Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vaccines

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Vaccines'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Vaccines"

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Ricke, Darrell O. "Epilepsy adverse events post vaccination." Exploration of Neuroscience 3, no. 6 (October 16, 2024): 508–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37349/en.2024.00062.

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Aim: Seizure and epilepsy adverse events (AEs) can occur following vaccination. For epilepsy AEs, they are generally expected to only occur at background population frequencies without associations with immunizations. The Vaccine AEs Reporting System (VAERS) collects a subset of AEs experienced by vaccinees, including multiple epilepsy related AEs. This study examines the possibility of immunization associated epilepsy AEs in VAERS occurring above background rates. Methods: Herein, VAERS is retrospectively examined for epilepsy and seizure AEs following immunizations (AEFIs). Reported AEFIs are normalized by total AEFIs for each vaccine. VAERS data is examined by vaccine type, vaccine source, vaccinee gender, and age-stratified for infants. Results: Association signals for examined epilepsy and seizure AEFIs are identified for multiple vaccines when compared to other vaccines with normalized frequencies above expected population background frequencies. Normalized epilepsy AEFI frequencies for children less than 1 year are higher than children aged 1 year for several vaccines. For pairs of matched vaccines from different manufacturers, statistically different epilepsy AEFI normalized frequencies were observed. These matched pairs for multiple vaccines implicate likely vaccine contaminations (e.g., endotoxins) as likely candidates for causing elevated epilepsy and seizure AEFIs. Conclusions: Based on the reported results, delaying some immunizations of a small set of vaccines until children are 1 year of age is predicted to reduce epilepsy AEFI occurrences for these vaccines. For several vaccines, statistically significant differences in epilepsy AEFI normalized frequencies were detected for the same (or similar) vaccine from different manufacturers; this suggests that possible manufacturing contaminant(s) (e.g., endotoxins) as the likely causative agent(s) for observed epilepsy AEFIs above background rates. Eliminating or reducing these possible contaminants is predicted to reduce the observed associations closer to background population levels observed for other vaccines with very low epilepsy AEFI normalized frequencies.
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Okanlawon, A. A., S. A. Ameen, R. A. Kadir, H. M. Ambali, Y. A. Baba, O. M. Azeez, and A. A. Owoade. "In vitro assessment of the potency of some Newcastle disease vaccine brands in Ibadan, Nigeria." African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 21, no. 4 (August 25, 2020): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.9.

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Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a very common and economically important disease of poultry. There is no drug for treatment of the disease during an outbreak in poultry flocks, and prevention by vaccination is one of the recommended control measures. However, post vaccination outbreaks have been observed on many occasions in chicken flocks and one of the causes has been attributed to possible failure of vaccine to confer immunity. This study was designed to evaluate the potency of ND vaccines available in Ibadan, Nigeria. Methodology: Haemagglutination (HA) technique and elution phenomenon were employed to evaluate the potency of ND vaccines randomly selected in Ibadan. A total of 45 vaccines comprising 9 brands and 5 different strains were selected for potency test. The vaccine brands included ‘Vireo 116’ (n=10), ‘ABIC’ (n=5), ‘Biovac’(n=9), ‘Nobilis’(n=3), ‘NVRI’(n=12), ‘R2B’ (n=2), ‘BAL-ND’ (n=2), ‘Forte dodge’(n=1) and ‘Jovac’ (n=1), while the vaccine strains in the brands included Lasota, B1, Clone, Komarov, Hitcher, and an unknown strain. Results: Thirty-five of the 45 (77.8%) ND vaccines tested had more than 4 HA titer (>64) and were therefore regarded as potent. All the 15 (100%) ND Lasota vaccine strain, 7 out of 10 (70%) ND Komarov strain, 4 out of 5 (80%) ND clone and 5 out of 8 (62.5%) ND B1 strains were potent. None of the ND brand ‘R2B’ vaccine as well as Hitchner strain from ‘Nobilis’ brand was potent, but all 5, 2, 1 and 1 vaccines tested from brands ‘ABIC’, ‘BAL-ND’, ‘Fort dodge’ and ‘Jovac’ respectively were potent. Similarly, 9 of 10, 6 of 9, 2 of 3 and 9 of 12 vaccine strains tested from brands ‘Vireo 116’, ‘Biovac’, ‘Nobilis’ and ‘NVRI’ were respectively potent Conclusion: The occurrence of ND vaccines that are not potent in this study may be contributing to post vaccination failure. It is advisable to subject vaccines to potency test before use. Key words: in vitro, assessment, potency, Newcastle disease, vaccine brands, vaccine strains French Title; Évaluation in vitro de la puissance de certaines marques de vaccins contre la maladie de Newcastle à Ibadan, Nigéria Contexte: La maladie de Newcastle (ND) est une maladie très courante et économiquement importante des volailles. Il n'existe aucun médicament pour le traitement de la maladie lors d'une épidémie dans des troupeaux de volailles, et la prévention par vaccination est l'une des mesures de contrôle recommandées. Cependant, des flambées post-vaccination ont été observées à de nombreuses reprises dans des troupeaux de poulets et l'une des causes a été attribuée à un éventuel échec du vaccin à conférer l'immunité. Cette étude a été conçue pour évaluer la puissance des vaccins contre la MN disponibles à Ibadan, au Nigéria. Méthodologie: La technique d'hémagglutination (HA) et le phénomène d'élution ont été utilisés pour évaluer la puissance des vaccins contre la MN sélectionnés au hasard à Ibadan. Un total de 45 vaccins comprenant 9 marques et 5 souches différentes ont été sélectionnés pour le test d'activité. Les marques de vaccins comprenaient 'Vireo 116' (n=10), 'ABIC' (n=5), 'Biovac' (n=9), 'Nobilis' (n=3), 'NVRI' (n=12), 'R2B' (n=2), 'BAL-ND' (n=2), 'Forte dodge' (n=1) et 'Jovac' (n=1), tandis que les souches vaccinales des marques comprenaient Lasota, B1, Clone, Komarov, Hitcher et une souche inconnue. Résultats: Trente-cinq des 45 vaccins contre la MN testés (77,8%) avaient plus de 4 titres en HA (>64) et étaient donc considérés comme puissants. Toutes les 15 (100%) souches de vaccin ND Lasota, 7 souches sur 10 (70%) ND Komarov, 4 sur 5 (80%) clones ND et 5 sur 8 (62,5%) souches ND B1 étaient puissantes. Aucun des vaccins ’R2B’ de marque ND ni la souche Hitchner de la marque ’Nobilis’ n'étaient puissants, mais tous les vaccins 5, 2, 1 et 1 testés des marques ‘ABIC’, ‘BAL-ND’, ‘Fort dodge’ et ‘Jovac’ respectivement était puissant. De même, 9 des 10, 6 des 9, 2 des 3 et 9 des 12 souches vaccinales testées des marques ’Vireo 116’, ‘Biovac’, ‘Nobilis’ et ‘NVRI’ étaient respectivement puissantes Conclusion: La présence de vaccins contre la MN qui ne sont pas puissants dans cette étude peut contribuer à l'échec post-vaccinal. Il est conseillé de soumettre les vaccins à un test de puissance avant utilisation. Mots-clés: in vitro, évaluation, puissance, maladie de Newcastle, marques de vaccin, souches vaccinales
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Luxi, Nicoletta, Francesco Ciccimarra, Chiara Bellitto, Monika Raethke, Florence van Hunsel, Thomas Lieber, Erik Mulder, et al. "Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines among People with History of Allergy: A European Active Surveillance Study." Vaccines 12, no. 9 (September 17, 2024): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12091059.

