Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vaccine schedule and formulation

Academic literature on the topic 'Vaccine schedule and formulation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vaccine schedule and formulation"

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Platt, Andrew, Munir Mosaheb, Adam Gower, and Lee Wetzler. "Transcriptome analysis of N. meningitidis PorB as an adjuvant in a multi-injection vaccination schedule (P4494)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 178.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.178.1.

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Abstract Vaccines play an integral role in the fight against infectious diseases. Most current vaccines, however, were developed empirically, both in their formulation and schedule. A deeper understanding of the regulatory pathways involved in both adjuvanted vaccines and multi-injection schedules would contribute greatly to the rational design of future vaccines. Here we report a microarray analysis study of a 3 injection vaccination using Neisseria meningitidis PorB as a vaccine adjuvant and an Ova antigen in a murine model. We observe that the kinetics of the response in a number of gene sets is accelerated, with maximal expression after the second vaccination, rather than the third, in the adjuvanted vaccine. We also observe a recruitment of a number of innate inflammatory pathways, with adjuvanted vaccines eliciting more robust gene expression. Main effects and interactions between the antigen and adjuvant were determined, in particular as related and antibody production. In this report we demonstrate that the inclusion of PorB as an adjuvant into the formulation of a vaccine significantly alters the kinetics and nature of the immune response at a deep transcriptional level. This may provide meaningful implications for the rational design of future adjuvanted vaccines.
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Tzeng, Stephany Y., Kevin J. McHugh, Adam M. Behrens, Sviatlana Rose, James L. Sugarman, Shiran Ferber, Robert Langer, and Ana Jaklenec. "Stabilized single-injection inactivated polio vaccine elicits a strong neutralizing immune response." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 23 (May 21, 2018): E5269—E5278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1720970115.

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Vaccination in the developing world is hampered by limited patient access, which prevents individuals from receiving the multiple injections necessary for protective immunity. Here, we developed an injectable microparticle formulation of the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) that releases multiple pulses of stable antigen over time. To accomplish this, we established an IPV stabilization strategy using cationic polymers for pH modulation to enhance traditional small-molecule–based stabilization methods. We investigated the mechanism of this strategy and showed that it was broadly applicable to all three antigens in IPV. Our lead formulations released two bursts of IPV 1 month apart, mimicking a typical vaccination schedule in the developing world. One injection of the controlled-release formulations elicited a similar or better neutralizing response in rats, considered the correlate of protection in humans, than multiple injections of liquid vaccine. This single-administration vaccine strategy has the potential to improve vaccine coverage in the developing world.
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Pettini, Elena, Gabiria Pastore, Fabio Fiorino, Donata Medaglini, and Annalisa Ciabattini. "Short or Long Interval between Priming and Boosting: Does It Impact on the Vaccine Immunogenicity?" Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030289.

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Characterizing the impact of the vaccination schedule on the induction of B and T cell immune responses is critical for improving vaccine immunogenicity. Here we compare the effect of a short (4 weeks) or a long (18 weeks) interval between priming and boosting in mice, using a model vaccine formulation based on the chimeric tuberculosis vaccine antigen H56 combined with alum. While no significant difference was observed in serum antigen-specific IgG response and the induction of antigen-specific T follicular helper cells into draining lymph nodes after the two immunization schedules, a longer interval between priming and boosting elicited a higher number of germinal center-B cells and H56-specific antibody-secreting cells and modulated the effector function of reactivated CD4+ T cells. These data show that the scheduling of the booster immunization could affect the immune response elicited by vaccination modulating and improving the immunogenicity of the vaccine.
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Trevisan, Andrea, Paola Mason, Annamaria Nicolli, Stefano Maso, Bruno Scarpa, Angelo Moretto, and Maria Luisa Scapellato. "Vaccination and Immunity toward Measles: A Serosurvey in Future Healthcare Workers." Vaccines 9, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040377.

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Measles is a very contagious infectious disease, and vaccination is the only medical aid to counter the spread of the infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of vaccination schedule and type of vaccine, number of doses, and sex on the immune response. In a population of Italian medical students (8497 individuals born after 1980 with certificate of vaccination and quantitative measurement of antibodies against measles), the prevalence of positive antibodies to measles and antibody titer was measured. Vaccination schedule such as number of doses and vaccine type (measles alone or combined as measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)) and sex were the variables considered to influence the immune response. The vaccination schedule depends on the year of birth: students born before 1990 were prevalently vaccinated once and with measles vaccine alone (not as MMR). One dose of vaccine induces a significantly (p < 0.0001) higher positive response and antibody titer than two doses, in particular when measles alone is used (p < 0.0001). Females have a significantly higher percentage of positive response (p = 0.0001) than males but only when the MMR formulation was used. Multiple linear regression confirms that sex significantly influences antibody titer when only MMR is used, after one (p = 0.0002) or two (p = 0.0060) doses. In conclusion, vaccination schedule and, partially, sex influence immune response to measles vaccination. Most notably, the measles vaccine alone (one dose) is more effective than one and two doses of MMR.
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Aguilar, Julio Cesar, Jorge Agustin Aguiar, and Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar. "Action Mechanisms and Scientific Rationale of Using Nasal Vaccine (HeberNasvac) for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B." Vaccines 10, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122087.

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Nasvac (HeberNasvac®) is a novel therapeutic vaccine for chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This product is a formulation of the core (HBcAg) and surface (HBsAg) antigens of the hepatitis B virus (HBV), administered by nasal and subcutaneous routes, in a distinctive schedule of immunizations. In the present review article, we discuss the action mechanisms of HeberNasvac, considering the immunological properties of the product and their antigens. Specifically, we discuss the capacity of HBcAg to activate different pathways of innate immunity and the signal transduction after a multi-TLR agonist effect, and we review the results of recent clinical trials and in vitro studies. Aimed at understanding the clinical results of Nasvac and other therapeutic vaccines under development, we discuss the rationale of administering a therapeutic vaccine through the nasal route and also the current alternatives to combine therapeutic vaccines and antivirals (NUCs). We also disclose potential applications of this product in novel fields of immunotherapy.
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Cajaraville, Ana Carolina dos Reis Albuquerque, Mariana Pierre de Barros Gomes, Tamiris Azamor, Renata Carvalho Pereira, Patrícia Cristina da Costa Neves, Paula Mello De Luca, Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima, et al. "Evaluation of Two Adjuvant Formulations for an Inactivated Yellow Fever 17DD Vaccine Candidate in Mice." Vaccines 11, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010073.

