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Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccines'
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Ricke, Darrell O. "Etiology model for many vaccination adverse reactions, including SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines." AIMS Allergy and Immunology 6, no. 4 (2022): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022015.
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<abstract><sec> <title>Objective</title> <p>Vaccinated individuals (vaccinees) experience no adverse events, mild adverse events, multiple adverse events, or serious adverse events post vaccination. Many of these vaccine adverse events occur with different vaccines with different occurrence frequencies. Many of these adverse events are generally considered as associated with immune responses to the active vaccine components (antigens) and/or to possibly one or more of the vaccine excipients. Most of these vaccine adverse events are self-limiting and resolve within days. The number of vaccine adverse reactions is higher for SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines than all other vaccines. Can data analysis of vaccine adverse reactions responses provide etiology insights for high reactogenicity vaccines?</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database was data mined for all vaccine adverse events data by vaccine, age, gender, dose, and day of onset post vaccination. Results for vaccines with the highest number of adverse events were compared.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>For vaccines and adverse events with the highest numbers of reports, the day of onset approximates a power of two decay pattern for the first three days. The consistency of this pattern for multiple unrelated vaccines narrows possible etiology mechanisms. Many of these adverse event symptoms overlap symptoms associated with elevated histamine levels. Herein, innate immune responses and specifically elevated histamine levels are proposed to be causative for the majority of these adverse events. This hypothesis is based on a model of innate immune responses releasing a surge of inflammatory molecules, including histamine; this surge is hypothesized to exceed the normal histamine tolerance level for vaccinees causing reactogenicity adverse events. Further, these symptoms resolve as histamine levels fall below the vaccinee's tolerance threshold. This model can be evaluated by the detection of elevated histamine levels in vaccinees corresponding to timing of symptoms onset. If confirmed, a direct consequence of this model predicts that specific antihistamine treatments, mast cell stabilizers, and possibly diamine oxidase enzyme may reduce the incidence or severity of adverse events experienced by vaccinees post vaccinations for most or all high reactogenicity vaccines including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spike vaccines.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusions</title> <p>The reported onset occurrences of the majority of reported adverse events are consistent with the likely etiology of innate immune responses to vaccinations for vaccines with higher reactogenicity levels. Herein, the hypothesis is proposed that the majority of these adverse events result from a histamine surge that temporarily exceeds the vaccinee's tolerance level.</p> </sec></abstract>
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Okanlawon, A. A., S. A. Ameen, R. A. Kadir, H. M. Ambali, Y. A. Baba, O. M. Azeez, and A. A. Owoade. "In vitro assessment of the potency of some Newcastle disease vaccine brands in Ibadan, Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 21, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.9.
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Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a very common and economically important disease of poultry. There is no drug for treatment of the disease during an outbreak in poultry flocks, and prevention by vaccination is one of the recommended control measures. However, post vaccination outbreaks have been observed on many occasions in chicken flocks and one of the causes has been attributed to possible failure of vaccine to confer immunity. This study was designed to evaluate the potency of ND vaccines available in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Methodology: Haemagglutination (HA) technique and elution phenomenon were employed to evaluate the potency of ND vaccines randomly selected in Ibadan. A total of 45 vaccines comprising 9 brands and 5 different strains were selected for potency test. The vaccine brands included ‘Vireo 116’ (n=10), ‘ABIC’ (n=5), ‘Biovac’(n=9), ‘Nobilis’(n=3), ‘NVRI’(n=12), ‘R2B’ (n=2), ‘BAL-ND’ (n=2), ‘Forte dodge’(n=1) and ‘Jovac’ (n=1), while the vaccine strains in the brands included Lasota, B1, Clone, Komarov, Hitcher, and an unknown strain.
Results: Thirty-five of the 45 (77.8%) ND vaccines tested had more than 4 HA titer (>64) and were therefore regarded as potent. All the 15 (100%) ND Lasota vaccine strain, 7 out of 10 (70%) ND Komarov strain, 4 out of 5 (80%) ND clone and 5 out of 8 (62.5%) ND B1 strains were potent. None of the ND brand ‘R2B’ vaccine as well as Hitchner strain from ‘Nobilis’ brand was potent, but all 5, 2, 1 and 1 vaccines tested from brands ‘ABIC’, ‘BAL-ND’, ‘Fort dodge’ and ‘Jovac’ respectively were potent. Similarly, 9 of 10, 6 of 9, 2 of 3 and 9 of 12 vaccine strains tested from brands ‘Vireo 116’, ‘Biovac’, ‘Nobilis’ and ‘NVRI’ were respectively potent
Conclusion: The occurrence of ND vaccines that are not potent in this study may be contributing to post vaccination failure. It is advisable to subject vaccines to potency test before use.
Key words: in vitro, assessment, potency, Newcastle disease, vaccine brands, vaccine strains
French Title; Évaluation in vitro de la puissance de certaines marques de vaccins contre la maladie de Newcastle à Ibadan, Nigéria
Contexte: La maladie de Newcastle (ND) est une maladie très courante et économiquement importante des volailles. Il n'existe aucun médicament pour le traitement de la maladie lors d'une épidémie dans des troupeaux de volailles, et la prévention par vaccination est l'une des mesures de contrôle recommandées. Cependant, des flambées post-vaccination ont été observées à de nombreuses reprises dans des troupeaux de poulets et l'une des causes a été attribuée à un éventuel échec du vaccin à conférer l'immunité. Cette étude a été conçue pour évaluer la puissance des vaccins contre la MN disponibles à Ibadan, au Nigéria.
Méthodologie: La technique d'hémagglutination (HA) et le phénomène d'élution ont été utilisés pour évaluer la puissance des vaccins contre la MN sélectionnés au hasard à Ibadan. Un total de 45 vaccins comprenant 9 marques et 5 souches différentes ont été sélectionnés pour le test d'activité. Les marques de vaccins comprenaient 'Vireo 116' (n=10), 'ABIC' (n=5), 'Biovac' (n=9), 'Nobilis' (n=3), 'NVRI' (n=12), 'R2B' (n=2), 'BAL-ND' (n=2), 'Forte dodge' (n=1) et 'Jovac' (n=1), tandis que les souches vaccinales des marques comprenaient Lasota, B1, Clone, Komarov, Hitcher et une souche inconnue.
Résultats: Trente-cinq des 45 vaccins contre la MN testés (77,8%) avaient plus de 4 titres en HA (>64) et étaient donc considérés comme puissants. Toutes les 15 (100%) souches de vaccin ND Lasota, 7 souches sur 10 (70%) ND Komarov, 4 sur 5 (80%) clones ND et 5 sur 8 (62,5%) souches ND B1 étaient puissantes. Aucun des vaccins ’R2B’ de marque ND ni la souche Hitchner de la marque ’Nobilis’ n'étaient puissants, mais tous les vaccins 5, 2, 1 et 1 testés des marques ‘ABIC’, ‘BAL-ND’, ‘Fort dodge’ et ‘Jovac’ respectivement était puissant. De même, 9 des 10, 6 des 9, 2 des 3 et 9 des 12 souches vaccinales testées des marques ’Vireo 116’, ‘Biovac’, ‘Nobilis’ et ‘NVRI’ étaient respectivement puissantes
Conclusion: La présence de vaccins contre la MN qui ne sont pas puissants dans cette étude peut contribuer à l'échec post-vaccinal. Il est conseillé de soumettre les vaccins à un test de puissance avant utilisation.
Mots-clés: in vitro, évaluation, puissance, maladie de Newcastle, marques de vaccin, souches vaccinales
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Broderick, Michael P., Sandra Romero-Steiner, Gowrisankar Rajam, Scott E. Johnson, Andrea Milton, Ellie Kim, Lisa J. Choi, et al. "Immune Responses in U.S. Military Personnel Who Received Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY) Concomitantly with Other Vaccines Were Higher than in Personnel Who Received MenACWY Alone." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 8 (June 8, 2016): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00267-16.
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ABSTRACTImmunological responses to vaccination can differ depending on whether the vaccine is given alone or with other vaccines. This study was a retrospective evaluation of the immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) administered alone (n= 41) or concomitantly with other vaccines (n= 279) to U.S. military personnel (mean age, 21.6 years) entering the military between 2006 and 2008. Concomitant vaccines included tetanus/diphtheria (Td), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis vaccines, and various influenza vaccines, among others; two vaccine groups excluded Tdap and IPV. Immune responses were evaluated in baseline and postvaccination sera forNeisseria meningitidisserogroups C and Y 1 to 12 months (mean, 4.96 months) following vaccination. Functional antibodies were measured by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay with rabbit complement (rSBA) and by measurement of serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The percentage of vaccinees reaching threshold levels (IgG concentration in serum, ≥2 μg/ml; rSBA titer, ≥8) corresponding to an immunologic response was higher postvaccination than at baseline (P< 0.001). Administration of MenACWY along with other vaccines was associated with higher geometric means of IgG concentrations and rSBA titers than those measured 4.60 months after a single dose of MenACWY. In addition, higher percentages of vaccinees reached the immunological threshold (range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.5 to 21.7) and more of them seroconverted (OR range, 1.8 to 4.8) when MenACWY was administered with any other vaccine than when administered alone. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the observed differences among groups in the immune response to MenACWY when given concomitantly with other vaccines to U.S. military personnel.
