanjosé, Silvia, Laia Alemany, Xavier Castellsagué, and F. Xavier Bosch. "Human Papillomavirus Vaccines and Vaccine Implementation." Women's Health 4, no. 6 (November 2008): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17455057.4.6.595.
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Countries are now challenged by the rapid development of vaccines aimined at the primary prevention of infections. In the years to come, several vaccines will need to be considered as potential candidates in routine immunization programs. Recently, two new vaccines against two/four types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been commercialized. Bivalent HPV 16 and 18 (Cervarix™) and quadrivalent HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 (Gardasil®) vaccines are now extensively used in some countries. These vaccines will prevent infection and long-running complications, such as cervical cancer, other HPV-related cancers and genital warts (for the quadrivalent vaccine). The beneficial effect of these vaccines will be largely observed in women. This article summarizes the burden of HPV preventable disease worldwide and briefly describes the impact of secondary prevention and the most relevant aspects of the current available vaccines, their efficacy and safety. Finally, some major aspects that are likely to impact the introduction of these vaccines around the world are outlined, with particular emphasis on developing countries.
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Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga. "“Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination for cervical cancer prevention. Is it safe and effective?”." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 17, no. 3 (June 29, 2018): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v17i3.36985.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer, which is the fourth most common cancer in women. Most of the cervical cancers are linked to genital infection with HPV and it is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract. At present, there are three types of HPV vaccines available. Even though HPV vaccination is a primary prevention tool, that does not eliminate the need for routine cervical screening, since the vaccines do not protect against all high-risk HPV types. Ninety percent of HPV infections have no clinical consequences at all whether they are high-risk or low-risk subtypes of HPV. All three types of HPV vaccines have very high vaccine efficacy for prevention of HPV infection among females aged 14 to 26 years. Proper assessment of the safety of HPV vaccine is a problem even after proper systematic review since the most of the clinical trials on the safety of the vaccines were used Hepatitis A vaccine or high immunogenicity enhancing aluminium adjuvant as their placebo. HPV vaccination would be very cost effective for the countries when there is no cervical screening program or if the programme coverage is very poor.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(3) 2018 p.329-336
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Li, Yaohui, Ruihua Li, Meirong Wang, Yujiao Liu, Ying Yin, Xiaodong Zai, Xiaohong Song, Yi Chen, Junjie Xu, and Wei Chen. "Fc-Based Recombinant Henipavirus Vaccines Elicit Broad Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Mice." Viruses 12, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12040480.
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The genus Henipavirus (HNVs) includes two fatal viruses, namely Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV). Since 1994, NiV and HeV have been endemic to the Asia–Pacific region and responsible for more than 600 cases of infections. Two emerging HNVs, Ghana virus (GhV) and Mojiang virus (MojV), are speculated to be associated with unrecognized human diseases in Africa and China, respectively. Despite many efforts to develop vaccines against henipaviral diseases, there is presently no licensed human vaccine. As HNVs are highly pathogenic and diverse, it is necessary to develop universal vaccines to prevent future outbreaks. The attachment enveloped glycoprotein (G protein) of HNVs mediates HNV attachment to the host cell’s surface receptors. G proteins have been used as a protective antigen in many vaccine candidates for HNVs. We performed quantitative studies on the antibody responses elicited by the G proteins of NiV, HeV, GhV, and MojV. We found that the G proteins of NiV and HeV elicited only a limited cross-reactive antibody response. Further, there was no cross-protection between MojV, GhV, and highly pathogenic HNVs. We then constructed a bivalent vaccine where the G proteins of NiV and HeV were fused with the human IgG1 Fc domain. The immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccine was compared with that of monovalent vaccines. Our results revealed that the Fc-based bivalent vaccine elicited a potent antibody response against both NiV and HeV. We also constructed a tetravalent Fc heterodimer fusion protein that contains the G protein domains of four HNVs. Immunization with the tetravalent vaccine elicited broad antibody responses against NiV, HeV, GhV, and MojV in mice, indicating compatibility among the four antigens in the Fc-fusion protein. These data suggest that our novel bivalent and tetravalent Fc-fusion proteins may be efficient candidates to prevent HNV infection.
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Vicente-Alcalde, Nancy, Jose Tuells, Cecilia M. Egoavil, Esther Ruescas-Escolano, Cesare Altavilla, and Pablo Caballero. "Immunization Coverage of Inmates in Spanish Prisons." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 8045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218045.
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The correct immunization of the inmate population minimizes the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases in prisons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vaccine coverage of long-term prisoners in the Spanish penitentiary system through a retrospective longitudinal study. One-thousand and five prisoners were selected, who were imprisoned from 2008 and 2018 in three Spanish prisons. Their degree of immunization was evaluated as related to hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), tetanus, diphtheria, pneumococcus and seasonal flu. The state of vaccination of the prisoners with a serological diagnosis of HBV, hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was also evaluated. The vaccination coverage obtained for hepatitis B was 52.3%, and for tetanus–diphtheria, it was 71.9%. However, for hepatitis A and pneumococcus infection, it was insignificant (<2% of the prisoners). Vaccination against seasonal flu was lower than 16%. The HCV and HIV-positive inmates were not correctly vaccinated either. The insufficient level of immunization obtained reflects the lack of interest and marginalization of this population by the penitentiary system and the health authorities. The lack of reliable records is combined with the lack of planned strategies that promote stable and well-defined programs of active vaccination.
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Patel, Pragna, Tim Bush, Lois Conley, Elizabeth R. Unger, Teresa M. Darragh, Keith Henry, Gerome Escota, John T. Brooks, and Erna Milunka Kojic. "Prevalence, Incidence, and Clearance of Human Papillomavirus Types Covered by Current Vaccines in Men With Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the SUN Study." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 2 (September 19, 2019): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz425.
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Abstract Background High-risk anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is prevalent among men living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); the association between 9-valent (9v) high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) vaccine types and abnormal cytology has not been well characterized. Methods We followed a prospective cohort study of persons with HIV at 7 HIV clinics in 4 US cities from March 2004 through June 2012. Annually, providers collected separate anal swabs for HPV detection and cytopathologic examination. Among men, we examined prevalence, incidence, and clearance of 9v HR-HPV vaccine types, compared with other HR types, and associations with abnormal cytology to assess potential vaccine impact. Results Baseline prevalence of any anal 9v HR-HPV type among men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW) was 74% and 25% (P < .001), respectively. Among 299 MSM, abnormal cytology was detected in 161 (54%) MSM and was associated with the presence of any 9v HR-HPV (relative risk [RR], 1.8 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.3–2.6]; P < .001). Among 61 MSW, abnormal anal cytology was detected in 12 (20%) and was associated with the presence of any 9v HR-HPV (RR, 4.3 [95% CI, 1.6–11.5]; P < .001). Conclusions Among men with HIV, the prevalence of the 7 HR-HPV types in the 9v vaccine was high and was associated with abnormal cytology. These findings indicate that men with HIV could benefit from prophylactic administration of the 9v HPV vaccine.