Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccine engineering'
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Rizqoh, Debie. "Genetic Engineering Technique in Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Construction." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia 16, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.26714/jkmi.16.4.2021.203-211.
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Vaccine becomes a very effective strategy to deal with various infectious diseases even to the point of eradication as in the smalpox virus. At present many conventional vaccines such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines. However, these vaccine methods have side effects on the population. Viral-like particle (VLP) is an alternative vaccine based on recombinant DNA technology that is safe with the same immunogenicity as conventional viruses. This vaccine has been shown to induce humoral immune responses mediated by antibodies and cellular immune responses mediated by cytotoxic T cells. With these advantages, currently various types of vaccines have only been developed on a VLP basis. VLP can be produced from a variety of recombinant gene expression systems including bacterial cell expression systems, yeast cells, insect cells, mammalian cells, plant cells, and cell-free systems.
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Casiño, Jenny J., and Angelo Mark P. Walag. "Issues and Challenges of, Factors that Affect, and the Primary Influences of Parents’ Decisions to Vaccinate their Adolescents: A Case of a Local National High School in Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29752.
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Vaccines are considered to be the center of the prevention and management of viral diseases. Even with the wide acceptance that vaccines are safe, vaccine hesitancy is still rampant in various parts of the world. Several historical, social, religious, and moral factors were identified and observed to have influence parent’s vaccine acceptance or hesitance. Parent’s vaccine hesitance or acceptance is crucial since adolescents constitute the ideal group for immunization. This study aims to uncover the issues and challenges of parents on vaccination, the factors that affect their decision to vaccinate their children, and parents' primary influences to vaccinate their children. A descriptive-survey research design utilizing a questionnaire floated to parents of adolescents in a local high school. It was found out that the level of education and type of occupation was significantly associated with parent's decision to vaccinate their children. The major issue and challenge of parents toward vaccination is that they don't find vaccines important and have a high level of distrust towards the government's health agency and medical professionals. The primary factor affecting their decision-making is the negative news on vaccination and vaccine safety. Respondents also reported that even they distrust the government's health agency, they still consider it influential towards their vaccine decision-making. With this, it is recommended that efforts be strengthened in restoring the public's trust towards the government health agency to address vaccine hesitancy.
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Schlotthauer, Felicia, Joey McGregor, and Heidi E. Drummer. "To Include or Occlude: Rational Engineering of HCV Vaccines for Humoral Immunity." Viruses 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13050805.
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Direct-acting antiviral agents have proven highly effective at treating existing hepatitis C infections but despite their availability most countries will not reach the World Health Organization targets for elimination of HCV by 2030. A prophylactic vaccine remains a high priority. Whilst early vaccines focused largely on generating T cell immunity, attention is now aimed at vaccines that generate humoral immunity, either alone or in combination with T cell-based vaccines. High-resolution structures of hepatitis C viral glycoproteins and their interaction with monoclonal antibodies isolated from both cleared and chronically infected people, together with advances in vaccine technologies, provide new avenues for vaccine development.
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Nuismer, Scott L., Benjamin M. Althouse, Ryan May, James J. Bull, Sean P. Stromberg, and Rustom Antia. "Eradicating infectious disease using weakly transmissible vaccines." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1841 (October 26, 2016): 20161903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1903.
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Viral vaccines have had remarkable positive impacts on human health as well as the health of domestic animal populations. Despite impressive vaccine successes, however, many infectious diseases cannot yet be efficiently controlled or eradicated through vaccination, often because it is impossible to vaccinate a sufficient proportion of the population. Recent advances in molecular biology suggest that the centuries-old method of individual-based vaccine delivery may be on the cusp of a major revolution. Specifically, genetic engineering brings to life the possibility of a live, transmissible vaccine. Unfortunately, releasing a highly transmissible vaccine poses substantial evolutionary risks, including reversion to high virulence as has been documented for the oral polio vaccine. An alternative, and far safer approach, is to rely on genetically engineered and weakly transmissible vaccines that have reduced scope for evolutionary reversion. Here, we use mathematical models to evaluate the potential efficacy of such weakly transmissible vaccines. Our results demonstrate that vaccines with even a modest ability to transmit can significantly lower the incidence of infectious disease and facilitate eradication efforts. Consequently, weakly transmissible vaccines could provide an important tool for controlling infectious disease in wild and domestic animal populations and for reducing the risks of emerging infectious disease in humans.
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van der Sanden, Sabine M. G., Weilin Wu, Naomi Dybdahl-Sissoko, William C. Weldon, Paula Brooks, Jason O'Donnell, Les P. Jones, et al. "Engineering Enhanced Vaccine Cell Lines To Eradicate Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: the Polio End Game." Journal of Virology 90, no. 4 (November 18, 2015): 1694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01464-15.
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ABSTRACTVaccine manufacturing costs prevent a significant portion of the world's population from accessing protection from vaccine-preventable diseases. To enhance vaccine production at reduced costs, a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen was performed to identify gene knockdown events that enhanced poliovirus replication. Primary screen hits were validated in a Vero vaccine manufacturing cell line using attenuated and wild-type poliovirus strains. Multiple single and dual gene silencing events increased poliovirus titers >20-fold and >50-fold, respectively. Host gene knockdown events did not affect virus antigenicity, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated knockout of the top candidates dramatically improved viral vaccine strain production. Interestingly, silencing of several genes that enhanced poliovirus replication also enhanced replication of enterovirus 71, a clinically relevant virus to which vaccines are being targeted. The discovery that host gene modulation can markedly increase virus vaccine production dramatically alters mammalian cell-based vaccine manufacturing possibilities and should facilitate polio eradication using the inactivated poliovirus vaccine.IMPORTANCEUsing a genome-wide RNAi screen, a collection of host virus resistance genes was identified that, upon silencing, increased poliovirus and enterovirus 71 production by from 10-fold to >50-fold in a Vero vaccine manufacturing cell line. This report provides novel insights into enterovirus-host interactions and describes an approach to developing the next generation of vaccine manufacturing through engineered vaccine cell lines. The results show that specific gene silencing and knockout events can enhance viral titers of both attenuated (Sabin strain) and wild-type polioviruses, a finding that should greatly facilitate global implementation of inactivated polio vaccine as well as further reduce costs for live-attenuated oral polio vaccines. This work describes a platform-enabling technology applicable to most vaccine-preventable diseases.
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Ogonczyk Makowska, Daniela, Marie-Ève Hamelin, and Guy Boivin. "Engineering of Live Chimeric Vaccines against Human Metapneumovirus." Pathogens 9, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020135.
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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important human pathogen that, along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), is a major cause of respiratory tract infections in young infants. Development of an effective vaccine against Pneumoviruses has proven to be particularly difficult; despite over 50 years of research in this field, no vaccine against HMPV or RSV is currently available. Recombinant chimeric viruses expressing antigens of other viruses can be generated by reverse genetics and used for simultaneous immunization against more than one pathogen. This approach can result in the development of promising vaccine candidates against HMPV, and several studies have indeed validated viral vectors expressing HMPV antigens. In this review, we summarize current efforts in generating recombinant chimeric vaccines against HMPV, and we discuss their potential optimization based on the correspondence with RSV studies.
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Vishweshwaraiah, Yashavantha L., and Nikolay V. Dokholyan. "Toward rational vaccine engineering." Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 183 (April 2022): 114142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114142.