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Background: Conventional vaccines rarely cause severe allergic reactions. However, the rapid development and approval of COVID-19 vaccines left limited initial data on their adverse reactions, particularly in individuals with a history of allergy. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the safety profile of different doses and brands of COVID-19 vaccines in subjects with a history of allergy vs. those without a history of allergy. Methods: From February 2021 to February 2023, a web-based prospective study gathered vaccinee-reported outcomes using electronic questionnaires across eleven European countries. Baseline and up to six follow-up questionnaires captured data on vaccinee demographics, as well as both solicited and unsolicited adverse reactions. Results: Overall, 3476 vaccinees with a history of allergy were matched with 13,872 vaccinees from the general population at the first vaccination cycle and were included in the analysis. A total of 825 vaccinees with a history of allergy who had received a booster dose, matched to 3297 vaccinees from the general population, were included in the analysis. Higher rates of ADRs occurred after the first vaccination cycle compared to after the booster dose (64–91% vs. 56–79%). However, most reported ADRs were solicited and not serious, and no case of anaphylaxis was reported. Women and vaccinees with a history of allergy reported ADRs more frequently than men and the matched controls, respectively. Compared to other COVID-19 vaccines, a higher proportion of vaccinees experiencing at least one ADR following their first vaccination cycle was observed with Comirnaty and Vaxzevria. Statistically significant differences were observed among the study cohorts for median TTO after the second dose, and for median TTR following the first vaccination cycle and booster dose (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Typically, any drug or vaccine use carries a risk of severe allergic reactions, yet the benefits of vaccination generally outweigh these potential risks, as shown with the COVID-19 vaccines.
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Ricke, Darrell O. "Etiology model for many vaccination adverse reactions, including SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines." AIMS Allergy and Immunology 6, no. 4 (2022): 200–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/allergy.2022015.

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<abstract><sec> <title>Objective</title> <p>Vaccinated individuals (vaccinees) experience no adverse events, mild adverse events, multiple adverse events, or serious adverse events post vaccination. Many of these vaccine adverse events occur with different vaccines with different occurrence frequencies. Many of these adverse events are generally considered as associated with immune responses to the active vaccine components (antigens) and/or to possibly one or more of the vaccine excipients. Most of these vaccine adverse events are self-limiting and resolve within days. The number of vaccine adverse reactions is higher for SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines than all other vaccines. Can data analysis of vaccine adverse reactions responses provide etiology insights for high reactogenicity vaccines?</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database was data mined for all vaccine adverse events data by vaccine, age, gender, dose, and day of onset post vaccination. Results for vaccines with the highest number of adverse events were compared.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>For vaccines and adverse events with the highest numbers of reports, the day of onset approximates a power of two decay pattern for the first three days. The consistency of this pattern for multiple unrelated vaccines narrows possible etiology mechanisms. Many of these adverse event symptoms overlap symptoms associated with elevated histamine levels. Herein, innate immune responses and specifically elevated histamine levels are proposed to be causative for the majority of these adverse events. This hypothesis is based on a model of innate immune responses releasing a surge of inflammatory molecules, including histamine; this surge is hypothesized to exceed the normal histamine tolerance level for vaccinees causing reactogenicity adverse events. Further, these symptoms resolve as histamine levels fall below the vaccinee's tolerance threshold. This model can be evaluated by the detection of elevated histamine levels in vaccinees corresponding to timing of symptoms onset. If confirmed, a direct consequence of this model predicts that specific antihistamine treatments, mast cell stabilizers, and possibly diamine oxidase enzyme may reduce the incidence or severity of adverse events experienced by vaccinees post vaccinations for most or all high reactogenicity vaccines including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spike vaccines.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusions</title> <p>The reported onset occurrences of the majority of reported adverse events are consistent with the likely etiology of innate immune responses to vaccinations for vaccines with higher reactogenicity levels. Herein, the hypothesis is proposed that the majority of these adverse events result from a histamine surge that temporarily exceeds the vaccinee's tolerance level.</p> </sec></abstract>
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Broderick, Michael P., Sandra Romero-Steiner, Gowrisankar Rajam, Scott E. Johnson, Andrea Milton, Ellie Kim, Lisa J. Choi, et al. "Immune Responses in U.S. Military Personnel Who Received Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine (MenACWY) Concomitantly with Other Vaccines Were Higher than in Personnel Who Received MenACWY Alone." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 8 (June 8, 2016): 672–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00267-16.

