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Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccines Storage'
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1
Hikmarida, Faradiba. "Relationship Between Storage and Recording with Quality of DPT Vaccine Cold Chain in Puskesmas." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v2i3.2014.380-391.
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ABSTRACTIncreasing number of diphteria cases in Sidoarjo Regency, with occurrence of cases in those who had received DPT immunization shows the existence of problem concerning to immunization. The efficacy itself, depends on the quality of vaccines given. Insufficiency in cold chain may lower the quality of DPT vaccines. The purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between DPT vaccine storage and recording for DPT vaccines cold chain with quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in puskesmas Sidoarjo Regency. This research is a descriptive research with cross sectional design. Sample used were total population, which includes all 26 puskesmas within Sidoarjo. The variables were DPT vaccine storage, recording for DPT vaccines cold chain and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain. The result of this study showed that DPT vaccine storage was good (58%), recording for DPT vaccines cold chain were insufficient (77%), and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in puskesmas was also good (62%). Spearman correlation test showed relationship between DPT vaccine storage and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in Puskesmas was strong and positive (r = 0,561). Relationship between recording for DPT vaccines cold chain and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in puskesmas was moderate and positive (r = 0,421). the better the storage for DPT vaccines and recording for DPT vaccines cold chain in puskesmas, the better its cold chain quality in puskesmas. Improvement in officers’ obedience in storing DPT vaccine and its recording concerning to the cold chain which appropriate according to procedures, were really needed.Keywords: storage, recording, quality, cold chain, DPT vaccine
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Hikmarida, Faradiba. "Relationship Between Storage and Recording with Quality of DPT Vaccine Cold Chain in Puskesmas." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v2i32014.380-391.
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ABSTRACTIncreasing number of diphteria cases in Sidoarjo Regency, with occurrence of cases in those who had received DPT immunization shows the existence of problem concerning to immunization. The efficacy itself, depends on the quality of vaccines given. Insufficiency in cold chain may lower the quality of DPT vaccines. The purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between DPT vaccine storage and recording for DPT vaccines cold chain with quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in puskesmas Sidoarjo Regency. This research is a descriptive research with cross sectional design. Sample used were total population, which includes all 26 puskesmas within Sidoarjo. The variables were DPT vaccine storage, recording for DPT vaccines cold chain and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain. The result of this study showed that DPT vaccine storage was good (58%), recording for DPT vaccines cold chain were insufficient (77%), and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in puskesmas was also good (62%). Spearman correlation test showed relationship between DPT vaccine storage and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in Puskesmas was strong and positive (r = 0,561). Relationship between recording for DPT vaccines cold chain and quality of DPT vaccine cold chain in puskesmas was moderate and positive (r = 0,421). the better the storage for DPT vaccines and recording for DPT vaccines cold chain in puskesmas, the better its cold chain quality in puskesmas. Improvement in officers’ obedience in storing DPT vaccine and its recording concerning to the cold chain which appropriate according to procedures, were really needed.Keywords: storage, recording, quality, cold chain, DPT vaccine
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Bishai, David M., Sucheta Bhatt, Lee T. Miller, and Gregory F. Hayden. "Vaccine Storage Practices in Pediatric Offices." Pediatrics 89, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.2.193.
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Fifty pediatric offices and clinics in the metropolitan Los Angeles area were visited to assess vaccine storage practices. Questionnaires were administered to the personnel responsible for vaccine storage and the vaccine refrigerators were inspected. Only 16% of vaccine storage coordinators could cite appropriate storage temperatures for vaccines and 18% were unaware that heat can harm certain vaccines. Refrigerator thermometers were checked at least weekly in only 20% of offices, and 22% of the refrigerators had inappropriately high temperatures. Vaccines were routinely stored outside of the refrigerator uninsulated during the practice day in 16% of the offices visited. It is concluded that vaccine storage errors occur in pediatric offices at an unacceptably high frequency. Pediatricians should familiarize themselves with the guidelines for optimal vaccine storage in order to minimize the potential for vaccine failure in primary care practice.
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Armstrong, Kirsty. "Care of vaccines: ensuring safe storage." Practice Nursing 32, Sup12 (December 1, 2021): S12—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2021.32.sup12.s12.
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Vaccines cost the NHS around £200 million a year and the loss of only one dose of Pediacel vaccine a month in each general practice would cost an estimated £4 million a year. There is a collective responsibility for the safe ordering, storage and administration of vaccines which will be covered in this article.
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Verma, Anita, Beth McNichol, Rocío I. Domínguez-Castillo, Juan C. Amador-Molina, Juan L. Arciniega, Karine Reiter, Bruce D. Meade, Miriam M. Ngundi, Scott Stibitz, and Drusilla L. Burns. "Use of Site-Directed Mutagenesis To Model the Effects of Spontaneous Deamidation on the Immunogenicity of Bacillus anthracis Protective Antigen." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 1 (October 31, 2012): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00863-12.
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Long-term stability is a desired characteristic of vaccines, especially anthrax vaccines, which must be stockpiled for large-scale use in an emergency situation; however, spontaneous deamidation of purified vaccine antigens has the potential to adversely affect vaccine immunogenicity over time. In order to explore whether spontaneous deamidation of recombinant protective antigen (rPA)—the major component of new-generation anthrax vaccines—affects vaccine immunogenicity, we created a “genetically deamidated” form of rPA using site-directed mutagenesis to replace six deamidation-prone asparagine residues, at positions 408, 466, 537, 601, 713, and 719, with either aspartate, glutamine, or alanine residues. We found that the structure of the six-Asp mutant rPA was not significantly altered relative to that of the wild-type protein as assessed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and biological activity. In contrast, immunogenicity of aluminum-adjuvanted six-Asp mutant rPA, as measured by induction of toxin-neutralizing antibodies, was significantly lower than that of the corresponding wild-type rPA vaccine formulation. The six-Gln and six-Ala mutants also exhibited lower immunogenicity than the wild type. While the wild-type rPA vaccine formulation exhibited a high level of immunogenicity initially, its immunogenicity declined significantly upon storage at 25°C for 4 weeks. In contrast, the immunogenicity of the six-Asp mutant rPA vaccine formulation was low initially but did not change significantly upon storage. Taken together, results from this study suggest that spontaneous deamidation of asparagine residues predicted to occur during storage of rPA vaccines would adversely affect vaccine immunogenicity and therefore the storage life of vaccines.
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Youssef, Dalia, Rachel Mearkle, and Karen Ford. "Responding to errors in the storage, handling, and administration of vaccines." Practice Nursing 31, no. 2 (February 2, 2020): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2020.31.2.62.
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The storage, handling, and administration of vaccines is a complex process. When errors occur, practice nurses must respond appropriately. Dalia Youssef, Rachel Mearkle and Karen Ford provide an overview of recent guidance and advice on how to avoid and deal with vaccine incidents Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions. It helps to prevent infectious disease and save lives. However, the storage, handling, and administration of vaccines is a complex process that is not immune to error. Vaccine incidents—including interruption of the cold chain—can undermine vaccine quality and efficacy, and, in some cases, this could require revaccination of patients. In September 2019, Public Health England published updated guidance about responding to errors in the storage, handling, and administration of vaccines. This article provides an overview of this guidance and includes practical advice on how to avoid and deal with common vaccine-related incidents.
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Gordon, Charlotte, Debbie Porteous, and John Unsworth. "COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine administration." British Journal of Nursing 30, no. 6 (March 25, 2021): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2021.30.6.344.
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This article provides an overview of current COVID-19 vaccines available within the UK, including their mode of action, storage and handling. It outlines the recommendations on priority groups for vaccination and provides insight into the training recommendations for vaccinators.