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Sudhakar, Poda, M. Usha Kiranmayi, Selvaraj Sankarpandian, Manyam Srinivasa Rao, M. Vijayalakshmi, and K. R. S. Sambasiva Rao. "Engineering generic vaccine vectors." International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology 6, no. 1 (2011): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbet.2011.040455.
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Choi, Ji Young, Bhushan Mahadik, and John P. Fisher. "3D printing technologies for in vitro vaccine testing platforms and vaccine delivery systems against infectious diseases." Essays in Biochemistry 65, no. 3 (August 2021): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20200105.
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Abstract Recent advances in 3D printing (3DP) and tissue engineering approaches enable the potential application of these technologies to vaccine research. Reconstituting the native tissue or cellular microenvironment will be vital for successful evaluation of pathogenicity of viral infection and screening of potential vaccines. Therefore, establishing a reliable in vitro model to study the vaccine efficiency or delivery of viral disease is important. Here, this review summarizes two major ways that tissue engineering and 3DP strategies could contribute to vaccine research: (1) 3D human tissue models to study the response to virus can be served as a testbed for new potential therapeutics. Using 3D tissue platform attempts to explore alternative options to pre-clinical animal research for evaluating vaccine candidates. (2) 3DP technologies can be applied to improve the vaccination strategies which could replace existing vaccine delivery. Controlled antigen release using carriers that are generated with biodegradable biomaterials can further enhance the efficient development of immunity as well as combination of multiple-dose vaccines into a single injection. This mini review discusses the up-to-date report of current 3D tissue/organ models for potential vaccine potency and known bioengineered vaccine delivery systems.
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Tripp, Ralph, S. M. G. van der Sanden, W. Wu, N. dybdahl-Sissoko, William Weldon, P. Brooks, J. O'donnell, et al. "Engineering enhanced vaccine cell lines to eradicate vaccine preventable diseases: the polio endgame (VAC9P.1107)." Journal of Immunology 194, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2015): 145.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.145.15.
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Abstract Advances in genomic screening and gene editing technologies provide a means to create the next generation of vaccine manufacturing cell lines. A genome-wide RNAi screen was used to identify gene knock-down events that enhance poliovirus replication with the aim of increasing vaccine yield and reducing the costs and time associated with vaccine production. Primary screen hits were validated with several attenuated and wild poliovirus strains in a Vero cell line employed in vaccine production. Multiple genes were identified that upon silencing increased titers >20-fold, and in some instances, knockdown of a gene or gene combination increased virus titers by >50-fold. Importantly, stable knockout of top candidates from the screen and validation studies using CRISPR technology provided equivalent or improved viral production of multiple serotypes. Several of these gene knockdowns also enhanced titer of enterovirus 71, a clinically relevant virus for which vaccines are being targeted. Host gene silencing events that facilitate poliovirus replication mapped to several cell pathways, and in all cases, gene silencing did not affect poliovirus antigenicity. This study suggests that modulating host genes to increase vaccine production can significantly enhance vaccine production at reduced costs, a finding that should greatly facilitate global implementation of inactivated poliovirus vaccine for polio eradication, and change the paradigm in mammalian vaccine cell line production.
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Marshall, Sarah, Anne C. Moore, Laura J. Sahm, and Aoife Fleming. "Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines: Point Prevalence Survey of Vaccine Hesitancy in an Irish Population." Pharmacy 9, no. 4 (November 23, 2021): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9040188.
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Understanding parental attitudes to their children’s vaccination is critical to developing and implementing interventions that address parents’ hesitancy and improve vaccine uptake. The Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) survey is a validated tool for identifying vaccine hesitancy in parents. We evaluated the rate of vaccine hesitancy and areas of concern regarding childhood vaccinations using an adapted version of the PACV survey, in a convenience sample of parents attending a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) outreach event in Ireland, in 2018. A score ≥ 50 identified vaccine hesitant parents. Of 105 parents who completed the survey, the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 6.7%, (7/105). Parents had concerns around vaccine side effects (36.2%, n = 38), vaccine safety (20%, n = 21) and the number of vaccines administered (13.3%, n = 14). Parents trusted the vaccine information they received (85.6%, n = 90) and 81.9% (n = 86) believed that the vaccine schedule was good for their child. The findings indicate the presence of vaccine hesitancy in parents in Ireland regarding paediatric vaccines with further research necessary to address parents’ vaccine concerns. Future research should explore further, by qualitative methods, parents’ vaccine concerns. There is also potential to identify vaccine hesitant parents with the PACV survey as a surveillance method in healthcare settings; for example, in community pharmacies, family doctor clinics and out-patient clinics.
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Abu-Asab, Mones S., Majid Laassri, and Hakima Amri. "Algorithmic Assessment of Vaccine-Induced Selective Pressure and Its Implications on Future Vaccine Candidates." Advances in Bioinformatics 2010 (February 1, 2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/178069.
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Posttrial assessment of a vaccine's selective pressure on infecting strains may be realized through a bioinformatic tool such as parsimony phylogenetic analysis. Following a failed gonococcal pilus vaccine trial of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of pilin DNA and predicted peptide sequences from clinical isolates to assess the extent of the vaccine's effect on the type of field strains that the volunteers contracted. Amplified pilin DNA sequences from infected vaccinees, placebo recipients, and vaccine specimens were phylogenetically analyzed. Cladograms show that the vaccine peptides have diverged substantially from their paternal isolate by clustering distantly from each other. Pilin genes of the field clinical isolates were heterogeneous, and their peptides produced clades comprised of vaccinated and placebo recipients' strains indicating that the pilus vaccine did not exert any significant selective pressure on gonorrhea field strains. Furthermore, sequences of the semivariable and hypervariable regions pointed out heterotachous rates of mutation and substitution.
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Laudi, Abby. "Identifying the Roles of Medical Providers when Addressing Barriers to HPV Vaccination Rates in Rural NE Clinics." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/093.