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ABSTRACTImmunological responses to vaccination can differ depending on whether the vaccine is given alone or with other vaccines. This study was a retrospective evaluation of the immunogenicity of a tetravalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine for serogroups A, C, W, and Y (MenACWY) administered alone (n= 41) or concomitantly with other vaccines (n= 279) to U.S. military personnel (mean age, 21.6 years) entering the military between 2006 and 2008. Concomitant vaccines included tetanus/diphtheria (Td), inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), hepatitis vaccines, and various influenza vaccines, among others; two vaccine groups excluded Tdap and IPV. Immune responses were evaluated in baseline and postvaccination sera forNeisseria meningitidisserogroups C and Y 1 to 12 months (mean, 4.96 months) following vaccination. Functional antibodies were measured by using a serum bactericidal antibody assay with rabbit complement (rSBA) and by measurement of serogroup-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The percentage of vaccinees reaching threshold levels (IgG concentration in serum, ≥2 μg/ml; rSBA titer, ≥8) corresponding to an immunologic response was higher postvaccination than at baseline (P< 0.001). Administration of MenACWY along with other vaccines was associated with higher geometric means of IgG concentrations and rSBA titers than those measured 4.60 months after a single dose of MenACWY. In addition, higher percentages of vaccinees reached the immunological threshold (range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.5 to 21.7) and more of them seroconverted (OR range, 1.8 to 4.8) when MenACWY was administered with any other vaccine than when administered alone. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the observed differences among groups in the immune response to MenACWY when given concomitantly with other vaccines to U.S. military personnel.
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Trombetta, Claudia Maria, Otfried Kistner, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, and Serena Marchi. "Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050714.

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Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination remains the most effective method of controlling the morbidity and mortality of seasonal influenza, especially with respect to risk groups. To date, three types of influenza vaccines have been licensed: inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant haemagglutinin vaccines. Effectiveness studies allow an assessment of the positive effects of influenza vaccines in the field. The effectiveness of current influenza is suboptimal, being estimated as 40% to 60% when the vaccines strains are antigenically well-matched with the circulating viruses. This review focuses on influenza viruses and vaccines and the role of vaccine effectiveness studies for evaluating the benefits of influenza vaccines. Overall, influenza vaccines are effective against morbidity and mortality in all age and risk groups, especially in young children and older adults. However, the effectiveness is dependent on several factors such as the age of vaccinees, the match between the strain included in the vaccine composition and the circulating virus, egg-adaptations occurring during the production process, and the subject’s history of previous vaccination.
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Yagovkin, E. A., G. G. Onishchenko, A. Yu Popova, E. B. Ezhlova, A. A. Melnikova, M. Yu Soloviev, E. V. Kovalev, et al. "Condition and Prospects of Development of Vaccines for Specific Prevention of Enterovirus (Nonpolio) Infection." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-4-74-82.

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This review summarizes the material on the development of vaccines against (nonpolio) enterovirus infection in Russia and abroad. Described the developed vaccine types, their characteristics and the results of clinical and epidemiological trials, created in China inactivated vaccines. I’is considered the possibility of creating a mucosal vaccines and vaccinal prevention strategies.
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Le, Ting, Chao Sun, Jitao Chang, Guijie Zhang, and Xin Yin. "mRNA Vaccine Development for Emerging Animal and Zoonotic Diseases." Viruses 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14020401.

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In the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, mRNA vaccines hold great promise because of their low risk of insertional mutagenesis, high potency, accelerated development cycles, and potential for low-cost manufacture. In past years, several mRNA vaccines have entered clinical trials and have shown promise for offering solutions to combat emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases such as rabies, Zika, and influenza. Recently, the successful application of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has further validated the platform and opened the floodgates to mRNA vaccine’s potential in infectious disease prevention, especially in the veterinary field. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the mRNA vaccines and the technologies used for mRNA vaccine development. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines developed for animal infectious diseases and discuss directions and challenges for the future applications of this promising vaccine platform in the veterinary field.
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Cheng, Liqin, Yan Wang, and Juan Du. "Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: An Updated Review." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030391.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, which were introduced in many countries in the past decade, have shown promising results in decreasing HPV infection and related diseases, such as warts and precancerous lesions. In this review, we present the updated information about current HPV vaccines, focusing on vaccine coverage and efficacy. In addition, pan-gender vaccination and current clinical trials are also discussed. Currently, more efforts should be put into increasing the vaccine’s coverage, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Provision of education on HPV and vaccination is one of the most important methods to achieve this. Vaccines that target HPV types not included in current vaccines are the next stage in vaccine development. In the future, all HPV-related cancers, such as head and neck cancer, and anal cancer, should be tracked and evaluated, especially in countries that have introduced pan-gender vaccination programs. Therapeutic vaccines, in combination with other cancer treatments, should continue to be investigated.
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Choi, Wongyeong, and Eunha Shim. "Vaccine Effects on Susceptibility and Symptomatology Can Change the Optimal Allocation of COVID-19 Vaccines: South Korea as an Example." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 2813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132813.

