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Chang, Lee-Jah, Ya Meng, Helene Janosczyk, Victoria Landolfi, and H. Keipp Talbot. "LB14. Safety and Immunogenicity of High-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Administered by Intramuscular Route in Subjects Aged 65 Years and Older." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy229.2188.
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Abstract Background Older adults (≥65 years of age) remain at increased risk of influenza because they do not respond to standard dose influenza vaccines as well as younger adults. A high dose, inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine, IIV3-HD, containing four times the antigen content (60 µg hemagglutinin per influenza strain) of standard-dose influenza vaccines has been available in the United States since 2010. Two distinct B influenza lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) have co-circulated for over a decade, making it difficult to predict which will predominate the next season. IIV4-HD has been developed to address the frequent influenza B strain mismatches by incorporating a strain from each B lineage. This pivotal Phase III study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of IIV4-HD as compared with two IIV3-HD vaccines. Method A randomized, modified double-blind, multicenter study (NCT03282240) was conducted in 2670 healthy subjects in the United States, who were randomly assigned to receive IIV4-HD, a licensed IIV3-HD, or an IIV3-HD with the alternate B influenza strain. Using the hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) assay at baseline and 28 days after vaccination, post-vaccination geometric mean titers and seroconversion rates were measured. Safety data were collected through 6 months post-vaccination. Result IIV4-HD was noninferior to the licensed IIV3-HD and the investigational IIV3-HD (containing the alternate B strain) for all four influenza strains as assessed by HAI GMTs and seroconversion rates. Moreover, IIV4-HD induced a superior immune response (HAI GMTs and seroconversion rates) compared with the immune response induced by the IIV3-HD that does not contain the corresponding B strain. Reactogenicity profiles were comparable across all study groups. Most unsolicited adverse events were of Grade 1 or Grade 2 intensity. One serious adverse event considered related by the Investigator was reported in the IIV4-HD group. Conclusion Vaccination of adults 65 years of age and older with IIV4-HD was found to be noninferior to two IIV3-HD vaccines with a similar safety profile. The addition of a second B lineage strain does not adversely affect the safety or immunogenicity profile of IIV4-HD compared with IIV3-HD. Disclosures L. J. Chang, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. Y. Meng, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. H. Janosczyk, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. V. Landolfi, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. H. K. Talbot, Sanofi Pasteur: Investigator, Research grant. Gilead: Investigator, Research grant. MedImmune: Investigator, Research grant. Vaxinnate: Safety Board, none. Seqirus: Safety Board, none.
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&NA;. "Additional safety measures for HPV vaccines in Japan." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1413 (August 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214130-00004.
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Kostinov, Mikhail P., Alexander P. Cherdantsev, Nelli K. Akhmatova, Daria A. Praulova, Aristitsa M. Kostinova, Elina A. Akhmatova, and Evgeniia O. Demina. "Immunogenicity and safety of subunit influenza vaccines in pregnant women." ERJ Open Research 4, no. 2 (April 2018): 00060–2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00060-2017.
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Pregnancy is a condition of modulated immune suppression, so this group of patients has increased risk of infectious diseases.Trivalent subunit vaccines, unadjusted Agrippal S1 (group I) and immunoadjuvant Grippol Plus (group II), containing 5 μg of actual influenza virus strains, were administered respectively to 37 and 42 women in the second and third trimester of physiological pregnancy.The administration of subunit influenza vaccines was accompanied by the development of local reactions in no more than 10% of patients, compared with 4.9% of the 41 pregnant women in the placebo group (group III). Systemic reactions were of a general somatic nature, did not differ between vaccinated and placebo groups, and were not associated with vaccination. Physiological births in groups I, II and III were 94.6%, 92.9% and 85.4%, respectively, and the birth rates of children without pathologies were 91.9%, 90.5% and 80.5%, respectively, and were comparable between groups. Vaccination stimulated the production of protective antibodies against influenza virus strains in 64.8–94.5% of patients after immunisation with an unadjusted vaccine and in 72.5–90.0% of patients after the administration of an immunoadjuvant vaccine. After 9 months, antibody levels were recorded in 51.3–72.9% in group I and 54.2–74.2% in group II. Immunisation against influenza in pregnant women provided a high level of seroprotection and seroconversion. Nevertheless, the level of seroprotection against the influenza strain A(H3N2, Victoria) was slightly lower in the group immunised with an unadjusted vaccine compared to those vaccinated with the immunoadjuvant vaccine.
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Ahn, Tae Kyu, Soo Kang, Jin Hui Paik, and Young Ho Seo. "Adverse events and preventive measures related to COVID-19 vaccines." Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15441/ceem.21.067.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are categorized according to the manufacturing technique, including mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines. According to previous studies, the reported efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine is excellent regardless of the type of vaccine, and the majority of studies have shown similar results for safety. Most of the adverse reactions after vaccination were mild or moderate grade, and severe reactions were reported in a very small proportion. However, the adverse reactions that might occur after nationwide vaccinations can contribute to crowding of emergency departments, and this can further lead to significant obstacles to providing necessary treatment for life-threatening conditions. Therefore, as emergency physicians, we would like to present some concerns and suggestions to prevent these predictable problems.
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Sattar, Naw Safrin, and Shaikh Arifuzzaman. "COVID-19 Vaccination Awareness and Aftermath: Public Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Data and Vaccinated Population Prediction in the USA." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 6128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136128.
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Social media, such as Twitter, is a source of exchanging information and opinion on global issues such as COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we work with a database of around 1.2 million tweets collected across five weeks of April–May 2021 to draw conclusions about public sentiments towards the vaccination outlook when vaccinations become widely available to the population during the COVID-19 pandemic. We deploy natural language processing and sentiment analysis techniques to reveal insights about COVID-19 vaccination awareness among the public. Our results show that people have positive sentiments towards taking COVID-19 vaccines instead of some adverse effects of some of the vaccines. We also analyze people’s attitude towards the safety measures of COVID-19 after receiving the vaccines. Again, the positive sentiment is higher than that of negative in terms of maintaining safety measures against COVID-19 among the vaccinated population. We also project that around 62.44% and 48% of the US population will get at least one dose of vaccine and be fully vaccinated, respectively, by the end of July 2021 according to our forecast model. This study will help to understand public reaction and aid the policymakers to project the vaccination campaign as well as health and safety measures in the ongoing global health crisis.
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Ibrahim, Mohammad Nabil, David B. Logan, Sjaan Koppel, and Brian Fildes. "Fatal and Serious Injury Rates for Different Travel Modes in Victoria, Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031924.
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While absolute injury numbers are widely used as a road safety indicator, they do not fully account for the likelihood of an injury given a certain level of exposure. Adjusting crash and injury rates for travel exposure can measure the magnitude of travel activity leading to crash outcomes and provide a more comprehensive indicator of safety. Fatal and serious injury (FSI) numbers were adjusted by three measures of travel exposure to estimate crash and injury rates across nine travel modes in the Australian state of Victoria. While car drivers accounted for the highest number of injuries across the three modes, their likelihood of being killed or seriously injured was substantially lower than that of motorcyclists across all exposure measures. Cyclists accounted for fewer injuries than car passengers and pedestrians but had a higher risk per exposure. The results varied by both injury severity and exposure measure. The results of this study will assist with high level transport planning by allowing for the investigation of the changes in travel-related FSI resulting from proposed travel mode shifts driven by safety, environmental reasons or other reasons as part of the holistic goal of transforming the transport system to full compliance with Safe System principles.
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Kent, Helen, Margaret E. Heffernan, Julie Silvers, Elya Moore, and Suzanne M. Garland. "Role of the nurse immuniser in implementing and maintaining the National Human Papillomavirus 'Cervical Cancer' Vaccine rollout through a school-based program in Victoria." Sexual Health 7, no. 3 (2010): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09148.
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In an effort to understand the strengths and limitations of current approaches to human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) delivery in schools, we conducted an audit of nurse immunisers (NI). In this survey of 159 Victorian NI, the NI perceived that knowledge, safety and side effects were among the most important issues raised by parents, schoolgirls, and teachers in the school setting. The most common concern identified by NIs was the physical layout of the vaccination setting (41%), followed by safety, then knowledge of the vaccine. There is a need for ongoing assessment of factors that improve or impede the delivery of HPV vaccines.
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Sharma, Eshani, Sraddha Revinipati, Saisha Bhandari, Sejal Thakur, Shubham Goyal, Aruni Ghose, Sukrit Bajpai, Waleed Muhammad, and Stergios Boussios. "Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines—An Update." Diseases 10, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040112.