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Trombetta, Claudia Maria, Otfried Kistner, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, and Serena Marchi. "Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050714.
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Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination remains the most effective method of controlling the morbidity and mortality of seasonal influenza, especially with respect to risk groups. To date, three types of influenza vaccines have been licensed: inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant haemagglutinin vaccines. Effectiveness studies allow an assessment of the positive effects of influenza vaccines in the field. The effectiveness of current influenza is suboptimal, being estimated as 40% to 60% when the vaccines strains are antigenically well-matched with the circulating viruses. This review focuses on influenza viruses and vaccines and the role of vaccine effectiveness studies for evaluating the benefits of influenza vaccines. Overall, influenza vaccines are effective against morbidity and mortality in all age and risk groups, especially in young children and older adults. However, the effectiveness is dependent on several factors such as the age of vaccinees, the match between the strain included in the vaccine composition and the circulating virus, egg-adaptations occurring during the production process, and the subject’s history of previous vaccination.
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Yagovkin, E. A., G. G. Onishchenko, A. Yu Popova, E. B. Ezhlova, A. A. Melnikova, M. Yu Soloviev, E. V. Kovalev, et al. "Condition and Prospects of Development of Vaccines for Specific Prevention of Enterovirus (Nonpolio) Infection." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-4-74-82.
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This review summarizes the material on the development of vaccines against (nonpolio) enterovirus infection in Russia and abroad. Described the developed vaccine types, their characteristics and the results of clinical and epidemiological trials, created in China inactivated vaccines. I’is considered the possibility of creating a mucosal vaccines and vaccinal prevention strategies.
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Le, Ting, Chao Sun, Jitao Chang, Guijie Zhang, and Xin Yin. "mRNA Vaccine Development for Emerging Animal and Zoonotic Diseases." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020401.
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In the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines hold great promise because of their low risk of insertional mutagenesis, high potency, accelerated development cycles, and potential for low-cost manufacture. In past years, several mRNA vaccines have entered clinical trials and have shown promise for offering solutions to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as rabies, Zika, and influenza. Recently, the successful application of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has further validated the platform and opened the floodgates to mRNA vaccine’s potential in infectious disease prevention, especially in the veterinary field. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mRNA vaccines and the technologies used for mRNA vaccine development. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines developed for animal infectious diseases and discuss directions and challenges for the future applications of this promising vaccine platform in the veterinary field.
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Cheng, Liqin, Yan Wang, and Juan Du. "Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: An Updated Review." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030391.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, which were introduced in many countries in the past decade, have shown promising results in decreasing HPV infection and related diseases, such as warts and precancerous lesions. In this review, we present the updated information about current HPV vaccines, focusing on vaccine coverage and efficacy. In addition, pan-gender vaccination and current clinical trials are also discussed. Currently, more efforts should be put into increasing the vaccine’s coverage, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Provision of education on HPV and vaccination is one of the most important methods to achieve this. Vaccines that target HPV types not included in current vaccines are the next stage in vaccine development. In the future, all HPV-related cancers, such as head and neck cancer, and anal cancer, should be tracked and evaluated, especially in countries that have introduced pan-gender vaccination programs. Therapeutic vaccines, in combination with other cancer treatments, should continue to be investigated.
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Choi, Wongyeong, and Eunha Shim. "Vaccine Effects on Susceptibility and Symptomatology Can Change the Optimal Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccines: South Korea as an Example." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132813.
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The approved coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines reduce the risk of disease by 70–95%; however, their efficacy in preventing COVID-19 is unclear. Moreover, the limited vaccine supply raises questions on how they can be used effectively. To examine the optimal allocation of COVID-19 vaccines in South Korea, we constructed an age-structured mathematical model, calibrated using country-specific demographic and epidemiological data. The optimal control problem was formulated with the aim of finding time-dependent age-specific optimal vaccination strategies to minimize costs related to COVID-19 infections and vaccination, considering a limited vaccine supply and various vaccine effects on susceptibility and symptomatology. Our results suggest that “susceptibility-reducing” vaccines should be relatively evenly distributed among all age groups, resulting in more than 40% of eligible age groups being vaccinated. In contrast, “symptom-reducing” vaccines should be administered mainly to individuals aged 20–29 and ≥60 years. Thus, our study suggests that the vaccine profile should determine the optimal vaccination strategy. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding vaccine’s effects on susceptibility and symptomatology for effective public health interventions.
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Neri, Margherita, Simon Brassel, and Lotte Steuten. "OP256 Recognising The Broader Value Of Vaccines In Health Technology Assessment: Worth A Shot?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 37, S1 (December 2021): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462321000878.
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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic shows that the impact of effective vaccines extends well beyond vaccinated individuals and healthcare systems. Yet, these externalities are not typically considered in health technology assessments (HTA) which may underestimate vaccines’ broader value. We explored to what extent future vaccines relevant to England might exhibit such broader value.MethodsWe compared the ten value elements of an existing vaccine evaluation framework to the value elements considered in England according to the Joint Committee on Vaccine and Immunisation (JCVI) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) guidelines. Using literature and expert opinion we then explored, for a selection of ten vaccines with an expected UK-launch within five years, on which value elements each vaccine might potentially show added value.ResultsUp to five of ten value elements are unlikely to be considered by JCVI or NICE, including patient and carer productivity, enablement value, impact on antimicrobial resistance and transmission value. Of vaccines studied, 100 percent will potentially generate value on at least one broader value element that is currently ignored; 60 percent to 80 percent may increase vaccinee/patient or carer productivity respectively.ConclusionsThere is a substantial gap between value generation and value recognition of vaccines in HTA in England. This might lead to undervaluation and underutilization of vaccines, leaving societies more vulnerable than needed when faced with infectious diseases.
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Malik, Sumira, Shristi Kishore, Sagnik Nag, Archna Dhasmana, Subham Preetam, Oishi Mitra, Darwin A. León-Figueroa, et al. "Ebola Virus Disease Vaccines: Development, Current Perspectives & Challenges." Vaccines 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020268.
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The global outgoing outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in different regions of Sudan, Uganda, and Western Africa have brought into focus the inadequacies and restrictions of pre-designed vaccines for use in the battle against EVD, which has affirmed the urgent need for the development of a systematic protocol to produce Ebola vaccines prior to an outbreak. There are several vaccines available being developed by preclinical trials and human-based clinical trials. The group of vaccines includes virus-like particle-based vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, whole virus recombinant vaccines, incompetent replication originated vaccines, and competent replication vaccines. The limitations and challenges faced in the development of Ebola vaccines are the selection of immunogenic, rapid-responsive, cross-protective immunity-based vaccinations with assurances of prolonged protection. Another issue for the manufacturing and distribution of vaccines involves post authorization, licensing, and surveillance to ensure a vaccine’s efficacy towards combating the Ebola outbreak. The current review focuses on the development process, the current perspective on the development of an Ebola vaccine, and future challenges for combatting future emerging Ebola infectious disease.
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Ricke, Darrell O. "Vaccines Associated Cardiac Adverse Events, Including SARS-Cov-2 Myocarditis, Elevated Histamine Etiology Hypothesis." Journal of Virology and Viral Diseases 2, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54289/jvvd2200108.
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Background: Rare cardiac adverse events are reported post vaccinations. For the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Spike vaccines, higher numbers of these cardiac adverse events are being reported with myocarditis disproportionately occurring in younger males. The etiology of these cardiac adverse events associated with vaccines including SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. The etiology of the higher frequency of these cardiac adverse events temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Spike vaccines is also unknown. Aim: Data mine vaccine associated cardiac adverse events to gain insights into COVID-19 mRNA associated myocarditis and pericarditis adverse events. Methods: All adverse events, with a focus on cardiac adverse events, were summarized from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) for all vaccines from 1990 to April 1, 2022. Results: Analogous patterns of cardiac adverse events were observed for multiple unrelated vaccines with occurrences proportional to vaccine reactogenicity level defined all adverse events. This article proposes the hypothesis that innate immune responses to vaccines cause elevated histamine levels post vaccination; the histamine level reached may exceed the vaccinees’ histamine tolerance level for several days, with the histamine level likely correlating with the vaccine reactogenicity level. Further, it is proposed that the elevated histamine level is causative for the reported cardiac adverse events. For myocarditis and pericarditis reported adverse events, the elevated histamine levels may induce cardiac capillary pericyte vasoconstrictions followed by localized ischemia and anoxia; this is followed by the release of troponin from myocyte cells affected by anoxia. This hypothesis is supported by the temporal onset timing of adverse events reported following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Spike vaccinations in VAERS. Conclusion: Onset of cardiac adverse events immediately following vaccinations for multiple unrelated vaccines may implicate elevated histamine levels from immune responses as causative for these adverse events. Relevance for patients. An etiology model for cardiac adverse events temporally associated with vaccination is proposed. If validated, this model identifies possible candidate treatments for evaluation with the potential to reduce the severity and frequencies of these cardiac adverse events for vaccinees.