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Background: Although many interventions to address vaccine hesitancy until now have operated on the presumption that misperceptions are due to a lack of knowledge about HPV and the vaccine, this may not always be the reason behind vaccine hesitancy. Nyhan et. al found [1] that correcting myths about vaccines- such as autism links or vaccine side effects- do not increase vaccine rates among adolescents. Medical providers play a crucial role on influencing parents’ decision to vaccinate. In a study exploring how vaccination coverage among children 19-35 months old is associated with health care providers' influence on the parents' decision to vaccinate, parents who report their providers as being influential in the study are twice as likely to respond that vaccines are safe for children [2]. In the 2016 Clinical Report on Countering Vaccine Hesitancy by the American Academy of Pediatrics, motivational interviewing is listed as a potential communication technique that may be useful as pediatricians discuss vaccines with vaccine-hesitant parents. Research Question: The research attempting to find the best approaches to reverse the increasing rates of unvaccinated minors is limited and inconclusive. This project addressed the impact of medical providers’ attitudes of HPV vaccination on their early adolescent patient populations. Methods: Our cohort prospective study first examined medical providers’ baseline attitudes and approaches of HPV vaccination in privately insured clinics in rural areas of Nebraska. A survey was sent to eleven Phase III patient centered medical home (PCMH) NE clinics. The survey assessed medical staffs’ attitudes and approaches to HPV vaccination, particularly among specific patient age groups. In addition to each clinic’s collective survey responses, baseline HPV vaccination data was collected at eleven Phase 3 PCMH rural clinics in Nebraska for pediatric patients 11-15-years-old. The follow-up intervention implemented educational interventions in the clinics to increase HPV vaccination rates for pediatric patients 9-15-years-old. Our educational outreach program at the selected 10-13 clinics will serve as these rural clinics’ first efforts to selectively work toward improving HPV vaccination rates. Results: America’s Health Rankings (2017) found 42.4% of adolescents living in rural areas compared to 52.4% in urban areas are up-to-date on their HPV immunizations. The eleven rural clinics selected for the study show only a 0.9% completion of the vaccine series for 9-11-year-old patients (n=855), and 25.0% completion of the series for 12-15-year-old patients (n=1268) as of 2019. This implies a pressing health disparity that needs addressing in rural Nebraskan communities. 92.6% of all respondents chose the 12-15 age range as the patient population the clinics would typically ask about the vaccine versus 59.6% who chose the 9-11 age range. The most chosen reason for not mentioning the HPV vaccine is “parents previously voiced vaccine hesitancy” (33.3%) followed by “not enough clinic time” (22.2%). The most popular reason contributing to parental hesitancy is “they have concerns the vaccine is not safe for their child” (70.4%). The greatest benefit of the HPV vaccine was listed as “prevention from multiple forms of cancer” (33.3%) and the greatest drawbacks were both “multiple dose series completion” (40.7%) and “difficulty in convincing parents to vaccinate minors” (40.7%). The 9-11 age range was chosen as the most difficult age group to vaccinate (33.3%). The most difficult scenarios when addressing HPV vaccination concerns were “lack of vaccine education” (55.6%), “religious reasons against the vaccine (44.4%), and “language/cultural barriers” (37%). Qualitative results were also analyzed separately and focused on each individual clinic’s strengths and weaknesses regarding vaccination encouragement. Discussion: The baseline patient data show that clinics selected for the study exhibit a large disparity of HPV vaccination rates among a vulnerable age group. Survey responses show both a clinical observation regarding parents’ low-level education levels about the HPV vaccine as well as a lack of comfort engaging in open dialogue between patients and healthcare personnel. Focusing on these two variables alone could help increase rates of vaccination significantly. Survey results ultimately illustrate the urgent need for empirically-supported educational resources that will enhance communication- both within individual clinics among staff as well as between medical staff and patients’ families- to sustainably increase HPV vaccination rates across rural clinics.
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Shchelkunov, Sergey, and G. A. Shchelkunova. "Genes that control vaccinia virus immunogenicity." Acta Naturae 12, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32607/actanaturae.10935.
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The live smallpox vaccine was a historical first and highly effective vaccine. However, along with high immunogenicity, the vaccinia virus (VACV) caused serious side effects in vaccinees, sometimes with lethal outcomes. Therefore, after global eradication of smallpox, VACV vaccination was stopped. For this reason, most of the human population worldwide lacks specific immunity against not only smallpox, but also other zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Outbreaks of diseases caused by these viruses have increasingly occurred in humans on different continents. However, use of the classical live VACV vaccine for prevention against these diseases is unacceptable because of potential serious side effects, especially in individuals with suppressed immunity or immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV-infected patients). Therefore, highly attenuated VACV variants that preserve their immunogenicity are needed. This review discusses current ideas about the development of a humoral and cellular immune response to orthopoxvirus infection/vaccination and describes genetic engineering approaches that could be utilized to generate safe and highly immunogenic live VACV vaccines.
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Fioretti, Daniela, Sandra Iurescia, Vito Michele Fazio, and Monica Rinaldi. "DNA Vaccines: Developing New Strategies against Cancer." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/174378.
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Due to their rapid and widespread development, DNA vaccines have entered into a variety of human clinical trials for vaccines against various diseases including cancer. Evidence that DNA vaccines are well tolerated and have an excellent safety profile proved to be of advantage as many clinical trials combines the first phase with the second, saving both time and money. It is clear from the results obtained in clinical trials that such DNA vaccines require much improvement in antigen expression and delivery methods to make them sufficiently effective in the clinic. Similarly, it is clear that additional strategies are required to activate effective immunity against poorly immunogenic tumor antigens. Engineering vaccine design for manipulating antigen presentation and processing pathways is one of the most important aspects that can be easily handled in the DNA vaccine technology. Several approaches have been investigated including DNA vaccine engineering, co-delivery of immunomodulatory molecules, safe routes of administration, prime-boost regimen and strategies to break the immunosuppressive networks mechanisms adopted by malignant cells to prevent immune cell function. Combined or single strategies to enhance the efficacy and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines are applied in completed and ongoing clinical trials, where the safety and tolerability of the DNA platform are substantiated. In this review on DNA vaccines, salient aspects on this topic going from basic research to the clinic are evaluated. Some representative DNA cancer vaccine studies are also discussed.
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Renu, Sankar, Ashley D. Markazi, Santosh Dhakal, Yashavanth Shaan Lakshmanappa, Revathi Shanmugasundaram, Ramesh K. Selvaraj, and Gourapura J. Renukaradhya. "Engineering of Targeted Mucoadhesive Chitosan Based Salmonella Nanovaccine for Oral Delivery in Poultry." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 118.15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.118.15.
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Abstract Salmonellosis in poultry is a serious economic burden. The major concern is the public health hazard by consumption of salmonella contaminated poultry meat and egg. Currently used salmonella vaccines are ineffective in combating the Salmonellosis of chicken thus warranting the need of a potent vaccine, especially an oral vaccine that can elicit robust local intestinal immunity. Biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymers are FDA approved vehicles for vaccine delivery. We prepared a candidate subunit chitosan nanoparticle vaccine containing the immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and flagellar (F) protein of salmonella, and surface decorated with F-protein (OMPs-F-CS NPs). Physicochemical and biocompatibility properties of OMPs-F-CS NPs were studied in detail including its stability in stomach pH conditions. Salmonella targets the microfold (M) cells in the ileum Peyer’s patches (PPs) of chicken. We designed the oral OMPs-F-CS NPs vaccine to target ileal PPs to induce specific local intestinal immunity, and demonstrated that by ex vivo and in vivo studies. Layer chickens vaccinated orally with OMPs-F-CS NPs had significantly higher OMPs- specific intestinal mucosal antibody and OMPs-specific lymphocytes proliferation responses. Further, OMPs-F-CS NPs vaccination upregulated the expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) -2, TLR-4, IFN-g, IL-4 and GATA-3 mRNA levels in cecal tonsils of birds. In conclusion, we engineered chitosan based oral salmonella nanovaccine targeting intestinal PPs immune cells of birds, and demonstrated its ability to induce antigen specific mucosal antibody and T cell responses. Thus, our candidate oral salmonella vaccine has the potential to mitigate Salmonellosis in poultry.
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Kashyap, Dharmendra, Mrutyunjaya Panda, Budhadev Baral, Nidhi Varshney, Sajitha R, Vasundhra Bhandari, Hamendra Singh Parmar, Amit Prasad, and Hem Chandra Jha. "Outer Membrane Vesicles: An Emerging Vaccine Platform." Vaccines 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2022): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101578.