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A few centuries ago, the first vaccine vial was formulated, and since then, they have resulted in an eminent reduction in infectious diseases associated morbidity and mortality. The discovery of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and the COVID-19 disease and its steady progression to a global pandemic with 603,711,760 confirmed cases and 6,484,136 reported deaths according to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 7 September 2022 was exceedingly catastrophic. This brought about an unexpected need for preventative and cost-effective measures to curb the devastating impact of the virus, followed by accelerated competition within the pharma giants to manufacture and dispense vaccines at an exponential rate. Non-pharmaceutical medications such as mandated face mask policies, the imposition of travel limitations and generalized disinfectant use were somewhat successful in mitigating the catastrophic effect, but the onus fell upon vaccination strategies and other medical interventions to counteract and subdue this international health threat. The need to ensure current and future pandemic preparedness, however, presents multiple hurdles, among which are equitable vaccine access and the rising trend of vaccine hesitancy at an individual and international level, which are beyond the scope of this discussion. With this review article, we seek to draw perspective on current COVID-19 virus variants, in-hand vaccine types with their mechanism of action along with their effectiveness and safety profile. We also aim to discuss substantial side effects while adding a segment on the booster dose controversy.
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Assefa, Ayalew, and Fufa Abunna. "Maintenance of Fish Health in Aquaculture: Review of Epidemiological Approaches for Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Fish." Veterinary Medicine International 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5432497.
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Aquaculture is rapidly growing part of agriculture worldwide. It makes up around 44 percent of total fish production globally. This increased growth of production is achieved despite facing many challenges in the aquaculture environment. Among production limiting challenges, the infectious disease takes the lion share by causing multibillion-dollar loss annually. To reduce the impact of the fish disease, it is necessary to address health constraints based on scientifically proven and recommended ways. This review aims at pointing out some of the best approaches to prevention and control of infectious disease in aquaculture. Among the effective prevention and control strategies, vaccination is one of the key practices. Types of vaccines for use in fish include killed vaccines, attenuated vaccines, DNA vaccines, recombinant technology vaccines, and synthetic peptide vaccines. Administration techniques of vaccines in fish include oral, injection, or immersion methods. Antibiotics are also in use in aquaculture despite their side effects in the development of drug resistance by microorganisms. Biological and chemical disease control strategies such as using probiotics, prebiotics, and medicinal plants are widely in use. Biosecurity measures in aquaculture can keep the safety of a facility from certain disease-causing agents that are absent in particular system. Farm-level biosecurity measures include strict quarantine measures, egg disinfection, traffic control, water treatments, clean feed, and disposal of mortalities. In conclusion, rather than trying to treat every disease case, it advisable to follow a preventive approach before the event of any disease outbreaks.
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Cheng, Daryl R., Hazel J. Clothier, Hannah J. Morgan, Emma Roney, Priya Shenton, Nicholas Cox, Bryn O. Jones, Silja Schrader, Nigel W. Crawford, and Jim P. Buttery. "Myocarditis and myopericarditis cases following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines administered to 12–17-year olds in Victoria, Australia." BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, no. 1 (June 2022): e001472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001472.
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Importance COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-associated myocarditis has previously been described; however specific features in the adolescent population are currently not well understood. Objective To describe myocarditis adverse events following immunisation reported following any COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in the adolescent population in Victoria, Australia. Design Statewide, population-based study. Setting Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Vaccination in the Community (SAEFVIC) is the vaccine-safety service for Victoria, Australia. Participants All SAEFVIC reports of myocarditis and myopericarditis in 12–17-year-old COVID-19 mRNA vaccinees submitted between 22 February 2021 and 22 February 2022, as well as accompanying diagnostic investigation results where available, were assessed using Brighton Collaboration criteria for diagnostic certainty. Exposures Any mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Main outcomes/Mmeasure Confirmed myocarditis as per Brighton Collaboration criteria (levels 1–3). Results Clinical review demonstrated definitive (Brighton level 1) or probable (level 2) diagnoses in 75 cases. Confirmed myocarditis reporting rates were 8.3 per 100 000 doses in this age group. Cases were predominantly male (n=62, 82.7%) and post dose 2 (n=61, 81.3%). Rates peaked in the 16–17-year-old age group and were higher in males than females (17.7 vs 3.9 per 100 000, p=<0.001). The most common presenting symptoms were chest pain, dyspnoea and palpitations. A large majority of cases who had a cardiac MRI had abnormalities (n=33, 91.7%). Females were more likely to have ongoing clinical symptoms at 1-month follow-up (p=0.02). Conclusion Accurate evaluation and confirmation of episodes of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-associated myocarditis enabled understanding of clinical phenotypes in the adolescent age group. Any potential vaccination and safety surveillance policies needs to consider age and gender differences.
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Hassan, Taimoor, and Saleha Saleha. "PAKISTAN’S PERSPECTIVE ON COVID-19 VACCINES." Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.03.1016.
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As of May 10, 2021, the entire planet has reported approximately 188 million COVID-19 cases, with 2.54 million fatalities. Initially, lockdowns and softening measures have been thrown into turmoil throughout the world since the outbreak. Our social life will only return to normal once an appropriate vaccine is produced and proper authorized preventive techniques are implemented. To tackle this pandemic, governments and health experts all around the globe are experimenting with a range of measures and preventative strategies. Certain nations are considered to be more successful than others in terms of providing safety to their inhabitants and increasing their economic activities. A plethora of vaccinations have been produced, and a research anthology has been published. However, medical personnel are still searching for a viable treatment to limit this pandemic. Till date, only 5 vaccines have been approved by WHO for emergency use that includes Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, Johnson & Johnson. Currently, confusing information about the COVID-19 vaccination is being disseminated across the world. During health emergency, rumors spread and caused panic, insanity, and anxiety. SARS-CoV-2 strains, on the other hand, are constantly appearing over the world. This article provides a Pakistan’s perspective towards COVID-19 vaccines with an updated review.
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Tian, Yan, Long Chen, and Yuan Shi. "Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of Varying Types of COVID-19 Vaccines in Children Younger Than 18 Years: An Update of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010087.
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Vaccination is one of the most effective measures for children as the epidemic progresses. However, there is a significant research gap in the meta-analysis of the COVID-19 vaccines for children younger than 18 years. This study is a comprehensive review of different COVID-19 vaccines. Published articles were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Twelve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of COVID-19 vaccines were included in the review until 21 October 2022. Most local and systemic adverse reactions were predominantly mild to moderate in severity and disappeared quickly after different types of vaccines. The subunit vaccine had the highest safety. The significant risk was lower in the subunit vaccine group after the initial (RR 1.66, 95% CI 1.26–2.17, p = 0.0003) and booster vaccination (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.02–1.92, p = 0.04). Younger children had a more outstanding safety profile in the mRNA and inactivated vaccine groups. The humoral immune response was proportional to the number of doses in the inactivated and the adenovirus vaccine groups, and the strength of immunogenicity was negatively correlated with age in the inactivated vaccine. The mRNA and the subunit vaccines provided satisfactory prevention against COVID-19, especially seven days after the booster dose. However, more research and longer-term follow-up are needed to assess the duration of immune responses, efficacy, and safety.
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Glass, Deborah, Christina Dimitriadis, Jessy Hansen, Fiona Hore-Lacy, Malcolm R. Sim, and Ryan F. Hoy. "Changes to Silica Exposure Control Measures in the Artificial Stone Benchtop Industry in Victoria Australia." Safety and Health at Work 13 (January 2022): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.786.
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Tang, Kuo-Tung, Bo-Chueh Hsu, and Der-Yuan Chen. "Immunogenicity, Effectiveness, and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines in Rheumatic Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Biomedicines 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10040834.
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Background: Vaccination is one of the most important measures worldwide to halt the spread of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the efficacy and safety of these vaccines in rheumatic patients are not well explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a literature search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases on 17 November 2021. Forty-seven studies relevant to the immunogenicity, efficacy/effectiveness, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines were selected. Results: Our results demonstrated that COVID-19 vaccination is effective in protecting rheumatic patients from severe illness caused by the virus. Both the humoral and cellular immunogenicity of vaccines were impaired in rheumatic patients, which were greatly enhanced after the second vaccine dose. Receiving anti-CD20 therapy was associated with impaired humoral immunogenicity. Adverse events due to COVID-19 vaccines in rheumatic patients were similar to those in healthy controls, except for an increased incidence of arthralgia. The incidence of disease flares after COVID-19 vaccination was low. Conclusion: Our systematic review indicated the importance of full vaccination in rheumatic patients. Withholding anti-CD20 therapy was found to be potentially beneficial for the immunogenicity. Furthermore, the vaccines were found to be safe in general. Despite significant heterogeneity between studies, we recommend that rheumatic patients receive these vaccines amidst the global pandemic.
