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Academic literature on the topic 'Vaccines Victoria Safety measures'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vaccines Victoria Safety measures"

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Chang, Lee-Jah, Ya Meng, Helene Janosczyk, Victoria Landolfi, and H. Keipp Talbot. "LB14. Safety and Immunogenicity of High-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Administered by Intramuscular Route in Subjects Aged 65 Years and Older." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 5, suppl_1 (November 2018): S764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy229.2188.

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Abstract Background Older adults (≥65 years of age) remain at increased risk of influenza because they do not respond to standard dose influenza vaccines as well as younger adults. A high dose, inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine, IIV3-HD, containing four times the antigen content (60 µg hemagglutinin per influenza strain) of standard-dose influenza vaccines has been available in the United States since 2010. Two distinct B influenza lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) have co-circulated for over a decade, making it difficult to predict which will predominate the next season. IIV4-HD has been developed to address the frequent influenza B strain mismatches by incorporating a strain from each B lineage. This pivotal Phase III study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of IIV4-HD as compared with two IIV3-HD vaccines. Method A randomized, modified double-blind, multicenter study (NCT03282240) was conducted in 2670 healthy subjects in the United States, who were randomly assigned to receive IIV4-HD, a licensed IIV3-HD, or an IIV3-HD with the alternate B influenza strain. Using the hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) assay at baseline and 28 days after vaccination, post-vaccination geometric mean titers and seroconversion rates were measured. Safety data were collected through 6 months post-vaccination. Result IIV4-HD was noninferior to the licensed IIV3-HD and the investigational IIV3-HD (containing the alternate B strain) for all four influenza strains as assessed by HAI GMTs and seroconversion rates. Moreover, IIV4-HD induced a superior immune response (HAI GMTs and seroconversion rates) compared with the immune response induced by the IIV3-HD that does not contain the corresponding B strain. Reactogenicity profiles were comparable across all study groups. Most unsolicited adverse events were of Grade 1 or Grade 2 intensity. One serious adverse event considered related by the Investigator was reported in the IIV4-HD group. Conclusion Vaccination of adults 65 years of age and older with IIV4-HD was found to be noninferior to two IIV3-HD vaccines with a similar safety profile. The addition of a second B lineage strain does not adversely affect the safety or immunogenicity profile of IIV4-HD compared with IIV3-HD. Disclosures L. J. Chang, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. Y. Meng, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. H. Janosczyk, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. V. Landolfi, Sanofi Pasteur: Employee, Salary. H. K. Talbot, Sanofi Pasteur: Investigator, Research grant. Gilead: Investigator, Research grant. MedImmune: Investigator, Research grant. Vaxinnate: Safety Board, none. Seqirus: Safety Board, none.
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&NA;. "Additional safety measures for HPV vaccines in Japan." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1413 (August 2012): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201214130-00004.

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Kostinov, Mikhail P., Alexander P. Cherdantsev, Nelli K. Akhmatova, Daria A. Praulova, Aristitsa M. Kostinova, Elina A. Akhmatova, and Evgeniia O. Demina. "Immunogenicity and safety of subunit influenza vaccines in pregnant women." ERJ Open Research 4, no. 2 (April 2018): 00060–2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00060-2017.