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The attenuated yellow fever (YF) vaccine is one of the most successful vaccines ever developed. After a single dose administration YF vaccine can induce balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses and long-lasting neutralizing antibodies. These attributes endorsed it as a model of how to properly stimulate the innate response to target protective immune responses. Despite their longstanding success, attenuated YF vaccines can cause rare fatal adverse events and are contraindicated for persons with immunosuppression, egg allergy and age < 6 months and >60 years. These drawbacks have encouraged the development of a non-live vaccine. The aim of the present study is to characterize and compare the immunological profile of two adjuvant formulations of an inactivated YF 17DD vaccine candidate. Inactivated YF vaccine formulations based on alum (Al(OH)3) or squalene (AddaVax®) were investigated by immunization of C57BL/6 mice in 3-dose or 2-dose schedules, respectively, and compared with a single dose of attenuated YF virus 17DD. Sera were analyzed by ELISA and Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) for detection of total IgG and neutralizing antibodies against YF virus. In addition, splenocytes were collected to evaluate cellular responses by ELISpot. Both inactivated formulations were able to induce high titers of IgG against YF, although neutralizing antibodies levels were borderline on pre-challenge samples. Analysis of IgG subtypes revealed a predominance of IgG2a associated with improved neutralizing capacity in animals immunized with the attenuated YF vaccine, and a predominance of IgG1 in groups immunized with experimental non-live formulations (alum and AddaVax®). After intracerebral (IC) challenge, attenuated and inactivated vaccine formulations showed an increase in neutralizing antibodies. The AddaVax®-based inactivated vaccine and the attenuated vaccine achieved 100% protection, and alum-based equivalent formulation achieved 70% protection.
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Meneveau, Max O., Pankaj Kumar, Kevin T. Lynch, Sapna P. Patel, and Craig L. Slingluff. "The vaccine-site microenvironment: impacts of antigen, adjuvant, and same-site vaccination on antigen presentation and immune signaling." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 10, no. 3 (March 2022): e003533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-003533.

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BackgroundA goal of cancer vaccines is to induce strong T cell responses to tumor antigens, but the delivery method, schedule, and formulation of cancer vaccines have not yet been optimized. Adjuvants serve to increase the immune response against vaccine antigens. However, little is known about the impact of adjuvants plus antigen and their delivery schedule on the immunologic milieu in the vaccine-site microenvironment (VSME). We hypothesized that antigen processing and presentation may occur directly in the VSME, that adding the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist polyICLC (pICLC) would enhance markers of immune activation, and that the immune signatures would be enhanced further by repeated vaccination in the same skin site rather than after multiple vaccines in different skin locations.MethodsUsing RNA sequencing, we evaluated VSME biopsies from patients undergoing subcutaneous/intradermal peptide vaccination against melanoma, with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) with or without pICLC. Differential gene expression analyses and gene set enrichment analyses were performed using R. False discovery rate corrected p values <0.05 were considered significant.ResultsWe found that addition of peptide antigens to IFA enhanced antigen presentation pathways and a tertiary lymphoid structure gene-signature locally at the VSME. Addition of pICLC to IFA + peptide induced an immunologically favorable VSME 1 week after injection but had little impact on the VSME after three injections, compared with IFA + peptide alone. Repeated same-site injection of IFA + peptide antigens induced a VSME with more dendritic cell activation, Th1 dominance, and TLR adaptor protein gene expression than that induced by injections at different, rotating skin locations.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the vaccine-site itself may be a critically important location contributing to vaccine immunity rather than just the draining lymph node, that IFA induces a favorable VSME with TLR agonist being most beneficial early in the vaccine course, and that same-site injections lead to persistent stimulation of immune pathways that may be beneficial in eliciting antigen specific T cell expansion.
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Niemuth, Nancy A., Carol L. Sabourin, and Lucy A. Ward. "Adapting Simon’s Two-Stage Design for Efficient Screening of Filovirus Vaccines in Non-Human Primates." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081216.

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The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) non-human primate (NHP) is widely used for filovirus vaccine testing. To use limited BSL-4 resources efficiently and minimize NHP usage, Simon’s two-stage design was adapted to screen candidate Ebola virus (EBOV) vaccines in up to six NHPs with two (optimal), three, or four NHPs in Stage 1. Using the optimal design, two NHPs were tested in Stage 1. If neither survived, the candidate was rejected. Otherwise, it was eligible for Stage 2 testing in four NHPs. Candidates advanced if four or more NHPs were protected over both stages. An 80% efficacious candidate vaccine had 88.5% probability of advancing, and a 40% efficacious candidate vaccine had 83% probability of rejection. Simon’s two-stage design was used to screen 27 EBOV vaccine candidates in 43 candidate regimens that varied in dose, adjuvant, formulation, or schedule. Of the 30 candidate regimens tested using two NHPs in Stage 1, 15 were rejected, nine were withdrawn, and six were tested in Stage 2. All six tested in Stage 2 qualified to advance in the product development pipeline. Multiple regimens for the EBOV vaccines approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2019 were tested in this program. This approach may also prove useful for screening Sudan virus (SUDV) and Marburg virus (MARV) vaccine candidates.
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Bekele, Yonas, Jay A. Berzofsky, and Francesca Chiodi. "Undetectable Anti-HBs Antibodies: Need of a Booster Dose for HIV-1-Infected Individuals." Vaccines 9, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121484.