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Vaccine adjuvants are substances that improve the immune capacity of a recombinant vaccine to a great extent and have been in use since the early 1900s; they are primarily short-lived and initiate antigen activity, mainly an inflammatory response. With the developing technologies and innovation, early options such as alum were modified, yet the inorganic nature of major vaccine adjuvants caused several side effects. Outer membrane vesicles, which respond to the stressed environment, are small nano-sized particles secreted by gram-negative bacteria. The secretory nature of OMV gives us many benefits in terms of infection bioengineering. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of bacteria’s outer membrane vesicles (OMV) and their potential usage as adjuvants in making OMV-based vaccines. The OMV adjuvant-based vaccines can be a great benefactor, and there are ongoing trials for formulating OMV adjuvant-based vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. This study emphasizes engineering the OMVs to develop better versions for safety purposes. This article will also provide a gist about the advantages and disadvantages of such vaccines, along with other aspects.
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Cid, Raquel, and Jorge Bolívar. "Platforms for Production of Protein-Based Vaccines: From Classical to Next-Generation Strategies." Biomolecules 11, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11081072.
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To date, vaccination has become one of the most effective strategies to control and reduce infectious diseases, preventing millions of deaths worldwide. The earliest vaccines were developed as live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, and, although they still represent the most extended human vaccine types, they also face some issues, such as the potential to revert to a pathogenic form of live-attenuated formulations or the weaker immune response associated with inactivated vaccines. Advances in genetic engineering have enabled improvements in vaccine design and strategies, such as recombinant subunit vaccines, have emerged, expanding the number of diseases that can be prevented. Moreover, antigen display systems such as VLPs or those designed by nanotechnology have improved the efficacy of subunit vaccines. Platforms for the production of recombinant vaccines have also evolved from the first hosts, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to insect or mammalian cells. Traditional bacterial and yeast systems have been improved by engineering and new systems based on plants or insect larvae have emerged as alternative, low-cost platforms. Vaccine development is still time-consuming and costly, and alternative systems that can offer cost-effective and faster processes are demanding to address infectious diseases that still do not have a treatment and to face possible future pandemics.
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Nurunnabi, Abu Sadat Mohammad, Shamsi Sumaiya Ashique, Asmay Jahan, Afroza Akbar Sweety, and Saida Sharmin. "Children and COVID-19 Vaccine: A Public Health Ethics Perspective." Bangladesh Medical Journal 50, no. 3 (November 23, 2022): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v50i3.62934.
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As COVID-19 cases were in rise all over the world and the World Health Organization declared a pandemic, there was an increasing focus on availability of new vaccines and drugs against the virus. Meanwhile, we already have several vaccines in COVID-19 vaccination programmes across the globe. During the process of development and clinical trials of the vaccines, several questions were popped up by multiple stakeholders about child vaccination against COVID-19. Most of the queries focused on safety of COVID-19 vaccines, the clinical trial process, priority criteria of getting a vaccine, why and why not children be included in the vaccination programme. In adult population of the country, COVID-19 vaccination programme is being carried out in an unequalled state; the focus is now on paeditric population, as some countries have already started to vaccinate children. At the time of writing this paper when Government of Bangladesh has not yet decided to vaccinate children in the country but initiatives has been taken by health department for above 12 years children vaccination. However, this paper aims to discuss potential ethical dilemmas related to COVID-19 vaccination in children especially in low-resource settings and dig into effective strategies to implement COVID-19 vaccination programme properly in the field of public health.
Bangladesh Med J. 2021 Sept; 50(3): 44-48
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Herrera, Crystal M., Jessicia S. Schmitt, Erum I. Chowdhry, and Mark S. Riddle. "From Kiyoshi Shiga to Present-Day Shigella Vaccines: A Historical Narrative Review." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050645.
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We are at an exciting moment in time with the advancement of many vaccines, including a shigella vaccine for the world. It is instructive to look at the long road that some vaccines have traveled to recognize the remarkable accomplishments of those who were pioneers, appreciate the evolution of scientific and applied technology, and inform the future history of a vaccine that would have great potential for global health. To achieve this valuable retrospective, a narrative historical literature review was undertaken utilizing PubMed and Embase databases with relevant search terms. Retrieved articles were reviewed and information was organized into historical themes, landmark discoveries, and important vaccine development parallels. The literature reviewed was synthesized into major eras of shigella vaccine development from pathogen discovery and first attempts to empirical approaches of killed whole-cell and live-attenuated approaches, and a modern era that applied recombinant DNA engineering and structural vaccinology. The history of shigella vaccine development has largely followed the evolutionary path of vaccine development over the last 120 years, but with important lessons learned that should be considered as we embark on the future chapters of bringing to the world a safe and effective vaccine for global health.
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İsmail, Karakaş. "Plants That Can be Used as Plant-Based Edible Vaccines; Current Situation and Recent Developments." Virology & Immunology Journal 6, no. 3 (November 4, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000302.
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Among the purposes of genetic engineering technology applications in plants, improving product quality, increasing resistance to harmful organisms and improving agronomic properties, the most important one is the production of drugs, hormones and vaccines for humans and animals (for example, the use of potatoes in cholera vaccines). Today, the use of plants as bioreactors to obtain recombinant proteins from plants has been further developed and accelerated thanks to the developments in plant genetics, molecular biology and biotechnology. Appearing as a concept about a decade ago, plant bioreactors are genetically modified plants whose genomes have been manipulated to incorporate and express gene sequences of a number of useful proteins from different biological sources. Plant-derived bioreactor systems offer significant advantages over techniques used for other biological-based protein production. Easy and inexpensive production from plant tissues, providing appropriate post-translational modifications for the production of recombinant viral and bacterial antigens, and showing similar biological activity to recombinant vaccines obtained in microorganisms are important reasons that encourage the use of plant tissues in vaccine production. Edible vaccines, which create an immune response in the body against a foreign pathogen that causes disease, have a working mechanism that serves as both a nutritive and a vaccine that we consume in our daily lives. In the development of edible vaccines, the gene responsible for the production of the part of the foreign pathogen that causes the disease, that is, the antigen, which provides the immune response in the body, is transferred to the plants. With this technique, antigen production is carried out in plants. For example, thanks to today's advancing technology, enough hepatitis B antigens to vaccinate all of the world's approximately 133 million live births each year can be grown on a field of approximately two hundred hectares. In addition to these, edible vaccine technology also makes edible vaccines an interesting concept as secondgeneration vaccines, as they allow several antigens to approach M (microcoat) cells at the same time, by offering multicomponent vaccine proteins that are possible by crossing two plant lines.
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Linhart, Birgit, and Rudolf Valenta. "Vaccine Engineering Improved by Hybrid Technology." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 134, no. 4 (2004): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000079535.
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Palca, Joseph. "Vaccine engineering: Violation of rules alleged." Nature 321, no. 6067 (May 1986): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/321190a0.
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O'Neill, Julia, George Atkins, Dan Curbison, Betsy Flak, James M. Lucas, Dana Metzger, Lindsay Morse, et al. "Statistical Engineering to Stabilize Vaccine Supply." Quality Engineering 24, no. 2 (April 2012): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08982112.2012.654325.
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Zagursky, Robert. "Vaccine discovery research by reverse engineering." Drug Discovery Today 8, no. 21 (November 2003): 972–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02841-1.
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Mukhtar, Mamuna, Amtul Wadood Wajeeha, Najam us Sahar Sadaf Zaidi, and Naseeha Bibi. "Engineering Modified mRNA-Based Vaccine against Dengue Virus Using Computational and Reverse Vaccinology Approaches." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 13911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232213911.