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The approved coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines reduce the risk of disease by 70–95%; however, their efficacy in preventing COVID-19 is unclear. Moreover, the limited vaccine supply raises questions on how they can be used effectively. To examine the optimal allocation of COVID-19 vaccines in South Korea, we constructed an age-structured mathematical model, calibrated using country-specific demographic and epidemiological data. The optimal control problem was formulated with the aim of finding time-dependent age-specific optimal vaccination strategies to minimize costs related to COVID-19 infections and vaccination, considering a limited vaccine supply and various vaccine effects on susceptibility and symptomatology. Our results suggest that “susceptibility-reducing” vaccines should be relatively evenly distributed among all age groups, resulting in more than 40% of eligible age groups being vaccinated. In contrast, “symptom-reducing” vaccines should be administered mainly to individuals aged 20–29 and ≥60 years. Thus, our study suggests that the vaccine profile should determine the optimal vaccination strategy. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding vaccine’s effects on susceptibility and symptomatology for effective public health interventions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vaccines"

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Farfan, Arribas Diego Jose. "DNA Vaccines Against HIV-1: Augmenting Immunogenicity of gp120." Link to electronic thesis, 2002. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0107102-160706/.

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Parker, Christopher S. "Effect of a codon optimized DNA prime on induction of anti-influenza protective antibodies." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-040907-100839/.

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Satti, Iman. "Immunogenicity of anti-leishmaniasis vaccines in man /." Stockholm, 2004. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2004/91-7349-779-7/.

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Rainczuk, Adam 1976. "Evaluation of DNA vaccine targeting strategies and expression library immunisation against lethal erythrocytic stage Malaria." Monash University, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5685.

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Grubb, Kimberley L. "A genomic approach to the identification of novel malaria vaccine antigens /." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98715.

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As the number of drug-resistant malaria parasites continues to grow, pressure is increasing to find an effective, cross-protective, multi-valent malaria vaccine (32). Expression library immunisation is an un-biased screening technique that leads to the identification of novel, protective antigens that can be administered as components of a multivalent DNA vaccine (9, 50, 75, 86, 92). Here, a P. c. adami DS expression library has been evaluated as a malaria vaccine in mice, and several subpools of cross-protective plasmids have been identified. Upon vaccination with these plasmid subpools, mice demonstrate significantly lower mean cumulative parasitemia values than control vaccinated mice, when challenged with avirulent heterologous P. c. adami DK parasites. These cross-protective responses correlate with the induction of opsonizing antibodies against infected red blood cells and the production of IFN-gamma by T-cells. The determination of P. c. adami antigens capable of inducing strain-transcending immunity implies the identification of orthologues in the P. falciparum genome that may be applied as components of a human malaria vaccine.
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Atcheson, Erwan. "Prospects for enhancing malaria vaccine efficacy by combining pre-erythrocytic antigens." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6506c003-7065-4d48-b049-f5e9136443d5.

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Malaria causes almost half a million deaths each year. Existing interventions will almost certainly not be enough to tackle this enormous public health problem on their own. An effective vaccine is urgently needed. The leading malaria vaccine, RTS,S, confers suboptimal protective efficacy, and in addition targets only Plasmodium falciparum and not the other major species of human malaria, P. vivax. This thesis investigates the potential of combining pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines as a means of enhancing protective efficacy. A novel mathematical model was developed which expresses probability of protection as a function of vaccine-induced humoural and cellular responses. The model predicts that combining partially effective vaccines should result in more than additive improvements in protective efficacy. This was supported by an experiment combining Rv21, a P. vivax circumsporozoite virus-like particle, with viral vectored P. vivax TRAP, the two leading pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine antigens; this combination raised protective efficacy from 50% and 0%, respectively, to 100% sterile protection. It was also found that antigenic interference, a reduction in anti-CSP titres when Rv21 and PvTRAP are combined, occurred only in the presence of Matrix M adjuvant, and not when using alum, AddaVax or no adjuvant. With a view to creating a single-component multi-antigen vaccine, which would be more cost-effective than a multi-component vaccine, experiments were carried out to establish the virus-like particle Qβ as a platform capable of eliciting protective immunity via the display of short peptides derived from the CSP repeat region of both P. vivax and P. falciparum. For the first time, a tetramer peptide derived from the CSP repeat region of P. vivax VK210, AGDR, was shown capable of eliciting protective immunity alone. Finally, five novel linear B-cell epitopes were discovered, one from P. falciparum CSP, three from P. vivax TRAP and one from TRSP, each capable of conferring partial protection on mice. These epitopes were identified using novel screening methods, using sera from whole-protein vaccinated mice or by exploiting conservation within invasion protein sequences. Two of the protective epitopes, (NANP)6 and (ADGN long) were combined and found to enhance protective efficacy as predicted by the mathematical model. Thus this thesis lays the groundwork for the development of a single-component multi-epitope malaria vaccine with enhanced protective efficacy.
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Hutchings, Claire L. "Combination vaccines." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437038.

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Singh, Gagandeep. "RNA Viral Prophylaxis: Problems and Potential Solutions." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29458.

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Over 80% of the newly emerging infectious diseases are caused by RNA viruses. Major global problems associated with the development of vaccines against the RNA virus are their high genetic and antigenic diversity. Hence, effective control of epidemics with newly emerging RNA viruses require improved vaccines which are either specific to the new strain or broadly effective even when new viral strains emerge. The main focus of this dissertation is to develop epidemic vaccines using these two approaches. Using a newly emerged swine enteric virus called porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) as a model, our first goal was to develop a quick and easy method for rapid response vaccines with potential applicability to a range of RNA viruses. We hypothesized that the methods which can disrupt genomic RNA without impacting the structural integrity of the virus would result in attenuated vaccine with minimum replication in the host while inducing immune responses. As hypothesized, developed rapid response PEDV vaccine induced complete protection against the virulent challenge virus, while vaccine viral shedding was not detected in vaccinated pigs. To address the second problem of rapid viral evolution leading to vaccines becoming obsolete, we used swine influenza virus (SIV) as a model to develop and test a universal vaccine composed of peptides encoding conserved antigenic epitopes which are present in most influenza A viruses. Importantly, a novel amphiphilic invertible polymer (AIP) was used to address the well-recognized problem of poor antigenicity of peptides. We hypothesized that peptides encoding conserved epitopes when conjugated with an AIP will induce strong immune responses and protect against challenge virus. While the conserved epitopes were previously tested by others in mice, we were the first to test a combination of these epitopes in pigs. Pigs vaccinated with the peptide polymer vaccine mounted strong antibody responses against the epitopes indicating that the delivery system was effective. However, protection against replication of the challenge virus was delayed. In summary, the methods developed and tested in this body of work significantly contribute to the area of emergency response management in infectious disease outbreaks.
United States Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture (USDA-NIFA)
North Dakota State Agricultural Products Utilization Committee (ND APUC)
North Dakota State Board of Agricultural Research (ND SABRE)
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Khan, Tila. "Tailored influenza virus vaccines for both the young and old: Vaccine Efficacy of Whole Inactivated Vaccines bearing Immunomodulatory Adjuvants or Multimeric peptides." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77130.