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Pregnancy is a condition of modulated immune suppression, so this group of patients has increased risk of infectious diseases.Trivalent subunit vaccines, unadjusted Agrippal S1 (group I) and immunoadjuvant Grippol Plus (group II), containing 5 μg of actual influenza virus strains, were administered respectively to 37 and 42 women in the second and third trimester of physiological pregnancy.The administration of subunit influenza vaccines was accompanied by the development of local reactions in no more than 10% of patients, compared with 4.9% of the 41 pregnant women in the placebo group (group III). Systemic reactions were of a general somatic nature, did not differ between vaccinated and placebo groups, and were not associated with vaccination. Physiological births in groups I, II and III were 94.6%, 92.9% and 85.4%, respectively, and the birth rates of children without pathologies were 91.9%, 90.5% and 80.5%, respectively, and were comparable between groups. Vaccination stimulated the production of protective antibodies against influenza virus strains in 64.8–94.5% of patients after immunisation with an unadjusted vaccine and in 72.5–90.0% of patients after the administration of an immunoadjuvant vaccine. After 9 months, antibody levels were recorded in 51.3–72.9% in group I and 54.2–74.2% in group II. Immunisation against influenza in pregnant women provided a high level of seroprotection and seroconversion. Nevertheless, the level of seroprotection against the influenza strain A(H3N2, Victoria) was slightly lower in the group immunised with an unadjusted vaccine compared to those vaccinated with the immunoadjuvant vaccine.
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Ahn, Tae Kyu, Soo Kang, Jin Hui Paik, and Young Ho Seo. "Adverse events and preventive measures related to COVID-19 vaccines." Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15441/ceem.21.067.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are categorized according to the manufacturing technique, including mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vector vaccines. According to previous studies, the reported efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine is excellent regardless of the type of vaccine, and the majority of studies have shown similar results for safety. Most of the adverse reactions after vaccination were mild or moderate grade, and severe reactions were reported in a very small proportion. However, the adverse reactions that might occur after nationwide vaccinations can contribute to crowding of emergency departments, and this can further lead to significant obstacles to providing necessary treatment for life-threatening conditions. Therefore, as emergency physicians, we would like to present some concerns and suggestions to prevent these predictable problems.
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Sattar, Naw Safrin, and Shaikh Arifuzzaman. "COVID-19 Vaccination Awareness and Aftermath: Public Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Data and Vaccinated Population Prediction in the USA." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 6128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136128.

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Social media, such as Twitter, is a source of exchanging information and opinion on global issues such as COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we work with a database of around 1.2 million tweets collected across five weeks of April–May 2021 to draw conclusions about public sentiments towards the vaccination outlook when vaccinations become widely available to the population during the COVID-19 pandemic. We deploy natural language processing and sentiment analysis techniques to reveal insights about COVID-19 vaccination awareness among the public. Our results show that people have positive sentiments towards taking COVID-19 vaccines instead of some adverse effects of some of the vaccines. We also analyze people’s attitude towards the safety measures of COVID-19 after receiving the vaccines. Again, the positive sentiment is higher than that of negative in terms of maintaining safety measures against COVID-19 among the vaccinated population. We also project that around 62.44% and 48% of the US population will get at least one dose of vaccine and be fully vaccinated, respectively, by the end of July 2021 according to our forecast model. This study will help to understand public reaction and aid the policymakers to project the vaccination campaign as well as health and safety measures in the ongoing global health crisis.
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Ibrahim, Mohammad Nabil, David B. Logan, Sjaan Koppel, and Brian Fildes. "Fatal and Serious Injury Rates for Different Travel Modes in Victoria, Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031924.

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While absolute injury numbers are widely used as a road safety indicator, they do not fully account for the likelihood of an injury given a certain level of exposure. Adjusting crash and injury rates for travel exposure can measure the magnitude of travel activity leading to crash outcomes and provide a more comprehensive indicator of safety. Fatal and serious injury (FSI) numbers were adjusted by three measures of travel exposure to estimate crash and injury rates across nine travel modes in the Australian state of Victoria. While car drivers accounted for the highest number of injuries across the three modes, their likelihood of being killed or seriously injured was substantially lower than that of motorcyclists across all exposure measures. Cyclists accounted for fewer injuries than car passengers and pedestrians but had a higher risk per exposure. The results varied by both injury severity and exposure measure. The results of this study will assist with high level transport planning by allowing for the investigation of the changes in travel-related FSI resulting from proposed travel mode shifts driven by safety, environmental reasons or other reasons as part of the holistic goal of transforming the transport system to full compliance with Safe System principles.
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Kent, Helen, Margaret E. Heffernan, Julie Silvers, Elya Moore, and Suzanne M. Garland. "Role of the nurse immuniser in implementing and maintaining the National Human Papillomavirus 'Cervical Cancer' Vaccine rollout through a school-based program in Victoria." Sexual Health 7, no. 3 (2010): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09148.

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In an effort to understand the strengths and limitations of current approaches to human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV) delivery in schools, we conducted an audit of nurse immunisers (NI). In this survey of 159 Victorian NI, the NI perceived that knowledge, safety and side effects were among the most important issues raised by parents, schoolgirls, and teachers in the school setting. The most common concern identified by NIs was the physical layout of the vaccination setting (41%), followed by safety, then knowledge of the vaccine. There is a need for ongoing assessment of factors that improve or impede the delivery of HPV vaccines.
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Sharma, Eshani, Sraddha Revinipati, Saisha Bhandari, Sejal Thakur, Shubham Goyal, Aruni Ghose, Sukrit Bajpai, Waleed Muhammad, and Stergios Boussios. "Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines—An Update." Diseases 10, no. 4 (November 23, 2022): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040112.