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Dengue virus belonging to the family Flaviviridae and its four serotypes are responsible for dengue infections, which extend over 60 countries in tropical and subtropical areas of the world including Pakistan. During the ongoing dengue outbreak in Pakistan (2022), over 30,000 cases have been reported, and over 70 lives have been lost. The only commercialized vaccine against DENV, Dengvaxia, cannot be administered as a prophylactic measure to cure this infection due to various complications. Using machine learning and reverse vaccinology approaches, this study was designed to develop a tetravalent modified nucleotide mRNA vaccine using NS1, prM, and EIII sequences of dengue virus from Pakistani isolates. Based on high antigenicity, non-allergenicity, and toxicity profiling, B-cell epitope, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) putative vaccine targets were predicted. Molecular docking confirmed favorable interactions between T-cell epitopes and their respective HLA alleles, while normal mode analysis validated high-affinity interactions of vaccine proteins with immune receptors. In silico immune simulations confirmed adequate immune responses to eliminate the antigen and generate memory. Codon optimization, physicochemical features, nucleotide modifications, and suitable vector availability further ensured better antigen expression and adaptive immune responses. We predict that this vaccine construct may prove to be a good vaccinal candidate against dengue virus in vitro as well.
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Wilson, Gavin, and Taiwo Aremu. "The Federal Retail Pharmacy Program (FRPP) Impact on COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution During Pandemic: Effectiveness, Limitations, and Implications." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 13, no. 3 (October 18, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v13i3.5026.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has altered the healthcare landscape for pharmacy practice and continues its global onslaught. As the COVID-19 vaccines began to reach the general population, many were left wondering where and when they would get the vaccine. With 90% of the American population living within 5 miles of a community pharmacy, vaccine distribution to these locations is vital for a successful vaccine campaign. The Biden Administration launched the Federal Retail Pharmacy Program (FRPP) in February 2021, a public-private partnership with 21 national pharmacy partners representing over 40,000 pharmacy locations to help expand the vaccine rollout. Community pharmacists are uniquely positioned to fulfill this mission by being a point of contact for the COVID-19 vaccination efforts. The FRPP has experienced some limitations, including the variable vaccine allocation, limited support from the healthcare system, and the lack of overwhelming public confidence in the vaccines. Improving the FRPP would require strong partnership with other healthcare professionals and the adoption of flexible vaccine dissemination. These can stem future pandemics.
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Chavda, Vivek P., Md Kamal Hossain, Jayesh Beladiya, and Vasso Apostolopoulos. "Nucleic Acid Vaccines for COVID-19: A Paradigm Shift in the Vaccine Development Arena." Biologics 1, no. 3 (October 23, 2021): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biologics1030020.
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Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has touched every country globally except five countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru). Vaccination is the most effective method to protect against infectious diseases. The objective is to ensure that everyone has access to a COVID-19 vaccine. The conventional vaccine development platforms are complex and time-consuming to obtain desired approved vaccine candidates through rigorous regulatory pathways. These safeguards guarantee that the optimized vaccine product is safe and efficacious for various demographic populations prior to it being approved for general use. Nucleic acid vaccines employ genetic material from a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, to induce an immune response against it. Based on the vaccination, the genetic material might be DNA or RNA; as such, it offers instructions for producing a specific pathogen protein that the immune system will perceive as foreign and mount an immune response. Nucleic acid vaccines for multiple antigens might be made in the same facility, lowering costs even more. Most traditional vaccine regimens do not allow for this. Herein, we demonstrate the recent understanding and advances in nucleic acid vaccines (DNA and mRNA based) against COVID-19, specifically those in human clinical trials.
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Kostina, L. V., A. D. Zaberezhnyy, T. V. Grebennikova, N. V. Antipova, T. I. Aliper, and E. A. Nepoklonov. "Vaccines against avian influenza in poultry." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 62, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-2-53-60.
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The review presents the latest data about the types of vaccines against avian influenza that are used in current medical practice or are under development. Inactivated whole virion vaccines, live vector vaccines, as well as experimental vaccines developed using genetic engineering techniques (e.g. subunit vaccines, VLP vaccines, DNA vaccines) were considered. The efficiency of influenza reverse genetic technology for the development of prototype vaccine strains was noted.
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Menon, Ipshita, Priyal Bagwe, Keegan Braz Gomes, Lotika Bajaj, Rikhav Gala, Mohammad N. Uddin, Martin J. D’Souza, and Susu M. Zughaier. "Microneedles: A New Generation Vaccine Delivery System." Micromachines 12, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12040435.
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Transdermal vaccination route using biodegradable microneedles is a rapidly progressing field of research and applications. The fear of painful needles is one of the primary reasons most people avoid getting vaccinated. Therefore, developing an alternative pain-free method of vaccination using microneedles has been a significant research area. Microneedles comprise arrays of micron-sized needles that offer a pain-free method of delivering actives across the skin. Apart from being pain-free, microneedles provide various advantages over conventional vaccination routes such as intramuscular and subcutaneous. Microneedle vaccines induce a robust immune response as the needles ranging from 50 to 900 μm in length can efficiently deliver the vaccine to the epidermis and the dermis region, which contains many Langerhans and dendritic cells. The microneedle array looks like band-aid patches and offers the advantages of avoiding cold-chain storage and self-administration flexibility. The slow release of vaccine antigens is an important advantage of using microneedles. The vaccine antigens in the microneedles can be in solution or suspension form, encapsulated in nano or microparticles, and nucleic acid-based. The use of microneedles to deliver particle-based vaccines is gaining importance because of the combined advantages of particulate vaccine and pain-free immunization. The future of microneedle-based vaccines looks promising however, addressing some limitations such as dosing inadequacy, stability and sterility will lead to successful use of microneedles for vaccine delivery. This review illustrates the recent research in the field of microneedle-based vaccination.
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Suvvari, Tarun, Venkataramana Kandi, Divya Bala A. M. R. Salibindla, Simhachalam Kutikuppala, Christos Tsagkaris, and Venkata Narayana Nithish Modala. "Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine A mong Residents of South India: A Cross-sectional Survey." Perspectives in Medical Research 9, no. 3 (January 6, 2022): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47799/pimr.0903.17.
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Abstract Background COVID-19 vaccines provide concrete hope of mitigating the spread of the virus and enabling countries worldwide to resume financial and social activities disrupted by the pandemic. Several COVID 19 vaccines have already received approval from regulatory bodies across the world, the vaccine roll out has started and many countries are implementing mass vaccination campaigns. This study aims to evaluate the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors, along with the attitudes towards the vaccines among the general population of South India. Materials and Methods This study was conducted as an online survey during December 2020 and January 2021. A Self-administered pre-tested questionnaire was used for the survey. Excel 2019 and SPPS 24 were used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were used, and a Chi-square test was performed. Results A total of 686 people have participated in this study, with a mean age of 30.4 years. 30.9% of study participants have already been infected with COVID-19. 76.2% responded 'yes' for accepting the COVID-19 vaccine, 69% responded to prefer 'routine' administration of the vaccine, and 50.1% were likely to take the COVID-19 vaccine 'as soon as possible' once available. Conclusion Public health authorities and policymakers need to streamline systematic interventions and awareness campaigns to improve the acceptance of COVID 19 vaccines and reduce vaccine hesitancy levels. Vaccination strategy should be targeted at the specific needs and attitudes of the concerned population. Reviving the trust in the vaccination procedures and outcomes and offering transparent information regarding the vaccines' efficacy and safety seem to be particularly importance for the population of our study.