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Hendrarsakti, Jooned, RB Dinda Permatasari, Erstrela Belia Muaja, Iqbal Muwahid, Leonard Alvin, Muhammad Romadhona, and Naufal Riyandi. "Identification of Potential Geothermal Energy Used for Vaccine COVID-19 Cold Storage Box Using Absorptive Refrigeration." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1014, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1014/1/012012.
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Abstract A variety of vaccines of Covid 19 have been developed by different drug makers. Each vaccine brand requires different storage temperature ranged from 2-8°C, which then requires a cold storage box. In Indonesia, vaccine transportation and storage become big challenges to ensure the vaccines in good condition before use. This research focused to find out the possibility of using geothermal energy from Lahendong geothermal power plant unit 5 in Tompaso, North Sulawesi, for 5 liters-cold storage for Covid-19 vaccine using ammonia-water absorptive refrigeration and to identify the possible temperatures for storage of vaccine. Based on the absorption refrigeration system calculation, the current study found that the average evaporator temperature is 3°C, with cooling load of 1.03 kW and COP of 0.43. This cooling load requires a brine of 59.98 kg/s from the Lahendong geothermal power plant.
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Mustika, Dian Nintyasari, and Sherkia Ichtiarsi Prakasiwi. "Vaccine Cold Chain Management at Puskesmas Level in Semarang City." Jurnal Kebidanan 11, no. 1 (February 17, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jk.11.1.2022.89-96.
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At present, measles is the biggest cause of child mortality among other diseases that can be prevented by immunization. Vaccines are biological elements that have certain characteristics and require special cold chain handling of vaccines since they are produced at the factory until they are used in service units. With the wrong method of storing vaccines, it can cause damage to the vaccine causing AEFI (Post Immunization Adverse Events). Cold chain procedures must be managed properly by keeping vaccines within the recommended temperature range from the transport stage to vaccine storage. The purpose of this study was to determine how the vaccine cold chain is managed at the puskesmas level in the city of Semarang. The design of this research is cross sectional. The samples in this study were vaccine management officers and vaccine storage facilities. The sampling technique in this study was simple random. The sample size is 5 health centers in the city of Semarang. The data was collected by interviewing the puskesmas officers and observing the vaccine storage facilities at the puskesmas. From the results of the study, it was found that there were more respondents who had never received cold chain management training than those who had attended training. To increase the knowledge and skills of immunization officers, it is necessary to conduct training in accordance with the training module for immunization officers.
10
Santos, Alexandre F., Pedro D. Gaspar, and Heraldo J. L. de Souza. "Refrigeration of COVID-19 Vaccines: Ideal Storage Characteristics, Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impacts of Various Vaccine Options." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 1849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071849.
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This article considers the ideal storage conditions for multiple vaccine brands, such as Pfizer, Moderna, CoronaVac, Oxford–AstraZeneca, Janssen COVID-19 and Sputnik V. Refrigerant fluid options for each storage condition, thermal load to cool each type of vaccine and environmental impacts of refrigerants are compared. An energy simulation using the EUED (energy usage effectiveness design) index was developed. The Oxford–AstraZeneca, Janssen COVID-19 and CoronaVac vaccines show 9.34-times higher energy efficiency than Pfizer. In addition, a TEWI (total equivalent warming impact) simulation was developed that prioritizes direct environmental impacts and indirect in refrigeration. From this analysis, it is concluded that the cold storage of Oxford–AstraZeneca, Janssen COVID-19 and CoronaVac vaccines in Brazil generates 35-times less environmental impact than the Pfizer vaccine.
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Campa, Cristiana, Thierry Pronce, Marilena Paludi, Jos Weusten, Laura Conway, James Savery, Christine Richards, and Didier Clénet. "Use of Stability Modeling to Support Accelerated Vaccine Development and Supply." Vaccines 9, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101114.
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Stability assessment of pharmaceuticals in specific storage and shipment conditions is a key requirement to ensure that safe and efficacious products are administered to patients. This is particularly relevant for vaccines, with numerous vaccines strictly requiring cold storage to remain stable. When stability evaluation is exclusively based on real-time data, it may represent a bottleneck for rapid and effective vaccine access. Stability modeling for vaccines represents a key resource to predict stability based on accelerated stability studies; nevertheless, this approach is not fully exploited for these kinds of products. This is likely because of the complexity and diversity of vaccines, as well as the limited availability of dedicated guidelines or illustrative case studies. This article reports a cross-company perspective on stability modeling for vaccines. Several examples, based on the direct experience of the contributors, demonstrate that modeling approaches can be highly valuable to predict vaccines’ shelf life and behavior during shipment or manipulation. It is demonstrated that modeling methodologies need to be tailored to the nature of the vaccine, the available prior knowledge, and the monitored attributes. Considering that the well-established strategies reported in ICH or WHO guidelines are not always broadly applicable to vaccines, this article represents an important source of information for vaccine researchers and manufacturers, setting the grounds for further discussion within the vaccine industry and with regulators.
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Berg, Adam, Daniel Wright, Pawan Dulal, Anna Stedman, Sofiya Fedosyuk, Michael J. Francis, Bryan Charleston, George M. Warimwe, and Alexander D. Douglas. "Stability of Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vectored Vaccines (ChAdOx1 and ChAdOx2) in Liquid and Lyophilised Formulations." Vaccines 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111249.
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Adenovirus vectored vaccines have entered global use during the COVID-19 pandemic, and are in development for multiple other human and veterinary applications. An attraction of the technology is the suitability of the vaccines for storage at 2–8 °C for months. Widely used COVID-19 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca) is based on a species E simian adenovirus. Species E simian serotypes have been used in a wide range of other development programs, but the stability of such vectors has not been extensively described in the peer-reviewed literature. Here, we explore the stability of two candidate vaccines based on two species E serotypes: a Rift Valley fever vaccine based upon the ChAdOx1 vector (Y25 serotype) used in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and a rabies vaccine based upon a ChAdOx2 vector (AdC68 serotype). We describe each vector’s stability in liquid and lyophilised formulations using in vitro and in vivo potency measurements. Our data support the suitability of liquid formulations of these vectors for storage at 2–8 °C for up to 1 year, and potentially for nonrefrigerated storage for a brief period during last-leg distribution (perhaps 1–3 days at 20 °C—the precise definition of acceptable last-leg storage conditions would require further product-specific data). Depending upon the level of inprocess potency loss that is economically acceptable, and the level of instorage loss that is compatible with maintenance of acceptable end-of-storage potency, a previously reported lyophilised formulation may enable longer term storage at 20 °C or storage for a number of days at 30 °C.
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Garaba, S. A., and U. Imogie. "THE STABILITY OF WET T1 CONTAGIOUS BOVINE PLEUROPNEUMONIA VACCINE." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v9i1.2283.
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THE stability of wet T1 contagious bovine plenropneumonia (CBPP) Vaccine stored at 4°C was studied. Two large batches of the vaccines were stored at 4°C for up to 5 months. From the third month of storage, the vaccines were used to vaccinate CBPP-free animals. The immune levels of the animals were monitored by complement fixation test (CET) and challenge trial. The results indicated that all the vaccinated animals produced reasonable antibody titres even after 5 months storage. Also, all the animals vaccinated with vaccines stored between 3 to 5 months resisted infection by contact while ail the incubated and control animals came down with the disease. The results indicated that the vaccine could actually be stored for up to 5 months at 4°C before use.
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Kasi, Parthiban, and M. Cheralathan. "Review of cascade refrigeration systems for vaccine storage." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012041.