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Influenza epidemics and pandemics remain a significant burden to world health and economy. Low efficacy of current inactivated influenza vaccines in the elderly and immunocompromized and the inability to protect against antigenically drifted or shifted strains of influenza virus are the two major problems in influenza vaccine research. To overcome these hurdles, we have utilized an in vitro cell culture vaccine platform, which results in whole inactivated influenza vaccine (WIV) bearing bioactive membrane-anchored immunomodulatory proteins such as cytokines on the virion surface, collectively known as CYT-IVACs (Cytokine bearing-Inactivated Vaccine). In addition, we tested whether a multimeric M2e peptide presented on WIV can serve to enhance immunogenicity and augment protective efficacy of whole virus vaccines. Our panel of cytokines includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-23, and Flt3L as well as the multimeric M2e peptide, all fused to the membrane anchoring regions of influenza virus hemagglutinin protein and constitutively expressed in virus permissive MDCK cell line. Subsequent infection with influenza virus results in incorporation of fusion constructs directly into budding progeny virions that are harvested, purified and inactivated to generate distinct CYT-IVAC formulations. Following validation of immunomodulator incorporation, vaccines were tested for in vivo efficacy in either "young adult" or "aged" female Balb/c mice. Our results demonstrate that our CYT-IVAC~IL-12/HA and CYT-IVAC~IL-23/HA serve as potent mucosal adjuvants in young adult mice elicited significantly high levels of mucosal IgA antibodies and afford superior protection against lethal virus challenge. Our Flt3L/HA formulation was the most effective stimulator of systemic anti-viral antibody levels. In "aged" mice a single dose formulation of IL-12 bearing CYTIVAC was superior at affording protection against lethal homotypic virus challenge. Finally, administration of multimeric M2e molecule co-presented on WIV elicited prolonged antibody responses in "young adult mice" and provided cross-protection from challenge with the heterologous influenza A pandemic strain 2009 H1N1. In conclusion, the CYT-IVAC approach represents a novel tailored advancement to current WIV approaches that has the potential to elicit both potent mucosal and systemic immune responses in young and old.
Ph. D.
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Dannetun, Eva. "Reasons for non-vaccination /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-739-1/.

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Books on the topic "Vaccines"

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1925-, Brown Fred, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, eds. Vaccines 90: Modern approaches to new vaccines including prevention of AIDS. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1990.

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2

Gregoriadis, Gregory, Anthony C. Allison, and George Poste, eds. Vaccines. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6.

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Gregoriadis, Gregory, Brenda McCormack, and Anthony C. Allison, eds. Vaccines. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0357-2.

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Domachowske, Joseph, and Manika Suryadevara, eds. Vaccines. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58414-6.

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Perlmann, Peter, and Hans Wigzell, eds. Vaccines. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59955-2.

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Misch, Kelly, Cathleen Dalton, and William D. Martineau. Vaccines. Cleveland, Ohio: Freedonia Group, 2004.

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Sylvia, Engdahl, ed. Vaccines. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009.

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1932-, Plotkin Stanley A., and Orenstein Walter A, eds. Vaccines. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1999.

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Goldstein, Natalie. Vaccines. New York, NY: Chelsea House, 2011.

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Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor. Vaccines. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vaccines"

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Wu, Chung-Yi, and Chi-Huey Wong. "Vaccines Vaccine." In Glycoscience: Biology and Medicine, 1529–36. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54841-6_198.

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Jain, Ananya, and Shilpa Sharma. "Nanotechnology in COVID-19 Vaccines." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 14–26. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_3.

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AbstractNanotechnology has been proposed in vaccine development as carriers and adjuvants time and again but received limited recognition before the development of vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanotechnology has played a pivotal role in the triumph of the vaccines for the current pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The first vaccine got approved within a year of the earliest reported case of the novel coronavirus. Presently, more than 35 vaccines are approved in at least one country, 10 out of which are sanctioned for emergency use by the WHO. The key categories include peptide vaccine, mRNA vaccine, inactivated & viral vector vaccines. Nanotechnology is a crucial component in the success of mRNA vaccines. Nanoparticles not only allow targeted drug delivery but also boost the pharmacokinetic profile and the immune response against the therapeutic. A few nanoparticles have received approval for use as adjuvants (MF59), and countless others (virosomes, PGLA) are under development for many vaccines for infectious diseases, for instance, Influenza, Hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus, Malaria, Tuberculosis, etc. In this article, we will review the vaccines available against SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the nanotechnology utilized in their development.
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Smith, G. L. "Recombinant vaccinia virus vaccines." In Recent Developments in Prophylactic Immunization, 313–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1067-6_15.

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Spithill, Terry W., Hayley Toet, Vignesh Rathinasamy, Gemma Zerna, Jaclyn Swan, Timothy Cameron, Peter M. Smooker, David M. Piedrafita, Robert Dempster, and Travis Beddoe. "Vaccines for Fasciola: new thinking for an old problem." In Fasciolosis, 379–422. 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789246162.0012.