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A few centuries ago, the first vaccine vial was formulated, and since then, they have resulted in an eminent reduction in infectious diseases associated morbidity and mortality. The discovery of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and the COVID-19 disease and its steady progression to a global pandemic with 603,711,760 confirmed cases and 6,484,136 reported deaths according to the World Health Organization (WHO) on 7 September 2022 was exceedingly catastrophic. This brought about an unexpected need for preventative and cost-effective measures to curb the devastating impact of the virus, followed by accelerated competition within the pharma giants to manufacture and dispense vaccines at an exponential rate. Non-pharmaceutical medications such as mandated face mask policies, the imposition of travel limitations and generalized disinfectant use were somewhat successful in mitigating the catastrophic effect, but the onus fell upon vaccination strategies and other medical interventions to counteract and subdue this international health threat. The need to ensure current and future pandemic preparedness, however, presents multiple hurdles, among which are equitable vaccine access and the rising trend of vaccine hesitancy at an individual and international level, which are beyond the scope of this discussion. With this review article, we seek to draw perspective on current COVID-19 virus variants, in-hand vaccine types with their mechanism of action along with their effectiveness and safety profile. We also aim to discuss substantial side effects while adding a segment on the booster dose controversy.
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Assefa, Ayalew, and Fufa Abunna. "Maintenance of Fish Health in Aquaculture: Review of Epidemiological Approaches for Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Fish." Veterinary Medicine International 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5432497.

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Aquaculture is rapidly growing part of agriculture worldwide. It makes up around 44 percent of total fish production globally. This increased growth of production is achieved despite facing many challenges in the aquaculture environment. Among production limiting challenges, the infectious disease takes the lion share by causing multibillion-dollar loss annually. To reduce the impact of the fish disease, it is necessary to address health constraints based on scientifically proven and recommended ways. This review aims at pointing out some of the best approaches to prevention and control of infectious disease in aquaculture. Among the effective prevention and control strategies, vaccination is one of the key practices. Types of vaccines for use in fish include killed vaccines, attenuated vaccines, DNA vaccines, recombinant technology vaccines, and synthetic peptide vaccines. Administration techniques of vaccines in fish include oral, injection, or immersion methods. Antibiotics are also in use in aquaculture despite their side effects in the development of drug resistance by microorganisms. Biological and chemical disease control strategies such as using probiotics, prebiotics, and medicinal plants are widely in use. Biosecurity measures in aquaculture can keep the safety of a facility from certain disease-causing agents that are absent in particular system. Farm-level biosecurity measures include strict quarantine measures, egg disinfection, traffic control, water treatments, clean feed, and disposal of mortalities. In conclusion, rather than trying to treat every disease case, it advisable to follow a preventive approach before the event of any disease outbreaks.
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Cheng, Daryl R., Hazel J. Clothier, Hannah J. Morgan, Emma Roney, Priya Shenton, Nicholas Cox, Bryn O. Jones, Silja Schrader, Nigel W. Crawford, and Jim P. Buttery. "Myocarditis and myopericarditis cases following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines administered to 12–17-year olds in Victoria, Australia." BMJ Paediatrics Open 6, no. 1 (June 2022): e001472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001472.

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Importance COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-associated myocarditis has previously been described; however specific features in the adolescent population are currently not well understood. Objective To describe myocarditis adverse events following immunisation reported following any COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in the adolescent population in Victoria, Australia. Design Statewide, population-based study. Setting Surveillance of Adverse Events Following Vaccination in the Community (SAEFVIC) is the vaccine-safety service for Victoria, Australia. Participants All SAEFVIC reports of myocarditis and myopericarditis in 12–17-year-old COVID-19 mRNA vaccinees submitted between 22 February 2021 and 22 February 2022, as well as accompanying diagnostic investigation results where available, were assessed using Brighton Collaboration criteria for diagnostic certainty. Exposures Any mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Main outcomes/Mmeasure Confirmed myocarditis as per Brighton Collaboration criteria (levels 1–3). Results Clinical review demonstrated definitive (Brighton level 1) or probable (level 2) diagnoses in 75 cases. Confirmed myocarditis reporting rates were 8.3 per 100 000 doses in this age group. Cases were predominantly male (n=62, 82.7%) and post dose 2 (n=61, 81.3%). Rates peaked in the 16–17-year-old age group and were higher in males than females (17.7 vs 3.9 per 100 000, p=<0.001). The most common presenting symptoms were chest pain, dyspnoea and palpitations. A large majority of cases who had a cardiac MRI had abnormalities (n=33, 91.7%). Females were more likely to have ongoing clinical symptoms at 1-month follow-up (p=0.02). Conclusion Accurate evaluation and confirmation of episodes of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-associated myocarditis enabled understanding of clinical phenotypes in the adolescent age group. Any potential vaccination and safety surveillance policies needs to consider age and gender differences.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vaccines Victoria Safety measures"