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Abstract Various models are already developed to achieve the refrigerating effect. Each refrigeration system has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, as well as a unique application. The vapor compression refrigeration system and the sorption refrigeration system are the two most prominent refrigeration technologies that may be utilized for a variety of purposes. In the medical profession, cascade refrigeration will be established in the storage of blood banks, plasma, vaccines, bone banks, biological fluids storage, etc. Storing heat-sensitive vaccines at the right temperature is crucial yet often difficult by the availability of ultralow temperature cold storage. This paper has reviewed that the different types of cascade refrigeration systems for a better refrigerating effect on vaccine storage.
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Casto, Daniel T., and Philip A. Brunell. "Safe Handling of Vaccines." Pediatrics 87, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.87.1.108.
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The development of safe and effective vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases associated with high mortality or morbidity is among the most significant accomplishments in medicine. The ultimate goal of eradication of a disease through immunization is an elusive one, having been achieved for only one disease—smallpox. However, a significant reduction in the number of childhood cases of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, and rubella has been realized through the use of modern immunizing agents. Recent introduction of vaccines for the prevention of invasive disease caused by Haemophilus influenzae will hopefully provide similar results in the near future. The success of a vaccine in preventing disease is dependent on both the quality of the immunizing agent and the degree to which it is utilized. Obviously, the safest and most effective vaccine in the world will contribute nothing to the decline of a disease without clinicians' efforts to immunize at-risk individuals and without a willingness on the part of these at-risk individuals (or their parents) to receive the vaccine. This critical issue of vaccine utilization deservingly receives attention in the medical literature with some frequency.1,2 Similarly, the quality of vaccines is frequently addressed in publications concerning aspects such as reactogenicity, immunogenicity, and overall efficacy.3-6 One important factor that can influence efficacy, however, is rarely discussed—how vaccines are handled during shipment and storage. Discussions concerning preservation of vaccine potency through proper storage and maintenance of the "cold chain" may seem more pertinent to developing countries of the world, where refrigeration is not readily available and exposure of stored product to extreme environmental conditions can be expected.7-9
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Rusnack, Michael. "COVID Vaccine Transport, Storage, and Distribution: Cold Chain Management to Ensure Efficacy." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 12, no. 4 (October 6, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i4.4225.
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The Vaccines for Children Program (VFC) is a federally funded program in the United States, providing vaccines to children who lack health insurance or who otherwise cannot afford the vaccination cost. The VFC program was created in 1993 and is required to be a new entitlement of each State's Medicaid plan. The program was officially implemented in October 1994 and served eligible children in all United States (US). Other countries, the United Nations (UN), and the World Health Organization (WHO), have similar programs. A critical aspect of these programs is the guidance surrounding the environmental monitoring of the materials. To best maintain the integrity of these products, specific storage parameters are required. It is necessary to store most vaccines at refrigeration or freezing temperatures. To best assure the efficacy of the vaccines, monitoring standards and equipment are specified. The technology and methodologies may be adequate for these programs' materials; these same methods are not for the COVID vaccine.[1] When reviewing the guidance recommendations worldwide, one may observe commonalities in the program. Each guidance calls for the use of digital data loggers (DDL), sampling rates of 15 to 30 minutes, daily check-in (during business hours), and the use of a temperature buffer, each without specificity.[2] The inadequacies of the VFC program monitoring methodologies fall far short when monitoring COVID vaccines. Herein considerations for the transport, storage, and distribution of the COVID vaccine cold chain will be discussed.
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Uddin, Mohammad N., and Monzurul A. Roni. "Challenges of Storage and Stability of mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091033.
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In December 2019, a new and highly pathogenic coronavirus emerged—coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), quickly spread throughout the world. In response to this global pandemic, a few vaccines were allowed for emergency use, beginning in November 2020, of which the mRNA-based vaccines by Moderna (Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA) and BioNTech (BioTech, Mainz, Germany)/Pfizer (Pfizer, New York, NY, USA) have been identified as the most effective ones. The mRNA platform allowed rapid development of vaccines, but their global use is limited by ultracold storage requirements. Most resource-poor countries do not have cold chain storage to execute mass vaccination. Therefore, determining strategies to increase stability of mRNA-based vaccines in relatively higher temperatures can be a game changer to address the current global pandemic and upcoming new waves. In this review, we summarized the current research strategies to enhance stability of the RNA vaccine delivery system.
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Sayers, Samantha, Guerlain Ulysse, Zuoshuang Xiang, and Yongqun He. "Vaxjo: A Web-Based Vaccine Adjuvant Database and Its Application for Analysis of Vaccine Adjuvants and Their Uses in Vaccine Development." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/831486.
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Vaccine adjuvants are compounds that enhance host immune responses to co-administered antigens in vaccines. Vaxjo is a web-based central database and analysis system that curates, stores, and analyzes vaccine adjuvants and their usages in vaccine development. Basic information of a vaccine adjuvant stored in Vaxjo includes adjuvant name, components, structure, appearance, storage, preparation, function, safety, and vaccines that use this adjuvant. Reliable references are curated and cited. Bioinformatics scripts are developed and used to link vaccine adjuvants to different adjuvanted vaccines stored in the general VIOLIN vaccine database. Presently, 103 vaccine adjuvants have been curated in Vaxjo. Among these adjuvants, 98 have been used in 384 vaccines stored in VIOLIN against over 81 pathogens, cancers, or allergies. All these vaccine adjuvants are categorized and analyzed based on adjuvant types, pathogens used, and vaccine types. As a use case study of vaccine adjuvants in infectious disease vaccines, the adjuvants used inBrucellavaccines are specifically analyzed. A user-friendly web query and visualization interface is developed for interactive vaccine adjuvant search. To support data exchange, the information of vaccine adjuvants is stored in the Vaccine Ontology (VO) in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) format.
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Lugelo, Ahmed, Katie Hampson, Machunde Bigambo, Rudovick Kazwala, and Felix Lankester. "Controlling Human Rabies: The Development of an Effective, Inexpensive and Locally Made Passive Cooling Device for Storing Thermotolerant Animal Rabies Vaccines." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 3 (August 11, 2020): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030130.
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Thermotolerant vaccines greatly improved the reach and impact of large-scale vaccination programs to eliminate diseases such as smallpox, polio and rinderpest. A recent study demonstrated that the potency of the Nobivac® Canine Rabies vaccine was not impacted following experimental storage at 30 °C for three months. We conducted a study to develop a passive cooling device (PCD) that could store thermotolerant vaccines under fluctuating subambient temperatures. Through a participatory process with local communities in Northern Tanzania, we developed innovative PCD designs for local manufacture. A series of field experiments were then carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of five PCDs for vaccine storage under varying climatic conditions. Following iterative improvement, a final prototype “Zeepot Clay” was developed at the cost of US$11 per unit. During a further field-testing phase over a 12-month period, the internal temperature of the device remained below 26 °C, despite ambient temperatures exceeding 42 °C. Our study thus demonstrated that locally designed PCDs have utility for storing thermotolerant rabies vaccines at subambient temperatures. These results have application for the scaling up of mass dog vaccination programs in low-and-middle income countries, particularly for hard-to-reach populations with limited access to power and cold-chain vaccine storage.
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D’Amico, Carmine, Flavia Fontana, Ruoyu Cheng, and Hélder A. Santos. "Development of vaccine formulations: past, present, and future." Drug Delivery and Translational Research 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-021-00924-7.
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AbstractThe current situation, heavily influenced by the ongoing pandemic, puts vaccines back into the spotlight. However, the conventional and traditional vaccines present disadvantages, particularly related to immunogenicity, stability, and storage of the final product. Often, such products require the maintenance of a “cold chain,” impacting the costs, the availability, and the distribution of vaccines. Here, after a recall of the mode of action of vaccines and the types of vaccines currently available, we analyze the past, present, and future of vaccine formulation. The past focuses on conventional formulations, the present discusses the use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery and as adjuvants, while the future presents microneedle patches as alternative formulation and administration route. Finally, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of injectable solutions, nanovaccines, and microneedles in terms of efficacy, stability, and patient-friendly design. Graphical abstract Different approaches to vaccine formulation development, the conventional vaccine formulations from the past, the current development of lipid nanoparticles as vaccines, and the near future microneedles formulations are discussed in this review.