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Thiele, Sonja, Aljona Borschewski, Judit Küchler, Marc Bieberbach, Sebastian Voigt, and Bernhard Ehlers. "Molecular Analysis of Varicella Vaccines and Varicella-Zoster Virus from Vaccine-Related Skin Lesions." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 7 (May 11, 2011): 1058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05021-11.
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ABSTRACTTo prevent complications that might follow an infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the live attenuated Oka strain (V-Oka) is administered to children in many developed countries. Three vaccine brands (Varivax from Sanofi Pasteur MSD; Varilrix and Priorix-Tetra, both from Glaxo-Smith-Kline) are licensed in Germany and have been associated with both different degrees of vaccine effectiveness and adverse effects. To identify genetic variants in the vaccines that might contribute to rash-associated syndromes, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiles of variants from the three vaccines and rash-associated vaccine-type VZV from German vaccinees were quantitatively compared by PCR-based pyrosequencing (PSQ). The Varivax vaccine contained an estimated 3-fold higher diversity of VZV variants, with 20% more wild-type (wt) SNPs than Varilrix and Priorix-Tetra. These minor VZV variants in the vaccines were identified by analyzing cloned full-length open reading frame (ORF)orf62sequences by chain termination sequencing and PSQ. Some of these sequences amplified from vaccine VZV were very similar or identical to those of the rash-associated vaccine-type VZV from vaccinees and were almost exclusively detected in Varivax. Therefore, minorities of rash-associated VZV variants are present in varicella vaccine formulations, and it can be concluded that the analysis of a core set of four SNPs is required as a minimum for a firm diagnostic differentiation of vaccine-type VZV from wt VZV.
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Fanelli, Angela, Luca Mantegazza, Saskia Hendrickx, and Ilaria Capua. "Thermostable Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: State of the Art and Opportunities to Be Seized." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020245.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the weakness of the vaccine supply chain, and the lack of thermostable formulations is one of its major limitations. This study presents evidence from peer-reviewed literature on the development of thermostable vaccines for veterinary use. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the immunogenicity and/or the efficacy/effectiveness of thermostable vaccines against infectious diseases. The selected studies (n = 78) assessed the vaccine’s heat stability under different temperature conditions and over different periods. Only one study assessed the exposure of the vaccine to freezing temperatures. Two field studies provided robust evidence on the immunogenicity of commercial vaccines stored at temperatures far in excess of the manufacturer’s recommended cold-chain conditions. The drying process was the most-used method to improve the vaccine’s thermostability, along with the use of different stabilizers. The pooled vaccine efficacy was estimated to be high (VE = 69%), highlighting the importance of vaccination in reducing the economic losses due to the disease impact. These findings provide evidence on the needs and benefits of developing a portfolio of heat- and freeze-stable veterinary vaccines to unleash the true potential of immunization as an essential component of improved animal health and welfare, reduce the burden of certain zoonotic events and thus contribute to economic resilience worldwide.
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Perrone, Pier Mario, Simona Scarioni, Elisa Astorri, Chiara Marrocu, Navpreet Tiwana, Matteo Letzgus, Catia Borriello, and Silvana Castaldi. "Vaccination Open Day: A Cross-Sectional Study on the 2023 Experience in Lombardy Region, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6 (May 27, 2024): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060685.
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Background: Vaccination is a highly effective tool for controlling infectious diseases, particularly in populations at high risk of contagion due to clinical conditions or occupational exposure, such as healthcare workers. The purpose of this study is to present the open day event that marked the beginning of the influenza and anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the Lombardy region and to describe the experience of an Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico in Milan. Methods: During the vaccination open day, eligible individuals received free vaccinations for influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal disease, and shingles, as provided by the Lombardy Agenzia per la Tutela della Salute. In celebration of the centenary of the Università degli Studi di Milano, the Fondazione Ca’Granda Ospedale Policlinico, a contracted hospital of the university, created a special electronic diary for a total of 150 individuals, equally divided between children aged 2–6, pregnant women, and university staff. Results: At the regional level, a total of 6634 influenza vaccines, 2055 anti-COVID-19 vaccines, 108 anti-pneumococcal vaccines, and 37 anti-zoster vaccines were administered. A total of 3134 (47.3%) influenza vaccines, 1151 (56%) anti-COVID-19 vaccines, and 77 (62%) anti-pneumococcal vaccines, were given to individuals aged 60–79. No differences were observed between the total number of male and female vaccinees (1017 and 1038, respectively), who received the anti-COVID-19 vaccine. At the Policlinico Foundation, out of 150 available booking slots, 154 vaccines were administered, including 117 influenza vaccines. Conclusions: The establishment of vaccine open days is a beneficial way to increase vaccine compliance. Co-administration of little-known vaccinations outside of healthcare settings could also be a useful tool.
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Strugnell, Dick. "Vaccines." Microbiology Australia 32, no. 3 (2011): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma11114.
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Vaccines are, without question, one of the most cost-effective and socially acceptable health interventions yet developed and expanding vaccine coverage is a key enabling strategy for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. As a challenge, the expanded and effective use of existing vaccines sits alongside the development of new and improved vaccines for preventing diseases which continue to have a major impact on humanity ? diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Because vaccine development is stringently controlled by regulatory authorities and the costs of producing new vaccines have increased significantly, responsibility for new vaccine development now typically rests with the larger pharmaceutical companies who have the resources and risk appetite to support the clinical testing program that is essential for licensure. Where this doesn?t occur, development of so-called ?orphan? vaccines is supported by the major philanthropic agencies, often in collaboration with institutes such as the International Vaccine Institute in Korea. Animal vaccines are similarly becoming concentrated within global animal health companies.
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Samaranayake, Lakshman, and Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin. "COVID-19 Vaccines and Dentistry." Dental Update 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denu.2021.48.1.76.
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Transplant pioneer, Peter Medawar, once said that a virus is ‘simply a piece of bad news wrapped in protein’. One could opine then, that the new COVID-19 vaccines are ‘Bits of corona viral proteins in gift wrapping.’ For, most of the COVID-19 vaccines are based on the principle that pre-exposure of the vaccinee's host immune system to the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the first part of the viral anatomy that touches the vulnerable host cells, will elicit an effective antibody response to curb potential future infections. COVID-19 vaccines come in many sizes and shapes, and clearly, a return to normal, post-COVID dental practice entails protecting all members of the dental team with an appropriate vaccine, as and when available. We provide a thumbnail sketch of the COVID-19 vaccines currently in the offing, which we hope will be helpful for decision-making for choice of vaccine. The commentary ends with a discussion of the impact of COVID-19 vaccines on dentistry, in general.
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Tan, Swan, Andres Hazaet Gutiérrez, Phillip Charles Gauger, Tanja Opriessnig, Justin Bahl, Leonard Moise, and Anne Searls De Groot. "Quantifying the Persistence of Vaccine-Related T Cell Epitopes in Circulating Swine Influenza A Strains from 2013–2017." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050468.
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When swine flu vaccines and circulating influenza A virus (IAV) strains are poorly matched, vaccine-induced antibodies may not protect from infection. Highly conserved T cell epitopes may, however, have a disease-mitigating effect. The degree of T cell epitope conservation among circulating strains and vaccine strains can vary, which may also explain differences in vaccine efficacy. Here, we evaluate a previously developed conserved T cell epitope-based vaccine and determine the persistence of T cell epitope conservation over time. We used a pair-wise homology score to define the conservation between the vaccine’s swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I and II-restricted epitopes and T cell epitopes found in 1272 swine IAV strains sequenced between 2013 and 2017. Twenty-four of the 48 total T cell epitopes included in the epitope-based vaccine were highly conserved and found in >1000 circulating swine IAV strains over the 5-year period. In contrast, commercial swine IAV vaccines developed in 2013 exhibited a declining conservation with the circulating IAV strains over the same 5-year period. Conserved T cell epitope vaccines may be a useful adjunct for commercial swine flu vaccines and to improve protection against influenza when antibodies are not cross-reactive.
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Hasija, Manvi, Jian X. Ma, Bing Li, Nausheen Rahman, Kirsten A. Strahlendorf, and Salvador F. Ausar. "Determination of Deamidation in Adjuvanted Vaccine Antigens through Isoaspartic Acid Quantification." Vaccines 12, no. 7 (July 2, 2024): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070733.
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Deamidation is a post-translational chemical modification that occurs within proteins and can be influenced by many factors, including temperature and pH. In vaccines, deamidation is considered undesirable as it may lead to changes in structure, function, stability, and immunogenicity. Detecting deamidation in vaccines, especially adjuvanted vaccines, can be challenging due to the lack of simple quantitative techniques. In this study, the quantification of isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) was used to assess deamidation in model antigens in the presence and absence of common vaccine adjuvants. This study shows that the detection of isoAsp was possible in the presence of various types of adjuvants with little to no interference. High levels of isoAsp were detected in thermally and pH-stressed adjuvanted vaccines, suggesting significant deamidation and highlighting the stability-indicating capabilities of the assay. The quantification of isoAsp in stability programs of a vaccine drug product could possibly find applications in product shelf-life determination, using thermal kinetic modeling to predict deamidation over time. The ability to detect deamidation early in vaccine development enhances process improvements and ultimately improves the vaccine’s stability. To summarize, this paper describes a rapid and simple method to determine deamidation in adjuvanted vaccines. This method could be applicable to formulation development, stability assessment, or shelf-life determination.