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Krakowczyk, Julia Barbara, Alexander Bäuerle, Lars Pape, Theodor Kaup, Laura Nulle, Martin Teufel, and Eva-Maria Skoda. "COVID-19 Vaccine for Children: Vaccination Willingness of Parents and Its Associated Factors—A Network Analysis." Vaccines 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071155.
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Different COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for underage children, so parents and caregivers currently face the decision of whether to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 or not. Due to the rather moderate vaccine acceptance among parents across different countries, the objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between different psychological, demographic, and behavioral factors related to the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine for underage children among parents. In particular, vaccination attitudes, whether parents have been vaccinated against COVID-19 themselves, COVID-19 fear, attitude towards COVID-19 policy measures, governmental trust, subjective level of information, perceived risk of disease progression, and perceived risk of vaccine side effects were the variables of interest. The study adopted a cross-sectional study design, and the sample consisted of 2405 participants. A network analysis was conducted to investigate the associations and interconnection among these variables. The results showed that, in particular, compliance, confidence in the safety of vaccines, whether parents have been vaccinated against COVID-19 themselves, trust in the governmental system, fear of COVID-19, and the parents’ age were directly related to the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine for children. To increase compliance and confidence in the vaccines’ safety among parents, promotion campaigns should provide more information concerning the vaccines’ safety, particularly for younger parents who are not vaccinated against COVID-19 themselves.
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Principi, Nicola, and Susanna Esposito. "Is the Immunization of Pregnant Women against COVID-19 Justified?" Vaccines 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090970.
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Maternal immunization against some infectious diseases can offer significant advantages for women, preventing maternal morbidity and mortality, or for offspring, preventing fetal disease and conferring passive immunity to neonates. Recently, clinical trials specifically to evaluate the immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability of some of the available coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in pregnant and lactating women have been planned, initiated and, in some cases, completed. This paper discusses whether the immunization of pregnant women against COVID-19 is justified and presents knowledge about the immunogenicity and safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines for these subjects. The results of recent studies indicate that pregnant women are at increased risk of developing severe disease compared with nonpregnant women of the same age. Studies carried out with mRNA vaccines indicate that the immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of these preventive measures in pregnant women are not different from those in nonpregnant women of the same age. Moreover, antibodies are efficiently transferred through the placenta and can be detected in breastmilk, suggesting a potential prevention of infection in the child. All these findings authorize the use of mRNA vaccines in pregnant women to protect both the mother and the child. However, further studies with larger sample size and with follow-up of the pregnant women vaccinated during different periods of pregnancy and their children are needed to better characterize the immune response of pregnant women, to define when these vaccines should be administered to obtain the best protection, and to measure vaccine efficacy against virus variants in both mothers and infants. COVID-19 vaccines based on different technological platforms cannot presently be used, and their role in pregnant women should be clarified.
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Shimasaki, Noriko, Junko Ishii, Tomoko Kuwahara, and Haruna Nishijima. "A Brief Questionnaire on Healthcare Workers’ Awareness Toward the COVID-19 Vaccine and Antibody Tests." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0021.
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In 2022, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread worldwide with the emergence of many variants. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are encouraged to be vaccinated against COVID-19 because vaccines provide powerful protection from serious illnesses, hospitalization, and death. However, breakthrough infections on vaccinees have been frequently reported, and more studies are required to understand the mechanism of breakthrough infection and establish a standard neutralizing antibody (NTAb) level with efficacy. In particular, it is important to develop useful research tools for HCWs at high risk of breakthrough infection. Here, we administered a brief questionnaire on awareness of COVID-19 vaccines and antibody tests to uncover the needs of HCWs. Our questionnaire showed that HCWs felt a lower priority for vaccines among infection control measures than non-HCWs. On the other hand, HCWs expected more strongly the vaccine to be effective in preventing infection at work than non-HCWs. About half of the respondents, whether HCWs or not, thought that there was a correlation between the severity of adverse reactions and the degree of antibody induction. About 20% of the respondents had a change in awareness of the correlation after an antibody survey. Many respondents believed that the antibody test would be useful. Therefore, we should contribute to the development of a method of evaluating vaccines that can protect against infection and to improving other infection control measures in the future.
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Wu, Tsu-Yin, Olivia Ford, Alice Jo Rainville, Xining Yang, Chong Man Chow, Sarah Lally, Rachel Bessire, and Jessica Donnelly. "Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccine, Racism, and Social Vulnerability: An Examination among East Asian Americans, Southeast Asian Americans, South Asian Americans, and Others." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081333.
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As COVID-19 vaccines are readily available and most U.S. adults who are enthusiastic about the vaccine have received it, motivating those who have not been vaccinated to accept it has become a challenge. The purpose of this study was to understand the mechanisms behind COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Asian American ethnic groups, including how sociodemographic characteristics and racism predict COVID-19 and vaccine perceptions. The study also examined associations between social vulnerability and COVID-19 and vaccine perceptions. Social vulnerability is defined as the degree to which a community is able to prepare and respond to a natural or man-made disaster. This cross-sectional study used community-based survey data collected from April to September 2021. Study measures included demographics, perceptions of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccines, and racism-related experiences. The results showed that, compared to Non-Asians, East Asians reported that they had significantly more challenges accessing COVID-19 vaccines, and South Asians reported significantly higher safety concerns about COVID-19 vaccines. Our study also found that racism experience mediates the association between race/ethnicity and safety concerns about COVID-19 vaccines. Three Asian subgroups (East Asians, South Asians, and Southeast Asians) experienced more racism (compared to Non-Asians), and more experience of racism was related to greater safety concerns. Geographical Information System (GIS) maps revealed that residents of lower social vulnerability index (SVI) areas reported fewer unfairness perceptions and that higher SVI areas had lower vaccine accessibility and trust in public health agencies. Our study advances the understanding of racism, social vulnerability, and COVID-19 vaccine-related perceptions among Asian Americans. The findings have implications for policymakers and community leaders with respect to tailoring COVID-19 program efforts for socially vulnerable populations and Asian American groups that experience greater challenges regarding vaccine safety concerns and accessibility.
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Jiménez-Cabello, Luis, Sergio Utrilla-Trigo, Eva Calvo-Pinilla, Sandra Moreno, Aitor Nogales, Javier Ortego, and Alejandro Marín-López. "Viral Vector Vaccines against Bluetongue Virus." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010042.
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Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the genus Orbivirus (family Reoviridae), is the causative agent of an important livestock disease, bluetongue (BT), which is transmitted via biting midges of the genus Culicoides. To date, up to 29 serotypes of BTV have been described, which are classified as classical (BTV 1–24) or atypical (serotypes 25–27), and its distribution has been expanding since 1998, with important outbreaks in the Mediterranean Basin and devastating incursions in Northern and Western Europe. Classical vaccine approaches, such as live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, have been used as prophylactic measures to control BT through the years. However, these vaccine approaches fail to address important matters like vaccine safety profile, effectiveness, induction of a cross-protective immune response among serotypes, and implementation of a DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) strategy. In this context, a wide range of recombinant vaccine prototypes against BTV, ranging from subunit vaccines to recombinant viral vector vaccines, have been investigated. This article offers a comprehensive outline of the live viral vectors used against BTV.
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Marra, Yasmin, and Fawziah Lalji. "Prevention of Herpes Zoster: A Focus on the Effectiveness and Safety of Herpes Zoster Vaccines." Viruses 14, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14122667.
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Infection with varicella zoster virus typically occurs in children and it can cause primary varicella infection or “chickenpox”, or it can reactivate later in life and cause herpes zoster or “shingles”. Herpes zoster mainly occurs in older adults, causing a reduction in activities of daily living, impacting quality of life, and may lead to serious complications, including chronic pain. Two vaccines are marketed to prevent herpes zoster: the live zoster vaccine and the non-live, recombinant zoster vaccine. The pre-licensure clinical trials show the efficacy of the live zoster vaccine to be between 50 and 70% and for the recombinant vaccine to be higher at 90 to 97%. Real-world effectiveness studies, with a follow-up of approximately 10 years, were reviewed in this article. These data corroborated the efficacy studies, with vaccine effectiveness being 46% and 85% for the live and recombinant vaccines, respectively. Safety data from the effectiveness studies show similar results to the clinical trials with mostly local injection-site reactions and mild systemic reactions seen with both vaccines, although in larger proportions with the recombinant vaccine. Rare adverse events, occurring less than 1% of the time, have been seen with both vaccine types and include disseminated herpes zoster with the live zoster vaccine and Guillain–Barré syndrome with the recombinant vaccine. The wider use of preventative measures with vaccines will reduce the herpes zoster burden of illness seen in older adults.