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Jahan, Archie, Shoyaib, Kabir, and Cheung. "Recent Approaches for Solid Dose Vaccine Delivery." Scientia Pharmaceutica 87, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm87040027.
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Recent studies on vaccine delivery systems are exploring the possibility of replacing liquid vaccines with solid dose vaccines due to the many advantages that solid dose vaccines can offer. These include the prospect of a needle-free vaccine delivery system leading to better patient compliance, cold chain storage, less-trained vaccinators and fewer chances for needle stick injury hazards. Some studies also indicate that vaccines in a solid dosage form can result in a higher level of immunogenicity compared to the liquid form, thus providing a dose-sparing effect. This review outlines the different approaches in solid vaccine delivery using various routes of administration including, oral, pulmonary, intranasal, buccal, sublingual, and transdermal routes. The various techniques and their current advancements will provide a knowledge base for future work to be carried out in this arena.
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Muhammad, Dildar. "COVID-19; VACCINE ADMINISTRATION AND THE ROLE OF NURSES/ MIDWIVES." Journal of Farkhanda Institute of Nursing And Public Health (JFINPH) 1, no. 01 (August 1, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37762/jfinph.14.
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The COVID-19 vaccine is finally available in the market and across the globe its public administration has started widely. Safe and effective administration of COVID-19 vaccine is the primary responsibility of nurses, midwives and other healthcare professionals1. Therefore, nurses and other professionals who are involved in administering vaccines must be knowledgeable, confident and competent. Nurses have main role in the administration of the COVID-19 vaccine therefore it is compulsory that nurses possess accurate knowledge and skills to administer vaccines2. Core competencies required of nurses include product knowledge, storage and handling, administration and documentation3.
Before administering vaccine training is required. Depending on the product nurses must have knowledge of the eligibility requirements, vaccination schedule and history, contraindications, precautions and clinical considerations4. Moreover, it is important to understand recommended observation time and signs and symptoms of allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock (if any). Safe administration also requires that nurses must possess accurate knowledge of storage and handling of COVID-19 vaccine including inspecting, unpacking, accounting, and storing vaccines5. Depending on the product, nurses must demonstrate the knowledge of maintaining cold chain and any protocol in case of cold chain failure. Proper monitoring of temperature and recording it are vital for safe and effective administration of COVID-19 vaccine.
Administration of vaccine is the key competency required of nurses that include infection prevention and control as well as mitigation measures. Identifying proper needle gauge and length is important in addition to best injection site based on route, age and health of the recipient6,7. Correct intramuscular injection technique is the cornerstone to prevent administration errors such as shoulder injury etc. Similarly, nurses should have the knowledge as per standard protocol of how to dispose vials, syringes, needles and other supplies8. Finally, proper documentation of vaccination is key in appropriate data systems. Evidence suggest that health care professionals including nurses and midwives are highly trusted when it comes to vaccine information therefore it is vital that nurses provide appropriate information including vaccination report card to vaccine recipient. Nurses should also be able to explain to the patient any adverse effect and what to do in such situations.
For the safe and effective administration of vaccine, it is important that nurses must self-assess themselves in the above areas and where required must improve themselves before embarking on to administer COVID-19 vaccines to public. Facilities and vaccine centers must arrange training and refresher courses for nurses and support staff involved in administration of vaccines.
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Zheng, Yiwu, Xuxin Lai, Henrik Ipsen, Jørgen Nedergaard Larsen, Henning Løwenstein, Ib Søndergaard, and Susanne Jacobsen. "The structural stability of protein antigens adsorbed by aluminium hydroxide in comparison to the antigens in solutions." Spectroscopy 21, no. 5-6 (2007): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/354959.
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It is believed that antigens should be adsorbed onto adjuvants in vaccines. The adsorption-modified structure of antigens is important to understand the mechanism of adjuvants and vaccine immunogenicity. The structural stability of antigens is of major importance. The changes in structure can be induced by degradation and/or increase of storage temperature. In this study the structural stability of two model antigens, bovine serum albumin (BSA) andβ-lactoglobulin (BLG) were compared when they were adsorbed onto aluminium hydroxide and when they were in solutions using Fourier transform infrared – attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy. The structural stability of these two proteins was studied at different temperature and during storages. The present results showed that the structure of antigens can be stabilized by adsorption onto aluminium hydroxide. Non-adsorbed protein antigens present in vaccines may facilitate the degradation of the vaccine.
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Hasanuddin, Asni, Jurnal Syarif, and Ricvan Dana Nindrea. "The Evaluation of Needs and Weaknesses of The Immunization Program in Kodingareng and Barranglompo Island, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia." International Journal of Community Service (IJCS) 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55299/ijcs.v1i2.208.
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Objectives: This study evaluates the needs and weaknesses of the immunization program in the Kodingareng Island and Barranglompo Islands, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Materials & Methods: This research is qualitative research at the Center Health Service islands Kodingareng and Barranglompo Makassar City. Research informants were the head of the Sub-Health Service, immunization officers, immunization cadres Kodingareng Islands and Barranglompo Makassar City. The data analysis was done by triangulation.Results: The results showed that there was still a lack of immunization executors on the input component, vaccines were not available on the island because they were constrained by electricity intake to maintain the stability of the vaccine storage temperature. Funding support has not been able to support the operation of the immunization program. Apart from that, community empowerment is still not optimal. Infrastructure is constrained by the storage area for vaccines on the island which is not supported by adequate electricity intake. Vaccines cannot be stored in the area closest to the island because there are no storage facilities and also limited electricity intake. This causes officers after visiting the immunization site to immediately carry out vaccination activities.Conclusions: The needs and weaknesses in the immunization program in the Kodingareng and Barranglompo Island areas of Makassar City are the need for immunization implementing officers, the availability of vaccines on the island by strengthening funding support, and the availability of facilities through the provision of generators to support vaccine storage. Apart from that, the community is still lacking in terms of community empowerment.
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Buitendach, Henning, Immanuel Ninma Jiya, and Rupert Gouws. "Solar powered peltier cooling storage for vaccines in rural areas." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i1.pp36-46.
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The research presented in this paper proposes a new design of a vaccine cooling and storage unit that can keep vaccines in the cold chain (2°C to 8°C). This design was done to facilitate effective completion of the African vaccination week. The cooling and storage unit was designed to be compact, portable, well isolated and to make use of a PV solar energy system as a source of electricity. The cooling unit makes use of a Liquid to Air thermoelectric cooling module connected to some tubing and a liquid pump to cool the inside of the cooling unit. The design process also included designing a control system that controls the temperature inside the cooling holder and a monitoring system to monitor the battery voltage and capacity. The system also has a user interface that displays the temperatures inside and outside of the cooling holder, as well as the battery voltage and capacity. The cooling system successfully developed was able to keep vaccines in the cold chain for up to three days, the system could control the temperature of the vaccines with an accuracy of 1°C and was small and portable, but still had enough room to house up to 250 vaccines.
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Desai, Sachin N., and Deepak Kamat. "Closing the Global Immunization Gap: Delivery of Lifesaving Vaccines Through Innovation and Technology." Pediatrics In Review 35, no. 7 (July 1, 2014): e32-e40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.35.7.e32.