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HBV vaccination effectively prevents HBV transmission and the development of liver cancer. Disease progression and liver-related complications are more common in HIV-1/HBV co-infected than HBV mono-infected individuals. A considerable body of literature, which will be reviewed here, indicates that response to HBV vaccine is suboptimal in HIV-1-infected individuals and that the poor maintenance of protective immunity to HBV vaccines in these individuals is an important medical issue. Several factors affect HBV vaccine response during HIV-1 infection including CD4+ T cell counts, B cell response, vaccine formulation, schedules, and timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The initial response to HBV vaccination also plays a critical role in the sustainability of antibody responses in both HIV-1-infected and uninfected vaccinees. Thus, regular follow-up for antibody titer and a booster dose is warranted to prevent HBV transmission in HIV-1 infected people.
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Mabel Cruz, Rodríguez, Báez Gretchen Bergado, Luna Yerandy Hechevarría, Fernández Diana Rosa Hernández, Palomo Addys González, Suárez Narjara González, Castillo Carlos Yordan González, Lorenzo María del Carmen Luzardo, García Lisset Chao, and Ramírez Belinda Sánchez. "The combination of very-small size proteoliposomes and alum is a safe adjuvant alternative for inducing anti-EGF antibodies: a preclinical study." Archives of Cancer Science and Therapy 6, no. 1 (September 20, 2022): 018–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.acst.1001029.

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Immunization with human recombinant EGF chemically bound to the P64k protein of Neisseria meningitides (hrEGF-P64k) and adjuvanted in Montanide ISA 51 VG (Montanide) is an efficient strategy to induce polyclonal antibodies (PAbs) response targeting this self -antigen in cancer patients, which is the basis of the CIMAvax-EGF vaccine. The neutralizing potential of EGF-specific induced PAbs supports promising clinical data obtained to date with this vaccine. Herein, we evaluated a combination of very small-size proteoliposomes (VSSP) and aluminum hydroxide (Alum) as a novel adjuvant to induce specific PAbs with neutralizing and anti-proliferative properties on tumor cells, considering EGF as a model antigen. Toxicity at the injection site was not detected for the vaccine formulation containing VSSP/Alum, and it was immunogenic in BALB/c mice, as evidenced by the induction of high titers of EGF-specific polyclonal antibodies (PAbs). While schedule optimization increased the magnitude of the PAbs response induced by VSSP/Alum, induced PAbs’s avidity and intrinsic neutralizing potential were comparable to the humoral response induced by Montanide. Also, VSSP addition switched IgG subclasses distribution into a Th1-like pattern, as obtained with Montanide and desirable for a cancer vaccine. Finally, equivalent PAbs titers were induced by the vaccine formulations adjuvanted in VSSP/Alum or Montanide in tumor-bearing-mice, and immunosuppressed mice, suggesting the feasibility of the VSSP/Alum combined adjuvant for inducing anti-EGF antibodies in cancer patients at advanced stages of the disease.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vaccine schedule and formulation"

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Alsalih, Dina A. "The Impact of Vaccination Schedules on Infants' and Children's Physio-Psychological Health: A Qualitative Investigation." ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/112.

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Many people may have become increasingly concerned about the risks associated with vaccines. At the same time, there is a lack of qualitative research on the impact of various vaccinations schedules on individuals' physio-psychological health. In addition, "mandatory" versus "nonmandatory, but recommended" vaccines are still under debate in some Western countries. The purpose of this ethnographic study was to provide an in-depth understanding of the beliefs, experiences, and perceptions of adolescents, parents, and health care providers regarding different vaccination schedules. The health belief model was used as the theoretical framework. The sample consisted of adolescents and parents from different vaccination backgrounds, as well as of healthcare providers who were involved with vaccination schedules (N=72). Purposeful sampling strategy was applied and individual interviews were conducted. All interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and the obtained data were analyzed thematically. According to the results of the study, participants' perceptions on vaccination were generally positive, and a mandatory vaccination schedule was mostly recommended. Adolescents who received mandatory vaccination reported that this scheme was appropriate against several diseases. Further, health care members indicated that vaccination side effects were mainly emotional, and they suggested that public health agencies should disseminate more scientifically-sound information on the benefits and risks of vaccination. The findings of this study may be used as the basis for the formulation of an effective public health policy to adopt a nationally-and internationally-accepted vaccination schedule.
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O'Dwyer, Cliona Anne. "Expression and vaccine formulation of heterologous antigens using commensal Neisseria." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401669.

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Ajmera, Ankur [Verfasser]. "Stable spray dried protein formulation and implementation in vaccine development / Ankur Ajmera." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1064906036/34.

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Kaur, Randip. "Liposomes : Formulation and characterisation as contrast agents and as vaccine delivery systems." Thesis, Aston University, 2011. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15820/.