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Mohamed Bulla, Haghamad Allzain. "COVID -19: EFFICACY AND SAFETY PROFILE OF MAIN VACCINES APPROVED FOR EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION IN 2021." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 9, no. 7 (August 7, 2021): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v9.i7.2021.4062.
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Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new member of the human coronaviruses family. It is a single-strand positive-strand nucleic acid (ssRNA), It also has spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. The (S) protein is responsible for recognising and binding to receptors on the surface of host cells and plays an important role in the first step of viral infection. Coronavirus-2 is identified in late 2019 as the causative agent of a new disease (COVID-19) outbreak in China associated with severe medical complications and even death in some cases. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the novel disease outbreak as a pandemic. Current Coronavirus pandemic is the most challenging health emergency to humanity in this century, with globally reported (184 .324 .026) confirmed cases and ( 3. 992. 680) confirmed deaths ,as of 7th July 2021, according to WHO.
Preventive measures of social distancing face masks wearing, hand washing and lockdown have slowed the spread of COVID-19, but the ideal one is vaccination to protect individuals and create everlasting change and return to normalcy. Efficacy and safety of vaccines is very essential to gain public trust.
There is a great variation in people’s confidence in vaccines that relies on several factors, including awareness about vaccines, its side effects, safety and efficacy.
The objective of this review is to provide concise sound knowledge concerning the main approved vaccines for protection against COVID -19 emerged from various phases of vaccines clinical trials and medical practices, to enhance public trust and to tackle vaccine skepticism .
This study also intended to educate about the vaccine’s side effects, that may prompt individuals to receive the vaccine after comparing the acceptable side effects with the disease’s severity and there by promote communities confidence in the safety of COVID-19 vaccines.
This review examines efficacy and safety profile of some authorized vaccines such as Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA, (BNT162b2), Moderna (mRNA-1273) ,Johnson & Johnson (Janssen), Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S, CoronaVac vaccine and Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V).
The review concluded that currently authorized COVID-19 vaccines are effective and prevent serious COVID-19 symptoms and related hospitalization and death. They are safe with acceptable minor local and systemic side effects, reported by some recipients’ of the vaccine and are similar to the known side effects encountered with previously known vaccines such as seasonal influenza vaccine, as expected outcomes of immune response to the vaccines. The reported serious side effects were very rare.
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Annas, Salleh, and Mohd Zamri-Saad. "Intranasal Vaccination Strategy to Control the COVID-19 Pandemic from a Veterinary Medicine Perspective." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071876.
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The world is currently facing an ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The disease is a highly contagious respiratory disease which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current control measures used by many countries include social distancing, wearing face masks, frequent hand washing, self-isolation, and vaccination. The current commercially available vaccines are injectable vaccines, although a few intranasal vaccines are in trial stages. The reported side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, perceptions towards the safety of the vaccines, and frequent mutation of the virus may lead to poor herd immunity. In veterinary medicine, attaining herd immunity is one of the main considerations in disease control, and herd immunity depends on the use of efficacious vaccines and the vaccination coverage in a population. Hence, many aerosol or intranasal vaccines have been developed to control veterinary respiratory diseases such as Newcastle disease, rinderpest, infectious bronchitis, and haemorrhagic septicaemia. Different vaccine technologies could be employed to improve vaccination coverage, including the usage of an intranasal live recombinant vaccine or live mutant vaccine. This paper discusses the potential use of intranasal vaccination strategies against human COVID-19, based on a veterinary intranasal vaccine strategy.
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Agyekum, Martin Wiredu, Grace Frempong Afrifa-Anane, Frank Kyei-Arthur, and Bright Addo. "Acceptability of COVID-19 Vaccination among Health Care Workers in Ghana." Advances in Public Health 2021 (April 16, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9998176.
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Because health care workers are a reliable source of health information, their acceptance or rejection of COVID-19 vaccines can influence the general population's uptake of COVID-19 vaccines. In this study, we sought to determine the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines among health care workers in Ghana. Using a cross-sectional design, we collected data from 234 health care workers through a self-administered online survey from 16 January to 15 February 2021. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed using STATA version 15. The findings revealed that 39.3% (n = 92) of health care workers intended to receive the COVID-19 vaccines. Factors such as sex (AOR = 0.451; CI 95% 0.240–0.845; p = 0.013 ), category of health care workers (AOR = 2.851; 95 CI%: 1.097–7.405; p = 0.031 ), relative being diagnosed with COVID-19 (AOR = 0.369; CI 95% 0.145–0.941; p = 0.037 ), and trust in the accuracy of the measures taken by the government in the fight against COVID-19 (AOR = 2.768; CI 95%: 1.365–5.616; p = 0.005 ) proved to be significant predictors of the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine. Concerns about the safety of vaccines (n = 93, 65.5%) and the adverse side effects of the vaccines (n = 23, 14.8%) were identified as the main reasons why health care workers would decline uptake of COVID-19 vaccines in Ghana. The self-reported low intention of health care workers in Ghana to accept COVID-19 vaccines necessitates an urgent call from the Government of Ghana and other stakeholders to address health care workers' concerns about the safety and adverse side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, as this would increase vaccine uptake. Interventions must also take into consideration sex and the category of health care workers to achieve the desired results.
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Schulze-Koops, Hendrik, Christof Specker, and Alla Skapenko. "Vaccination of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases against SARS-CoV-2: considerations before widespread availability of the vaccines." RMD Open 7, no. 1 (February 2021): e001553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2020-001553.
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Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has become available and will hopefully end the current pandemic. Understandably, patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (iRMDs) and their physicians are feverishly preoccupied with questions about vaccination and the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. However, as it will take months before all patients with iRMDs will have access to the vaccines, measures that are taken now in order to increase potential safety and efficacy of the vaccines may impose a risk for the patients with regard to reactivation of their underlying iRMD. The ad hoc commission ‘Covid-19’ and the board of directors of the German Society for Rheumatology have addressed this topic and have developed considerations, which are intended to answer urgent questions, to take away concerns and fears and to make initial recommendations for patients with iRMDs.
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Olivieri, Bianca, Corrado Betterle, and Giovanna Zanoni. "Vaccinations and Autoimmune Diseases." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080815.
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Vaccines represent one of the most effective measures of public health medicine, saving countless lives and preventing lifelong disabilities. Vaccines are extremely safe, however, no vaccine is completely free from risks and adverse events can occur following vaccination. An adverse event following immunization (AEFI) may be a true adverse reaction caused by the vaccine or an event that temporally occurred after immunization but is not caused by it. Among the adverse reactions to vaccines, one of the most feared is the triggering of autoimmune diseases, which are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. Currently, no mechanisms have been demonstrated that could explain the correlation between vaccination and the development of autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, epidemiological studies do not support the hypothesis that vaccines cause systemic autoimmune diseases. The only confirmed associations, although very rare, are those between the flu vaccine and Guillain-Barré syndrome, especially with old vaccine preparations, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and thrombocytopenia. Due to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, new types of vaccines have been developed and are now available. Close vaccine safety-surveillance is currently underway for these new vaccines.
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Krasilnikova, Anna. "Brief Overview of the Currently Available COVID-19 Vaccines." Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jchs.v7i1.14658.
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The ongoing pandemic COVID-19, coupled with the absence of an effective antiviral treatment against SARS-CoV-2 is forcing the world community to focus on the specific prevention of COVID-19. Mass immunization, along with other public health measures, can reduce morbidity and mortality and reduce the burden of economic and social losses due to the global spread of Covid-19. Currently, more than 30 vaccines have already been authorised, and more than 60 candidates are now in clinical trials phases III. This review summarises and classify the current information about available vaccines and briefly describes their mechanisms of action, safety, and potential benefits and drawbacks. This paper also provides a brief overview of the present data of phases III COVID-19 vaccines clinical trials, summarised in the table and focusing mainly on their demographic data and clinical effectiveness.
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Mikshis, N. I., P. Yu Popova, A. P. Semakova, and V. V. Kutyrev. "LICENSED ANTHRAX VACCINES AND EXPERIMENTAL PREPARATIONS AT THE STAGE OF CLINICAL TRIALS." Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2017-4-112-126.