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One of every 5 children does not receive basic vaccines because of concerns related to storage and delivery in resource limited countries. Transporting vaccines over long distances in extreme temperatures is a common challenge. Issues that involve production and formulation, delivery technologies, cold chain logistics, and safety factors need to be addressed to properly adapt vaccines to resource constrained settings. Current successful field interventions include United Nation Children’s Fund cold boxes, which are used to store and distribute vaccine in disaster struck areas, and vaccine vial monitors, which allow health workers to gauge whether vaccine is still usable in areas with unreliable electricity and refrigeration. This review aims to provide a general overview of innovative approaches and technologies that positively affect vaccine coverage and save more lives.
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Md Khairi, Lukman Nul Hakim, Mathumalar Loganathan Fahrni, and Antonio Ivan Lazzarino. "The Race for Global Equitable Access to COVID-19 Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081306.
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COVID-19 vaccines are possibly the most effective medical countermeasures to mitigate and ultimately bring to a halt the COVID-19 pandemic. As we transition to endemicity, inequitable access to vaccines, and particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), still poses risks of unprecedented disruptions and the emergence of viral mutations, which potentially lead to notorious vaccine-resistant variants. The missteps learned from the previous responses to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza outbreaks founded the hypothetical plan to ensure that vaccine accessibility to LMICs is not impeded. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccines’ social promise was to lessen the underlying racial, ethnic, and geographic inequities that COVID-19 has both made apparent and intensified. Vaccine nationalism was evident throughout the COVID-19 crisis. Many high-income countries directly negotiated large advance orders for the vaccines, leaving resource-limited countries scrambling for access. This occurred despite international initiatives to structure the development and equitable distribution of vaccines, channeled through a vaccine pillar: COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX). The serious supply shortages and national procurement methods of some countries that bypassed the vaccine pillar hindered the optimal function of COVAX in delivering timely and adequate doses to participating countries. COVAX strategized its approach by promoting fundraising, coordinating vaccine donations from countries with surplus doses, expediting reviews of vaccine candidates, and facilitating the expansion of the manufacturing capacity. While increasing capacity for production, technology transfer led to lesser siloes, enhanced manufacturing standardization, and less secrecy over production data. Ultracold storage requirements for leading vaccines were a considerable hurdle to the global immunization efforts, and particularly in LMICs with limited equipment and resources to support sophisticated cold-chain systems. Manufacturers strived to ease cold-chain restrictions on the basis of stability data submitted to national regulatory bodies. The development of single-dose vaccines offered promising solutions to simplify the administrative and logistic complexities that existed within the COVID-19 vaccination programs. As such, the requirements for both ultracold storage conditions were eased, and concerns over booster doses were addressed. To expand coverage, the dosing intervals of the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines were extended according to data from Phase III clinical trials on effectiveness. In addition, with the recent outbreak of monkeypox, the lessons from past experiences of curbing infectious diseases, including COVID-19, must be learned and acted upon. The review summarizes the global efforts with respect to vaccine development, production, allocation, and deployment to achieve equitable access.
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Hensley, Casey, Peng Zhou, Sofia Schnur, Hassan M. Mahsoub, Yu Liang, Min-Xuan Wang, Caroline Page, Lijuan Yuan, and Victor Bronshtein. "Thermostable, Dissolvable Buccal Film Rotavirus Vaccine Is Highly Effective in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pig Challenge Model." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050437.
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Difficulties related to storage and transport of currently available live oral rotavirus vaccines can have detrimental consequences on the efficacy of the vaccines. Thus, there is a great need for thermostable vaccines that can eliminate the necessity for cold chain storage or reconstitution before administration. In this study, we developed a dissolvable oral polymeric film comprised of a live attenuated thermostable tetravalent rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccine (RRV-TV) powder and antacid (CaCO3). Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine after buccal delivery was evaluated in the gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus (HRV) infection and diarrhea. Two doses of the vaccine were highly immunogenic and conferred strong protection against virus shedding and diarrhea upon challenge with a high dose of a virulent G1 HRV in gnotobiotic pigs. Those pigs vaccinated with the preserved film vaccine had significantly delayed onset of diarrhea; reduced duration and area under the curve of diarrhea; delayed onset of fecal virus shedding; and reduced duration and peak of fecal virus shedding titers compared to pigs in both the placebo and the reconstituted liquid oral RRV-TV vaccine groups. Associated with the strong protection, high titers of serum virus neutralization antibodies against each of the four RRV-TV mono-reassortants and G1 HRV-specific serum IgA and IgG antibodies, as well as intestinal IgA antibodies, were induced by the preserved film vaccine. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of our thermostable buccal film rotavirus vaccine and warrant further investigation into the promise of the novel technology in addressing drawbacks of the current live oral HRV vaccines.
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Xu, Shuqin, Kunpeng Yang, Rose Li, and Lu Zhang. "mRNA Vaccine Era—Mechanisms, Drug Platform and Clinical Prospection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 6582. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186582.
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Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based drugs, notably mRNA vaccines, have been widely proven as a promising treatment strategy in immune therapeutics. The extraordinary advantages associated with mRNA vaccines, including their high efficacy, a relatively low severity of side effects, and low attainment costs, have enabled them to become prevalent in pre-clinical and clinical trials against various infectious diseases and cancers. Recent technological advancements have alleviated some issues that hinder mRNA vaccine development, such as low efficiency that exist in both gene translation and in vivo deliveries. mRNA immunogenicity can also be greatly adjusted as a result of upgraded technologies. In this review, we have summarized details regarding the optimization of mRNA vaccines, and the underlying biological mechanisms of this form of vaccines. Applications of mRNA vaccines in some infectious diseases and cancers are introduced. It also includes our prospections for mRNA vaccine applications in diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, such as tuberculosis. At the same time, some suggestions for future mRNA vaccine development about storage methods, safety concerns, and personalized vaccine synthesis can be found in the context.
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Gualli Asitimbay, Mayra Alexandra, Isabel Cristina Mesa-Cano, and Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel. "The cold chain for the conservation of vaccines against covid-19: systemic review." Pro Sciences: Revista de Producción, Ciencias e Investigación 5, no. 41 (December 30, 2021): 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29018/issn.2588-1000vol5iss41.2021pp282-289.
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The cold chain is a set of standards and procedures that ensure the correct storage and distribution of vaccines to health services from the national to the local level. Objective: To examine the scientific evidence on the cold chain for the conservation of COVID-19 vaccines. Methodology: An organized exploration of original articles was carried out by searching scientific articles published in databases such as: PubMed, SciELO, Web of Science, Google Scholar, also documents from health organizations and authorities; using the following keywords (cold chain, vaccine conservation, knowledge, nursing personnel, Covid-19); with a maximum age of 5 years and without limitation of languages. Results: According to the information obtained, the recommendations for conservation in transport are expressed by the manufacturer refrigerated (2◦C to 8◦C) storage at the place of administration before diluting or piercing the vial. Storage after diluting or piercing the vial: should be at temperature of 2◦C to 25◦C: stable 6 hours. Conclusion: Considering the cold chain as a set of norms and procedures that ensure the correct storage and distribution of vaccines, these norms should be followed to keep them in good condition at the time of administration to the patient.
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Lamabadusuriya, Sanath P. "Power cuts and storage of vaccines." Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health 31, no. 1 (July 16, 2009): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljch.v31i1.805.
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Chiodini, Jane. "Safe storage and handling of vaccines." Nursing Standard 28, no. 25 (February 19, 2014): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2014.02.28.25.45.e8486.
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Hunter, S. "Storage of vaccines in general practice." BMJ 299, no. 6700 (September 9, 1989): 661–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6700.661.
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Santos, Alexandre F., Pedro D. Gaspar, and Heraldo J. L. de Souza. "Evaluating the Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines Coolers through New Optimization Indexes: Comparison between Refrigeration Systems Using HFC or Natural Refrigerants." Processes 10, no. 4 (April 17, 2022): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10040790.