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Vandenberg, Shannon Y. "Saying no to childhood immunization : perceptions of mothers and health care professionals in Southern Alberta." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Health Sciences, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3355.

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The purpose of this grounded theory study was two-fold; first, to explore how mothers develop an understanding of childhood immunization which contributes to the decision¬making process resulting in a decision not to participate in immunization. Second, the perceptions of childhood immunization of health care professionals were also examined. The understanding and decision-making process of eight mothers was compared with the perceptions of twelve health care professionals. A number of themes were constructed from the research and a grounded theory was developed which emphasizes the importance of collaboration between non-immunizing mothers and health care professionals to promote positive health outcomes in children. The findings will assist health care professionals in understanding the factors contributing to the immunization decision-making process, which will subsequently support in delivering immunization programs. Recommendations to promote support and respect for parents' decision not to immunize their children, and assist in educating parents on immunization are also included.
xiii, 275 leaves ; 29 cm
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Slaney, Graham. "Wrist guards as a public health intervention to reduce the risk of wrist fracture in snowboarders." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0041.

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[Truncated abstract] The aim of the research was to explore the association between wrist guard use and wrist fracture risk in snowboarders in Australia. During the study, the opportunity was also taken to examine the relationship between wearing wrist guards and the severity of wrist and elbow injury. A case-control study was conducted at the Mount Buller Medical Centre, Victoria, Australia. A total of 494 participants was recruited during the 2004 and 2005 ski seasons. Cases were defined as any snowboarder seen at the Clinic with a fractured wrist (N = 119), and controls as any snowboarder seen at the clinic for any reasons other than a fractured wrist (N = 375). Severity of forearm injuries were defined and analysed separately. Study participants completed a questionnaire consisting of: basic demographics (age and sex only); wrist guard use on the day of presentation; normal use of protective equipment; the number of days spent snowboarding that season; the ability of the snowboarder; and ski run difficulty. Risk taking behaviour was assessed by a history of any previous fracture or joint injury and psychometric questions. Clinic medical staff recorded site and severity of fractures and soft tissue injuries. Logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios for these risk factors against the main outcome measure. Presence of wrist fracture and injury in snowboarders with and without wrist guards. ... There was a significant association between wrist guard use and soft tissue elbow injuries (adjusted odds ratio = 17.6, p = 0.011, 95% CI: 1.93 – 160.2), but no significant association with elbow fractures (adjusted odds ratio = 1.84, p = 0.385, 95% CI: 0.46 – 7.30). There was thus no evidence in this study that wrist guards increase the occurrence of other severe injuries in the forearm by transferring the impact force away from the protected wrist up the arm. No evidence was found for compensatory risk taking behaviour in participants wearing protective equipment. A local injury prevention strategy was implemented in schools in the Mt Buller district during the course of this study. Education about the protective effects of wrist guards enabled a policy change in the local secondary college so that wrist guard use is now mandatory for all snowboarders in the school ski programme: That policy states:
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Books on the topic "Vaccines Victoria Safety measures"

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(Firm), VIC ROADS. Linking Victoria: Discussion paper. Melbourne: VicRoads, 1995.

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Program, Institute of Medicine (U S. ). Committee on the Review of the National Immunization Program's Research Procedures and Data Sharing. Vaccine safety research, data access, and public trust. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005.

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Vaccines--finding the balance between public safety and personal choice: Hearing before the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, first session, August 3, 1999. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Office, Victoria Audit. Management of food safety in Victoria. Melbourne, Vic: Auditor General Victoria, 2002.