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Liposome systems are well reported for their activity as vaccine adjuvants; however novel lipid-based microbubbles have also been reported to enhance the targeting of antigens into dendritic cells (DCs) in cancer immunotherapy (Suzuki et al 2009). This research initially focused on the formulation of gas-filled lipid coated microbubbles and their potential activation of macrophages using in vitro models. Further studies in the thesis concentrated on aqueous-filled liposomes as vaccine delivery systems. Initial work involved formulating and characterising four different methods of producing lipid-coated microbubbles (sometimes referred to as gas-filled liposomes), by homogenisation, sonication, a gas-releasing chemical reaction and agitation/pressurisation in terms of stability and physico-chemical characteristics. Two of the preparations were tested as pressure probes in MRI studies. The first preparation composed of a standard phospholipid (DSPC) filled with air or nitrogen (N2), whilst in the second method the microbubbles were composed of a fluorinated phospholipid (F-GPC) filled with a fluorocarbon saturated gas. The studies showed that whilst maintaining high sensitivity, a novel contrast agent which allows stable MRI measurements of fluid pressure over time, could be produced using lipid-coated microbubbles. The F-GPC microbubbles were found to withstand pressures up to 2.6 bar with minimal damage as opposed to the DSPC microbubbles, which were damaged at above 1.3 bar. However, it was also found that DSPC-filled with N2 microbubbles were also extremely robust to pressure and their performance was similar to that of F-GPC based microbubbles. Following on from the MRI studies, the DSPC-air and N2 filled lipid-based microbubbles were assessed for their potential activation of macrophages using in vitro models and compared to equivalent aqueous-filled liposomes. The microbubble formulations did not stimulate macrophage uptake, so studies thereafter focused on aqueous-filled liposomes. Further studies concentrated on formulating and characterising, both physico-chemically and immunologically, cationic liposomes based on the potent adjuvant dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) and immunomodulatory trehalose dibehenate (TDB) with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). One of the proposed hypotheses for the mechanism behind the immunostimulatory effect obtained with DDA:TDB is the ‘depot effect’ in which the liposomal carrier helps to retain the antigen at the injection site thereby increasing the time of vaccine exposure to the immune cells. The depot effect has been suggested to be primarily due to their cationic nature. Results reported within this thesis demonstrate that higher levels of PEG i.e. 25 % were able to significantly inhibit the formation of a liposome depot at the injection site and also severely limit the retention of antigen at the site. This therefore resulted in a faster drainage of the liposomes from the site of injection. The versatility of cationic liposomes based on DDA:TDB in combination with different immunostimulatory ligands including, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C), TLR 3 ligand), and CpG (TLR 9 ligand) either entrapped within the vesicles or adsorbed onto the liposome surface was investigated for immunogenic capacity as vaccine adjuvants. Small unilamellar (SUV) DDA:TDB vesicles (20-100 nm native size) with protein antigen adsorbed to the vesicle surface were the most potent in inducing both T cell (7-fold increase) and antibody (up to 2 log increase) antigen specific responses. The addition of TLR agonists poly(I:C) and CpG to SUV liposomes had small or no effect on their adjuvanticity. Finally, threitol ceramide (ThrCer), a new mmunostimulatory agent, was incorporated into the bilayers of liposomes composed of DDA or DSPC to investigate the uptake of ThrCer, by dendritic cells (DCs), and presentation on CD1d molecules to invariant natural killer T cells. These systems were prepared both as multilamellar vesicles (MLV) and Small unilamellar (SUV). It was demonstrated that the IFN-g secretion was higher for DDA SUV liposome formulation (p<0.05), suggesting that ThrCer encapsulation in this liposome formulation resulted in a higher uptake by DCs.
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Ryan, Chelsea N., Kathryn L. Duvall, Emily C. Weyant, Kiana R. Johnson, and David L. Wood. "Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake, Knowledge, and Acceptance for Youth: A Systematic Review of Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/15.

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Though vaccine uptake and public support have risen since the release of the first HPV vaccines, the United States has far lower initiation and completion rates for the HPV vaccine series in comparison to other vaccines indicated for youth. Disparities are even greater in the Appalachian regions. Understanding factors contributing to these discrepancies is vital to improving raise vaccine rates in Appalachia. A comprehensive literature search identified all articles pertaining to HPV vaccination in children and adolescents living in Appalachia. The final 15 articles were included in a systematic review of the topic. Findings: HPV disease and HPV vaccine-related knowledge and communication were low in Appalachian communities, and vaccine uptake was lower in all areas of Appalachia as compared to non-Appalachian U.S. Moreover, large variations in uptake existed among Appalachian subregions. Many variables appear to contribute to this variation, including vaccine acceptance for younger adolescents, local and press-driven critical reports of the vaccine, physician communication, and views of the family matriarchs. Targeting the Appalachian subregions, specific campaigns or intervention may be more impactful than viewing the region as a homogenous whole.
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Garner, Chris, Patricia Conner, and Amanda Stoltz. "Improving Male Vaccine Uptake for Human Papilloma Virus in a Family Medicine Residency Program." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/105.

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Healthy People 2020 was launched in December 2010 with a target human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination rate of 80%. As of 2014, we were well short of this goal, especially among males, for whom the HPV vaccine became recommended in 2011. An estimated 14-20% of adolescent-aged males had completed the vaccine schedule as of 2015. This is particularly problematic in northeast Tennessee, as multiple risk factors for lower vaccination rates are characteristic of the population, including being white and living in the South. Reasons to decline vaccination vary, and usually involve concerns about safety, efficacy, and necessity. Worries about sexual disinhibition from being vaccinated are often cited by opponents. Parents also perceive a lack of benefit from getting the vaccination starting at age 11 before their sons are sexually active. The media and internet are also barriers to appropriate vaccination in males, as previous research has demonstrated that media coverage is more likely to focus on political controversies instead of benefits, and is more likely to emphasize the benefits to females. Research on improving vaccine uptake on males is currently limited. Doctors who appear knowledgeable and are willing to spend time talking about the HPV vaccine for male patients may increase vaccination rates. Other interventions that may also be effective include vaccinating as part of nurse visits or through school programs. Early studies have been mixed on the effect of patient and parent education on vaccine uptake, although a 2015 review demonstrated that most practice- and community-based educational interventions have some positive effect on uptake. The purpose of this project was to improve HPV vaccine uptake among male patients in a family practice residency program through patient and parent education. After informed consent was obtained, the patients and/or their parents were given a handout produced by the CDC highlighting the benefits of vaccination for males. A chart review was done to determine vaccine coverage among males before the intervention instituted in November of 2016. The intervention was completed in August 2017, and a repeat chart review is currently ongoing to determine vaccine coverage in the post-intervention period. Data collection and analysis is ongoing at the time of abstract submission. We expect a statistically significant increase in the number of male patients who have received any doses of vaccine, and in the number who have completed the vaccine series. Future research should involve broadening the intervention to include local family medicine and pediatrician’s offices to increase vaccine uptake in these populations as well.
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Chu, Leonard Yi. "Dissolving microneedles for cutaneous drug and vaccine delivery." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37177.

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Currently, biopharmaceuticals including vaccines, proteins, and DNA are delivered almost exclusively through the parenteral route using hypodermic needles. However, injection by hypodermic needles generates pain and causes bleeding. Disposal of these needles also produces biohazardous sharp waste. An alternative delivery tool called microneedles may solve these issues. Microneedles are micron-size needles that deliver drugs or biopharmaceuticals into skin by creating tiny channels in the skin. This thesis focuses on dissolving microneedles in which the needle tips dissolve and release the encapsulated drug or vaccine upon insertion. The project aimed to (i) design and optimize dissolving microneedles for efficient drug and vaccine delivery to the skin, (ii) maintain vaccine stability over long-term storage, and (iii) immunize animals using vaccine encapsulated microneedles. The results showed that influenza vaccine encapsulated in microneedles was more thermally stable than unprocessed vaccine solution over prolonged periods of storage time. In addition, mice immunized with microneedles containing influenza vaccine offered full protection against lethal influenza virus infection. As a result, we envision the newly developed dissolving microneedle system can be a safe, patient compliant, easy to-use and self-administered method for rapid drug and vaccine delivery to the skin.
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Kirby, Daniel J. "Formulation and characterisation of an effective particulate delivery vehicle for the novel sub-unit vaccine antigen, Ag85B-ESAT-6." Thesis, Aston University, 2007. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/11065/.