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COVID-19 vaccines are used worldwide to promote immunity and, in that sense, vaccination is a step forward toward ending the pandemic. Nevertheless, current vaccines must be ultra-cold or cold-stored. Vaccine coolers’ energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions lead to a significant environmental impact. This article predicts the environmental and energy impacts of some COVID-19 vaccines: Moderna, Janssen, CoronaVac, Pfizer, AstraZeneca–Oxford–Covishield, and Sputnik V, in terms of carbon dioxide emissions using a new approach for the TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact) methodology, with several options of refrigerants from halogenated to natural fluids such as propane, which is natural gas with low GWP (global warming potential). Through the application of new optimization indexes, it is concluded that the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant gas has a great influence on the sizing of the coolers. For example, for the same number of vaccines, the thermal load of Pfizer is more than double that of AstraZeneca–Covishield, CoronaVac, or Janssen, while the direct environmental impact is seven times greater. Another relevant factor is the choice of refrigerant. For example, the greenhouse effect varies greatly for the same brand of vaccine. The Moderna vaccine’s global warming potential (GWP) is 776 times higher using R-449A gas than using R-290 (propane gas). In Brazil, the refrigerators used to store the Pfizer vaccine have a total TEWI almost two times higher than the total TEWI of refrigerators using propane to store the Janssen vaccine. At this time of the pandemic, these optimization indexes can be used to support important decisions regarding the future selection of vaccine brands considering the energy consumption and environmental impact required for their storage.
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Aves, Kara-Lee, Christoph M. Janitzek, Cyrielle E. Fougeroux, Thor G. Theander, and Adam F. Sander. "Freeze-Drying of a Capsid Virus-like Particle-Based Platform Allows Stable Storage of Vaccines at Ambient Temperature." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 1301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061301.
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The requirement of an undisrupted cold chain during vaccine distribution is a major economic and logistical challenge limiting global vaccine access. Modular, nanoparticle-based platforms are expected to play an increasingly important role in the development of the next-generation vaccines. However, as with most vaccines, they are dependent on the cold chain in order to maintain stability and efficacy. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop thermostable formulations that can be stored at ambient temperature for extended periods without the loss of vaccine efficacy. Here, we investigate the compatibility of the Tag/Catcher AP205 capsid virus-like particle (cVLP) vaccine platform with the freeze-drying process. Tag/Catcher cVLPs can be freeze-dried under diverse buffer and excipient conditions while maintaining their original biophysical properties. Additionally, we show that for two model cVLP vaccines, including a clinically tested SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, freeze-drying results in a product that once reconstituted retains the structural integrity and immunogenicity of the original material, even following storage under accelerated heat stress conditions. Furthermore, the freeze-dried SARS-CoV-2 cVLP vaccine is stable for up to 6 months at ambient temperature. Our study offers a potential solution to overcome the current limitations associated with the cold chain and may help minimize the need for low-temperature storage.
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Petrovic, Vladimir, Zorica Seguljev, and Branka Gajin. "Maintaining the cold chain for vaccines." Medical review 58, no. 7-8 (2005): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0508333p.
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Cold chain for vaccines a is a system for storing and transporting vaccines at very low temperatures to maintain their effectiveness before use. Because vaccines are sensitive biological substances, their exposition to high temperatures directly affects the quality of vaccines and safety of immunization. The goal of this study was to assess the safety of cold chain for vaccines within the cold chain system in two services of Health Center Novi Sad. Cold Chain Monitors (CCM) and Freeze Watch (FW) indicators were used. A total of 155 (94.5%) Cold Chain Monitors (CCM) and 100 (95.2%) Freeze Watch (FW) indicators were analyzed. Only one CCM showed a breach in cold chain. A total of 3 CCMs indicated risk of vaccine wastage. A total of 9 CCMs were colorized without risk of vaccine wastage, FWs were positive in a high percentage in both services of Health Center Novi Sad. FWs were exposed to low temperatures during transport. Statistically significant differences in the number of exposed CCMs to high temperatures and the number of exposed FWs to low temperatures were observed in these two services. A statistically significant difference in number of FWs exposed to low temperatures was observed in regard to the period of transport and the period of storage at the vaccination stations. The study shows high level of safety of the cold chain in two services of Health Center Novi Sad. Cold Chain Monitor is a reliable indicator of the quality of cold chain for vaccines. Freeze Watch is a reliable indicator of the quality of cold chain during storage of vaccines, but not during their transport.
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Sheikh, Abu Baker, Suman Pal, Nismat Javed, and Rahul Shekhar. "COVID-19 Vaccination in Developing Nations: Challenges and Opportunities for Innovation." Infectious Disease Reports 13, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr13020041.
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Vaccines offer a hope toward ending the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2. Mass vaccination of the global population offers hope to curb the spread. Developing nations, however, face monumental challenges in procurement, allocation, distribution and uptake of vaccines. Inequities in vaccine supply are already evident with resource-rich nations having secured a large chunk of the available vaccine doses for 2021. Once supplies are made available, vaccines will have to be distributed and administered to entire populations—with considerations for individual risk level, remote geography, cultural and socio-economic factors. This would require logistical and trained personnel support that can be hard to come by for resource-poor nations. Several vaccines also require ultra-cold temperatures for storage and transport and therefore the need for specialized equipment and reliable power supply which may also not be readily available. Lastly, attention will need to be paid to ensuring adequate uptake of vaccines since vaccine hesitancy has already been reported for COVID vaccines. However, existing strengths of local and regional communities can be leveraged to provide innovative solutions and mitigate some of the challenges. Regional and international cooperation can also play a big role in ensuring equity in vaccine access and vaccination.
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Huizen, Lenny Margaretta, Titis Handayani, Saifur Rohman Cholil, and Yanti Faradilah. "Optimizing costs for vaccine control using the reorder point approach." Register: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Sistem Informasi 7, no. 1 (March 17, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26594/register.v7i1.2099.
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Vaccines are biological products that have an important role in human immunity. In Indonesia, some vaccines are categorized as compulsory vaccines and additional vaccines. The demand for additional vaccines is less predictable because they are not mandatory for use. This of course makes the amount of demand for vaccines less predictable. Also, the price of additional vaccines is not cheap when compared to the price of mandatory vaccines. So that the management of vaccines in the pharmacy warehouse is needed so that the amount of supply and demand is balanced so that the costs incurred will be more optimal. The information system regarding vaccine reordering is carried out using a reorder point so that the pharmacy warehouse can order according to the right need and at the right time. The data used are demand data, prices, storage costs, and message costs. The results of calculations using reorder points within four months with a total purchase for the Rotavirus vaccine was 62 for IDR 28,274,948 and 70 for the hospital of IDR 31,801,500 with a difference of IDR 3,528,552. The calculation result using the reorder point for the Hexaxim vaccine with a total purchase for 4 months was 61 with a nominal value of IDR 58,380,060 while the calculation in the hospital was 67 with a nominal value of IDR 63,971,000 so that a nominal difference of IDR 5,590,940 was obtained. Use of the return point can be used to alarm when and how many vaccines to order. This can be seen from the cost difference between the pharmacy warehouse and the calculation using the reorder point for the Hexaxim vaccine and the Rotavirus vaccine.
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Saramago, Sean, Joana Magalhães, and Marina Pinheiro. "Tuberculosis Vaccines: An Update of Recent and Ongoing Clinical Trials." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 9250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199250.