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Steinhoff, Mark C., George F. Reed, Michael D. Decker, Kathryn M. Edwards, Janet A. Englund, Michael E. Pichichero, Margaret B. Rennels, Edwin L. Anderson, Maria A. Deloria, and Bruce D. Meade. "A Randomized Comparison of Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of Two Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccines." Pediatrics 96, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.3.567.
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Objective. To compare prospectively the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of two licensed whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Methods. We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blinded assessment of two licensed whole-cell pertussis vaccines with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids that were included in a multicenter trial evaluating 13 acellular pertussis vaccines. Infants were immunized at 2, 4, and 6 months of age with a single lot of Lederle (309 infants) or Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories (MPHBL; 94 infants) vaccine. Results. The group receiving the Lederle vaccine demonstrated significantly higher antibody titers to pertussis toxin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by the Chinese hamster ovary cell pertussis toxin neutralization assay, and to fimbrial antigens by ELISA, as well as higher mean agglutinin titers. In contrast, the group receiving the MPHBL vaccine demonstrated higher ELISA antibody levels to filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin. Similar differences were observed in the proportions of vaccinees seroconverting to these antigens. Rates of systemic and local reactions were relatively low for both vaccines. Although the Lederle product had substantially lower reactogenicity in this study than previously reported for that vaccine, the MPHBL vaccine was significantly less reactogenic in nearly all clinical categories. Conclusion. The two whole-cell vaccines demonstrated statistically significant differences in postimmunization antibody levels to all six evaluated pertussis antigens. Whether these statistically significant differences in antibody levels have clinical relevance is not clear. Rates of nearly all local and systemic reactions were significantly lower among the MPHBL group than the Lederle group. Licensed whole-cell diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines produced by different manufacturers cannot be assumed to be similar in reactogenicity or immunogenecity.
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Mikhael, Ehab Mudher, Samer Imad Mohammed, and Khalid Abdulhussein Abdulameer. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions about COVID-19 and its Vaccine among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Qualitative Study." Al-Rafidain Journal of Medical Sciences ( ISSN 2789-3219 ) 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54133/ajms.v6i1.403.
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Background: Despite the importance of vaccines in preventing COVID-19, the willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccines is lower among RA patients than in the general population. Objective: To determine the extent of COVID-19 knowledge among RA patients and their attitudes and perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: A qualitative study with a phenomenology approach was performed through face-to-face, individual-based, semi-structured interviews in the Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, rheumatology unit. A convenient sample of RA patients using disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs was included until the point of saturation. A thematic content analysis approach was used to analyze the obtained data. Results: Twenty-five RA patients participated in this study. Regarding knowledge about COVID-19, most participants were able to define COVID-19, realize its contagious nature, and see the need for masks to get protection from this infection, while only a minority knew COVID-19 symptoms. Most participants obtained information about COVID-19 from TV programs and the public. Regarding COVID-19 vaccines, about 1/4 of the participants knew vaccine side effects, and only 12% of them had positive attitudes toward the vaccine. Additionally, 19 participants were unwilling to take the vaccine. The most common reasons behind this reluctance to take the vaccine include fear of the vaccine's short- and long-term side effects and the worsening of RA. Conclusion: RA patients' knowledge about COVID-19 and its vaccines was poor, and their attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines were negative.
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Fleming, Thomas R., Martha Nason, Philip R. Krause, Ira M. Longini, and Ana-Maria Henao-Restrepo. "COVID-19 vaccine trials: The potential for “hybrid” analyses." Clinical Trials 18, no. 4 (May 27, 2021): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17407745211018613.
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Background: Although several COVID-19 vaccines have been found to be effective in rigorous evaluation and have emerging availability in parts of the world, their supply will be inadequate to meet international needs for a considerable period of time. There also will be continued interest in vaccines that are more effective or have improved scalability to facilitate mass vaccination campaigns. Ongoing clinical testing of new vaccines also will be needed as variant strains continue to emerge that may elude some aspects of immunity induced by current vaccines. Randomized clinical trials meaningfully enhance the efficiency and reliability of such clinical testing. In clinical settings with limited or no access to known effective vaccines, placebo-controlled randomized trials of new vaccines remain a preferred approach to maximize the reliability, efficiency and interpretability of results. When emerging availability of licensed vaccines makes it no longer possible to use a placebo control, randomized active comparator non-inferiority trials may enable reliable insights. Methods: In this article, “hybrid” methods are proposed to address settings where, during the conduct of a placebo-controlled trial, a judgment is made to replace the placebo arm by a licensed COVID-19 vaccine due to emerging availability of effective vaccines in regions participating in that trial. These hybrid methods are based on proposed statistics that aggregate evidence to formally test as well as to estimate the efficacy of the experimental vaccine, by combining placebo-controlled data during the first period of trial conduct with active-controlled data during the second period. Results: Application of the proposed methods is illustrated in two important scenarios where the active control vaccine would become available in regions engaging in the experimental vaccine’s placebo-controlled trial: in the first, the active comparator’s vaccine efficacy would have been established to be 50%–70% for the 4- to 6-month duration of follow-up of its placebo-controlled trial; in the second, the active comparator’s vaccine efficacy would have been established to be 90%–95% during that duration. These two scenarios approximate what has been seen with adenovirus vaccines or mRNA vaccines, respectively, assuming the early estimates of vaccine efficacy for those vaccines would hold over longer-term follow-up. Conclusion: The proposed hybrid methods could readily play an important role in the near future in the design, conduct and analysis of randomized clinical trials performed to address the need for multiple additional vaccines reliably established to be safe and have worthwhile efficacy in reducing the risk of symptomatic disease from SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Felgendreff, Lisa, Felix G. Rebitschek, Mattis Geiger, Parichehr Shamsrizi, Mirjam A. Jenny, and Cornelia Betsch. "Explaining the Mechanism Behind mRNA Vaccines Influences Perceived Vaccine Effectiveness but not Vaccination Intentions." European Journal of Health Communication 5, no. 1 (April 23, 2024): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47368/ejhc.2024.102.
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Vaccine effectiveness and safety concerns can prevent people from receiving their first Covid-19 vaccines or boosters. Understanding the vaccine mechanism may lead people to perceive vaccine effectiveness appropriately. This study tested whether helping people understand the vaccine’s mechanism could improve their perceived vaccine safety and effectiveness. In a preregistered study, N = 1,548 unvaccinated or non-boosted participants were randomly presented with one of three communication formats: a fact box (a benefit-risk profile in tabular format; control condition), an expository text (i.e., a purely factual explanation) plus fact box, or an analogy plus fact box. Participants rated the vaccine’s effectiveness in preventing a Covid-19 disease, their perceived risk of getting vaccinated, and their intention to get vaccinated or boosted (depending on their vaccination status). Reading either additional text about the vaccines’ mechanism increased participants’ effectiveness ratings for the vaccine to prevent Covid-19 but did not affect risk ratings or vaccination intentions. The participants’ vaccine-related perceptions and intentions did not differ between the two text types. Elaborating on the vaccine’s mechanism of protection, in addition to presenting the benefit-risk profile of a vaccine, can lead people to perceive the vaccine effectiveness as slightly higher, yet it is insufficient to increase vaccination intentions.
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Tang, Jinyi, Cong Zeng, Thomas M. Cox, Chaofan Li, Young Min Son, In Su Cheon, Supriya Behl, et al. "Respiratory humoral and cellular immune responses following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination." Journal of Immunology 208, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2022): 65.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.65.22.
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Abstract Vaccination is the key for controlling COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated to induce robust and persistent humoral and cellular immunity in the circulation, but the vaccine-induced immune responses in the respiratory tract remain largely elusive. Here, we examined SARS-CoV-2 S-specific antibody, B and T cell immune responses in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood from unvaccinated, COVID-19 vaccinees or COVID-19 convalescents that recovered from prior moderate to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that mRNA vaccination induced significant SARS-CoV-2 S-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the blood but not in the BAL. Similarly, mRNA vaccination failed to provoke detectable SARS-CoV-2 S RBD-specific B cell responses in the BAL despite marked RBD-specific B cells were observed in the blood of COVID-19 vaccinees. In contrast, robust SARS-CoV-2 S-specific B and T cell responses were present in the BAL of COVID-19 convalescents. Furthermore, significant neutralizing antibody responses were only observed in the BAL from convalescents but not vaccinees, while both COVID-19 vaccinee and convalescent groups mounted marked neutralizing antibody responses in the blood. Thus, despite their induction of robust circulating humoral and cellular immunity, the current COVID-19 vaccines provoke relatively weak cellular and neutralizing antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract. Our results indicate that a mucosal booster vaccine may be needed to establish robust immunity in the respiratory mucosa, which could provide a strong first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 re-infection.