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Stehlin, Isadora B. How FDA works to ensure vaccine safety. [Rockville, MD: Dept. of Health Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, 1996.

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Victoria. Office of the Auditor-General. Agricultural food safety. Melbourne, Vic: Victorian Government Printer, 2012.

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Laurie, Bouck, ed. The complete idiot's guide to vaccinations. New York, N.Y: Alpha, 2009.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Reform. Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations. Biological warfare defense vaccine research and development program: Hearing before the Subcommitttee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, October 23, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.

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Long shot: Vaccines for national defense. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2011.

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WHO Study Group on Biologicals. Cells products safety: Background papers from the WHO Study Group on Biologicals : Geneva, 18-19 Nov. 1986. Basel: Karger, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vaccines Victoria Safety measures"

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Cockfield, Samantha, David Healy, Anne Harris, Allison McIntyre, and Antonietta Cavallo. "The Development of the “Vision Zero” Approach in Victoria, Australia." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_17-1.

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AbstractFor many decades, road safety measures in Australia focused almost exclusively on behavioral approaches. When Claes Tingvall was appointed Director of MUARC, he introduced the concept of “Vision Zero” to Australia and, with it, the “Safe System” approach. While political leaders initially regarded a vision for zero deaths as unachievable, they supported the inherent logic of the Safe System.Initially the Safe System was applied as four independent pillars. While this lack of integration had limitations, it did enable road safety measures to move beyond road user behavior to focus more on safer road infrastructure and vehicle safety.The initial Safe System approach became “Towards Zero” an approach that accepts humans are fragile, and the road system designed to protect from death or serious injury was adopted across all Australia jurisdictions between 2004 and 2018.Public education has been used to introduce and explain Towards Zero and bring greater attention to the importance of purchasing a safe vehicle. Infrastructure investment has moved from a “blackspot” approach to the Safe System approach. However, shifting community and decision-makers’ understanding of the importance of speed limits being set to match the safety standard and design of a road remains a challenge. Future opportunities involve better integration of the components of the Safe System, focusing on serious injuries and improving strategy delivery, performance reporting, management, and accountability.
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Cockfield, Samantha, David Healy, Anne Harris, Allison McIntyre, and Antonietta Cavallo. "The Development of the “Vision Zero” Approach in Victoria, Australia." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 475–506. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_17.

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AbstractFor many decades, road safety measures in Australia focused almost exclusively on behavioral approaches. When Claes Tingvall was appointed Director of MUARC, he introduced the concept of “Vision Zero” to Australia and, with it, the “Safe System” approach. While political leaders initially regarded a vision for zero deaths as unachievable, they supported the inherent logic of the Safe System.Initially the Safe System was applied as four independent pillars. While this lack of integration had limitations, it did enable road safety measures to move beyond road user behavior to focus more on safer road infrastructure and vehicle safety.The initial Safe System approach became “Towards Zero” an approach that accepts humans are fragile, and the road system designed to protect from death or serious injury was adopted across all Australia jurisdictions between 2004 and 2018.Public education has been used to introduce and explain Towards Zero and bring greater attention to the importance of purchasing a safe vehicle. Infrastructure investment has moved from a “blackspot” approach to the Safe System approach. However, shifting community and decision-makers’ understanding of the importance of speed limits being set to match the safety standard and design of a road remains a challenge. Future opportunities involve better integration of the components of the Safe System, focusing on serious injuries and improving strategy delivery, performance reporting, management, and accountability.
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Fildes, Brian N., Brendan Lawrence, Luke Thompson, and Jennie Oxley. "Speed-Limits in Local Streets: Lessons from a 30 km/h Trial in Victoria, Australia." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 881–901. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_34.

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AbstractFatal and Severe Injuries (FSI) to vulnerable road users is a major road safety problem internationally. Recent resolutions by the Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety called for a blanket 30 km/h speed limit in urban areas to address this problem. A project undertaken in Melbourne, Australia, set out to evaluate the effectiveness and benefits of a lower speed limit in a local residential area in the City of Yarra. The intervention comprised replacing 40 km/h speed limit signs in the treated area with 30 km/h signs with an adjacent untreated control area. A before and after study was employed with speed, resident surveys, and estimated safety benefits as measures of its success. Modest reductions in mean speed were observed in the after-phase of the study while benefits were impressive for vehicles travelling at higher speed levels where the risk of severe injury or death is greater. These findings represent an estimated 4% reduction in the risk of severe injury for pedestrians in the event of a collision. Questionnaire responses showed an increased degree of support for the 30 km/h speed limit in local streets in the trial area. The implication of these findings for road safety is discussed, along with the challenges and potential hurdles. Lower speed limits in local streets and municipalities is one important measure to help address vulnerable road users in residential local streets.
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Fildes, Brian N., Brendan Lawrence, Luke Thompson, and Jennie Oxley. "Speed-Limits in Local Streets: Lessons from a 30 km/h Trial in Victoria, Australia." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_34-1.