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This research focused on the formation of particulate delivery systems for the sub-unit fusion protein, Ag85B-ESAT-6, a promising tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidate. Initial work concentrated on formulating and characterising, both physico-chemically and immunologically, cationic liposomes based on the potent adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium (DDA). These studies demonstrated that addition of the immunomodulatory trehalose dibehenate (TDB) enhanced the physical stability of the system whilst also adding further adjuvanticity. Indeed, this formulation was effective in stimulating both a cell mediated and humoural immune response. In order to investigate an alternative to the DDA-TDB system, microspheres based on poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) incorporating the adjuvants DDA and TDB, either alone or in combination, were first optimised in terms of physico-chemical characteristics, followed by immunological analysis. The formulation incorporating PLGA and DDA emerged as the lead candidate, with promising protection data against TB. Subsequent optimisation of the lead microsphere formulation investigated the effect of several variables involved in the formulation process on physico-chemical and immunological characteristics of the particles produced. Results revealed that the DDA-TDB liposome system proved to be the most immunologically efficient delivery vehicle studied, with high levels of antibody and cytokine production, particularly gamma-interferon (IFN-?), considered the key cytokine marker for anti-mycobacterial immunity. Of the microsphere systems investigated, PLGA in combination with DDA showed the most promise, with an ability to initiate a broad spectrum of cytokine production, as well as antigen specific spleen cell proliferation comparable to that of the DDA-TDB formulation.
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Smith, Jeffrey D. "Vaccination of BALB/c Mice with an Alhydrogel Adjuvanted Whole Cell Trichomonas vaginalis Formulation." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30424.

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A human safe, Alhydrogel adjuvanted whole cell Trichomonas vaginalis vaccine was tested for efficacy in a BALB/c mouse model of vaginal infection. Additionally, the systemic and local immune response were measured. Vaccination reduced incidence and increased clearance of infection, and induced both systemic and local humoral immune responses. CD4+ cells were detected in vaginal tissues following intravaginal challenge with T. vaginalis, but were not seen in uninfected mice. CD4+ cells were detected more often, earlier, and in greater numbers in vaccinated vaginal tissues compared to unvaccinated controls. Presence of CD4+ T cells following infection can have significant implications of increasing HIV susceptibility and transmission. These data suggest that the vaccine induces local and systemic immune responses, and confers significantly greater protection against vaginal challenge than unvaccinated vaginal challenge. These data support the potential for a human vaccine against T. vaginalis infection that could also impact the incidence of HIV infections.
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Gauriat, Marie-Anne. "Connaissance des facteurs déterminants dans la conduite d'un procédé pour la production de toxine par Corynebacterium diphteriae utilisée dans la formulation de vaccins." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAT0041/document.

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Avec pour problématique une importante variabilité des lots de production vaccinale contre la diphtérie, une analyse intégrative du métabolisme central, du fer et du transcriptome de Corynebacterium diphtheriae, cultivé en conditions les plus proches de la culture industrielle, ont permis d’élargir les connaissances sur le comportement de la bactérie en conditions de production industrielle, et plus particulièrement sur l’existence de corrélations entre activité métabolique et virulence. L'analyse du métabolisme central et la comparaison de l'expression des gènes de C. diphtheriae, ont permis de mettre en évidence l'importance du maltose dans l'établissement de la virulence. Ce sucre, largement présent dans notre alimentation, est ainsi rencontré par la bactérie lors de son processus de colonisation de l'hôte. La consommation du maltose lors de la phase stationnaire, coïncident avec la production de la toxine, semble ainsi liée aux réactions de maintenance et à la production de métabolites secondaires plutôt qu'à la croissance. Plusieurs gènes liés à la capture et au catabolisme du maltose sont liés à la production de la toxine diphtérique. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation sont complexes, impliquant plusieurs régulateurs. Une étude sur les besoins en fer de la bactérie et les liens avec la pathogénicité a été réalisée. En effet, le gène de la toxine diphtérique est régulé par DtxR, répresseur activé par Fe2+. Elle a permis d'évaluer la capacité de stockage en fer de la bactérie et la limite de concentration intracellulaire pour obtenir une production de toxine. Un effort a été apporté afin de visualiser les ferritines synthétisées par la bactérie par la technique NanoSIMS. Enfin, l'analyse de l'expression des gènes de C.diphtheriae cultivé en condition de limitation en fer et supplémentée en fer a apporté une quantité d'informations sur les liens entre métabolisme central et du fer, virulence et stress oxydatif. Cette démarche a été mise à profit afin de proposer à l'industriel des pistes d'optimisations du procédé et d’améliorations de la productivité en toxine diphtérique. Via l’ajustement de certains paramètres physico-chimiques (visant l'oxygénation et une meilleure métabolisation du maltose), il est possible d'obtenir un gain de production significatif (titre final en toxine multiplié par 2,5). La productivité spécifique en toxine peut être également multipliée par 2,2 par une astucieuse étape de dilution et recyclage de la biomasse en fin de culture
Faced with an important variability in production yields of vaccines against diphtheria, a dynamic systemic approach, including central and iron metabolism and transcriptome analysis, led to an improved knowledge of Corynebacterium diphtheriae physiology, notably as regards the connection of central metabolism and virulence. Gene expression analysis coupled to metabolic characterization enabled a correlation between maltose consumption and virulence to be established. Because of the typical human diet, maltose is present in the human oropharynx where it may serve as a key nutrient source for C. diphtheriae. Maltose consumption during stationary phase, coupled with toxin production, seems to be linked to maintenance and secondary metabolites rather than growth. Several genes, including uptake and catabolism of maltose, are related to diphtheria toxin production. However, mechanisms of regulation are complex and may involve several transcriptional regulators. Bacterial iron requirements and its relation to pathogenicity were considered. Indeed, diphtheria toxin gene is regulated by Fe2+ activated DtxR. These studies revealed that C. diphtheriae is able to store an important quantity of intracellular iron within ferritin-like proteins visualized by NanoSIMS microscopy and the definition of an intracellular threshold concentration provoking expression of toxin production. Finally, genome-wide gene expression analysis of C.diphtheriae in iron starvation and iron excess conditions provided information on relations between central and iron metabolism, virulence establishment and oxidative stress. The resulting knowledge was exploited to suggest process optimization strategies to enhance toxin production, currently being assessed by the industrial partner. Adjusting some key physico-chemical parameters (targeting oxygenation and better maltose metabolization) enabled significant gains in toxin production (2.5 fold increase). Specific productivity could be increased by 2.2 thanks to a novel biomass dilution and recycling step at the end of the culture
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Books on the topic "Vaccine schedule and formulation"