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Abstract This book chapter discusses the progression of fascioliasis vaccine research, as well as commercial considerations in fascioliasis vaccines development and characteristics of commercial vaccines.
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Knight, Stella C. "Dendritic Cells in the Induction of Immunity." In Vaccines, 1–6. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_1.

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Oosterlaken, Tom A. M., Theo Harmsen, Cornelis A. Kraaijeveld, and Harm Snippe. "Efficient Anti-Idiotypic Immunization with Homologous, Virus Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Conjugated with KLH and Combined with Quil A." In Vaccines, 93–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_10.

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Bartoloni, A., M. G. Pizza, A. Covacci, D. Nucci, L. Nencioni, and R. Rappuoli. "Protein Conformation Affects the Efficacy of Pertussis Vaccines." In Vaccines, 99–105. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_11.

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Epstein, M. A. "Vaccination Against Epstein-Barr Virus." In Vaccines, 107–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_12.

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Hsu, K.-H., M. Lubeck, S. Mizutani, R. Natuk, M. Chengalvala, P. Chanda, R. Bhat, et al. "Adenovirus Vectored Vaccines." In Vaccines, 113–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_13.

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Makela, P. Helena, Helena Kayhty, Aino K. Takala, Heikki Peltola, and Juhani Eskola. "Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections of Children." In Vaccines, 121–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3848-6_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vaccines"

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Kumar, Vishnu, Vijay Srinivasan, and Soundar Kumara. "Towards Smart Vaccine Manufacturing: A Preliminary Study During COVID-19." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-70516.

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Abstract Biopharmaceutical community is devising modern techniques to boost the development, production, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in large scale with tremendous speed. This has shifted the focus towards smart manufacturing of vaccines through vaccine platforms. Vaccine platforms have great potential to rapidly generate new vaccines and can overcome the challenges of the traditional vaccine manufacturing approach without compromising on safety and efficacy. This preliminary study compares the traditional and modern vaccine manufacturing techniques, reviews COVID-19 vaccine manufacturing scenarios, and presents a framework to critique on the smartness of the novel platform-based COVID-19 vaccine development and manufacturing.
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Eremets, V. I., A. V. Mishchenko, and S. A. Grin. "Advances in biotechnology in the industrial production of immunobiological drugs." In БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ: НАУЧНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И СВЯЗЬ С ПРОИЗВОДСТВОМ, 24–32. Всероссийский научно-исследовательский и технологический институт биологической промышленности, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47804/978-5-89904-038-2-2024-24-32.

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The article is devoted to a review of the literature on the formation of biotechnology as a science. The most significant, in the opinion of the authors, discoveries that have made a significant contribution to the development of biotechnological processes are presented. The achievements of biotechnology in the field of animal and human vaccine prophylaxis were noted separately. The main types of vaccines are described in brief. Examples of the creation of classic whole-virion vaccines are given (using the example of FMD vaccines). The main critical points in the technological chain (strains, cultivation, adjuvants, sorbents, inactivants, etc.) that ensure the creation of highly effective, harmless and avirulent vaccines are indicated.
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Vujčić, Isidora, and Katarina Maksimović. "Perception of COVID-19 vaccination among Serbian medical students." In Proceedings of the International Congress Public Health - Achievements and Challenges, 90. Institute of Public Health of Serbia "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/batutphco24045v.

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Background: Although COVID-19 vaccination played a significant role in reducing pandemic spread, it is a subject of debate that creates confusion due to contradictory information coming from the scientific community and the media. The aims of this study were to obtain information on medical students' attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination and to determine the main barriers to its acceptance. Methods and Objectives: A cross-sectional study was performed at the Faculty of Medicine University of Belgrade during the 2022-2023 winter season. A total of 730 medical students completed the questionnaire in classrooms through an anonymous questionnaire. In data analysis, Chi-square test was used. Results: The mean age of study participants was 23 years and 68.8% were female. The majority of medical students (91.2%) were vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccinated students, in comparison with non-vaccinated, significantly more often trusted health professionals when they recommend vaccination. Vaccinated students were significantly more in favor of mandatory vaccination (p < 0.001), believed that the best preventive measure for COVID-19 infection is vaccination and that vaccines are safe (p < 0.001), while unvaccinated students significantly more often believed that there was not enough time to test COVID-19 vaccines (p < 0.001). As the most common reasons for vaccination, students state the desire to protect the people around them and because of the recommendation of a medical doctor. Unvaccinated students as the most common reason for not receiving the vaccine state the suspicion that the vaccines have not been tested enough and the fear of side effects. Both groups of students received the most information from medical doctors. Conclusions: The present study gave much insight into the willingness of medical students in receiving the COVID-19 vaccines and showed that confidence in vaccines and trust in health authorities motivated Serbian medical students to receive COVID-19 vaccine.
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Tarabrin, R. E., and E. S. Pyatigorec. "BIOETHICAL ISSUES OF VACCINOMICS." In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-130.

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Vaccinomics, as one of the areas of personalized medicine, can increase the effectiveness of vaccines, including in epidemics. Nevertheless, it is accompanied by a cluster of bioethical issues. The article explores possible bioethical difficulties associated with the development of personalized vaccines: the matching of the research subject and the person receiving the vaccine; the problem of confidential genetic data; equitable distribution of medical resources.
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Zughaier, Susu. "High Vaccine Coverage is Crucial for Preventing the Spread of Infectious Diseases During Mass Gathering." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0138.