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High pathogenicity of anthrax agent combined with unique insensitivity of its spore forms to environmental stresses class it among extremely dangerous biological agents. Registered and effectively used anthrax vaccines made invaluable contribution to the improvement of epidemiological situation around the world. Nevertheless, neglect of non-specific prophylaxis may result in dramatic scenarios and require large-scale measures on rectification of the consequences. Efforts on the development of next-generation vaccines are aimed at safety build-up, decrease in frequency of administration, and enhancement of manufacturing technologies. The review contains the key information on licensed anthrax vaccines designed for medical use, both in the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad. Among multiple experimental developments emphasized have been preparations manufactured by various biopharmaceutical companies in compliance with GMP standards, at different phases of clinical trials in 2016.
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Cole, Abimbola, Peggy Webster, Denny Van Liew, Maribel Salas, Omar Aimer, and Marina A. Malikova. "Safety surveillance and challenges in accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 13 (January 2022): 204209862211164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20420986221116452.
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The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by a novel type of coronavirus, continues to infect people, increasing morbidity and mortality across the globe. Measures to slow the transmission of the virus have had limited impact, and people, businesses, and economies have suffered. The disease has disproportionally impacted elderly and individuals with certain pre-existing conditions and has highlighted health and social inequities in some racial and ethnic minority groups. The majority of those who contract the disease recover completely, but some experience long-lasting complications. Vaccines have the potential to end the pandemic, and through the intense collaboration of scientists in government and private sectors, more than 200 COVID-19 candidate vaccines have been or are being developed, using known platforms and previous experiences with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), at unprecedented speed. The expectations for vaccine safety and quality in the setting of accelerated development are the same as during non-emergency times; however, challenges inherent with the circumstances of the pandemic situation provide opportunities to improve clinical trial conduct and strengthen pharmacovigilance systems. We have reviewed and analyzed existing PV guidelines and recommendations throughout the lifecycle of vaccine development with a focus on developing a global/worldwide effort for post-marketing vaccine safety surveillance. Plain Language Summary The Important Role of Pharmacovigilance in Accelerated COVID-19 Vaccine Development This is an extensive review that intends to address important aspects of COVID-19 vaccines’ accelerated development and safety surveillance. It is focused on regulatory requirements for long-term safety monitoring, practical applications, and current global efforts in developing robust pharmacovigilance systems for post-authorization surveillance. Notably, different perspectives of authors from industry, academic institutions, and contract research organizations involved in drug safety were incorporated to reflect on various regulatory requirements and new developments in vaccine safety. All co-authors are current members of International Society of Pharmacovigilance (ISoP).
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Balashov, A. N., D. A. Lozovoy, A. V. Borisov, D. V. Mikhalishin, and M. I. Doronin. "ASSESSMENT OF EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF INACTIVATED RABIES VACCINES BASED ON “ARRIAH” STRAIN AND FORMULATED WITH DIFFERENT ADJUVANTS IN CATTLE." Veterinary Science Today, no. 4 (December 26, 2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2019-4-31-37-42.
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Rabies cases are still reported in various mammal species in the Russian Federation. Wild carnivores contacting with domestic and farm animals and transmitting the pathogen to them are the main source and natural reservoirs of rabies. The highest level of rabies incidence in livestock is observed among cattle. Thus, 158 new outbreaks were reported in the Russian Federation in 2017 where the virus was identifi ed in cattle. Rabies specifi c prophylaxis as well as assessment of its effi cacy based on the level of accumulated antirabies virus neutralizing antibodies currently occupy one of the leading positions in the modern system of veterinary and sanitary measures against rabies. The paper presents the study results confi rming effi cacy and safety of three inactivated rabies vaccines based on the “ARRIAH” strain and intended for rabies prevention in cattle. The adsorbed and two emulsion rabies vaccines, formulated with diff erent adjuvants demonstrated innocuity and safety, and induced post-vaccination immunity in all immunized animals at day 21 post inoculation. The mean titers of anti-rabies antibodies were as follows: for inactivated adsorbed vaccine – 4.02 ± 0.76 IU/cm3; for inactivated emulsion vaccines – 16.30 ± 2.03 and 20.73 ± 3.39 IU/cm3. As compared with the adsorbed vaccine, the emulsion vaccines formulated with Montanide ISA 206 and ISA 70 adjuvants induce stronger immunity.
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Khishov, Andrey S., and Galina I. Burlakova. "Vaccines for aquaculture overview." Veterinaria Kubani, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33861/2071-8020-2020-5-42-43.
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Aquaculture production is a promising direction for the development of food production. Like traditional types of animal husbandry, it needs effective medicines for veterinary use, which would ensure not only the well-being of farmed aquatic organisms, but also increase the safety of the fish products and non-fish objects of fishing. The development of measures to control epizootic processes in aquatic organisms is impossible without the creation of new immunological preparations. The development and use of immunobiological drugs will reduce the use of antimicrobial agents. The corresponding set of pharmaceutical drugs was transferred from the traditional veterinary medicine, but due to the peculiarities of the biology of aquatic animals, their immunity and the characteristics of specific pathogens, this could not be done with biological products. The short development time in the aquaculture industry poses current challenges in the form of a lack of basic and applied research for relatively poorly understood groups of new pathogens. The immunological processes associated with the development and intensity of the immune response in aquatic organisms require a detailed study. For domestic aquaculture producers, the analysis and dissemination of the experience accumulated by mankind and the application of advanced developments in this area are even more relevant, since Russia is just beginning its path of intensifying aquaculture production. At the same time, it is clear that the prohibition of the use and monitoring of antimicrobial agents in food products and feed requires a change in the approach to the problem and will lead to the creation of new immunobiological drugs. The market for immunobiological preparations for aquaculture is the most promising for development. In the article, the authors provide data on the development and registration of vaccines for aquaculture in Europe, North and South America.
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Folorunso, Olufemi Samuel, and Olihile M. Sebolai. "Overview of the Development, Impacts, and Challenges of Live-Attenuated Oral Rotavirus Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (June 27, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030341.
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Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness are paramount to vaccine development. Following the isolation of rotavirus particles in 1969 and its evidence as an aetiology of severe dehydrating diarrhoea in infants and young children worldwide, the quest to find not only an acceptable and reliable but cost-effective vaccine has continued until now. Four live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines (LAORoVs) (Rotarix®, RotaTeq®, Rotavac®, and RotaSIIL®) have been developed and licensed to be used against all forms of rotavirus-associated infection. The efficacy of these vaccines is more obvious in the high-income countries (HIC) compared with the low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); however, the impact is far exceeding in the low-income countries (LICs). Despite the rotavirus vaccine efficacy and effectiveness, more than 90 countries (mostly Asia, America, and Europe) are yet to implement any of these vaccines. Implementation of these vaccines has continued to suffer a setback in these countries due to the vaccine cost, policy, discharging of strategic preventive measures, and infrastructures. This review reappraises the impacts and effectiveness of the current live-attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines from many representative countries of the globe. It examines the problems associated with the low efficacy of these vaccines and the way forward. Lastly, forefront efforts put forward to develop initial procedures for oral rotavirus vaccines were examined and re-connected to today vaccines.
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Punsalan, Mairre Louie D., and Angelyn T. Salunga. "Mask is a must: the need of protection and safety against COVID-19." Journal of Public Health 43, no. 2 (March 26, 2021): e379-e380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdab077.
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Abstract As the strict quarantine measures ease and the availability of vaccines, reports have proposed that people of varying ages are now less likely to wear mask despite its added protection and safety against COVID-19. In a recent short article published, it was found out that older age groups may less likely to wear face masks in comparison with the younger ones. The importance of face masks must always be geared toward better health outcomes and safety precautions of wearing face mask as the world battles with the pandemic. With varying studies, face mask can be an essential means to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
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Soares, Patricia, João Victor Rocha, Marta Moniz, Ana Gama, Pedro Almeida Laires, Ana Rita Pedro, Sónia Dias, Andreia Leite, and Carla Nunes. "Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030300.