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TB remains a global health challenge and, until now, only one licensed vaccine (the BCG vaccine) is available. The main goal of this work is to assess the progress in the development of new TB vaccines and highlight the research in nanovaccines. A review was conducted using a methodology with the appropriate keywords and inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search revealed 37 clinical trials that were further reviewed. The results available have reported good immunogenicity and safety profiles for the vaccines under investigation. Over the last five years, the vaccines, VPM1002 and Vaccae, have moved ahead to phase III clinical trials, with the remaining candidate vaccines progressing in phase I and II clinical trials. RUTI and ID93+GLA-SE involve the use of nanoparticles. This strategy seems promising to improve the delivery, efficacy, cost, and storage conditions of the existing TB vaccines. In conclusion, the use of nanovaccines may be an option for both prevention and treatment. However, further studies are necessary for the development of novel TB vaccines.
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Oliveira, Solange A., Maria L. P. Loureiro, Carlos R. V. Kiffer, and Luiz M. F. Maduro. "Re-evaluation of the basic procedures involved in the storage of measles vaccine in public health units of the municipality of Niterói, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil." Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 26, no. 3 (September 1993): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0037-86821993000300003.
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Four years after the first visit seventeen public health units were visited again and evaluated as to standards of storage recommended by the Brazilian Immunization Programme. In 100% of the units, refrigerators and proper inside location of vaccines in the refrigerator were adequatety or regularfy maintained and checked, respectively. However, when control of temperature was checked, onfy 64.7% presented adequate storage conditions. In 94.1 % of the units, health workers complained of lack of immediate technical support in emergency situations. In 55.2 % the titers vaccine samples of were under the minimal recommended potency. It is necessary that the factors concerning the cold chain be continualfy evaluated so that the quality of the vaccines that will be used is not affected.
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Shollenberger, Lisa, Rafaella Grenfell, E. Samli, and Donald Harn. "Enhancing immunogenicity of recombinant protein vaccines in mice with vaccine self-assembling immune matrix, a non-viral delivery platform (VAC8P.1059)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 144.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.144.15.
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Abstract Vaccination remains the most effective public health tool to prevent infectious disease. Many vaccines are marginally effective in general, or are less efficacious when used in immune-compromised populations. To enhance vaccine immunogenicity, we exploited the biphasic property of the (RADA)4 synthetic oligopeptide to create a new vaccine delivery method, VacSIM (vaccine self-assembling immune matrix). Vaccine components are mixed with the VacSIM solution for injection, after which the (RADA)4 peptides self-assemble into hydrated nanofiber gel-matrices, forming a vaccine depot with the vaccine antigens in the aqueous phase, allowing for slow-release of vaccine components over time. Thus, we have a non-viral, inert, biodegradable delivery system, not requiring formulation that can deliver a multitude of vaccines. We hypothesize that slow-release of vaccine components provides antigen persistence, driving enhanced vaccine-specific responses that are improved in both quantity and quality of the response. We have tested VacSIM with live bacterial vectors, inactivated virus and multiple recombinant protein vaccines. Shown here, VacSIM improves vaccine responses to protein immunogens in 2 strains of mice and remains stable after long-term storage. In addition, VacSIM by itself does not activate antigen presenting cells. Enhancement of vaccine responses by VacSIM administration could represent a fundamental paradigm shift in how vaccines are delivered.
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Zhao, Sanxia, Shijie Yan, Jianqiu Bai, and Chunbo Wang. "Stability of purified Vero cell-derived inactivated Japanese Encephalitis vaccines under various conditions." Journal of Applied Virology 4, no. 3 (September 21, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21092/jav.v4i3.52.
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<p>The stability of three batches of purified Vero cell-derived, inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccines was evaluated under various conditions. Vaccine products were stored separately at 2 to 8 ℃ and 37 ℃. At various times, vaccines samples were taken and evaluated for appearance, pH, residual aluminum, titer, and the results were compared with corresponding data of release tests. All three batches of vaccine products were conforming to release test standards, with residual host DNA being less than 100pg/dose, residual protein being 23.5ng/ml, and residual bovine albumin being 8.9ng/dose, respectively. During storage under various conditions, no abnormal appearance was observed; pH was slightly increased and residual aluminum level was decreased, both of which were within acceptable range of standards. The titers of vaccine products were determined by Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT). Three batches of vaccine products that were stored at 37±1℃ for 4 weeks were found to maintain titers of above 95%. When stored for 12 weeks, there was an apparent decrease of titer (maintained at 78.6% to 81.5%). Except batch 20081101 showed T values less than standard, other two batches were still qualified. Three batches of vaccine products that were stored at 2~8℃ for 36 months were found to maintain titer of 85.4% ~86.7%, with potency T values above that of reference product. At major time points of this storage condition, sterility, abnormal toxicity, and endotoxin level were all conforming to standards. This study indicates that these vaccine products have excellent stability within specific duration of storage under various conditions.</p>
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Yan, Yuxin, Yoongxin Pang, Zhuoyi Lyu, Ruiqi Wang, Xinyun Wu, Chong You, Haitao Zhao, et al. "The COVID-19 Vaccines: Recent Development, Challenges and Prospects." Vaccines 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040349.
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The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread to become a global pandemic. At present, the world is relying mainly on containment and hygiene-related measures, as well as repurposed drugs to control the outbreak. The development of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for the world to return to pre-pandemic normalcy, and a collective global effort has been invested into protection against SARS-CoV-2. As of March 2021, thirteen vaccines have been approved for application whilst over 90 vaccine candidates are under clinical trials. This review focuses on the development of COVID-19 vaccines and highlights the efficacy and vaccination reactions of the authorised vaccines. The mechanisms, storage, and dosage specification of vaccine candidates at the advanced stage of development are also critically reviewed together with considerations for potential challenges. Whilst the development of a vaccine is, in general, in its infancy, current progress is promising. However, the world population will have to continue to adapt to the “new normal” and practice social distancing and hygienic measures, at least until effective vaccines are available to the general public.
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Chao, Chien-Chung, Zhiwen Zhang, Tatyana Belinskaya, Le Jiang, Brian J. Morrison, Jose Garcia Rivera, Hua-Wei Chen, and Wei-Mei Ching. "Investigation of the Sterility of Diluent in Prefilled Syringes Used for Vaccine Reconstitution at Department of Defense Recruit Training Sites." Military Medicine 185, no. 9-10 (August 13, 2020): e1440-e1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa181.
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Abstract Introduction Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and varicella (VAR) vaccines are the two vaccines administered in large recruit training sites (RTS) that require a single-use syringe to be prefilled with the diluent (ie water) before vaccine reconstitution. Since there are no preservatives in either MMR or VAR vaccines, it is critical to maintain the diluent sterile to ensure the sterility of the reconstituted vaccine. The Department of Defense/Defense Health Agency has instructions on reconstitution of lyophilized vaccines and guidelines for their storage. Vaccine manufacturers provide instructions on how to properly store the diluent. However, there is no clear guidance or standard operating procedures regarding the best practice for preparation and storage of the syringes prefilled with diluent. Various RTS across all four services have their respective routines to best fit their vaccination requirements. Currently, there are no available data on the sterility status of the diluent prepared using these various routines before they are used to reconstitute vaccines. Materials and Methods We investigated the sterility of the diluent (ie water) in prefilled syringes prepared using routines practiced at various RTS. Diluent was drawn up into single syringes and was kept under various conditions (4 °C or room temperature for overnight up to 24 hours) used by various RTS. At indicated time, diluent was injected into sterile vials and the sterility of the diluent was determined by monitoring the presence/growth of bacteria (including aerobic bacteria, mycoplasma, and an obligate intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii), fungi, and viruses for up to 21 days after inoculation into proper and specific culture media. Both traditional cell culture and molecular assays were used to demonstrate the presence or absence of contamination that may compromise the sterility of the diluent. Results Our results demonstrate that the diluent, after being drawn up to fill the syringe, maintains sterility after storage for overnight up to 24 hours at room temperature or 4 °C with or without recapping the syringes, suggesting that current vaccine reconstitution routines practiced at large military RTS are safe. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that in spite of variations in current practices used in various RTS, the diluent in the prefilled syringe tested from each site maintains its sterility and was determined to be safe for use in military health system-wide vaccine reconstitution.