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AbstractFatal and Severe Injuries (FSI) to vulnerable road users is a major road safety problem internationally. Recent resolutions by the Global Ministerial Conference on Road Safety called for a blanket 30 km/h speed limit in urban areas to address this problem. A project undertaken in Melbourne, Australia, set out to evaluate the effectiveness and benefits of a lower speed limit in a local residential area in the City of Yarra. The intervention comprised replacing 40 km/h speed limit signs in the treated area with 30 km/h signs with an adjacent untreated control area. A before and after study was employed with speed, resident surveys, and estimated safety benefits as measures of its success. Modest reductions in mean speed were observed in the after-phase of the study while benefits were impressive for vehicles travelling at higher speed levels where the risk of severe injury or death is greater. These findings represent an estimated 4% reduction in the risk of severe injury for pedestrians in the event of a collision. Questionnaire responses showed an increased degree of support for the 30 km/h speed limit in local streets in the trial area. The implication of these findings for road safety is discussed, along with the challenges and potential hurdles. Lower speed limits in local streets and municipalities is one important measure to help address vulnerable road users in residential local streets.
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Huang, Pei-Hua. "Uncertainty, Vaccination, and the Duties of Liberal States." In Philosophy of Engineering and Technology, 97–110. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08424-9_5.

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AbstractIt is widely accepted that a liberal state has a general duty to protect its people from undue health risks. However, the unprecedented emergent measures against the COVID-19 pandemic taken by governments worldwide give rise to questions regarding the extent to which this duty may be used to justify suspending a vaccine rollout on marginal safety grounds. In this chapter, I use the case of vaccination to argue that while a liberal state has a general duty to protect its people’s health, there is a limit to the measures this duty can be used to justify. First, I argue that since every available option involves different risks and benefits, the incommensurability of the involved risks and benefits forbids the prioritisation of a particular vaccine. Second, I argue that given epistemic limitations and uncertainty, policies that favour certain vaccines are not only epistemically ill-founded but also morally unacceptable. I conclude that in a highly uncertain situation such as the unfolding pandemic, the duty a liberal state ought to uphold is to properly communicate the knowns and unknowns to the general public and help people decide which option to choose for themselves. I call this duty the duty to facilitate risk-taking.
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Shah, Uzair, Hazrat Ali, Tanvir Alam, Mowafa Househ, and Zubair Shah. "Artificial Intelligence-Based Models for Predicting Vaccines Critical Tweets: An Experimental Study." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti220699.

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We studied the suitability of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based models to predict vaccine-critical tweets on the social media platform Twitter. We manually labeled a sample of 800 tweets as either “vaccine-critical” (i.e, anti-vaccine tweets, mentioned concerns related to vaccine safety and efficacy, and are against vaccine mandates or vaccine passports) or “other” (i.e., tweets that are neutral, report news, or are ambiguous) and used them to train and test AI-based models for automatically predicting vaccine-critical tweets. We fine-tuned two pre-trained deep learning-based language models, BERT and BERTweet, and implemented four classical AI-based models, Random Forest, Logistics Regression, Linear Support Vector Machines, and Multinomial Naïve Bayes. We evaluated these AI-based models using f1 score, accuracy, precision, and recall in three-fold cross-validation. We found that BERTweet outperformed all other models using these measures.
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Dokmanović, Mirjana. "OBAVEZNA VAKCINACIJA PROTIV COVID-19 IZ PERSPEKTIVE LJUDSKIH PRAVA." In PRAVNI I DRUŠTVENI ASPEKTI VAKCINACIJE TOKOM PANDEMIJE KOVIDA 19 = LEGAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF VACCINATION DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC, 37–70. Institute of Comparative Law, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56461/zr_22.cov19vak.03.