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Salat, Jiri, Kamil Mikulasek, Osmany Larralde, Petra Pokorna Formanova, Ales Chrdle, Jan Haviernik, Jana Elsterova, et al. "Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccines Contain Non-Structural Protein 1 Antigen and May Elicit NS1-Specific Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Individuals." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010081.
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Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is based on the use of formalin-inactivated, culture-derived whole-virus vaccines. Immune response following vaccination is primarily directed to the viral envelope (E) protein, the major viral surface antigen. In Europe, two TBE vaccines are available in adult and pediatric formulations, namely FSME-IMMUN® (Pfizer) and Encepur® (GlaxoSmithKline). Herein, we analyzed the content of these vaccines using mass spectrometry (MS). The MS analysis revealed that the Encepur vaccine contains not only proteins of the whole virus particle, but also viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). MS analysis of the FSME-IMMUN vaccine failed due to the high content of human serum albumin used as a stabilizer in the vaccine. However, the presence of NS1 in FSME-IMMUN was confirmed by immunization of mice with six doses of this vaccine, which led to a robust anti-NS1 antibody response. NS1-specific Western blot analysis also detected anti-NS1 antibodies in sera of humans who received multiple doses of either of these two vaccines; however, most vaccinees who received ≤3 doses were negative for NS1-specific antibodies. The contribution of NS1-specific antibodies to protection against TBE was demonstrated by immunization of mice with purified NS1 antigen, which led to a significant (p < 0.01) prolongation of the mean survival time after lethal virus challenge. This indicates that stimulation of anti-NS1 immunity by the TBE vaccines may increase their protective effect.
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Wang, Wei, Dequan Pan, Tong Cheng, and Hua Zhu. "Rational Design of a Skin- and Neuro-Attenuated Live Varicella Vaccine: A Review and Future Perspectives." Viruses 14, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14050848.
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Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection causes varicella, which remains a prominent public health concern in children. Current varicella vaccines adopt the live-attenuated Oka strain, vOka, which retains the ability to infect neurons, establish latency and reactivate, leading to vaccine-associated zoster in some vaccinees. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a safer next-generation varicella vaccine to help reduce vaccine hesitancy. This paper reviews the discovery and identification of the skin- and neuro-tropic factor, the open reading frame 7 (ORF7) of VZV, as well as the development of a skin- and neuro-attenuated live varicella vaccine comprising an ORF7-deficient mutant, v7D. This work could provide insights into the research of novel virus vaccines based on functional genomics and reverse genetics.
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Crum, Tommie, Kirsten Mooney, and Birendra R. Tiwari. "Current situation of vaccine injury compensation program and a future perspective in light of COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases." F1000Research 10 (December 7, 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51160.2.
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Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and reducing mortality. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review focuses on vaccine injury compensation programs and highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We conclude that the vaccine injury compensation programs are available in limited number of countries across four continents - mostly in Europe. Lack of standard approach and scope of injury prevention and compensation programs across the countries exists. Some important limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Therefore, additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.
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Crum, Tommie, Kirsten Mooney, and Birendra R. Tiwari. "Current situation of vaccine injury compensation program and a future perspective in light of COVID-19 and emerging viral diseases." F1000Research 10 (July 26, 2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51160.1.
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Background: Vaccines have had a great impact on disease prevention and mortality reduction. Very rarely, vaccines also can result in serious adverse effects. In consideration of this fact, vaccine injury compensation programs have been implemented in many countries to compensate a vaccinee for associated adverse effects. The existing vaccine injury compensation system addresses routine immunization schemes. However, there are rising concerns about the compensation for adverse effects caused by new vaccines such as those developed for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this article is to review the existing vaccine injury compensation programs in different countries. The review also highlights the necessity to include all upcoming new vaccines for COVID-19 and other emerging viral diseases in the compensation schemes. Methods: Published articles relating to vaccine compensation injury programs, vaccines, injuries, disabilities, illnesses, and deaths resulting from vaccination were searched in data bases. Through a careful review of the abstracts, 25 relevant articles were selected for analysis. Results: We identified 27 countries on four continents with vaccine injury compensation schemes: 17 countries in Europe, 7 countries in Asia, the United States, a Canadian Province and New Zealand. No programs were identified in Africa and in South America. Program design, funding, and eligibility for compensation vary vastly between countries. We identified 17 countries operating well-established vaccine injury compensation programs. However, minimal information is available on numerous other countries. Conclusion: We have identified 27 countries operating vaccine injury compensation programs. In Canada, Quebec is the only province with a scheme; however, discussions are ongoing in Canada for nationwide implementation in light of COVID 19. Study limitations include limited scientific material, which hindered our research. Additional data concerning payout for each type of injury and the number of claimants related to a specific vaccine injury worldwide could provide a more comprehensive analysis.
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Souan, Lina, Hikmat Abdel-Razeq, Muna Al Zughbieh, Sara Al Badr, and Maher A. Sughayer. "Comparative Assessment of the Kinetics of Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients." Viruses 15, no. 7 (June 26, 2023): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v15071439.
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Objective: The kinetics of immune responses to various SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in cancer patients were investigated. Methods: In total, 57 cancer patients who received BNT162b2-RNA or BBIBP-CorV vaccines were enrolled. Cellular and humoral immunity were assessed at three-time points, before the first vaccine dose and 14–21 days after the first and second doses. Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay was used to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG response, and QuantiFERON® SARS-CoV-2 kit assessed T-cell response. Results: Data showed that cancer patients’ CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-median IFN-γ secretion of SARS-CoV-2 antigens increased after the first and second vaccine doses (p = 0.027 and p = 0.042). BNT162b2 vaccinees had significantly higher IFN-γ levels to CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes than BBIBP-CorV vaccinees (p = 0.028). There was a positive correlation between IgG antibody titer and T cell response regardless of vaccine type (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study is one of the first to investigate cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 immunization in cancer patients on active therapy after each vaccine dose. COVID-19 immunizations helped cancer patients develop an effective immune response. Understanding the cellular and humoral immune response to COVID-19 in cancer patients undergoing active treatment is necessary to improve vaccines and avoid future SARS pandemics.
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Lin, Jihan. "New Possibilities for Cancer Immunotherapy Discovered Through Cancer Vaccines." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 74 (December 29, 2023): 1680–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/rxtkht22.
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Cancer vaccine, a type of cancer immunotherapy, works by enhancing the identification and eradicating antigens, preventing cancer recurrence and stopping the growth or spread of tumors function. Because cancer vaccines are highly specific and therapeutically effective in preventing and treating cancer, it is gradually becoming the mainstay of cancer immunotherapy. First, some malignancies have relatively poor immunotherapy response rates, thus it's important to talk about ways to boost reactive T cell activity. In addition, how to combine cancer vaccines with other immunotherapies will be a challenge for cancer immunotherapy. In addition, how to apply adjuvants as well as novel materials as cancer vaccine delivery agents will also be the focus of subsequent cancer vaccine research. Currently, scientists aspire to use adjuvants to enhance the immunization effect of cancer vaccines and reduce their cost. This essay will concentrate on the cancer vaccine's mode of action, classification, benefits, and drawbacks, as well as its issues and possible uses. It will also offer suggestions for future cancer vaccine research and development.
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Giannecchini, Simone, Patrizia Isola, Olimpia Sichi, Donatella Matteucci, Mauro Pistello, Lucia Zaccaro, Daniela Del Mauro, and Mauro Bendinelli. "AIDS Vaccination Studies Using an Ex Vivo Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Model: Failure To Protect and Possible Enhancement of Challenge Infection by Four Cell-Based Vaccines Prepared with Autologous Lymphoblasts." Journal of Virology 76, no. 14 (July 15, 2002): 6882–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.14.6882-6892.2002.
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ABSTRACT Immunogenicity and protective activity of four cell-based feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccines prepared with autologous lymphoblasts were investigated. One vaccine was composed of FIV-infected cells that were paraformaldehyde fixed at the peak of viral expression. The other vaccines were attempts to maximize the expression of protective epitopes that might become exposed as a result of virion binding to cells and essentially consisted of cells mildly fixed after saturation of their surface with adsorbed, internally inactivated FIV particles. The levels of FIV-specific lymphoproliferation exhibited by the vaccinees were comparable to the ones previously observed in vaccine-protected cats, but antibodies were largely directed to cell-derived constituents rather than to truly viral epitopes and had very poor FIV-neutralizing activity. Moreover, under one condition of testing, some vaccine sera enhanced FIV replication in vitro. As a further limit, the vaccines proved inefficient at priming animals for anamnestic immune responses. Two months after completion of primary immunization, the animals were challenged with a low dose of homologous ex vivo FIV. Collectively, 8 of 20 vaccinees developed infection versus one of nine animals mock immunized with fixed uninfected autologous lymphoblasts. After a boosting and rechallenge with a higher virus dose, all remaining animals became infected, thus confirming their lack of protection.
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Gokdemir, Ozden, Selda Yorok, Bennur Koca, and Ayla Acikgoz. "Vaccine hesitancy among university students of healthcare." Medicine Science | International Medical Journal 11, no. 4 (2022): 1581. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2022.08.179.