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cohen, rolis. Kitten Vaccine : Kitten Vaccine Book: Cat Vaccination Schedule, Kitten Vaccine Book. Independently Published, 2021.

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Vaccine Schedule: Health Log Book. Independently Published, 2017.

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billa, Stephanie. Child Vaccination Schedule: Vaccine Schedule and Immunization Tracker. Independently Published, 2020.

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billa, Stephanie. Child Vaccination Schedule: Vaccine Schedule and Immunization Tracker. Independently Published, 2020.

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Staff, Journals for All. Vaccine Immunization Schedule: Health Log Book. Independently Published, 2017.

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Staff, Journals for All. Vaccine Schedule Chart: Health Log Book. Independently Published, 2017.

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Media, Thaninee. Cat Vaccination Schedule: To Record Vaccine Immunization Dates. Independently Published, 2021.

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Publishing, A. E. Art. Dog Vaccination Record Book: Puppy Vaccination Schedule, Pet Vaccine Book. Independently Published, 2020.

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Kkarla. Cat Vaccination Schedule: Vaccine Record Book for Cats Cat Pet Health Record Cat Immunization Schedule. Lulu Press, Inc., 2021.

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Cat, Book. Cat Vaccination Schedule: Vaccine Record Book for Cats, Complete Kitten and Cat Immunization Schedule and Record. Independently Published, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vaccine schedule and formulation"

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Newman, Mark J., and Michael F. Powell. "Immunological and Formulation Design Considerations for Subunit Vaccines." In Vaccine Design, 1–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_1.

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Lidgate, Deborah M., and Noelene E. Byars. "Development of an Emulsion-Based Muramyl Dipeptide Adjuvant Formulation for Vaccines." In Vaccine Design, 313–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1823-5_12.

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Wahome, Newton, John M. Hickey, David B. Volkin, and C. Russell Middaugh. "Formulation Studies During Preclinical Development of Influenza Hemagglutinin and Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Candidates." In Vaccine Design, 393–421. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3389-1_27.

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Patriarca, P. A., R. W. Linkins, R. W. Sutter, and W. A. Orenstein. "Optimal schedule for the administration of oral poliovirus vaccine." In Measles and Poliomyelitis, 303–13. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9278-8_25.

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Kirby, Daniel J., Randip Kaur, and Yvonne Perrie. "Formulation and Characterisation of PLGA Microspheres as Vaccine Adjuvants." In Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants and Candidate Subunit Vaccines, 263–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5070-2_13.

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Schlegl, Robert, and Rainer Hahn. "Purification and Formulation: Silent but Important Players in Vaccine Development." In Development of Novel Vaccines, 145–88. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0709-6_7.

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Goldade, David A., Jeffrey M. Kemp, Jeanette R. O’Hare, and Lowell A. Miller. "Determination of an Immunocontraceptive Peptide in a Wildlife Vaccine Formulation." In ACS Symposium Series, 149–58. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2013-1126.ch006.

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Chesko, James, Thomas Vedvick, and Steve Reed. "Development of Biophysical Assays to Better Understand Adjuvanted Vaccine Formulation Potency and Stability." In Novel Immune Potentiators and Delivery Technologies for Next Generation Vaccines, 107–18. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5380-2_5.

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Ansari, Aftab A., Ann E. Mayne, Yoshiaki Takahashi, and Kovit Pattanapanyasat. "Incorporation of Innate Immune Effector Mechanisms in the Formulation of a Vaccine Against HIV-1." In Crossroads between Innate and Adaptive Immunity III, 143–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5632-3_12.

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Rivera-Patron, Mariana, Samuel P. Cibulski, Iris Miraballes, and Fernando Silveira. "Formulation of IMXQB: Nanoparticles Based on Quillaja brasiliensis Saponins to be Used as Vaccine Adjuvants." In Plant Secondary Metabolism Engineering, 183–91. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2185-1_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vaccine schedule and formulation"

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"Evaluation of a Novel Adjuvant in Rabies Vaccine Formulation." In International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering. International Institute of Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/iicbe.c0615084.

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Pereira, Isabelly, Elezer Lemes, and Ana Santos. "Proposal of an intranasal formulation for meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine." In III Seminário Anual Científico e Tecnológico de Bio-Manguinhos. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.sact.2016_27343.

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Silva, Paulo, Pedro Correia, Daiane Grugel, Victor Ferreira, and Rayane Gonçalves. "Continued Process Verification for COVID-19 Vaccine Formulation and Packaging (recombinant)." In International Symposium on Immunobiologicals. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.2022_52269.

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Vanessa, Vanessa, and Anita Christine Sembiring. "Quality Improvement of Chicken Eggs Through the Vaccine Schedule Using Database Program System." In 2020 3rd International Conference on Mechanical, Electronics, Computer, and Industrial Technology (MECnIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mecnit48290.2020.9166611.

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Wang, Z. J., and M. Y. Qi. "Formulation of service network design with time requirements to schedule heterogeneous fleet." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2016.7797840.