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Currier, Arthur W., Madeline C. Jeshurin, and Valerie B. Sampson. "SARS-CoV-2 Targets and COVID-19 Vaccines." COVID 1, no. 3 (November 17, 2021): 608–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/covid1030051.
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Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are being used across the globe to reduce the risk of developing COVID-19, stop the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and end the pandemic. To address this, a massive global effort is underway for development of COVID-19 vaccines. As of September 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) has documented 331 COVID-19 vaccine candidates, and 107 are in clinical evaluation, with 8 in Phase IV and 30 in Phase III clinical trials (WHO; COVID-19 vaccine tracker). At least 13 different vaccines are being issued for emergency use authorization. Specifically, the goal is to produce protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by stimulating an immune response to either the whole virus, viral protein, or nucleic acid products. The spike (S) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 that give the characteristic “corona” appearance of this family of viruses has emerged as an effective target for vaccines. Other viral candidates that are being developed also aim to produce immunity for COVID-19. In this review, we describe the different vaccine platforms, target candidates for vaccines, and their progress in COVID-19 vaccine development. This is critical since newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest require understanding of how vaccines may provide the most effective long-term protection against infection.
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Bavkar, Bhagyashri, Vaishali Gawade, Kanchan Wagh, and Sonali Dhuttargi. "Secured Quick Vaccine Manager: Smart Schedular, Tracker and Reminder using Cloud Technology." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 3215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43040.
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Abstract: Vaccines are used to prevent the country from different infectious diseases. Such diseases include covid-19, polio, whooping cough, diphtheria, measles, rubella, etc. Everyone is constantly concerned about the health and safety of their family. Therefore, they take many steps in order to prevent their family from catching a disease. Secured Quick Vaccine Manager project is mainly done to provide a proper reminder for the user to remember their vaccines and give the appropriate vaccines to their family members on time. In addition, this system also helps to track an updated record of the vaccines which are given to the family members of the users in a schedule form. Furthermore, the benefits of creating Secured Quick Vaccine Manager will remind the user of the vaccination schedule and according to the schedule the user will be reminded via SMS or email. Secured Quick Vaccine Manager project also provides the contact information and the specialization of the Pediatrics who are working in the nearest hospital. So this information would be useful for the user so that they can place their appointments with the doctors without going to the hospital. Keywords: Vaccination, Vaccine, Short Message Service, Mobile Application, Cloud Technology
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Graham, Barney S., Morgan S. A. Gilman, and Jason S. McLellan. "Structure-Based Vaccine Antigen Design." Annual Review of Medicine 70, no. 1 (January 27, 2019): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-121217-094234.
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Enabled by new approaches for rapid identification and selection of human monoclonal antibodies, atomic-level structural information for viral surface proteins, and capacity for precision engineering of protein immunogens and self-assembling nanoparticles, a new era of antigen design and display options has evolved. While HIV-1 vaccine development has been a driving force behind these technologies and concepts, clinical proof-of-concept for structure-based vaccine design may first be achieved for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), where conformation-dependent access to neutralization-sensitive epitopes on the fusion glycoprotein determines the capacity to induce potent neutralizing activity. Success with RSV has motivated structure-based stabilization of other class I viral fusion proteins for use as immunogens and demonstrated the importance of structural information for developing vaccines against other viral pathogens, particularly difficult targets that have resisted prior vaccine development efforts. Solving viral surface protein structures also supports rapid vaccine antigen design and application of platform manufacturing approaches for emerging pathogens.
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Kaushik, Nisha, Arti R. Thakkar, and K. Bangarurajan. "COVID-19 and Standardized Vaccines Development: A Brief Review." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (May 19, 2021): 325–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05148.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic brings a global emergency affecting all civilizations. After the initial spread from Wuhan City atypical form of pneumonia to other areas of the world led the world health organization to look after it as a pandemic situation. The clinical coronavirus now spread all over the globe and brutally affected almost all countries including community transmission. The current capital of coronavirus cases in the US, trailed by India and Brazil, respectively. The most common symptoms were mild to moderate respiratory discomfort. Lung was the main targeting organ for COVID-19 infection resulting in severe pneumonia. Furthermore, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute cardiac injury, along with pathological features such as RNAaemia with shared ground-glass opacities that may be a cause for death in patients. The surface glycoproteins may be responsible for this garnishing of the virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Vaccines work to enhance the immune system of the body by training and making it ready to fight a specific pathogenic agent. At present there over 50 COVID-19 vaccine candidates are in trials, some of which are now ready to deliver via emergency use authorization (EUA). The vast majority of viral vaccines currently licensed for humans can be categorized as inactivated or live-attenuated viruses and protein-based subunit vaccines. Hence, we hereby review the significance of certain genotypic vaccines that are currently subjected for development such as non-replicating viral vectors, mRNA vaccine, self-amplifying mRNA vaccine, DNA vaccine, whole-virus inactivated vaccine, and a subunit vaccine. The current review also explores the mode of pathogenesis and invasion of COVID-19 virus to host cell that would be well-comprised data for future studies in the concerned area of interest.
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Kim, J. J., V. Ayyavoo, M. L. Bagarazzi, M. A. Chattergoon, K. Dang, B. Wang, J. D. Boyer, and D. B. Weiner. "In vivo engineering of a cellular immune response by coadministration of IL-12 expression vector with a DNA immunogen." Journal of Immunology 158, no. 2 (January 15, 1997): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.158.2.816.
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Abstract Recent studies support the importance of investigating a DNA vaccination approach for the immunologic control of HIV-1. In this regard, it may be important to specifically engineer immune responses in order to improve on first generation vaccine attempts. Especially for HIV, induction of cell-mediated immunity may be an important feature for any candidate vaccine. In an attempt to engineer in vivo the enhancement of cellular immune response and to direct Ag-dependent immune response from Th2 to Th1 type, we investigated the role of codelivery of genes for IL-12 and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF along with DNA vaccine formulations for HIV-1 Ag. We found that codelivery of IL-12 expression cassettes with DNA vaccines for HIV-1 in mice resulted in splenomegaly as well as a shift in the specific immune responses induced. The codelivery of IL-12 genes resulted in the reduction of specific Ab response, while the coinjection of granulocyte-macrophage-CSF genes resulted in the enhancement of specific Ab response. In addition, we observed a significant Ag-specific stimulation of T cells with codelivery of both cytokines. Most importantly, we observed a dramatic increase in specific CTL response from the group coimmunized with the HIV-1 DNA vaccine and IL-12 genes. This work demonstrates the power of DNA delivery in vivo for both the production of a new generation of more effective and targeted vaccines or immunotherapies as well as an analytic tool for the molecular dissection of the mechanisms of immune function.
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Castilho, Leda R., Nathalia R. Mattos, Wallace S. Abreu, and Melissa L. E. Gutarra. "Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) as Important Tools for Flavivirus Vaccine Development." Biologics 2, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biologics2040018.