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Background: Vaccines are the most cost-effective intervention in public health as they prevent the spread of highly contagious infectious diseases. Because of vaccine implementation and high coverage, Measles was eradicated in 2000, however the recent reappearance of measles in the United States, Europe and globally is alarming. The resurgence of Measles, Diphtheria and Mumps is due to a reduction in vaccine coverage and herd immunity. Vaccine hesitant parents, antivaxxers, and fake news on vaccines are driving the surge in those infectious diseases. The World Health Organization issued the Global Vaccine and Immunization Action Plan to reiterate the importance of vaccine implementation and coverage for several vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in the world. Qatar is preparing for the upcoming FIFA World Cup 2022 therefore maintaining high vaccine coverage, which is critical in preventing infectious diseases spreading during such mass gathering. Methods: Literature search for vaccine coverage rates, resurgence of vaccine preventable infectious diseases and risks of mass gatherings. Results: Seventeen infectious diseases are currently vaccine-preventable. The cost-effectiveness of vaccine is documented as it is estimated for each dollar spent on vaccines, 10 dollars are saved in disease treatment. A drop in vaccine coverage rates to under 90% lead to the resurgence of measles. Vaccine coverage rate in Qatar is currently at 95% which is one of the highest in the world. Qatar must maintain this high coverage rate to prevent any measles outbreaks during mass gatherings. The planned World Cup event will take place from November 21 till December 18 2022, which is the peak for seasonal influenza. In preparedness for this major event, Qatar should encourage residents and visitors to be vaccinated not just against measles and seasonal influenza, but also hepatitis and meningitis. Conclusion: Maintaining 95% vaccine coverage rate is critical for preventing the resurgence of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases during the World Cup mass gathering in Qatar.
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Zhou, Luoyi Zhou, Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet, Jiangrong Zhang, Shitong Hou, Kaishen Yao, Qiuyi Zhao, Junfei Dai, et al. "The mRNA Vaccine Expressing Single and Fused Structural Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Induces Strong Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses in BalB/C Mice." In БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ: НАУЧНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И СВЯЗЬ С ПРОИЗВОДСТВОМ, 83–89. Всероссийский научно-исследовательский и технологический институт биологической промышленности, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47804/978-5-89904-038-2-2024-83-89.

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that causes significant economic losses. The development of a new and effective vaccine is key to the spread of the virus within the farm. Several vaccinations against PRRSV have been carried out using both traditional and alternative vaccines. Unfortunately, there is currently no vaccine that can completely stop this disease. Thus, our study aimed to develop an mRNA vaccine using antigens based on individual or fused PRRSV structural proteins. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of immunogenic mRNA was determined taking into account the antigenicity of the structural proteins and the stability of the spatial structure. Purified GP5 protein served as a reference antigen for immunological evaluation. The results obtained showed that mRNA vaccines can significantly stimulate the cellular and humoral immune response. In particular, GP5-mRNA showed an immune response similar to that of a commercially available vaccine when administered in high doses.
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Bularca, Maria Cristina, Claudiu Coman, Luiza Mesesan Schmitz, Doina Draguinea, and Radu Tudorica. "THE ROLE OF ONLINE MEDIA CHANNELS IN PORTRAYING THE EFFECTS OF THE COVID-19 VACCINE." In 9th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2022. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2022/s10.100.

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During the COVID -19 pandemic, among other institutions, mass media has played an essential role in disseminating information about the evolution of the pandemic, but also in shaping peoples� opinion about the COVID - 19 vaccine. The purpose of our paper was to identify the way online media channels portrayed the positive and negative effects of the COVID � 19 vaccines in order to raise awareness regarding the importance of analyzing the subject from several perspectives. We considered such an analysis to be both necessary and relevant, because often, exposure to mass � media can determine people to develop certain beliefs and to act in specific ways. We were interested in identifying which types of vaccines were presented in a more positive manner, and in identifying similarities and differences between the approaches of Romanian and foreign online media channels. Content analysis was used as a method, while having as a research instrument a content analysis grid. The sample of the research includes 5 official websites of Romanian media channels and 5 official websites of foreign media channels. The analysis period was: August 2020 - October 2020. The results of our research revealed that online media presented the COVID -19 vaccines both from a positive and negative perspective, the vaccines discussed most being the Russian vaccines, AstraZeneca and the Chinese vaccines. The context in which the vaccines was described most were represented by: effectiveness of vaccines and side effects. Considering the theoretical and practical implications, from a theoretical point of view, the paper contributes to the literature on the effects and influence of mass � media. From a practical point of view, the paper can be used as a frame of reference for further studying the influence of the messages sent through online media about the COVID � 19 vaccines on the public.
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Srivastava, Priya. "Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy Among Parents and Caregivers." In 28th Annual Rowan-Virtua Research Day. Rowan University Libraries, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31986/issn.2689-0690_rdw.stratford_research_day.137_2024.

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•Vaccination efforts in the United States and globally are one of the largest contributors to pediatric preventative health •Routine immunizations in the U.S for children ≤ 10 years old cover 14 vaccine-preventable diseases. As a result, an estimated 732,000 deaths, 21 million hospitalizations, and 322 diagnosed cases of diseases have been prevented between 1993 and 2013. •Vaccines remain a point of contention with pediatricians and their patients' caregivers •Many parents maintain hesitancy to give vaccines; to a number of reasons. Perceived risk and fear of side effects from vaccines more than the disease itself, can cause out-of-proportion concern •Misinformation spread through the media as well as social media platforms can contribute to hesitancy seen during the COVID-19 vaccination efforts
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Kozlova, A. D., M. S. Krasnikova, A. N. Bogomazova, M. B. Brusova, and S. P. Yatsentyuk. "High Resolution Melting (HRM) assay for differentiation of Massachusetts Gl-1 strains of infectious bronchitis virus in vaccines." In БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ: НАУЧНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И СВЯЗЬ С ПРОИЗВОДСТВОМ, 130–34. Всероссийский научно-исследовательский и технологический институт биологической промышленности, 2024. https://doi.org/10.47804/978-5-89904-038-2-2024-130-134.