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It is critical to develop tailored strategies to increase acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine and decrease hesitancy. Hence, this study aims to assess and identify factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Portugal. We used data from a community-based survey, “COVID-19 Barometer: Social Opinion”, which includes data regarding intention to take COVID-19 vaccines, health status, and risk perception in Portugal from September 2020 to January 2021. We used multinomial regression to identify factors associated with intention to delay or refuse to take COVID-19 vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Portugal was high: 56% would wait and 9% refuse. Several factors were associated with both refusal and delay: being younger, loss of income during the pandemic, no intention of taking the flu vaccine, low confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine and the health service response during the pandemic, worse perception of government measures, perception of the information provided as inconsistent and contradictory, and answering the questionnaire before the release of information regarding the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. It is crucial to build confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine as its perceived safety and efficacy were strongly associated with intention to take the vaccine. Governments and health authorities should improve communication and increase trust.
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Poston, Sara. "Vaccination in Older Adults: The When and Where." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2928.
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Abstract Despite the well-understood benefits of vaccination in older adults, national rates still fall below public health targets, especially among certain racial and ethnic groups. Recent scholarship examining healthcare use patterns in adults revealed that health care providers miss several opportunities to provide vaccination during regular healthcare encounters, including Medicare annual wellness visits. Several barriers to older adult vaccination have been identified, including lack of patient and provider understanding of the importance of vaccination, financial barriers to vaccines covered under Medicare Part D, and patient hesitancy about the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. Strategies to address these barriers will be discussed, including the use of national quality measures to strengthen incentives for adult vaccination. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Health Behavior Change Interest Group.
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Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed, and Fatmah Ahmed Alsafhi. "A Commentary on Realities of Developing COVID-19 Vaccines Discussed through the Global Health Safety Perspective." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030274.
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SARS-CoV-2 (or simply COVID-19) remains to be a global pandemic issue affecting millions, thus urging the world’s scientific community to develop efficient vaccine and design adequate measures of disease control. Currently, the most economically viable solution to infections and viruses is vaccination, despite the possible concerns about side effects from implementing quickly developed vaccine. The current commentary intends to explain the health and safety related to COVID-19 vaccines via a prism of global health safety. Scientists across the globe, along with companies from both public and private sectors, have predictably arranged cooperative programs to learn about COVID-19, along with taking simultaneous steps on devising vaccine and preparing effective treatments plans. Presently, several clinical trials to approve the efficiency of proposed vaccine solutions have been made successfully. Global health safety concerns on vaccine’s efficiency such as high costs of production, provision of vaccine to developing countries, and its influence on the global economy are addressed. This commentary reflects on current efforts related to the development of vaccine against COVID-19, which currently affects the global health status and economy. In addition, the commentary aims at addressing potential risks related to the development of COVID-19 vaccine from the global health safety perspective.
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Stampoltzi, Aglaia, Εrene Stylianaki, and Εfstratia Stavrinou. "Parents’ perceptions and views regarding vaccination: A pilot survey of parents-healthcare professionals and parents non-healthcare professionals." Hellenic Journal of Nursing Science 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24283/hjns.202046.
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Introduction: Children’s immunization has been one of the most important public health measures in the 20th century. However, a number of parents consider the vaccines unsafe and they are skeptical about their use. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate parents’ perceptions and views on children’s vaccination. Methods: Twenty parents (2 male and 18 female) were included in the present pilot study which was based on semi-structured interviews. Ten parents (females) were healthcare professionals (nurses and health visitors) and ten (2 males and 8 females) were not healthcare professionals. Interview data were analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. Results: Results show that parents were concerned about vaccination safety, side effects of the vaccines, lifelong coverage of children, immune system overload, commercial purposes of vaccines and validity of information about vaccination. Comparisons between parents who were healthcare professionals and parents who had a different profession showed that the latter were more hesitant and had more misconceptions about vaccines. Conclusions: The decision to vaccinate children or not is a huge responsibility towards every child, but also towards society. Healthcare professionals are able to provide objective information to parents to take informed decisions.
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Diamond, Michael S., Julie E. Ledgerwood, and Theodore C. Pierson. "Zika Virus Vaccine Development: Progress in the Face of New Challenges." Annual Review of Medicine 70, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-040717-051127.
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Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged at a global level when it spread to the Americas and began causing congenital malformations and microcephaly in 2015. A rapid response by academia, government, public health infrastructure, and industry has enabled the expedited development and testing of a suite of vaccine platforms aiming to control and eliminate ZIKV-induced disease. Analysis of key immunization and pathogenesis studies in multiple animal models, including during pregnancy, has begun to define immune correlates of protection. Nonetheless, the deployment of ZIKV vaccines, along with the confirmation of their safety and efficacy, still has major challenges, one of which is related to the waning of the epidemic. In this review, we discuss the measures that enabled rapid progress and highlight the path forward for successful deployment of ZIKV vaccines.
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Hashem, Anwar M., Abdullah Algaissi, Anurodh Shankar Agrawal, Sawsan S. Al-amri, Rowa Y. Alhabbab, Sayed S. Sohrab, Abdulrahman S. Almasoud, et al. "A Highly Immunogenic, Protective, and Safe Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Expressing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus S1-CD40L Fusion Protein in a Transgenic Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Mouse Model." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 10 (July 4, 2019): 1558–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz137.
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AbstractBackgroundInfection control measures have played a major role in limiting human/camel-to-human transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV); however, development of effective and safe human or camel vaccines is warranted.MethodsWe extended and optimized our previous recombinant adenovirus 5 (rAd5)–based vaccine platform characterized by in vivo amplified and CD40-mediated specific responses to generate MERS-CoV S1 subunit-based vaccine. We generated rAd5 constructs expressing CD40-targeted S1 fusion protein (rAd5-S1/F/CD40L), untargeted S1 (rAd5-S1), and Green Fluorescent Protein (rAd5-GFP), and evaluated their efficacy and safety in human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 transgenic (hDPP4 Tg+) mice.ResultsImmunization of hDPP4 Tg+ mice with a single dose of rAd5-S1/F/CD40L elicited as robust and significant specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies as those induced with 2 doses of rAd5-S1. After MERS-CoV challenge, both vaccines conferred complete protection against morbidity and mortality, as evidenced by significantly undetectable/reduced pulmonary viral loads compared to the control group. However, rAd5-S1– but not rAd5-S1/F/CD40L–immunized mice exhibited marked pulmonary perivascular hemorrhage post–MERS-CoV challenge despite the observed protection.ConclusionsIncorporation of CD40L into rAd5-based MERS-CoV S1 vaccine targeting molecule and molecular adjuvants not only enhances immunogenicity and efficacy but also prevents inadvertent pulmonary pathology after viral challenge, thereby offering a promising strategy to enhance safety and potency of vaccines.
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Singhal, Jyoti, and Neamat ElGayar. "SENTIMENT ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 VACCINE TWEETS." International Research Journal of Computer Science 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/irjcs.2021.v0904.003.
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In the last decade, social media has emerged as the largest centralized source of opinions, expressions, blogs and micro-blogs, news, and other information. It has presented a great opportunity for the researchers, industries, and governments to understand the behavior of their customers and constituents to better align their products and services with their customers’ and citizens’ requirements. Among the social media sources, Twitter is a unique source in that data (microblogs) is unstructured and is available for free. Twitter is used widely across the globe and its microblog concept lends itself to analyze the underlying sentiment. A recent debate has been on the COVID vaccines – whether the potential benefits outweigh the side effects. Currently, there are many vaccines available with different claimed efficacy against the virus. The varying efficacies of these vaccines have attracted a public discourse. This research aims to analyze COVID-19 vaccines related tweets to better understand the pattern of public sentiments and opinions about the vaccines with respect to their side effects, potency, availability, and efficacy. The tweets are categorized and analyzed based on their polarity and subjectivity towards the vaccines. To perform the classification of tweets based on aspects, machine learning techniques such as Logistic Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (MNB), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) along with deep learning technique Long Term Short Memory (LSTM) are used. All these classification algorithms are then compared and evaluated on the measures of precision, recall, accuracy score and F1-score. Apart from categorization and classification, topic modelling method LDA is used to extract the topics based on their similarity and frequency that can sum up the sentiment of common public towards whole process of COVID vaccine. Based on 60,000 tweets between 1-March-2021 to 31-May-2021, overall public sentiment for vaccine indicated a positive trend. Analyzing aspects of vaccines, efficacy of vaccines has turned out to be the most positive aspect which has encouraged people to advocate for vaccines. With evaluation and comparison of model’s performance, bidirectional LSTM with 92% accuracy has outperformed all the machine learning algorithms. Among all the machine learning algorithms based on different vectorization techniques, Logistic Regression achieved the highest accuracy of 73% with count vectorizer while SVM and MNB got accuracy of 64% only. Topic modeling with LDA for whole dataset with 60,000 tweets, yielded 4optimum number of topics with coherence score of 0.625. Most of the topics had common theme of availability, efficacy, and side effect.