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Flaviviruses, such as dengue, zika, yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus, are RNA viruses belonging to the Flaviviridae family (genus Flavivirus). They represent an important global health concern, since most areas of the world are endemic for at least one of these viruses. Although vaccines for five flaviviruses currently exist, there is a need for new vaccines to protect from established, emerging, and reemerging flaviviruses. Yellow fever vaccine shortages experienced in the last decade, combined with the risk of YFV spread to Asia and the restrictions of vaccine administration to certain population segments, show that even when a highly efficacious vaccine is available, new and improved vaccines might be needed. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the virus, but do not contain its genetic material. As such, VLPs have an excellent track record of strong immunogenicity and high safety, dating back to the introduction of the first recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in the 1980s. Flavivirus-like particles (FVLPs) have been extensively studied, especially for DENV, JEV, and ZIKV, and could give rise to next-generation recombinant subunit flavivirus vaccines based on VLPs incorporating molecular features intended to ensure high efficacy and minimize the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) upon infection with other flaviviruses.
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Duarte, Raiany Borges, Samara Moreira Felizarda, Mayra Parreira Oliveira, Júlia Martins Soares, Ísis Indaiara Gonçalves Granjeiro Taques, Raphaella Barbosa Meirelles-Bartoli, Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos, and Ísis Assis Braga. "Persistence of vaccine immunity against canine parvovirus and canine distemper virus for determination of vaccine protocol in dogs: impacts and challenges in Brazil." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (August 25, 2021): e127101119472. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19472.
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Vaccine protocols were established for dogs and cats, considering the circulating period of maternal antibodies from the puppies, the type of antigen used to make the vaccines and the vaccine immunity duration. This study aimed to approach the duration of vaccine immunity against the canine parvovirus (CPV-2) and the canine distemper virus (CDV), as determining factor to choose the adequate vaccine protocol, besides to stand out the main implications found in Brazil that difficult the application of these current protocols, as the technical challenges to use them. For that, this article described some information about the types of current vaccines, the immunity duration against the CPV-2 and CDV, as well the respective vaccine protocols that were applied. The searches were done in the database of PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, Capes Journals and academic books, by the following keywords: vaccination guidelines; humoral immune response; vaccination strategy; distemper; parvovirus infection; and duration of vaccine immunity. Considering the facts, it is understood that the annual revaccination against the CPV-2 and CDV for dogs must be individually assessed, because the vaccine immunity has an average duration of three years, that is, the best alternative for the animal would be the application of routine serological tests, aiming to assess if the antibodies titration remains protective. Another alternative is the use of divalent or trivalent vaccines.
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Monreal-Escalante, Elizabeth, Abel Ramos-Vega, Carlos Angulo, and Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernández. "Plant-Based Vaccines: Antigen Design, Diversity, and Strategies for High Level Production." Vaccines 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010100.
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Vaccines for human use have conventionally been developed by the production of (1) microbial pathogens in eggs or mammalian cells that are then inactivated, or (2) by the production of pathogen proteins in mammalian and insect cells that are purified for vaccine formulation, as well as, more recently, (3) by using RNA or DNA fragments from pathogens. Another approach for recombinant antigen production in the last three decades has been the use of plants as biofactories. Only have few plant-produced vaccines been evaluated in clinical trials to fight against diseases, of which COVID-19 vaccines are the most recent to be FDA approved. In silico tools have accelerated vaccine design, which, combined with transitory antigen expression in plants, has led to the testing of promising prototypes in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Therefore, this review deals with a description of immunoinformatic tools and plant genetic engineering technologies used for antigen design (virus-like particles (VLP), subunit vaccines, VLP chimeras) and the main strategies for high antigen production levels. These key topics for plant-made vaccine development are discussed and perspectives are provided.
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Bhattacharya, Uma, and Mohit Nain. "A Comparative Analysis on the Doses of Covaxin and Covishield Vaccines Administered in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 4431–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41654.
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Abstract: The world has been struggling with the outbreak of Covid- 19 virus for past 21 months. It is a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by a highly transmissible novel coronavirus. Every country, including India adopted certain measures to combat the pandemic, like announcing lockdown in phases. India has been severely struck by the Covid pandemic. In fact, the third wave of Covid has already knocked in. The development of vaccines against the Covid virus helped the world heal. Different countries are testing the Covid vaccine candidates. The world’s largest vaccination drive started in India on January 16, 2021. The Indian Government has taken a great step forward to vaccinate every individual along with manufacturing the Covid vaccine domestically. The Government of India has also taken effective measures to launch a digital platform Aarogya Setu for the vaccine registration and obtaining the proof that the individual has been vaccinated with the name of the vaccine given and the date on which he/she got vaccinated. In this paper, we have studied the use of Covaxin and Covishield doses in different states of India and found that people who received both doses of the Covid vaccination, whether Covishield or Covaxin, are safe against the Covid virus, according to the government, but they must follow the covid protocols for best outcomes.
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Van Gilder, Deidra, and Shanna K. O'Connor. "Pharmacist Impact on Immunization Rates in Asplenic Patients." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 13, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v13i4.4968.
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Background: Asplenic patients can present unique challenges when updating immunizations. Pharmacists have proven to have a positive impact on immunization rates in asplenic patients. Objectives: To determine the impact of pharmacist intervention on the up-to-date immunization status in asplenic patients in a single rural family medicine clinic and identify quality improvement opportunities for the immunization service. Service Description: The pharmacist obtained an initial list of asplenic patients to create a longitudinal tracking spreadsheet for immunizations that identified missing vaccines for each patient; provider education on vaccine needs in this population and the service was also provided. The ongoing service consists of regular updates to the spreadsheet as patients receive vaccines and a quarterly check of the entire spreadsheet to determine needed vaccines; if needed vaccines are identified, the pharmacist facilitates a patient appointment to obtain the vaccine. Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed in Spring 2022 for all patients included in the baseline report. Patients were categorized based on vaccine status and outstanding vaccines were noted. An evaluation was completed to determine if any identifiable trends across providers were evident based on patient immunization status. Results: A total of 33 asplenic patients were identified at baseline; three (9%) were up-to-date at baseline. Of the 30 patients who were maintained in the clinic, 16 (53.5%) were up-to-date at the point of review. Pharmacist intervention increased the total vaccine completion rate by 44.5% from baseline to follow-up. The biggest improvement for a specific immunization status was made on the meningitis b vaccine; Haemophilus influenzae b showed the highest completion rate at follow-up. No trends were noted across providers that indicated why some providers had patients with higher immunization rates than others. Conclusion: Pharmacist intervention contributed to an increase in immunization rates in a single immunocompromised patient population that requires a specialized immunization schedule.
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Turbhekar, Karan, and Aditya Srivastava. "Covid-19 Vaccination in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41350.
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Abstract: Since 16 January 2021, India has administered more than 1.24 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines. As of 30 November 2021, India has administered more than 1.3 billion doses overall, including the first and second doses of currentlyapproved vaccines. Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine (manufactured under license by Serum Institute of India under the trade name Covishield) and Covaxin (developed locally by Bharat Biotech) were initially approved by India. Keywords: Covid-19 Vaccine, Covishield, Covaxin
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Faisol, Wildan, and Nizar Umar. "NASIONALISME VAKSIN SEBAGAI PRAKTIK NEOMERKANTILISME: ANALISA STUDI EKONOMI POLITIK INTERNASIONAL." Review of International Relations 4, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/rir.v4i1.27026.