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The World Health Organization defines vaccine hesitancy as "the refusal or delay in accepting vaccines despite the availability of immunization services." When a person rejects all vaccines, it is referred to as vaccine rejection. Vaccine hesitancy stems from a lack of trust in the vaccine and apprehension about side effects, as well as a lack of knowledge about vaccines and sociocultural factors. The research aims to determine the COVID-19 vaccine indecision and attitudes of students studying in the field of health. This study is a cross-sectional research project. Vaccine rejection is among the independent variables included in the logistic regression model developed to determine the factors influencing trust in the content of the COVID-19 vaccine. When compared to medical school students, vaccine rejections were found to be 3.05 times greater for vocational school students and 2.47 times for midwifery-nursing students. The majority of the participants had been vaccinated at the time of the study, but only 9.5% of them stated that they trusted the vaccine's active ingredient. In conclusion, even though the majority of students reported that they did not trust vaccine indigents, the decision to become fully vaccinated during the school year had a positive effect on the overall health situation.
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Khattak, Saadullah, Muhammad Idrees, Hafiza Iqra Iqbal, Maqbool Khan, Nasir Assad, Muhammad Naeem Khan, Muhammad Tufail Yousaf, et al. "Assessment of Attitudes and Intentions towards COVID-19 Vaccines and Associated Factors among General Populations of Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101583.
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Objective: The goal of public health in combatting COVID-19 is to increase herd immunity. However, vaccine reluctance makes attaining herd immunity a worldwide challenge. This investigation aimed to identify negative and positive attitudes and intentions about COVID-19 vaccinations. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted once free COVID-19 vaccines became available in Pakistan in 2021. 4392 Pakistanis aged 18 and older were surveyed from seven administrative units between 1 July and 30 August 2021. Online structured questionnaires were utilized to collect data using a simple sampling procedure. The questionnaires were divided into three major sections: sociodemographic, health factors, and attitudes toward COVID-19. Results: The survey link was shared with approximately 4500 participants. 97.6%(4392) completed the survey once begun. Frequency, percentage and Chi-square tests were used to analyze statistical data. Most of the participants in the research were men (2703 (61.54%)), 3277 (74.61%) were aged 18–29 years, and 1824 (41.53%) were residents of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. (18.69%) Respondents expressed COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, whereas 36.66% of participants liked getting the Sinopharm and Sinovac vaccines and (35.84%) of participants preferred the Pfizer vaccine. A significant number of participants (38.05%) were concerned about the vaccine’s unexpected side effects Thus, it is essential to realize that many participants were concerned about the vaccine’s unexpected side effects. Conclusions: The overall high level of concern about the unforeseen side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as widespread vaccine hesitancy among Pakistani populations and its predictors, should be taken into account if public health intervention campaigns in Pakistan are changing negative attitudes and improving compliance with regard to COVID-19 vaccines.
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Liu, Chuyao, Aiyun Lu, and Xiaoyu Wu. "COVID-19 Vaccine Comparison: How to Choose the Best Suiting Vaccine for Different Needs." E3S Web of Conferences 292 (2021): 03080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203080.
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Varied measurements have been developed to solve the COVID-19 pandemic, and one of the best ways is vaccines. This paper aims to compare different kinds of vaccines and help people or countries to choose the best suitable vaccine needs based on their different needs. It provides a broader and more detailed analysis of variant vaccines on different levels. In the sequence of technology maturity, inactivated vaccines including CoronaVac, BBIBP-CorV vaccine, and WIBP-CorV vaccine, viral-based vector vaccines including AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine and Johnson & Johnson’s COVID-19 vaccine, and mRNA vaccines including Moderna vaccine and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine have been discussed. There are several important elements of these vaccines, for example, mechanism, effectiveness, and side effects. Different criteria make comparison. For effectiveness, in general, Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines could be a better choice. For cost-performance ratio, the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is the best. As for inoculators’ age and race, old people are suggested to take CoronaVac, and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and CoronaVac are suitable for all races. In terms of mutant variant distribution, CoronaVac could be the best choice. Based on safety concerns, inactivated vaccines are better choices. For the developing period, mRNA vaccines win the game. In conclusion, this paper provides further directions for countries seeking the best suitable vaccine for their citizens. After comparing the main vaccines available, we provide a clear view of when countries decide. There would be specific vaccines best suiting specific needs of inoculators and countries.
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Knight-Jones, T. J. D., K. Edmond, S. Gubbins, and D. J. Paton. "Veterinary and human vaccine evaluation methods." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1784 (June 7, 2014): 20132839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2839.
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Despite the universal importance of vaccines, approaches to human and veterinary vaccine evaluation differ markedly. For human vaccines, vaccine efficacy is the proportion of vaccinated individuals protected by the vaccine against a defined outcome under ideal conditions, whereas for veterinary vaccines the term is used for a range of measures of vaccine protection. The evaluation of vaccine effectiveness , vaccine protection assessed under routine programme conditions, is largely limited to human vaccines. Challenge studies under controlled conditions and sero-conversion studies are widely used when evaluating veterinary vaccines, whereas human vaccines are generally evaluated in terms of protection against natural challenge assessed in trials or post-marketing observational studies. Although challenge studies provide a standardized platform on which to compare different vaccines, they do not capture the variation that occurs under field conditions. Field studies of vaccine effectiveness are needed to assess the performance of a vaccination programme. However, if vaccination is performed without central co-ordination, as is often the case for veterinary vaccines, evaluation will be limited. This paper reviews approaches to veterinary vaccine evaluation in comparison to evaluation methods used for human vaccines. Foot-and-mouth disease has been used to illustrate the veterinary approach. Recommendations are made for standardization of terminology and for rigorous evaluation of veterinary vaccines.
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Camacho, Luiz Antonio Bastos, Marcos da Silva Freire, Maria da Luz Fernandes Leal, Savitri Gomes de Aguiar, Jussara Pereira do Nascimento, Takumi Iguchi, José de Azevedo Lozana, and Roberto Henrique Guedes Farias. "Immunogenicity of WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD yellow fever vaccines: a randomized trial." Revista de Saúde Pública 38, no. 5 (October 2004): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102004000500009.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the immunogenicity of three yellow fever vaccines from WHO-17D and Brazilian 17DD substrains (different seed-lots). METHODS: An equivalence trial was carried out involving 1,087 adults in Rio de Janeiro. Vaccines produced by Bio-Manguinhos, Fiocruz (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) were administered following standardized procedures adapted to allow blocked randomized allocation of participants to coded vaccine types (double-blind). Neutralizing yellow fever antibody titters were compared in pre- and post-immunization serum samples. Equivalence was defined as a difference of no more than five percentage points in seroconversion rates, and ratio between Geometric Mean Titters (GMT) higher than 0.67. RESULTS: Seroconversion rates were 98% or higher among subjects previously seronegative, and 90% or more of the total cohort of vaccinees, including those previously seropositive. Differences in seroconversion ranged from -0.05% to -3.02%. The intensity of the immune response was also very similar across vaccines: 14.5 to 18.6 IU/mL. GMT ratios ranged from 0.78 to 0.93. Taking the placebo group into account, the vaccines explained 93% of seroconversion. Viremia was detected in 2.7% of vaccinated subjects from Day 3 to Day 7. CONCLUSIONS: The equivalent immunogenicity of yellow fever vaccines from the 17D and 17DD substrains was demonstrated for the first time in placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial. The study completed the clinical validation process of a new vaccine seed-lot, provided evidence for use of alternative attenuated virus substrains in vaccine production for a major manufacturer, and for the utilization of the 17DD vaccine in other countries.
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Whelan, Allison M. "Lowering the Age of Consent: Pushing Back against the Anti-Vaccine Movement." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 3 (2016): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516667942.
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This article examines the rise of the anti-vaccination movement, the proliferation of laws allowing parental exemptions to mandatory school vaccines, and the impact of the movement on immunization rates for all vaccines. It uses the ongoing debate about the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as an example to highlight the ripple effect and consequences of the anti-vaccine movement despite robust evidence of the vaccine's safety and efficacy. The article scrutinizes how state legislatures ironically promote vaccination while simultaneously deferring to the opposition by promulgating broad opt-outs from mandatory vaccine laws. This article concludes by offering an alternative legislative approach to specifically combat the anti-vaccine movement's impact on HPV vaccination rates. Lowering the age of consent has not been widely attempted or proposed and provides an alternative statutory mechanism to push back against vaccine resistance.
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Turlewicz-Podbielska, Hanna, Anna Kuriga, Rafał Niemyjski, Grzegorz Tarasiuk, and Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól. "African Swine Fever Virus as a Difficult Opponent in the Fight for a Vaccine—Current Data." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071212.