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Confirmation of the identity of the strains is an important stage of control vaccines. Strains of Massachusetts genotype are most widely used in vaccines against infectious bronchitis of chickens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the possibility of using the HRM method to differentiate strains of this genotype. Primers were developed that amplify a 121 bp region of the S1 gene. A study of the three most commonly used strains in vaccines, H-120, B-48 and M-4 showed that differences in the melting point of amplicons obtained as a result of RT-PCR with selected primers make it possible to reliably separate these strains. A larger number of strains and their combinations in one vaccine will be studied in future.
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Krishnakumar, D., and K. S. Jaganathan. "Development of nasal HPV vaccine formulations." In 16th Annual International Conference RGCON. Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685403.

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Cervical cancer is the second most cancer in women worldwide with over 500000 new cases and 275000 deaths being registered every year. With nearly 73000 women dying every year, India now tops the world in cervical cancer deaths. India represents 26.4% of all women dying of cervical cancer globally. Cervical cancer estimated to be responsible for about 5% of human cancers worldwide. Currently available vaccines may not provide complete protection against all HPV types as the protection is primarily type specific. Furthermore, the available vaccines are delivered via intramuscular route and require three doses and require cold chain supply which increases the cost of vaccine. Therefore a single dose vaccine delivered via non-invasive route (nasal) that protects against multiple HPV types would be a cost effective and better alternative to the currently available HPV vaccines. The main objective of this study was to prepare HPV antigen loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and Tri Methyl Chitosan (TMC) coated PLGA microparticles and compare their efficacy as nasal vaccine. The developed formulations were characterized for size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, mucin adsorption ability, in vitro and in vivo studies. PLGA microparticles demonstrated negative zeta potential whereas PLGA-TMC microparticles showed higher positive zeta potential. The protein loading efficiency was found as above 80%. Results indicated that PLGA-TMC microparticles demonstrated substantially higher mucin adsorption when compared to PLGA microparticles. HPV antigen encapsulated in PLGA-TMC particles elicited a significantly higher secretory (IgA) immune response compared to that encapsulated in PLGA particles. Present study demonstrates that PLGA-TMC microparticles with specific size range can be a better carrier adjuvant for nasal subunit vaccines. Surface modified PLGA microparticles proved great potential as a nasal delivery system for HPV infections where systemic and mucosal responses are necessary particularly in conditions after viral pathogens invade the host through the mucosal surface.
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Reports on the topic "Vaccines"

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Hobbs, Abbi, and Peter Border. COVID-19 vaccines and virus transmission. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr64.

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COVID-19 vaccines have been deployed in the UK since December 2020. This article examines the impact of COVID-19 vaccines on transmission of the virus. It also considers the potential implications of vaccine-induced protection for easing lockdown restrictions and debate about potential introduction of immunity certification or a vaccine passport scheme.
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Smeaton, John, and Lydia Harriss. Manufacturing COVID-19 vaccines. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr57.

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The rapid production of safe, effective and consistent vaccines is essential for supporting COVID-19 immunisation programmes in the UK and globally. However, manufacturing vaccines is challenging for various reasons that include the complex processes involved, the specialist knowledge and experience required, and the natural variability of the biological materials and systems used. Urgent demand is leading to manufacturers and governments taking on significant financial risks in order to speed up production. What is the UK Government doing to accelerate vaccine manufacture? How are vaccines made? Why is manufacturing vaccines at large scales so challenging?
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Ennis, Francis A., and Walter E. Demkowicz. Human Immune Responses to Experimental Vaccinia Vaccines. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada299784.

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Vagnoni, Cristiana. COVID-19 vaccines November update: progress of clinical trials. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr50.

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Vaccines are the most powerful tool against infectious diseases, and there are over 200 COVID-19 vaccines in development. Which COVID-19 vaccines are closer to the finish line? Which ones have been approved already for use in humans? When will a vaccine be available in the UK?
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Byrn, Stephen, Nathaniel Milton, and Kari Clase. BIRS Course: RNA Vaccine Manufacture and Assessment of Regulatory Documents for RNA Vaccines. Purdue University, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317657.

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This paper is in three segments: (A) Segment on Vaccine Manufacture; (B) Segment on Ready to Use (RTU) Fluid Path for Compounded Sterile Preparations, mRNA Vaccines, and Phage Therapy, (C) Segment on Competency Framework for Addressing Regulatory Review These segments can be used separately or in combination. Additionally, they can be presented in any order. The time devoted to each segment depends on the depth of the course coverage. These segments are interrelated and describe how to make vaccines, how to manufacture vaccines with a point-of-care system built from ready-to-use parts; and how to regulate vaccines. This is a timely review because of the importance of vaccines for the treatment of diseases. It is hoped that it will lead to new approaches to vaccine manufacture and regulation.
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Vagnoni, Cristiana, and Sarah Barber. Regulatory approval of COVID-19 vaccines in the UK. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr53.

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With several potential vaccines approaching the end of clinical trials, a new focus is how they will be approved for general use. How does this process work? Who will receive the first COVID-19 vaccines when they become available in the UK? What are public attitudes towards a COVID-19 vaccine in the UK?
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Vagnoni, Cristiana. COVID-19 vaccines safety and blood clots. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr67.

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The safety of COVID-19 vaccines currently deployed in the UK is closely monitored. This monitoring has shown that the University of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine is associated with very rare blood clots. What is known about these very rare adverse events?
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Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.

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Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.
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Vagnoni, Cristiana. COVID-19 vaccines: July update on research. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/rr35.

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There are almost 150 coronavirus vaccine candidates under development. Only 19 of these are now being tested in humans. Many types of vaccines are rapidly progressing through clinical trials. Only two vaccine candidates have announced large scale Phase 3 trials, involving several thousands of people. Only one candidate has been approved for restricted human use. Measuring a reduction in COVID-19 levels is an obstacle for Phase 3 clinical trials, as they require a high infection rate among the tested population to prove vaccine efficacy. International agreements with countries where SARS-CoV-2 infection rates are still high are facilitating those trials. Future challenges in vaccine development include a better understanding of COVID-19 immunity and development of vaccination strategies.
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Korber, Bette T. M. Talk: Why Vaccines? Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1129055.

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