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Analysis of mandatory vaccination against Covid-19 from a human rights perspec- tive shows that such practice jeopardises the enjoyment of a range of fundamental human rights, including the right to life, physical integrity, safety, and health. The basic assump- tion for implementing immunization against any infectious disease, including Covid-19, is that the vaccine that is applied is tested, effective and safe. Vaccines against this infectious disease have not been sufficiently tested. Besides, mRNA vaccines are based on genetic material and they have never been used before for the purpose of immunization from a disease. Thus, these types of vaccines are experimental, so they may not be administered prior the informed voluntary consent of a person. No one can be exposed to political, social or any other pressure to vaccinate themselves if they do not want to do so, and the right to an effective remedy and compensation must be provided to all. Vaccine manufactur- ers cannot be free of liability for potential harmful consequences of their products. States should take measures to protect people and public health against undue influence of the pharmaceutical industry. The first part of the paper gives an overview of the context, specificities and main controversies related to vaccine development, testing and safety, informing of the public about the vaccines against Covid-19, freedom of scientific expression, and private-pub- lic partnership between pharmaceutical corporations, states and World Health Organiza- tion. The second part presents the main relevant international and regional human rights standards. The third part includes the evaluation of the level of respect and protection of human rights regarding mandatory immunisation against Covid-19. The aim of the paper is to contribute the scientific discussion in this field.
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8

Crawford, Dorothy H. "10. Viruses past, present, and future." In Viruses: A Very Short Introduction, 126–32. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198811718.003.0011.

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‘Viruses past, present, and future’ looks at the changing pattern of virus infections through the ages and speculates about how humans and viruses might interact in the future. Viruses, such as smallpox and yellow fever, have debilitated populations across the globe throughout history. New research technologies will allow a greater number of ‘new’ viruses to be identified, leading to preventive vaccines and novel treatments. However, we may also face potential man-made virus threats from biological weapons of mass destruction to the unwitting promotion of pathogenic viruses, possibly through xenotransplantation, immune-suppressed chemotherapy patients, or viruses escaping from laboratories due to poor safety measures.
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9

Mufamadi, Kgomotso, and Katleho Letsiri. "Mandatory vaccination against Covid-19." In The Impact of Covid-19 on the Future of Law, 199–219. UJ Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/9781776405657-10.

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COVID-19 vaccines have been identified by the World Health Organization as the most effective tool to protect persons against the novel COVID-19 disease, which has had a devastating impact on the global community. The roll-out of COVID-19 vaccines has given rise to various questions and in the employment context, the most pertinent question is whether employers can compel employees to vaccinate. Compulsory vaccination against the disease would constitute compulsory medical treatment, which is an area that is presently not regulated in South African labour legislation. For this reason, the authors will consider the National Health Act 21 of 2003 as more general legislation containing provisions on this area, particularly in the context of informed consent and the circumstances under which the requirement of consent may be limited. The authors will further consider the employer’s duty to provide and maintain a safe working environment in terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 in the context of vaccinations and will analyse the provisions of the Consolidated Direction on Occupational Health and Safety Measures in Certain Workplaces issued by the department of employment and labour which contains guidelines for the implementation of mandatory vaccinations policies in the workplace.
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10

Kerro Dego, Oudessa. "Current Status of Antimicrobial Resistance and Prospect for New Vaccines against Major Bacterial Bovine Mastitis Pathogens." In Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94227.

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Economic losses due to bovine mastitis is estimated to be $2 billion in the United States alone. Antimicrobials are used extensively in dairy farms for prevention and treatment of mastitis and other diseases of dairy cattle. The use of antimicrobials for treatment and prevention of diseases of dairy cattle needs to be prudent to slow down the development, persistence, and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from dairy farms to humans, animals, and farm environments. Because of public health and food safety concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial residues in meat and milk, alternative approaches for disease control are required. These include vaccines, improvements in housing, management practices that reduce the likelihood and effect of infectious diseases, management systems and feed formulation, studies to gain a better understanding of animal behavior, and the development of more probiotics and competitive exclusion products. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial isolates from cases of mastitis and dairy farm environments is important for treatment decisions and proper design of antimicrobial-resistance mitigation measures. It also helps to determine emergence, persistence, and potential risk of the spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistome from these reservoirs in dairy farms to humans, animals, and farm environments.
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