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Prevention and control of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Europe, Asia, and Africa seem to be extremely difficult in view of the ease with which it spreads, its high resistance to environmental conditions, and the many obstacles related to the introduction of effective specific immunoprophylaxis. Biological properties of ASFV indicate that the African swine fever (ASF) pandemic will continue to develop and that only the implementation of an effective and safe vaccine will ensure a reduction in the spread of ASFV. At present, vaccines against ASF are not available. The latest approaches to the ASFV vaccine’s design concentrate on the development of either modified live vaccines by targeted gene deletion from different isolates or subunit vaccines. The construction of an effective vaccine is hindered by the complex structure of the virus, the lack of an effective continuous cell line for the isolation and propagation of ASFV, unpredictable and stain-specific phenotypes after the genetic modification of ASFV, a risk of reversion to virulence, and our current inability to differentiate infected animals from vaccinated ones. Moreover, the design of vaccines intended for wild boars and oral administration is desirable. Despite several obstacles, the design of a safe and effective vaccine against ASFV seems to be achievable.
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Zhu, Hongwei. "Exploring the value of mRNA vaccines." Theoretical and Natural Science 16, no. 1 (December 4, 2023): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/16/20240598.
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Vaccine development has now been widely used in various medical fields, such as disease prevention, cancer treatment, etc. Therefore, vaccine development has been a hot topic in the medical field in recent years. According to different production methods, vaccines can be divided into three categories: whole-microbial vaccines, subunit vaccines, and genetic vaccines. This article focuses on the design of vaccines using only genetic material, known as genetic vaccines. This type of vaccine is a vaccine that uses specific genetic material to transcribe and translate specific proteins to produce specific antigens. It is more effective and safer. Based on the design and production of mRNA vaccines and their application in treatment in recent years, this article proposes the advancement and shortcomings of mRNA vaccines in the medical field and provides corresponding reference opinions for vaccine development. The original intention of this article is to further improve the effectiveness of mRNA vaccines and thereby benefit society.
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Hanke, Tomáš, Andrew J. McMichael, and Lucy Dorrell. "Clinical experience with plasmid DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade A vaccine focusing on T-cell induction." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82493-0.
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Candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines focusing on T-cell induction, constructed as pTHr.HIVA DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA).HIVA, were delivered in a heterologous prime–boost regimen. The vaccines were tested in several hundred healthy or HIV-1-infected volunteers in Europe and Africa. Whilst larger trials of hundreds of volunteers suggested induction of HIV-1-specific T-cell responses in <15 % of healthy vaccinees, a series of small, rapid trials in 12–24 volunteers at a time with a more in-depth analysis of vaccine-elicited T-cell responses proved to be highly informative and provided more encouraging results. These trials demonstrated that the pTHr.HIVA vaccine alone primed consistently weak and mainly CD4+, but also CD8+ T-cell responses, and the MVA.HIVA vaccine delivered a consistent boost to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which was particularly strong in HIV-1-infected patients. Thus, whilst the search is on for ways to enhance T-cell priming, MVA is a useful boosting vector for human subunit genetic vaccines.
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Pálinkás, Anita, and János Sándor. "Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination in Preventing All-Cause Mortality among Adults during the Third Wave of the Epidemic in Hungary: Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study." Vaccines 10, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071009.
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Our investigation aimed to describe the all-cause mortality rates by COVID-19 vaccination groups in Hungary for an epidemic period (1 April 2021–20 June 2021) and a nonepidemic period (21 June 2021–15 August 2021), and to determine the vaccines’ effectiveness in preventing all-cause mortality utilizing nonepidemic effectiveness measures to adjust for the healthy vaccinee effect (HVE). Sociodemographic status, comorbidity, primary care structural characteristics, and HVE-adjusted survival difference between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated cohorts in the epidemic period had been computed by Cox regression models, separately for each vaccine (six vaccines were available in Hungary). Hazard ratio (HR) reduction in epidemic period corrected with nonepidemic period’s HR with 95% confidence interval for each vaccine was used to describe the vaccine effectiveness (VE). The whole adult population (N = 6,404,702) of the country was followed in this study (4,026,849 fully vaccinated). Each vaccine could reduce the HVE-corrected all-cause mortality in the epidemic period (VEOxford/AstraZeneca = 0.592 [0.518–0.655], VEJanssen = 0.754 [0.628–0.838], VEModerna = 0.573 [0.526–0.615], VEPfizer-BioNTech = 0.487 [0.461–0.513], VESinopharm = 0.530 [0.496–0.561], and VESputnik V = 0.557 [0.493–0.614]). The HVE-corrected general mortality for COVID-19 vaccine cohorts demonstrated the real-life effectiveness of vaccines applied in Hungary, and the usefulness of this indicator to convince vaccine hesitants.
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Boshra, Marian S., Raghda R. S. Hussein, Marwa Mohsen, Ahmed A. Elberry, Ahmed E. Altyar, Mahmoud Tammam, and Rania M. Sarhan. "A Battle against COVID-19: Vaccine Hesitancy and Awareness with a Comparative Study between Sinopharm and AstraZeneca." Vaccines 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020292.
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Background: Awareness about the COVID-19 vaccine’s adverse effects is crucial for gaining public trust. As we still lack proof of vaccines’ safety, this survey aimed to investigate Egyptians’ general awareness of the Sinopharm and AstraZeneca vaccines against COVID-19 and provide considerable evidence on their side effects and complications. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in Egypt between 20 September and 10 October in 2021, with multiple-choice questions (MCQs) covering all data on vaccine administration confusion, adverse effects or intensity, and complications. Results: Among the 390 participants, 42.3% reported being hesitant before receiving one of the vaccines. About 40.3% of participants were previously infected before getting vaccinated while only 4.6% reported being infected after vaccination. The AstraZeneca vaccine demonstrated higher side effects and symptoms than the Sinopharm vaccine while the Sinopharm vaccine showed a significantly higher rate of COVID-19 infection after vaccination. Conclusions: People with higher educational levels and chronic respiratory diseases represent an excellent model for accepting COVID-19 vaccination. A booster shot is recommended for people vaccinated with the Sinopharm vaccine due to a significantly higher rate of COVID-19 infection after vaccination; however, the Sinopharm vaccine shows a more acceptable safety profile.
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Ahiakpa, John K., Nanma T. Cosmas, Felix E. Anyiam, Kingsley O. Enalume, Ibrahim Lawan, Ijuptil B. Gabriel, Chinonyelum L. Oforka, et al. "COVID-19 vaccines uptake: Public knowledge, awareness, perception and acceptance among adult Africans." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): e0268230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268230.
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Introduction The willingness of Africa’s population to patronise the COVID-19 vaccines is critical to the efficiency of national immunisation programmes. This study surveys the views of adult African inhabitants toward vaccination and the possibility of participating or not participating in governments’ efforts to get citizens vaccinated. Method A cross-sectional online survey of adult Africans was undertaken from December 2020 to March 2021. Responses were anonymised. The Pearson Chi-square test was performed to determine whether or not there were any variations in knowledge, awareness, perception and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines among the participants. Binomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the factors associated with willingness to accept the COVID-19 vaccines and participate in immunisation programmes. Results The results indicate that COVID-19 vaccines are more likely to be used by adult Africans over the age of 18 who are largely technologically savvy (55 percent) if the vaccine is made broadly available. A total of 33 percent of those who responded said they were unlikely to receive the vaccine, with another 15 percent stating they were undecided. Aside from that, we found that vaccine hesitancy was closely associated with socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education and source of information. We also found that there were widespread conspiracies and myths about the COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusion More than one-third of African adults who participated in the survey indicated they would not receive the COVID-19 vaccine, with majority of them expressing skepticisms about the vaccine’s efficacy. It is possible that many of the people who would not be vaccinated would have an impact on the implementation of a COVID-19 immunisation programme that is meant for all of society. Majority of the respondents were unwilling to pay for the COVID-19 vaccines when made available. An awareness campaign should be focused on promoting the benefits of vaccination at the individual and population levels, as well as on taking preemptive actions to debunk misconceptions about the vaccines before they become further widespread.
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Kim, Ji Yeun, So Yun Lim, Soonju Park, Ji-Soo Kwon, Seongman Bae, Ji Young Park, Hye Hee Cha, et al. "Immune Responses to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 Vaccines and to Natural Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infections Over a 3-Month Period." Journal of Infectious Diseases 225, no. 5 (November 25, 2021): 777–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab579.
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Abstract Background There are limited data directly comparing immune responses to vaccines and to natural infections with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study assessed the immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines over a 3-month period and compared the immune responses with those to natural infections. Method We enrolled healthcare workers who received BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines and patients with confirmed COVID-19 and then measured S1 immunoglobulin (Ig) G and neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses. Results A total of 121 vaccinees and 26 patients with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed. After the second dose, the BNT162b2 vaccine yielded S1 IgG antibody responses similar to those achieved with natural infections (mean IgG titer [standard deviation], 2241 [899] vs 2601 [5039]; P = .68) but significantly stronger than responses to the ChAdOx1 vaccine (174 [96]; P < .001). The neutralizing antibody titer generated by BNT162b2 was 6-fold higher than that generated by ChAdOx1 but lower than that by natural infection. T-cell responses persisted for 3 months with BNT162b2 and natural infection but decreased with ChAdOx1. Conclusions Antibody responses after the second dose of BNT162b2 are higher than after the second dose of ChAdOx1 and like those occurring after natural infection. T-cell responses are maintained longer in BNT162b2 vaccinees than in ChAdOx1 vaccinees.