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G, Zewdie. "A Review on: Lumpy Skin Disease: Enhance Awareness on the Epidemiological situation and Diagnosis; Prevention and Control Measures in Ethiopia." Virology & Immunology Journal 5, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000268.
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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an economically significant viral disease of cattle and caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). The virus is belonging to the genus Capri poxvirus (CaPV) of the family Poxviridae. Recently, the disease has been rapidly spreading to the Middle East, South east Europe and parts of Russian federation. The disease causes significant economic loss due to hide damage, loss of milk production, mastitis, infertility and death. Clinically, LSD is characterized by circumscribed skin nodules, fever, and abortions in females and sterility in males. LSD damages hides and causes death due to secondary bacterial infections. LSD is principally transmitted by blood-feeding arthropod vectors. However, transmission of the disease between animals is inefficient. Diagnosis is mainly based on observation of clinical signs and identification of the agent using conventional and real-time PCR methods, electron microscopy, and isolation of the virus in cell cultures, and using conventional serological tests. In endemic countries, vaccination is the only effective method to control the disease using live attenuated vaccines derived from Kenyan sheep and goat pox virus (KSGP) strains. However, there are reports of insufficient protection of the existing vaccines. Therefore; there is a need for more extensive data from the field and for larger-scale clinical trials to ensure the efficacy and safety of the current vaccines
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Eibl, Dieter, Martin Sievers, Regine Eibl, Martin Bachmann, Senta Walton, Nik Keel, Gilles Richner, et al. "Keeping SARS-CoV-2 out: Vaccines, Filters, and Self-disinfecting Textiles." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 75, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2021.215.
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When the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started,[1] science came to the immediate attention of the broad public. People and politicians were hanging on every word of medical doctors, virologists, molecular biologists, data scientists and many others in the hope of finding other protective measures than those used for centuries such as basic hygiene, distance, or quarantine. Here, at the Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology at the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) we were also willing to provide scientific solutions to overcome the pandemic. Together with our partners from industry, we contributed to the development of a Swiss vaccine, are working on filters for active ventilated full protective suits and are developing tests to show the efficacy and safety of an active antiviral textile that allows controlled virus inactivation through an electrochemical reaction by applying a small current.
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Shehata, Awad A., Rokshana Parvin, Abdou Nagy, Ya Wang, Turki Maher Azhar, Youssef A. Attia, Esam I. Azhar, Alok K. Paul, and M. Rahmatullah. "An overview of the ongoing challenges in SARS-CoV-2 global control." German Journal of Microbiology 1, no. 2 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51585/gjm.2021.2.0006.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a severe global pandemic with major public health issues. Public health sectors implemented several control strategies, such as social distancing, hygienic measures, and the development of anti-viral drugs and vaccines. However, the situation is still critical due to several challenges facing the global control strategy. SARS-CoV-2 has undergone several mutations that will drive viral evolution, which might impact the virus’s transmissibility and pathogenicity and the immune escape and development of resistance to therapeutics. Moreover, although the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved several vaccines, however, some vaccines, especially vector-based vaccines, have rarely induced severe fatal side effects. These side effects led to widespread doubts about the safety of the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccines, which in turn dragged a certain proportion of the public from getting vaccinated. This review highlights some of the ongoing challenges in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, including side effects of the developed vaccines, potential mechanisms for the development of thrombocytopenia, and the clinical impacts of the emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants on the pathogenesis of the virus and vaccine efficacy. Additionally, we discuss the comorbidity and the potential role of gastrointestinal microbiota in controlling SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we shed light on the substantial collateral health damage and unprecedented economic disaster caused by the lockdown.
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Nasrun, Mastika, Norazlina Abdul Aziz, Nurasma Yahaya, and Sarah Munirah Abdullah. "Legal Challenges of the Covid-19 Vaccination Program: A Comparative Discourse between Malaysia and Australia." Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) 6, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v6i10.1078.
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During the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, many health-related industries were alarmed and pressured to innovate solutional vaccines to reduce the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. Extra effort and lab activities had taken place in several jurisdictions to respond to the increased demand for the COVID-19 vaccine. With these attempts, various vaccines were created and entered the market. All countries designed their own COVID-19 programme in the route to combat the viruses. These countries showed their willingness to invest to secure access to vaccines. In parallel to this development, the vaccination program is bombarded with several issues such as safety assurance, equal access to the vaccine, and protests by the anti-vaccine group. The inability to address these issues will jeopardise the success of building herd immunity which is the core in eradicating COVID-19 cases. Thus, this study explored and analysed the issues and challenges to have an effective vaccination program in a battle against the spread of the COVID-19 virus. It is a comparative study between Malaysia and Australia that includes safety measures, anti-vaccine groups and access to vaccines. This study adopts a qualitative method utilising the doctrinal study on the legal framework that describes the scope and limitation of power accorded to the Drug Control Authority of the selected jurisdictions. The research activities also include semi-structured interviews with relevant authorities using online interviews. The data are analysed using content and thematic analysis. Findings to this study may assist in identifying the loopholes within the administrative control on the vaccination program adopted by Malaysia.
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Prymula, Roman. "Controversies in Vaccination." European Review 21, S1 (July 2013): S56—S61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000227.
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Infectious diseases still jeopardize human health and even lives. In spite of the variety of advanced treatment methods, prevention is considered to be the most effective way to fight infections, and vaccination, no doubt, is one of the most effective preventive measures in the history of mankind. The vaccine controversy is based on a dispute over morality, ethics, effectiveness, and/or safety. There is no 100% safe or effective vaccine; however, benefits clearly overweigh risks. Ironically, as the numbers of cases of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are falling, the controversies relating to vaccine safety are growing. Vaccines are generally victims of their own success. Controversies can afflict the positive acceptance of immunization, decrease the coverage and uptake and finally threaten the health of children and adults.
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Chang, Leejah, Evan J. Anderson, Robert Jeanfreau, Ying He, Bryony Hicks, Anju Shrestha, Aseem Pandey, Rawia Khoury, Iris De Bruijn, and Victoria Landolfi. "160. Safety and Immunogenicity of Escalating Dose Formulations of High-dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Children 6 Months Through < 18 Years of Age." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S209—S210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.470.
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Abstract Background Children do not respond immunologically as well as adults to standard-dose (SD) influenza vaccination and remain at increased risk of influenza and its complications. A method to improve efficacy in children may be to increase antigen amount per dose, a successful strategy used in older adults. Trivalent high-dose (HD) influenza vaccine (60ug hemagglutinin/strain) showed significantly improved effectiveness for prevention of clinical outcomes related to influenza in adults ≥65 years; moreover, a quadrivalent HD formulation was approved by US FDA (2019) for use in this group. Methods A Phase 2, randomized, modified double blind study (NCT03698279) was conducted in US and Canadian children to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of IIV4-HD compared to an IIV4-SD and adjuvanted trivalent influenza vaccine (aIIV3). Children (n=661, 6 months through < 18 years) were assigned to receive intramuscularly 1 of 3 formulations of IIV4-HD (30, 45, or 60 µg HA/strain/dose), a licensed IIV4-SD, or a licensed aIIV3. Depending on child’s previous influenza vaccination status and age, they received 1 or 2 doses of study vaccine 28 days apart. Post-vaccination (28 days after each vaccination) geometric mean titers (GMTs) and seroconversion rates were measured using hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) assay. Reactogenicity data were collected through 1 week; safety data were collected through 6 months post-vaccination. Results IIV4-HD was more reactogenic than IIV4-SD, but unsolicited related adverse events were similar (Table 1). No related serious adverse events or deaths occurred. A dose-related increase in HAI GMT ratio was observed across the age range for A/H3N2 but only in children 6 months through < 3 years for A/H1N1 and the 2 B strains (Table 2). Compared with IIV4-SD, the 60 µg HA/strain/dose formulation of IIV4-HD generated highest HAI GMT ratios and high seroconversion rates for all 4 strains in US children 6 months through < 3 years. Canadian children receiving IIV4-HD generated HAI titers incongruent to those of US children receiving IIV4-HD, limiting direct comparison against aIIV3. Safety Overview (US and Canadian subjects 6 months through <18 years) HAI GMT Ratios (QIV-HD/QIV-SD) at 28 days After the Last Vaccination (US subjects 6 months through <18 years) Conclusion The favorable safety profile and the HAI GMT ratios support pediatric dose selection of 60µg HA/strain/dose as most appropriate to evaluate in Phase 3. Disclosures Leejah Chang, MD, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Evan J. Anderson, MD, Sanofi Pasteur (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Robert Jeanfreau, MD, Sanofi Pasteur (Scientific Research Study Investigator) Ying He, PhD, Otsuka Pharmaceutical (Employee)Sanofi Pasteur (Other Financial or Material Support, Former employee) Bryony Hicks, BSc, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Anju Shrestha, MD, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Aseem Pandey, PhD, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee)Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Rawia Khoury, BSc, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Iris De Bruijn, PhD, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee) Victoria Landolfi, MS, MBA, Sanofi Pasteur (Employee)
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Bazhenova, Aleksandra, Fang Gao, Barbara Bolgiano, and Stephen E. Harding. "Glycoconjugate vaccines against Salmonella enterica serovars and Shigella species: existing and emerging methods for their analysis." Biophysical Reviews 13, no. 2 (April 2021): 221–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12551-021-00791-z.