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Niu, Lin, Leonard Chu, Kris Hansen, and Jayanth Panyam. "Abstract A51: Intradermal delivery of polymeric nanoparticle based vaccine formulation using a hollow microneedle system." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy: A New Chapter; December 1-4, 2014; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm14-a51.

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Hailemichael, Yared, Tihui Fu, Amber Woods, Jason Roszik, Kimberly S. Schluns, Victor H. Engelhard, Padmanee Sharma, and Willem W. Overwijk. "Abstract A031: Cancer vaccine formulation dictates synergy with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy." In Abstracts: Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 25-28, 2016; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-a031.

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Oliveira, Bianca, Natália Castro, Bárbara Azevedo, Júlia Castro, Frederico Nascimento, Ana Fernandes, and Ricardo Gazzinelli. "Production and evaluation of a vaccine formulation composed by chimeric protein with protective potential action against Leishmania infantum." In International Symposium on Immunobiological. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35259/isi.2021_46708.

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Nair, Vineet, Kritika Prakash, Michael Wilbur, Aparna Taneja, Corrine Namblard, Oyindamola Adeyemo, Abhishek Dubey, Abiodun Adereni, Milind Tambe, and Ayan Mukhopadhyay. "ADVISER: AI-Driven Vaccination Intervention Optimiser for Increasing Vaccine Uptake in Nigeria." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/712.

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More than 5 million children under five years die from largely preventable or treatable medical conditions every year, with an overwhelmingly large proportion of deaths occurring in under-developed countries with low vaccination uptake. One of the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDG 3) aims to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under five years of age. We focus on Nigeria, where the rate of infant mortality is appalling. We collaborate with HelpMum, a large non-profit organization in Nigeria, to design and optimize the allocation of heterogeneous health interventions under uncertainty to increase vaccination uptake, the first such collaboration in Nigeria. Our framework, ADVISER: AI-Driven Vaccination Intervention Optimiser, is based on an integer linear program that seeks to maximize the cumulative probability of successful vaccination. Our optimization formulation is intractable in practice. We present a heuristic approach that enables us to solve the problem for real-world use-cases. We also present theoretical bounds for the heuristic method. Finally, we show that the proposed approach outperforms baseline methods in terms of vaccination uptake through experimental evaluation. HelpMum is currently planning a pilot program based on our approach to be deployed in the largest city of Nigeria, which would be the first deployment of an AI-driven vaccination uptake program in the country and hopefully, pave the way for other data-driven programs to improve health outcomes in Nigeria.
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Meraz, Ismail M., Jianhua Gu, and Rita Serda. "Abstract 1565: Mesoporous silicon particle mediated dendritic cell based vaccine formulation showed stronger immunoresponse for the presentation of tumor antigens and adjuvant." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1565.

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Reports on the topic "Vaccine schedule and formulation"

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Curtis, Helen, and The OpenSAFELY Collaborative. OpenSAFELY Vaccine Coverage Report - Third/Booster Doses. OpenSAFELY, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53764/rpt.e780b8d9d0.

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Weekly* report on COVID-19 vaccination coverage in England focussing on THIRD/booster doses which are due, based on the booster dose schedule (6 months since second dose). * please note, updates will occur most weeks but not all.
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Eldar, Avigdor, and Donald L. Evans. Streptococcus iniae Infections in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Toward the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575286.bard.

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In Israel and in the U.S., Streptococcus iniae is responsible for considerable losses in various fish species. Poor understanding of its virulence factors and limited know-how-to of vaccine formulation and administration are the main reasons for the limited efficacy of vaccines. Our strategy was that in order to Improve control measures, both aspects should be equally addressed. Our proposal included the following objectives: (i) construction of host-pathogen interaction models; (ii) characterization of virulence factors and immunodominant antigens, with assessment of their relative importance in terms of protection and (iii) genetic identification of virulence factors and genes, with evaluation of the protective effect of recombinant proteins. We have shown that two different serotypes are involved. Their capsular polysaccharides (CPS) were characterized, and proved to play an important role in immune evasion and in other consequences of the infection. This is an innovative finding in fish bacteriology and resembles what, in other fields, has become apparent in the recent years: S. iniae alters surface antigens. By so doing, the pathogen escapes immune destruction. Immunological assays (agar-gel immunodiffusion and antibody titers) confirmed that only limited cross recognition between the two types occurs and that capsular polysaccharides are immunodominant. Vaccination with purified CPS (as an acellular vaccine) results in protection. In vitro and ex-vivo models have allowed us to unravel additional insights of the host-pathogen interactions. S. iniae 173 (type II) produced DNA fragmentation of TMB-8 cells characteristic of cellular necrosis; the same isolate also prevented the development of apoptosis in NCC. This was determined by finding reduced expression of phosphotidylserine (PS) on the outer membrane leaflet of NCC. NCC treated with this isolate had very high levels of cellular necrosis compared to all other isolates. This cellular pathology was confirmed by observing reduced DNA laddering in these same treated cells. Transmission EM also showed characteristic necrotic cellular changes in treated cells. To determine if the (in vitro) PCD/apoptosis protective effects of #173 correlated with any in vivo activity, tilapia were injected IV with #173 and #164 (an Israeli type I strain). Following injection, purified NCC were tested (in vitro) for cytotoxicity against HL-60 target cells. Four significant observations were made : (i) fish injected with #173 had 100-400% increased cytotoxicity compared to #164 (ii) in vivo activation occurred within 5 minutes of injection; (iii) activation occurred only within the peripheral blood compartment; and (iv) the isolate that protected NCC from apoptosis in vitro caused in vivo activation of cytotoxicity. The levels of in vivo cytotoxicity responses are associated with certain pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns/PAMP) and with the tissue of origin of NCC. NCC from different tissue (i.e. PBL, anterior kidney, spleen) exist in different states of differentiation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis revealed the "adaptation" of the bacterium to the vaccinated environment, suggesting a "Darwinian-like" evolution of any bacterium. Due to the selective pressure which has occurred in the vaccinated environment, type II strains, able to evade the protective response elicited by the vaccine, have evolved from type I strains. The increased virulence through the appropriation of a novel antigenic composition conforms with pathogenic mechanisms described for other streptococci. Vaccine efficacy was improved: water-in-oil formulations were found effective in inducing protection that lasted for a period of (at least) 6 months. Protection was evaluated by functional tests - the protective effect, and immunological parameters - elicitation of T- and B-cells proliferation. Vaccinated fish were found to be resistant to the disease for (at least) six months; protection was accompanied by activation of the cellular and the humoral branches.
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Evans, Donald L., Avigdor Eldar, Liliana Jaso-Friedmann, and Herve Bercovier. Streptococcus Iniae Infection in Trout and Tilapia: Host-Pathogen Interactions, the Immune Response Towards the Pathogen and Vaccine Formulation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586538.bard.

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The objectives of the BARD proposal were to determine the mechanisms of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) that are necessary to provide heightened innate resistance to infection and to identify the antigenic determinants in Streptococcus iniae that are best suited for vaccine development. Our central hypothesis was that anti-bacterial immunity in trout and tilapia can only be acquired by combining "innate" NCC responses with antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. These Objectives were accomplished by experiments delineated by the following Specific Aims: Specific aim (SA) #1 (USA) "Clone and Identify the Apoptosis Regulatory Genes in NCC"; Specific aim #2 (USA)"Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae"; Specific aim #3 (Israel) "Characterize the Biological Properties of the S. iniae Capsular Polysaccharide"; and Specific aim #4 (Israel) "Development of an Acellular Vaccine". Our model of S. iniae pathogenesis encompassed two approaches, identify apoptosis regulatory genes and proteins in tilapia that affected NCC activities (USA group) and determine the participation of S.iniae capsular polysaccharides as potential immunogens for the development of an acellular vaccine (Israel group). We previously established that it was possible to immunize tilapia and trout against experimental S. difficile/iniaeinfections. However these studies indicated that antibody responses in protected fish were short lived (3-4 months). Thus available vaccines were useful for short-term protection only. To address the issues of regulation of pathogenesis and immunogens of S. iniae, we have emphasized the role of the innate immune response regarding activation of NCC and mechanisms of invasiveness. Considerable progress was made toward accomplishing SA #1. We have cloned the cDNA of the following tilapia genes: cellular apoptosis susceptibility (CAS/AF547173»; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF / A Y 428948); and nascent polypeptide-associated complex alpha polypeptide (NACA/ A Y168640). Similar attempts were made to sequence the tilapia FasLgene/cDNA, however these experiments were not successful. Aim #2 was to "Identify Regulatory Factors that Control NCC Responses to S. iniae." To accomplish this, a new membrane receptor has been identified that may control innate responses (including apoptosis) of NCC to S. iniae. The receptor is a membrane protein on teleost NCC. This protein (NCC cationic antimicrobial protein-1/ncamp-1/AAQ99138) has been sequenced and the cDNA cloned (A Y324398). In recombinant form, ncamp-l kills S. iniae in vitro. Specific aim 3 ("Characterize the Biological Properties of the S.iniae Capsular Polysaccharide") utilized an in- vitro model using rainbow trout primary skin epithelial cell mono layers. These experiments demonstrated colonization into epithelial cells followed by a rapid decline of viable intracellular bacteria and translocation out of the cell. This pathogenesis model suggested that the bacterium escapes the endosome and translocates through the rainbow trout skin barrier to further invade and infect the host. Specific aim #4 ("Development of an Acellular Vaccine") was not specifically addressed. These studies demonstrated that several different apoptotic regulatory genes/proteins are expressed by tilapia NCC. These are the first studies demonstrating that such factors exist in tilapia. Because tilapia NCC bind to and are activated by S. iniae bacterial DNA, we predict that the apoptotic regulatory activity of S. iniae previously demonstrated by our group may be associated with innate antibacterial responses in tilapia.
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DeMartini, James C., Abraham Yaniv, Jonathan O. Carlson, Arnona Gazit, Leonard E. Pearson, Kalman Perk, J. K. Young, Noam Safran, and A. Friedman. Evaluation of Naked Proviral DNA as a Vaccine for Ovine Lentivirus Infection. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570553.bard.

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Ovine lentivirus (OvLV) infection is widespread in sheep of the United States and Israel and is responsible for substantial economic losses. The primary goal of this project was to evaluate naked proviral DNA as a vaccine to induce protective immunity in sheep in endemic areas. Contrary to expectations, inoculation of sheep with proviral DNA derived from the full length OvLV molecular clone pkv72 did not result in detectable OvLV infection, but infectious virus was recovered from transfected ovine cells. Kv72 virus produced by these cells infected sheep and induced antibody responses, and was used as a viral challenge in subsequent experiments. To improve in vivo transfection efficiency and compare the viral LTR with other romoters, expression of reporter genes was studied in sheep transfected in vivo by injection of cationic liposome-DNA complexes; one formulation produced gene expression in a sheep for 4 months following a single intravenous injection. Since the pol-deleted OvLV construct was not stable in vivo, twelve lambs were injected with plasmids containing the Kv72 gag region (pCMVgag) or env region (pCMVenv), or saline. Prior to challenge, no detectable anti-OvLV immune responses were detected. Following homologous challenge with OvLV. Although the naked DNA approach to vaccination holds promise for control of ovine lentivirus-induced disease, further work needs to be done to develop more effective methods of transfecting sheep with DNA.
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Stall, Nathan M., Allison McGeer, Antonina Maltsev, Isaac I. Bogoch, Kevin A. Brown, Gerald A. Evans, Fahad Razak, et al. The Impact of the Speed of Vaccine Rollout on COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Ontario Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.08.1.0.

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Key Message Accelerating the rollout of Ontario’s COVID-19 vaccine such that all LTC residents receive the first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine by January 31, 2021, would prevent a projected 600 COVID-19 cases and 115 deaths by March 31, 2021 when compared with the province’s current plan to vaccinate all LTC residents by February 15, 2021. Projections indicate that further acceleration of the rollout would prevent even more COVID-19 cases and deaths. If vaccine supply is limited, the early provision of first doses of a COVID-19 vaccine to LTC home residents is likely to be more beneficial than the on-schedule provision of second doses to health care workers outside of LTC homes. All LTC residents should receive the second dose according to approved vaccination schedules.
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