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Lu, Zhichen. "How successful are some existing vaccinations in preventing COVID?" Transactions on Materials, Biotechnology and Life Sciences 1 (November 13, 2023): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/2sf0rs31.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has placed immense pressure on the global healthcare sector. The rapid development of vaccines has significantly alleviated the rampant spread of the COVID-19 virus. This research paper aims to determine the success rates of various types of vaccines in preventing COVID. It will first list the brand of the vaccine, then identify the type of vaccine, and describe how the vaccine functions in providing the body immunity from the coronavirus, and finally it will compare the vaccines’ success rates in preventing the patient from being infected with COVID. Coronavirus vaccine types include recombinant subunit vaccines, which injects a part of the virus into the body; viral vector vaccines, which gene vaccines and whole virus vaccines. This comprehensive review will assist us in gaining a deeper understanding of COVID-19 vaccines and provide a foundation for subsequent efforts to further optimize vaccine development.
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Mohamed Bulla, Haghamad Allzain. "COVID -19: EFFICACY AND SAFETY PROFILE OF MAIN VACCINES APPROVED FOR EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION IN 2021." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 7 (August 7, 2021): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i7.2021.4062.
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Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new member of the human coronaviruses family. It is a single-strand positive-strand nucleic acid (ssRNA), It also has spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. The (S) protein is responsible for recognising and binding to receptors on the surface of host cells and plays an important role in the first step of viral infection. Coronavirus-2 is identified in late 2019 as the causative agent of a new disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China associated with severe medical complications and even death in some cases. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the novel disease outbreak as a pandemic. Current Coronavirus pandemic is the most challenging health emergency to humanity in this century, with globally reported (184 .324 .026) confirmed cases and ( 3. 992. 680) confirmed deaths ,as of 7th July 2021, according to WHO.
Preventive measures of social distancing face masks wearing, hand washing and lockdown have slowed the spread of COVID-19, but the ideal one is vaccination to protect individuals and create everlasting change and return to normalcy. Efficacy and safety of vaccines is very essential to gain public trust.
There is a great variation in people’s confidence in vaccines that relies on several factors, including awareness about vaccines, its side effects, safety and efficacy.
The objective of this review is to provide concise sound knowledge concerning the main approved vaccines for protection against COVID -19 emerged from various phases of vaccines clinical trials and medical practices, to enhance public trust and to tackle vaccine skepticism .
This study also intended to educate about the vaccine’s side effects, that may prompt individuals to receive the vaccine after comparing the acceptable side effects with the disease’s severity and there by promote communities confidence in the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.
This review examines efficacy and safety profile of some authorized vaccines such as Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA, (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273) ,Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S, CoronaVac vaccine and Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V).
The review concluded that currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines are effective and prevent serious COVID-19 symptoms and related hospitalization and death. They are safe with acceptable minor local and systemic side effects, reported by some recipients’ of the vaccine and are similar to the known side effects encountered with previously known vaccines such as seasonal influenza vaccine, as expected outcomes of immune response to the vaccines. The reported serious side effects were very rare.
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Cheng, Mei-Yun, Hsuan-Chen Ho, Jung-Lung Hsu, Yi Wang, Linyi Chen, Siew-Na Lim, Ming-Feng Liao, and Long-Sun Ro. "Clinical Research into Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases Related to COVID-19 Vaccines." Diseases 12, no. 3 (March 20, 2024): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases12030060.
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Various vaccines have been developed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the safety of vaccines has become an important issue. COVID-19 vaccine-related central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS IDDs) have been reported recently. We present one case of AstraZeneca vaccine-related myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease and a literature review of another 78 patients published from January 2020 to October 2022. Patients were divided into three vaccine types (viral vector, mRNA, and inactivated vaccines) for further analyses. Among 79 patients with COVID-19 vaccine-related CNS IDDs, 49 (62%) cases received viral vector vaccines, 20 (25.3%) received mRNA vaccines, and 10 (12.7%) received inactivated vaccines. Twenty-seven cases (34.2%) were confirmed with autoantibodies, including fifteen patients (19%) with anti-MOG, eleven (13.9%) with anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and one (1.3%) with both antibodies. Significantly, more males developed CNS IDDs post viral vector vaccines compared to mRNA and inactivated vaccines. Patients receiving mRNA vaccines were older than those receiving other types. Furthermore, mRNA and inactivated vaccines correlated more with anti-AQP4 antibodies, while viral vector vaccines showed higher MOG positivity. This research suggests potential associations between COVID-19 vaccine-related CNS IDDs and gender, age, and autoantibodies, contingent on vaccine types. Protein sequence analysis implies similarities between the S protein and AQP4/MOG. Further studies may elucidate the mechanisms of CNS IDDs, aiding vaccine selection for specific types.
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Pushko, Peter, Igor S. Lukashevich, Dylan M. Johnson, and Irina Tretyakova. "Single-Dose Immunogenic DNA Vaccines Coding for Live-Attenuated Alpha- and Flaviviruses." Viruses 16, no. 3 (March 10, 2024): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16030428.
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Single-dose, immunogenic DNA (iDNA) vaccines coding for whole live-attenuated viruses are reviewed. This platform, sometimes called immunization DNA, has been used for vaccine development for flavi- and alphaviruses. An iDNA vaccine uses plasmid DNA to launch live-attenuated virus vaccines in vitro or in vivo. When iDNA is injected into mammalian cells in vitro or in vivo, the RNA genome of an attenuated virus is transcribed, which starts replication of a defined, live-attenuated vaccine virus in cell culture or the cells of a vaccine recipient. In the latter case, an immune response to the live virus vaccine is elicited, which protects against the pathogenic virus. Unlike other nucleic acid vaccines, such as mRNA and standard DNA vaccines, iDNA vaccines elicit protection with a single dose, thus providing major improvement to epidemic preparedness. Still, iDNA vaccines retain the advantages of other nucleic acid vaccines. In summary, the iDNA platform combines the advantages of reverse genetics and DNA immunization with the high immunogenicity of live-attenuated vaccines, resulting in enhanced safety and immunogenicity. This vaccine platform has expanded the field of genetic DNA and RNA vaccines with a novel type of immunogenic DNA vaccines that encode entire live-attenuated viruses.
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Zhuang, Li, Zhaoyang Ye, Linsheng Li, Ling Yang, and Wenping Gong. "Next-Generation TB Vaccines: Progress, Challenges, and Prospects." Vaccines 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2023): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081304.
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Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is a prevalent global infectious disease and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Currently, the only available vaccine for TB prevention is Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG). However, BCG demonstrates limited efficacy, particularly in adults. Efforts to develop effective TB vaccines have been ongoing for nearly a century. In this review, we have examined the current obstacles in TB vaccine research and emphasized the significance of understanding the interaction mechanism between MTB and hosts in order to provide new avenues for research and establish a solid foundation for the development of novel vaccines. We have also assessed various TB vaccine candidates, including inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, viral vector vaccines, DNA vaccines, and the emerging mRNA vaccines as well as virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, which are currently in preclinical stages or clinical trials. Furthermore, we have discussed the challenges and opportunities associated with developing different types of TB vaccines and outlined future directions for TB vaccine research, aiming to expedite the development of effective vaccines. This comprehensive review offers a summary of the progress made in the field of novel TB vaccines.
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Suo, Zhaotaize. "Universal Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 and Influenza." E3S Web of Conferences 553 (2024): 05044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455305044.
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Universal vaccines appeared as a favorable solution for the rapid mutation of viruses that cause pandemics. Sufficient immune protection, safe and efficient production methods, and low-cost funding are ideal properties for universal vaccines. Targeting conserved regions, use of adjuvants, cell-mediated immunity approaches, virus-like particles, and multimeric presentation of viral antigens are strategies to enhance vaccine Immunogenicity. Different types of vaccines have been put into clinical trials, such as messenger RNA vaccines, on-replicating viral vector vaccines, and recombinant protein-based vaccines, which are proven to suit the needs of universal vaccine investigation. Moreover, this article introduces the universal vaccine development of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza variants, their vaccine candidates, research results, and the challenges faced. Universal vaccines are the trend of future viral protection, with more and more new technologies entering the field, a universal vaccine is within reach.
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Pascolo, Steve. "Vaccines against COVID-19: Priority to mRNA-Based Formulations." Cells 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 2716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10102716.
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As of September 2021, twenty-one anti-COVID-19 vaccines have been approved in the world. Their utilization will expedite an end to the current pandemic. Besides the usual vaccine formats that include inactivated viruses (eight approved vaccines) and protein-based vaccines (four approved vaccines), three new formats have been validated: recombinant adenovirus (six approved vaccines), DNA (one approved vaccine), and messenger RNA (mRNA, two approved vaccines). The latter was the fastest (authorized in 2020 in the EU, the USA, and Switzerland). Most Western countries have reserved or use the protein vaccines, the adenovirus vaccines, and mRNA vaccines. I describe here the different vaccine formats in the context of COVID-19, detail the three formats that are chiefly reserved or used in Europe, Canada, and the USA, and discuss why the mRNA vaccines appear to be the superior format.