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Maeda, Denicar Lina Nascimento Fabris, Debin Tian, Hanna Yu, Nakul Dar, Vignesh Rajasekaran, Sarah Meng, Hassan M. Mahsoub, et al. "Killed whole-genome reduced-bacteria surface-expressed coronavirus fusion peptide vaccines protect against disease in a porcine model." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (April 15, 2021): e2025622118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025622118.
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As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rages on, it is important to explore new evolution-resistant vaccine antigens and new vaccine platforms that can produce readily scalable, inexpensive vaccines with easier storage and transport. We report here a synthetic biology-based vaccine platform that employs an expression vector with an inducible gram-negative autotransporter to express vaccine antigens on the surface of genome-reduced bacteria to enhance interaction of vaccine antigen with the immune system. As a proof-of-principle, we utilized genome-reduced Escherichia coli to express SARS-CoV-2 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) fusion peptide (FP) on the cell surface, and evaluated their use as killed whole-cell vaccines. The FP sequence is highly conserved across coronaviruses; the six FP core amino acid residues, along with the four adjacent residues upstream and the three residues downstream from the core, are identical between SARS-CoV-2 and PEDV. We tested the efficacy of PEDV FP and SARS-CoV-2 FP vaccines in a PEDV challenge pig model. We demonstrated that both vaccines induced potent anamnestic responses upon virus challenge, potentiated interferon-γ responses, reduced viral RNA loads in jejunum tissue, and provided significant protection against clinical disease. However, neither vaccines elicited sterilizing immunity. Since SARS-CoV-2 FP and PEDV FP vaccines provided similar clinical protection, the coronavirus FP could be a target for a broadly protective vaccine using any platform. Importantly, the genome-reduced bacterial surface-expressed vaccine platform, when using a vaccine-appropriate bacterial vector, has potential utility as an inexpensive, readily manufactured, and rapid vaccine platform for other pathogens.
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Mwendwa, Purity, Simon Githui, Eunice Marete, and Thilo Kroll. "COVID-19 and vaccines in Africa: a descriptive and thematic analysis of Twitter content." HRB Open Research 4 (May 5, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13255.1.
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Introduction: As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines become available, it becomes important to understand public perceptions of the vaccines and implementation plans. The social media platform TwitterTM, which publicly shares information, serves as an important source of content related to COVID-19 vaccines. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design to examine content related to COVID-19 vaccines posted by Twitter users located in Africa. Methods: Data were collected from Twitter between the 11th and the 16th of December 2020 using the NCapture tool. We searched Twitter using the terms 'coronavirus', 'COVID-19 vaccine' and 'Africa' to identify the nature and content of tweets related to COVID-19 and vaccines shared by Twitter users from the African region. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the characteristics of Twitter accounts and thematic analysis helped determine, analyse, and clarify patterns of meaning (themes) emerging from the tweets. Results: The study found n=208 Twitter accounts, the majority (n=69; 33%) from South Africa and most (42%; n=87) from news agencies. The final dataset included n=212 tweets. The most used hashtag was #Covid19vaccine(s). Four themes were identified: i) capacity for vaccine production, ii) vaccine procurement, iii) vaccine logistics, and iv) perceived safety and efficacy of vaccines. The capacity of countries in Africa to manufacture a COVID-19 vaccine was deemed minimal and most tweets questioned Africa’s ability to procure vaccines based on the costs. Tweets also centred around the distribution of vaccines, storage and roll-out and the need to leverage existing solar-powered technologies to enhance the cold supply chain in Africa's remote locations. Questions about the safety and efficacy of vaccines developed in under one year were also raised. Conclusions: Concerns about vaccine procurement and readiness for distribution were dominant topics. These public concerns can be important in informing policymakers in preparation for the roll-out of vaccines in these contexts.
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Armstrong, Kirsty. "The safe storage and management of vaccines." Practice Nursing 29, no. 4 (April 2, 2018): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2018.29.4.167.
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Seprényi, Kitti, Péter Tamás, and Ákos Cservenák. "Logistics and Cold Chain Relationship." Advanced Logistic Systems - Theory and Practice 16, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32971/als.2022.012.
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The emergence of vaccines to contain and defeat the now-famous virus has been a huge step forward for mankind, but how and under what conditions these vaccines can get from the place of production to the place of use has been a major challenge. Whether in packaging or transport, there are stringent requirements to be met and COVID-19 vaccines have different cold chain requirements depending on the type of vaccine, its thermal stability, its current condition, and its shelf life at different storage temperatures. Currently, one vaccine must be stored and transported at ultra-low temperature (ULT - Ultra-Low Temperature) between -90°C and -60°C. Effective use of this requires good cold chain planning, efficient management of vaccine supply, logistics and distribution, and strategic deployment of ULT equipment. The pandemic has brought cold chain logistics to the forefront, and in this paper, we examine the relationship between logistics and the cold chain.
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ÇEVİK, Veli Ahmet. "Tarihin En Kapsamlı Soğuk Zincir Uygulaması: Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Aşısının Lojistiğinde Karşılaşılan Zorluklar." Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 12 (2021): 155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32739/uskudarsbd.7.12.88.
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The coronavirus pandemic, one of the biggest pandemics of the last century, which emerged in Wuhan, China in the last months of 2019, continues to negatively affect life all over the world. The measures taken for the pandemic did not stop the spread of the disease and revealed medical requirements. Vaccines have been one of the most effective medical ways of preventing diseases. Vaccination studies for coronavirus disease started shortly after the emergence of the disease, and more than a hundred vaccine candidates were announced in about a year, and the distribution of those who passed the necessary stages was approved. However, the storage, transportation and distribution of some of these vaccines required very low temperatures below zero degrees, unlike the previous ones. The distribution and delivery of vaccines under these conditions has revealed the importance of cold chain logistics applications infrastructure. In this study, based on the priority issues of the World Health Organization in the logistics of vaccines, the potential difficulties that will arise in the production, allocation, distribution and application processes of coronavirus vaccines have been investigated.The data source of the study was the guidelines of the World Health Organization and various industry reports, which were secondary data previously revealed through primary research. Lack of cold chain infrastructure in storage and distribution activities, unequal distribution and anti-vaccination were found to be the biggest challenges facing vaccination activities.
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Oo, Aung Naing, Pruthu Thekkur, Aye Mya Cha Thar, Kyaw Ko Ko Htet, and Htar Htar Lin. "Small Session Size and Big Vial Size: Operational Research Assessing Open Vial Vaccine Wastage at the Service Delivery Points in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar During 2018." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020060.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immunization programmes to monitor vaccine wastage at storage and service delivery points. As there were no vaccine wastage assessments in Myanmar, we aimed to assess the vaccine wastage rates in the Mandalay region. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study with the inclusion of all immunization sessions conducted through the twenty randomly selected subcentres in the year 2018. The wastage rates were calculated by aggregating vaccine utilization data from selected subcentres. The vaccine wastage rates for Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) (54.9%), inactivated polio vaccine (28.3%), and measles-rubella (27.4%) were higher than the WHO indicative rates. The high vaccine wastage rates were seen in lyophilized vaccines (36.9%), vaccines requiring only a single dose per child for complete immunization (39.1%), and those with a large vial size of 20 doses (38.8%). The median session size for BCG (6), measles-rubella (4) and inactivated polio vaccine (2) were lower than their vaccine vial size of 20, 10, and 5 doses, respectively. The wastage was high due to smaller session size and larger vial size, necessitating the disposal of unused doses. Better micro-planning to increase the session size and procuring vaccines with smaller vial sizes needs to be tested as a strategy to reduce vaccine wastage.