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At first the health issue was the main task for each country to each of its people. But now the health issue has become part of a global issue whose dynamics have become the focus of various international collaborations. In this case, the Covid-19 pandemic, which has been running for more than a year in the world since the outbreak in China, has now found various innovations regarding vaccines to prevent the spread of Covid-19. This innovation in the production of the Covid-19 vaccine is controlled by various international pharmaceutical companies. However, in terms of the distribution of the Covid-19 vaccine globally, it appears that several developed countries have implemented protectionist approach with the aim of securing the availability of the Covid-19 vaccine for their domestic needs. In this study, the author would like to explain that the Vaccine Nationalism practices that occurred during the Covid 19 pandemic era were a policy development from the perspective of Neomercantilism in the study of international political economy. This article was written using a qualitative research method with a descriptive type of research. The results of this study explain that the practice of vaccine nationalism is the steps taken by developed countries in treating vaccines as a strategic commodity, not as a global public commodity. Developing and less developed countries have the potential to experience barriers to accessing the availability of vaccines in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Walpita, Pramila. "Cell Derived Virus-Like Particles (VLP) in Future Vaccine Development." Vaccination Research – Open Journal 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): e1-e1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/vroj-2-e003.
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Traditionally, viral vaccines have been based on inactivated or live attenuated viruses. While in general, they are highly effective, in some cases they fail to provide adequate immunogenicity, safety or can even cause adverse events. In the case of live attenuated vaccines, achieving a stable optimally attenuated virus is often difficult and there is the potential for reversion. Transmission to the immunocompromised individuals is an additional concern. Inactivated vaccines run the risk of inducing enhanced disease. Single proteins, including single protein nano-particle vaccine attempts have not been successful to date for human use. Various other ways of making vaccines have also been attempted by engineering the virus.
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Chen, Shuxiong, Diana H. Quan, Xiaonan T. Wang, Sarah Sandford, Joanna R. Kirman, Warwick J. Britton, and Bernd H. A. Rehm. "Particulate Mycobacterial Vaccines Induce Protective Immunity against Tuberculosis in Mice." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 2060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082060.
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Currently available vaccines fail to provide consistent protection against tuberculosis (TB). New, improved vaccines are urgently needed for controlling the disease. The mycobacterial antigen fusions H4 (Ag85B-TB10.4) and H28 (Ag85B-TB10.4-Rv2660c) have been shown to be very immunogenic and have been considered as potential candidates for TB vaccine development. However, soluble protein vaccines are often poorly immunogenic, but augmented immune responses can be induced when selected antigens are delivered in particulate form. This study investigated whether the mycobacterial antigen fusions H4 and H28 can induce protective immunity when assembled into particulate vaccines (polyester nanoparticle-H4, polyester nanoparticle-H28, H4 nanoparticles and H28 nanoparticles). The particulate mycobacterial vaccines were assembled inside an engineered endotoxin-free production strain of Escherichia coli at high yield. Vaccine nanoparticles were purified and induced long-lasting antigen-specific T cell responses and protective immunity in mice challenged by aerosol with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A significant reduction of M. tuberculosis CFU, up to 0.7-log10 protection, occurred in the lungs of mice immunized with particulate vaccines in comparison to placebo-vaccinated mice (p < 0.0001). Polyester nanoparticles displaying the mycobacterial antigen fusion H4 induced a similar level of protective immunity in the lung when compared to M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the currently approved TB vaccine. The safe and immunogenic polyester nanoparticle-H4 vaccine is a promising subunit vaccine candidate, as it can be cost-effectively manufactured and efficiently induces protection against TB.
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Pozniak, H. "Race for a vaccine [Engineering & Technology]." Engineering & Technology 15, no. 4 (May 1, 2020): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2020.0402.
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Frietze, Kathryn M., David S. Peabody, and Bryce Chackerian. "Engineering virus-like particles as vaccine platforms." Current Opinion in Virology 18 (June 2016): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2016.03.001.
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Purwito, Dedy. "From global to local action: rise from the pandemic, an efforts to increase routine immunization coverage." MEDISAINS 20, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/medisains.v20i1.13586.
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Since the first vaccine was developed (1796; smallpox vaccine), the world has seen its impact on health and well-being. Vaccines are one of the most influential scientific innovations of all time, helping to protect generations of people from infectious diseases throughout their lives. Parents need not worry too much about their children suffering from a deadly disease that has plagued previous generations because of vaccines. However, a top-down approach is needed so that vaccination becomes necessary for every people worldwide.
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Masala, G. L., M. Lipsitch, C. Bottomley, and S. Flasche. "Exploring the role of competition induced by non-vaccine serotypes for herd protection following pneumococcal vaccination." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 136 (November 2017): 20170620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0620.
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The competitive pressure from non-vaccine serotypes may have helped pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) to limit vaccine-type (VT) serotype prevalence. We aimed to investigate if, consequently, the indirect protection of vaccines targeting most pneumococcal serotypes could fall short of the profound effects of current formulations. We compared three previously described pneumococcal models harmonized to simulate 20 serotypes with a combined pre-vaccination prevalence in children younger than 5-years-old of 40%. We simulated vaccines of increasing valency by adding serotypes in order of their competitiveness and explored their ability to reduce VT carriage by 95% within 10 years after introduction. All models predicted that additional valency will reduce indirect vaccine effects and hence the overall vaccine impact on carriage both in children and adults. Consequently, the minimal effective coverage (efficacy against carriage×vaccine coverage) needed to eliminate VT carriage increased with increasing valency. One model predicted this effect to be modest, while the other two predicted that high-valency vaccines may struggle to eliminate VT pneumococci unless vaccine efficacy against carriage can be substantially improved. Similar results were obtained when settings of higher transmission intensity and different PCV formulations were explored. Failure to eliminate carriage as a result of increased valency could lead to overall decreased impact of vaccination if the disease burden caused by the added serotypes is low. Hence, a comparison of vaccine formulations of varying valency, and pan-valent formulations in particular, should consider the invasiveness of targeted serotypes, as well as efficacy against carriage.
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Fishman, Jordan, Leonard Moise, Pierre LeBlanc, Timothy Brauns, Eric Berg, Daniel Richer, Christine Boyle, et al. "VaxCelerate: the use of MTBhsp70-avidin as an adjuvant to rapidly generate self-assembling vaccines with biotinylated, antigen-specific peptides targeting emerging pathogens. (VAC6P.941)." Journal of Immunology 192, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2014): 140.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.140.2.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Development of effective vaccines against emerging infectious diseases can take years to progress from pathogen isolation/identification to clinical approval. As a result, conventional approaches fail to produce field-ready vaccines before the EID has spread extensively. The VaxCelerate Project’s goal is to create a platform capable of generating and pre-clinically testing a new vaccine against specific pathogen targets in less than 120 days. A self-assembling vaccine, consisting of a fusion protein M. tuberculosis MTBhsp70 and avidin (MAV), is at the core of the approach. Mixing the MAV with biotinylated pathogen specific immunogenic peptides yields a self-assembled vaccine (SAV). To minimize the time required, we used a distributed R&D model involving experts in protein engineering, bioinformatics, peptide synthesis/design and GMP/GLP manufacturing and testing. This approach was first tested using ovalbumin in C57Bl/6 mice, Flu (H1N1) specific peptides, and ultimately a Lassa fever virus (LFV) specific vaccine in transgenic HLA DR3 mice. Using a GLP validated assay we demonstrated that the MAV assembled LFV induced significantly increased class II peptide specific interferon-CD4+ T cell responses in transgenic mice compared to peptide or MAV alone controls. The use of an identical design for each vaccine may facilitate accelerated regulatory review and by developing safety assessment tools that are more relevant to human vaccine responses than current preclinical models.