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AbstractThe global spread of enteric disease, the increasingly limited options for antimicrobial treatment and the need for effective eradication programs have resulted in an increased demand for glycoconjugate enteric vaccines, made with carbohydrate-based membrane components of the pathogen, and their precise characterisation. A set of physico-chemical and immunological tests are employed for complete vaccine characterisation and to ensure their consistency, potency, safety and stability, following the relevant World Health Organization and Pharmacopoeia guidelines. Variable requirements for analytical methods are linked to conjugate structure, carrier protein nature and size and O-acetyl content of polysaccharide. We investigated a key stability-indicating method which measures the percent free saccharide of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi capsular polysaccharide, by detergent precipitation, depolymerisation and HPAEC-PAD quantitation. Together with modern computational approaches, a more precise design of glycoconjugates is possible, allowing for improvements in solubility, structural conformation and stability, and immunogenicity of antigens, which may be applicable to a broad spectrum of vaccines. More validation experiments are required to establish the most effective and suitable methods for glycoconjugate analysis to bring uniformity to the existing protocols, although the need for product-specific approaches will apply, especially for the more complex vaccines. An overview of current and emerging analytical approaches for the characterisation of vaccines against Salmonella Typhi and Shigella species is described in this paper. This study should aid the development and licensing of new glycoconjugate vaccines aimed at the prevention of enteric diseases.
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Pogostin, Brett H., and Kevin J. McHugh. "Novel Vaccine Adjuvants as Key Tools for Improving Pandemic Preparedness." Bioengineering 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8110155.
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Future infectious disease outbreaks are inevitable; therefore, it is critical that we maximize our readiness for these events by preparing effective public health policies and healthcare innovations. Although we do not know the nature of future pathogens, antigen-agnostic platforms have the potential to be broadly useful in the rapid response to an emerging infection—particularly in the case of vaccines. During the current COVID-19 pandemic, recent advances in mRNA engineering have proven paramount in the rapid design and production of effective vaccines. Comparatively, however, the development of new adjuvants capable of enhancing vaccine efficacy has been lagging. Despite massive improvements in our understanding of immunology, fewer than ten adjuvants have been approved for human use in the century since the discovery of the first adjuvant. Modern adjuvants can improve vaccines against future pathogens by reducing cost, improving antigen immunogenicity, and increasing antigen stability. In this perspective, we survey the current state of adjuvant use, highlight potentially impactful preclinical adjuvants, and propose new measures to accelerate adjuvant safety testing and technology sharing to enable the use of “off-the-shelf” adjuvant platforms for rapid vaccine testing and deployment in the face of future pandemics.
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Sanyaolu, Adekunle, Chuku Okorie, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Martina Williams, Nafees Haider, Jasmine Mangat, et al. "Current advancements and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics: a narrative review." Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy 10 (January 2022): 251513552210975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/25151355221097559.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a global impact on the daily lives of humanity, devastating health systems, and cataclysmically affecting the world’s economy. Currently, the Standard Public Health Protective practices consist of but are not limited to wearing masks, social distancing, isolating sick and exposed people, and contact tracing. Scientists around the globe undertook swift scientific efforts to develop safe and effective therapeutics and vaccines to combat COVID-19. Presently, as of mid-March 2022, 57.05% of the world population have been fully vaccinated, and 65.3% of the United States of America’s (USA) total population have been fully vaccinated while 76.7% have received at least one dose of the vaccine. This article explores the various vaccines created through modern science and technology, including their safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Although the vaccines produced are up to 95.0% efficacious, their efficacy wanes over time, underscoring the need for booster doses. Also, vaccination has not been able to prevent “breakthrough” infections. The limitations of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines indicate that further measures are required to ensure a firm control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the use of certain therapeutic agents because they have shown remarkable clinical outcomes. Several therapeutic agents for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 include Gilead’s remdesivir, Regeneron’s casirivimab and imdevimab combination, Eli Lilly’s baricitinib and remdesivir combination, Pfizer’s co-packaged nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets, and Merck’s molnupiravir capsules. Hence concerted efforts in early and accurate diagnosis, education on the COVID-19 virulence, transmission and preventive measures, global vaccination, and therapeutic agents could bring this COVID-19 pandemic under control across the globe.
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Zhao, Yi-Miao, Lin Liu, Jie Sun, Wei Yan, Kai Yuan, Yong-Bo Zheng, Zheng-An Lu, et al. "Public Willingness and Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination at the Initial Stage of Mass Vaccination in China." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101172.
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The present study assessed the willingness of the general population to receive COVID-19 vaccines and identified factors that influence vaccine hesitancy and resistance. A national online survey was conducted from 29 January 2021 to 26 April 2021 in China. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors that influence vaccine hesitancy and resistance. Of the 34,041 participants surveyed, 18,810 (55.3%) were willing to get vaccinated, 13,736 (40.3%) were hesitant, and 1495 (4.4%) were resistant. Rates of vaccine acceptance increased over time, with geographical discrepancies in vaccine hesitancy and resistance between provinces in China. Vaccine safety was the greatest concern expressed by most participants (24,461 [71.9%]), and the major reason for participants’ refusing vaccination (974 [65.2%]). Government agencies (23,131 [68.0%]) and social media (20,967 [61.6%]) were the main sources of COVID-19 vaccine information. Compared with vaccination acceptance, female, young and middle-aged, high income, and perceived low-risk of infection were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Histories of allergic reactions to other vaccines and depression symptoms were related to vaccine resistance. Common factors that influenced vaccine hesitancy and resistance were residing in cities and perceiving less protection with vaccines than with other protective measures. The results indicate that the rate of vaccine resistance is relatively low, but vaccine hesitancy is common. Individuals who are female, young and middle-aged, with a high income, and residing in cities are more likely to be hesitant for vaccination and should be the target populations for vaccination campaigns. Specific vaccine messaging from the government and social media could alleviate public concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy.
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Zhao, Yi-Miao, Lin Liu, Jie Sun, Wei Yan, Kai Yuan, Yong-Bo Zheng, Zheng-An Lu, et al. "Public Willingness and Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination at the Initial Stage of Mass Vaccination in China." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101172.
Full textAbstract:
The present study assessed the willingness of the general population to receive COVID-19 vaccines and identified factors that influence vaccine hesitancy and resistance. A national online survey was conducted from 29 January 2021 to 26 April 2021 in China. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors that influence vaccine hesitancy and resistance. Of the 34,041 participants surveyed, 18,810 (55.3%) were willing to get vaccinated, 13,736 (40.3%) were hesitant, and 1495 (4.4%) were resistant. Rates of vaccine acceptance increased over time, with geographical discrepancies in vaccine hesitancy and resistance between provinces in China. Vaccine safety was the greatest concern expressed by most participants (24,461 [71.9%]), and the major reason for participants’ refusing vaccination (974 [65.2%]). Government agencies (23,131 [68.0%]) and social media (20,967 [61.6%]) were the main sources of COVID-19 vaccine information. Compared with vaccination acceptance, female, young and middle-aged, high income, and perceived low-risk of infection were associated with vaccine hesitancy. Histories of allergic reactions to other vaccines and depression symptoms were related to vaccine resistance. Common factors that influenced vaccine hesitancy and resistance were residing in cities and perceiving less protection with vaccines than with other protective measures. The results indicate that the rate of vaccine resistance is relatively low, but vaccine hesitancy is common. Individuals who are female, young and middle-aged, with a high income, and residing in cities are more likely to be hesitant for vaccination and should be the target populations for vaccination campaigns. Specific vaccine messaging from the government and social media could alleviate public concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy.