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Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccine discovery'
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1
Rappuoli, Rino, Steven Black, and Paul Henri Lambert. "Vaccine discovery and translation of new vaccine technology." Lancet 378, no. 9788 (July 2011): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60440-6.
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&NA;. "Vaccine Discovery and Translation of New Vaccine Technology." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 30, no. 12 (December 2011): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e31822ec698.
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Rappuoli, Rino, Matthew J. Bottomley, Ugo D’Oro, Oretta Finco, and Ennio De Gregorio. "Reverse vaccinology 2.0: Human immunology instructs vaccine antigen design." Journal of Experimental Medicine 213, no. 4 (March 28, 2016): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20151960.
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Traditionally, vaccines have been developed by cultivating infectious agents and isolating the inactivated whole pathogen or some of its purified components. 20 years ago, reverse vaccinology enabled vaccine discovery and design based on information deriving from the sequence of microbial genomes rather than via the growth of pathogens. Today, the high throughput discovery of protective human antibodies, sequencing of the B cell repertoire, and the increasing structural characterization of protective antigens and epitopes provide the molecular and mechanistic understanding to drive the discovery of novel vaccines that were previously impossible. We are entering a “reverse vaccinology 2.0” era.
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Gautam, Manish, Sunil Gairola, Suresh Jadhav, and Bhushan Patwardhan. "Ethnopharmacology in vaccine adjuvant discovery." Vaccine 26, no. 41 (September 2008): 5239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.045.
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Weil, Alan R. "Vaccine Discovery, Production, And Delivery." Health Affairs 35, no. 2 (February 2016): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0051.
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Driguez, Patrick, Denise L. Doolan, Alex Loukas, Philip L. Felgner, and Donald P. McManus. "Schistosomiasis vaccine discovery using immunomics." Parasites & Vectors 3, no. 1 (2010): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-3-4.
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Tan, Swan, Andres Hazaet Gutiérrez, Phillip Charles Gauger, Tanja Opriessnig, Justin Bahl, Leonard Moise, and Anne Searls De Groot. "Quantifying the Persistence of Vaccine-Related T Cell Epitopes in Circulating Swine Influenza A Strains from 2013–2017." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050468.
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When swine flu vaccines and circulating influenza A virus (IAV) strains are poorly matched, vaccine-induced antibodies may not protect from infection. Highly conserved T cell epitopes may, however, have a disease-mitigating effect. The degree of T cell epitope conservation among circulating strains and vaccine strains can vary, which may also explain differences in vaccine efficacy. Here, we evaluate a previously developed conserved T cell epitope-based vaccine and determine the persistence of T cell epitope conservation over time. We used a pair-wise homology score to define the conservation between the vaccine’s swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I and II-restricted epitopes and T cell epitopes found in 1272 swine IAV strains sequenced between 2013 and 2017. Twenty-four of the 48 total T cell epitopes included in the epitope-based vaccine were highly conserved and found in >1000 circulating swine IAV strains over the 5-year period. In contrast, commercial swine IAV vaccines developed in 2013 exhibited a declining conservation with the circulating IAV strains over the same 5-year period. Conserved T cell epitope vaccines may be a useful adjunct for commercial swine flu vaccines and to improve protection against influenza when antibodies are not cross-reactive.
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Tuju, James, Gathoni Kamuyu, Linda M. Murungi, and Faith H. A. Osier. "Vaccine candidate discovery for the next generation of malaria vaccines." Immunology 152, no. 2 (July 24, 2017): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imm.12780.
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Kocourkova, Aneta, Jan Honegr, Kamil Kuca, and Jana Danova. "Vaccine Ingredients: Components that Influence Vaccine Efficacy." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 17, no. 5 (February 1, 2017): 451–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557516666160801103303.
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Vaccination is defined as the administration of an antigenic material in order to stimulate the immune system, leading to the development of adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or reduce morbidity from a vast number of infections. This manuscript presents an analysis of vaccine types and vaccine substances, concentrating on individual components including the active ingredient, adjuvants, preservatives, stabilizers, inactivators, antibiotics, diluents and other substances. While many papers have been published on individual vaccine components, this review provides detail on a wide range of the most commonly-used vaccine ingredients and components that have been tested in clinical trials.
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Li, Lu, Jian Wang, Stephen Nicholas, Elizabeth Maitland, Anli Leng, and Rugang Liu. "The Intention to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in China: Insights from Protection Motivation Theory." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 2, 2021): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050445.
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(1) Background: More coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are gradually being developed and marketed. Improving the vaccination intention will be the key to increasing the vaccination rate in the future; (2) Methods: A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data on COVID-19 vaccination intentions, protection motivation and control variables. Pearson Chi-square test and multivariate ordered logistic regression models were specified to analyze the determinants of intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine; (3) Results: Although the vaccine was free, 17.75% of the 2377 respondents did not want, or were hesitant, to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents’ cognition of vaccine safety, external reward and response efficacy were positively related to COVID-19 vaccination intention, while age, income and response cost were negatively related to the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Professionals and people without medical insurance had the lowest intention to vaccinate; (4) Conclusions: The older aged, people without health insurance, those with higher incomes and professionals should be treated as the key intervention targets. Strengthening publicity and education about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, training vaccinated people and community leaders as propagandists for the vaccine, and improving the accessibility to the COVID-19 vaccine are recommended to improve COVID-19 vaccination intention.
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Bălan, Ana, Ioana Bejan, Simona Bonciu, Cristina Elena Eni, and Simona Ruță. "Romanian Medical Students’ Attitude towards and Perceived Knowledge on COVID-19 Vaccination." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080854.
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In Romania, the first phase of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign prioritized medical personnel, which included healthcare students. This study aimed to assess their knowledge, attitudes towards, and perception of COVID-19 vaccination. An anonymous, single-answer, 42-item online survey was conducted from 12 January until 3 March 2021, in the country’s largest University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Among the 1581 respondents (14.9% response rate), 88.5% were pro-vaccination, 7.8% were undecided, and 3.7% were vaccine resistant. The main reason for vaccine rejection was the perceived speed of vaccine development (strong agreement among the vaccine resistant, moderate agreement among the undecided, p < 0.001). Concern over long-term adverse reaction was present in only 11.5% of the respondents, significantly more frequent in the undecided and vaccine resistant. Perceived knowledge on the vaccines’ safety, efficacy, and technology correlated with a pro-vaccine attitude (p < 0.001). Most respondents had a positive stance towards vaccination in general, influencing their behaviour as future parents (99.3% of the pro-vaccination, 95.1% of the undecided, and 89.1% of the vaccine resistant will vaccinate their children, p < 0.001) and as medical professionals (99.7% of the pro-vaccination, 93.5% of those undecided, and 89.8% of the vaccine resistant would advise parents to vaccinate their children, p < 0.001). Healthcare students can thus serve as important vectors for scientifically sound information, influencing vaccine uptake in the community.
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Tavolacci, Marie Pierre, Pierre Dechelotte, and Joel Ladner. "COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance, Hesitancy, and Resistancy among University Students in France." Vaccines 9, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060654.
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The objectives were to explore, among university students, the level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, hesitancy, and resistancy and to determine the motivations and barriers, and the reasons that may change student vaccination decision making. An online observational cross-sectional study was conducted among students of a French university in January 2021 with questions about the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19, the motivations and the barriers. The convenience sample included 3089 students, with a mean of age of 20.3 (SD = 1.9). To the question on the intention to vaccinate against the COVID-19, 58.0% of students reported that they would choose to have a vaccination, 17.0% reported that they would not and 25.0% were not sure. The main motivations for vaccine acceptance were “I don′t want to transmit COVID-19 to others”, the main barriers for vaccine resistance or hesitancy were “I prefer to wait until I have more experience with these new vaccines”. Age, female gender, being in first three years of study, studied sciences courses and neither sciences nor healthcare courses of study were significantly associated with a higher risk of vaccine hesitancy or resistancy. Self-estimated knowledge of conventional vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, and confidence in efficiency and safety of conventional vaccination were associated with a lower risk of vaccine hesitancy or resistancy. It is relevant to disseminate evidence-based interventions to promote COVID-19 vaccine acceptability for college students, especially for the students in neither sciences nor healthcare courses of study, as college students will soon be eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.
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Folegatti, Pedro M., Amy Flaxman, Daniel Jenkin, Rebecca Makinson, Lucy Kingham-Page, Duncan Bellamy, Fernando Ramos Lopez, et al. "Safety and Immunogenicity of Adenovirus and Poxvirus Vectored Vaccines against a Mycobacterium Avium Complex Subspecies." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030262.
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Heterologous prime-boost strategies are known to substantially increase immune responses in viral vectored vaccines. Here we report on safety and immunogenicity of the poxvirus Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine expressing four Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens as a single dose or as a booster vaccine following a simian adenovirus (ChAdOx2) prime. We demonstrate that a heterologous prime-boost schedule is well tolerated and induced T-cell immune responses.
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Schreiber, Robert D. "Neoepitope Discovery." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): SCI—17—SCI—17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-109433.
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Abstract Our previous work led to the elaboration of the cancer immunoediting concept wherein the immune system was shown to not only protect individuals against cancer outgrowth but also shape tumor immunogenicity. In the course of these studies we developed an immunogenomics approach involving identification of expressed somatic mutations in tumors and prediction of those mutations that formed tumor-specific mutant neoantigens (TSMA). We went on to show that some of the predicted strong neoantigens expressed in highly immunogenic, unedited tumor cells (derived from immunodeficient mice) were important cancer immunoediting targets. We also showed that the T cell dependent immunoediting of a developing tumor selected for tumor cell variants that lacked expression of strong TSMAs, thereby rendering the edited tumor more fit to survive in an immunocompetent host. We subsequently applied this approach to established, immunoedited tumors that grew progressively in vivo but were rejected when tumor-bearing mice were subjected to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. This work showed that certain weaker TSMA remaining in tumor cells after immunoediting were favored targets of anti-tumor T cells that are rejuvenated in tumor-bearing mice treated with immune checkpoint blocking antibodies. In the case of the T3 sarcoma (that expresses 700 nonsynonymous mutations), we showed that point mutations in the genes encoding Laminin asubunit 4 (Lama4) or the Alg8 glucosyltransferase, led to the generation of two immunodominant mutant neoantigens for CD8+ T cells. Importantly we showed that a vaccine comprised of synthetic long peptides encompassing the mutations in mutant Lama4 (mLama4) and mAlg8 plus adjuvant was as effective in eliminating established T3 tumors in mice as anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4 therapy. More importantly, the combination of personalized vaccine plus anti-PD-1 cured >80% of mice bearing large tumors (>1 cm diameter) while monotherapies with individual checkpoint blocking antibodies or vaccine alone were not effective. These observations prompted the opening of several clinical trials at Washington University and elsewhere that are focused on using personalized cancer neoantigen vaccines (either alone or together with immune checkpoint blocking antibodies) to treat different cancers that display quantitatively distinct mutational landscapes. In addition, we continue to use our immunogenomics approaches to delve deeper into the minimal requirements for successful cancer immunotherapy. First, using a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to convert dominant neoantigens in a tumor back with wild type, we have shown that immune responses to stronger neoantigens can obscure responses to weaker ones, i.e. that cancer neoantigens exhibit profound immunodominance. Second, using oncogene driven sarcomas that were completely devoid of mutant neoantigens, we found that protective immune responses to tumors minimally require the host response to bothMHC-I and MHC-II restricted neoepitopes. Third, using a combination of single cell RNAseq and CyTOF approaches, we have found that tumor infiltrating lymphoid and myeloid cells display an unexpected complexity and undergo major transcriptional and functional remodelling (including changes in the frequencies of tumor neoantigen specific T cell receptor sequences) that are dependent on the type of immunotherapy used and whether the tumor continues to grow progressively or is immunologically eliminated. The implications of these findings to development of effective neoantigen vaccines will be discussed. Disclosures Schreiber: BioLegend: Consultancy; Constellation: Consultancy; Jounce Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; Lytix: Consultancy; Neon Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; NGM: Consultancy.
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Sowa, Paweł, Łukasz Kiszkiel, Piotr Paweł Laskowski, Maciej Alimowski, Łukasz Szczerbiński, Marlena Paniczko, Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska, and Karol Kamiński. "COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Poland—Multifactorial Impact Trajectories." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080876.
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Since the declaration of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic confirmed by World Health Organization, work on the development of vaccines has been stimulated. When vaccines are commonly available, a major problem is persistent vaccine hesitancy in many European countries. The main goal of our study was to understand the multidimensional factors inducing this phenomenon in Poland. Our study was carried out at the third wave’s peak of the pandemic, with record rates of daily cases and deaths associated with COVID-19. The results indicate that vaccine hesitancy/acceptability should always be considered in an interdisciplinary manner and according to identified factors where most negative attitudes could be altered. Our analyses included the assessment of a representative quota sample of adult Poles (N = 1000). The vaccine hesitancy in the studied group reached 49.2%. We performed stepwise logistic regression modeling to analyze variables set into six trajectories (groups) predicting the willingness to vaccinate. Apart from typical, socio-demographic and economic determinants, we identified the fear of vaccines’ side effects, beliefs in conspiracy theories and physical fitness. We were also able to establish the order of importance of factors used in a full model of all impact trajectories.
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Ghaffar, Khairunnisa, Lisa Ng, and Laurent Renia. "Fast Tracks and Roadblocks for Zika Vaccines." Vaccines 6, no. 4 (November 21, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6040077.
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In early 2014, a relatively obscure virus, the Zika virus, made headlines worldwide following an increase in the number of congenital malformations. Since then, research on Zika virus, treatment and vaccines have progressed swiftly with various drugs being repurposed and vaccines heading into clinical trials. Nonetheless, the need for a vaccine is crucial in order to eradicate this re-emerging arthropod-borne virus which remained silent since its first discovery in 1947. In this review, we focused on how the inconspicuous virus managed to spread, the key immunological factors required for a vaccine and the various vaccine platforms that are currently being studied.
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Askandar, Brahmana. "HPV vaccine development after more than ten years approval." Majalah Obstetri & Ginekologi 28, no. 1 (June 26, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mog.v28i12020.39-43.
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At present, ten years have passed since the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was first approved for use in humans. Research related to HPV vaccine, both in terms of effectiveness and immugenicity in its development, has been widely carried out, such as in terms of the indications of the HPV vaccine use that is not only for preventing cervical cancer, the guidelines for administering 2-dose HPV vaccines for those under 15 years of age, and the discovery of the latest HPV vaccine types: nonavalent HPV vaccine. This review literature discusses all aspects of the development of HPV vaccine since it was first approved for use in humans in 2006.
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Zhuang, Wagner, Laffoon, Lu, and Jiang. "Procurement of Category 2 Vaccines in China." Vaccines 7, no. 3 (August 23, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030097.
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Internationally, vaccine pricing is relatively opaque, although many low- or lower-middle-income countries belong to international consortiums that jointly procure vaccines. China procures vaccines domestically, and vaccines that require payment from the public (“category 2 vaccines”), have undergone several regulatory changes over the past 15 years. This study aims to describe the vaccine procurement method changes in China since 2005 and to analyze how the procurement method impacted vaccine price. This review of vaccine procurement reforms found that a shift to provincial-level Group Purchasing Organizations after 2016 was accompanied by an increase in most prices. There was more variability in vaccine prices across provinces for vaccines with only one supplier, and these vaccines have a higher price than what is found in United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)-supported countries. China’s current procurement system for non-mandatory vaccines leaves these vaccines costing several-fold more than in other countries, and in particular those supported by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. Exploring a variety of methods to reduce vaccine purchase prices will not only directly benefit the general population, but also the government, as they aim to implement more programs to benefit public health in a cost-effective manner.
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Kreps, Sarah E., Jillian L. Goldfarb, John S. Brownstein, and Douglas L. Kriner. "The Relationship between US Adults’ Misconceptions about COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination Preferences." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080901.
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While mass vaccination has blunted the pandemic in the United States, pockets of vaccine hesitancy remain. Through a nationally representative survey of 1027 adult Americans conducted in February 2021, this study examined individual misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccine safety; the demographic factors associated with these misconceptions; and the relationship between misconceptions and willingness to vaccinate. Misconceptions about vaccine safety were widespread. A sizeable minority (40%) believed that vaccine side effects are commonly severe or somewhat severe; 85% significantly underestimated the size and scale of the clinical trials; and a sizeable share believed either that the vaccines contain live coronavirus (10%) or were unsure (38%), a proxy for fears that vaccination itself may cause infection. These misconceptions were particularly acute among Republicans, Blacks, individuals with lower levels of educational attainment, and unvaccinated individuals. Perceived side effect severity and underestimating the size of the clinical trials were both significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy.
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Hansen, Clairissa A., and Alan D. T. Barrett. "The Present and Future of Yellow Fever Vaccines." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14090891.
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The disease yellow fever (YF) is prevented by a live-attenuated vaccine, termed 17D, which has been in use since the 1930s. One dose of the vaccine is thought to give lifelong (35+ years) protective immunity, and neutralizing antibodies are the correlate of protection. Despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, YF remains a major public health burden, causing an estimated 109,000 severe infections and 51,000 deaths annually. There are issues of supply and demand for the vaccine, and outbreaks in 2016 and 2018 resulted in fractional dosing of the vaccine to meet demand. The World Health Organization (WHO) has established the “Eliminate Yellow Fever Epidemics” (EYE) initiative to reduce the burden of YF over the next 10 years. As with most vaccines, the WHO has recommendations to assure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the YF vaccine. These require the use of live 17D vaccine only produced in embryonated chicken eggs, and safety evaluated in non-human primates only. Thus, any second-generation vaccines would require modification of WHO recommendations if they were to be used in endemic countries. There are multiple second-generation YF vaccine candidates in various stages of development that must be shown to be non-inferior to the current 17D vaccine in terms of safety and immunogenicity to progress through clinical trials to potential licensing. The historic 17D vaccine continues to shape the global vaccine landscape in its use in the generation of multiple licensed recombinant chimeric live vaccines and vaccine candidates, in which its structural protein genes are replaced with those of other viruses, such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis. There is no doubt that the YF 17D live-attenuated vaccine will continue to play a role in the development of new vaccines for YF, as well as potentially for many other pathogens.
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Salat, Jiri, Kamil Mikulasek, Osmany Larralde, Petra Pokorna Formanova, Ales Chrdle, Jan Haviernik, Jana Elsterova, et al. "Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Vaccines Contain Non-Structural Protein 1 Antigen and May Elicit NS1-Specific Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Individuals." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 12, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010081.
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Vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is based on the use of formalin-inactivated, culture-derived whole-virus vaccines. Immune response following vaccination is primarily directed to the viral envelope (E) protein, the major viral surface antigen. In Europe, two TBE vaccines are available in adult and pediatric formulations, namely FSME-IMMUN® (Pfizer) and Encepur® (GlaxoSmithKline). Herein, we analyzed the content of these vaccines using mass spectrometry (MS). The MS analysis revealed that the Encepur vaccine contains not only proteins of the whole virus particle, but also viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1). MS analysis of the FSME-IMMUN vaccine failed due to the high content of human serum albumin used as a stabilizer in the vaccine. However, the presence of NS1 in FSME-IMMUN was confirmed by immunization of mice with six doses of this vaccine, which led to a robust anti-NS1 antibody response. NS1-specific Western blot analysis also detected anti-NS1 antibodies in sera of humans who received multiple doses of either of these two vaccines; however, most vaccinees who received ≤3 doses were negative for NS1-specific antibodies. The contribution of NS1-specific antibodies to protection against TBE was demonstrated by immunization of mice with purified NS1 antigen, which led to a significant (p < 0.01) prolongation of the mean survival time after lethal virus challenge. This indicates that stimulation of anti-NS1 immunity by the TBE vaccines may increase their protective effect.
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Deng, Sheng-Qun, Xian Yang, Yong Wei, Jia-Ting Chen, Xiao-Jun Wang, and Hong-Juan Peng. "A Review on Dengue Vaccine Development." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010063.
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Dengue virus (DENV) has become a global health threat with about half of the world’s population at risk of infection. Although the disease caused by DENV is self-limiting in the first infection, the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect increases the mortality in the second infection with a heterotypic virus. Since there is no specific efficient medicine in treatment, it is urgent to develop vaccines to prevent infection and disease progression. Currently, only a live attenuated vaccine, chimeric yellow fever 17D—tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV), has been licensed for clinical use in some countries, and many candidate vaccines are still under research and development. This review discusses the progress, strengths, and weaknesses of the five types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, viral vectored vaccine, and DNA vaccine.
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Bai, Chunxiang, Lijun Zhou, Junxia Tang, Juanjuan He, Jiangyuan Han, Hongxia Niu, and Bingdong Zhu. "Fusion Cytokines IL-7-Linker-IL-15 Promote Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine to Induce Central Memory like T Cell-Mediated Immunity." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040715.
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Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is among the most serious infectious diseases worldwide. Adjuvanted protein subunit vaccines have been demonstrated as a kind of promising novel vaccine. This study proposed to investigate whether cytokines interliukine-7 (IL-7) and interliukine-15 (IL-15) help TB subunit vaccines induce long-term cell-mediated immune responses, which are required for vaccination against TB. In this study, mice were immunized with the M. tuberculosis protein subunit vaccines combined with adnovirus-mediated cytokines IL-7, IL-15, IL-7-IL-15, and IL-7-Linker-IL-15 at 0, 2, and 4 weeks, respectively. Twenty weeks after the last immunization, the long-term immune responses, especially the central memory-like T cells (TCM like cell)-mediated immune responses, were determined with the methods of cultured IFN-γ-ELISPOT, expanded secondary immune responses, cell proliferation, and protective efficacy against Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) challenge, etc. The results showed that the group of vaccine + rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 induced a stronger long-term antigen-specific TCM like cells-mediated immune responses and had higher protective efficacy against BCG challenge than the vaccine + rAd-vector control group, the vaccine + rAd-IL-7 and the vaccine + rAd-IL-15 groups. This study indicated that rAd-IL-7-Linker-IL-15 improved the TB subunit vaccine’s efficacy by augmenting TCM like cells and provided long-term protective efficacy against Mycobacteria.
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Gay, Cyril G., and Thomas L. Richie. "Advances in Immunology and Vaccine Discovery." Vaccine 25, no. 41 (October 2007): 7007–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.068.
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Burton, Dennis R., Rafi Ahmed, Dan H. Barouch, Salvatore T. Butera, Shane Crotty, Adam Godzik, Daniel E. Kaufmann, et al. "A Blueprint for HIV Vaccine Discovery." Cell Host & Microbe 12, no. 4 (October 2012): 396–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.09.008.
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Zagursky, Robert. "Vaccine discovery research by reverse engineering." Drug Discovery Today 8, no. 21 (November 2003): 972–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(03)02841-1.
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Stephens, Richard S. "Chlamydial Genomics and Vaccine Antigen Discovery." Journal of Infectious Diseases 181, s3 (June 2000): S521—S523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/315631.
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Feldmann, Heinz, Steven Jones, Hans-Dieter Klenk, and Hans-Joachim Schnittler. "Ebola virus: from discovery to vaccine." Nature Reviews Immunology 3, no. 8 (August 2003): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1154.
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Zagursky, Robert J., and David Russell. "Bioinformatics: Use in Bacterial Vaccine Discovery." BioTechniques 31, no. 3 (September 2001): 636–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/01313dd02.
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Ciavattini, Andrea, Luca Giannella, Rosa De Vincenzo, Jacopo Di Giuseppe, Maria Papiccio, Ankica Lukic, Giovanni Delli Carpini, et al. "HPV Vaccination: The Position Paper of the Italian Society of Colposcopy and Cervico-Vaginal Pathology (SICPCV)." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030354.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) related cervical cancer represents an issue of public health priority. The World Health Organization recommended the introduction of HPV vaccination in all national public programs. In Europe, vaccines against HPV have been available since 2006. In Italy, vaccination is recommended and has been freely offered to all young girls aged 11 years since 2008. Three prophylactic HPV vaccines are available against high- and low-risk genotypes. The quadrivalent vaccine contains protein antigens for HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18. The bivalent vaccine includes antigens for HPV 16 and 18. The nonavalent vaccine was introduced in 2014, and it targets HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of the three vaccines in healthy young women. Likewise, all vaccines showed an excellent safety profile. The bivalent vaccine provides two doses in subjects aged between 9 and 14 years and three doses in subjects over 14 years of age. The quadrivalent vaccine provides two doses in individuals from 9 to 13 years and three doses in individuals aged 14 years and over. The nonavalent vaccine schedule provides two doses in individuals from 9 to 14 years of age and three doses in individuals aged 15 years and over at the time of the first administration. Preliminary results suggest that the HPV vaccine is effective in the prevention of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions even after local treatment. Given these outcomes, in general, it is imperative to expand the vaccinated target population. Some interventions to improve the HPV vaccine’s uptake include patient reminders, physicians-focused interventions, school-based vaccinations programs, and social marketing strategies. The Italian Society of Colposcopy and Cervico-Vaginal Pathology (SICPCV) is committed to supporting vaccination programs for children and adolescents with a catch-up program for young adults. The SICPCV also helps clinical and information initiatives in developing countries to decrease the incidence of cervico-vaginal and vulvar pathology.
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Wang, Hsiuying. "Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis, Vaccination and Virus." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 43 (January 9, 2020): 4579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191210155059.
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Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (Anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an acute autoimmune disorder. The symptoms range from psychiatric symptoms, movement disorders, cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. Previous studies revealed that vaccination might induce this disease. A few cases were reported to be related to H1N1 vaccine, tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis and polio vaccine, and Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Although vaccination is a useful strategy to prevent infectious diseases, in a low risk, it may trigger serious neurological symptoms. In addition to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, other neurological diseases were reported to be associated with a number of vaccines. In this paper, the anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis cases related to a number of vaccines and other neurological symptoms that might be induced by these vaccines were reviewed. In addition, anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis cases that were induced by virus infection were also reviewed.
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Tian, Maoqiang, Jing Yang, Lei Li, Juan Li, Wenting Lei, and Xiaomei Shu. "Vaccine-Associated Neurological Adverse Events: A Case Report and Literature Review." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 43 (January 9, 2020): 4570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666191119095132.
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Vaccination is an effective strategy to reduce the burden of preventable illness. However, many clinical reports revealed that various vaccinations may associate with neurological disorders, mainly including autoimmune disease, febrile seizure, and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Although more and more reports revealed that part of the above post-vaccine neurological disorders is not directly related to vaccination, it may be merely a coincidence. However, these reports may increase the hesitancy on vaccination for the public population and influence the coverage of vaccination. In this report, we described a child with acute flaccid paralysis possibly caused by a poliovirus vaccine. To provide feasible ways to realize or reduce the risk of neurological adverse events caused by vaccines, we further provide a mini-review of the literature of vaccination associated with neurological adverse events. This revealed that oral poliomyelitis vaccine use exclusively and type 2 serotype poliomyelitis vaccine virus were the risk factors for VAPP. The combination vaccine was associated with an increased risk of ADEM and FS following immunization when compared with the administration of vaccines separately. Even though cases have been reported that vaccination may be a trigger of anti-NMDARe and GBS, there is no direct evidence to prove that vaccination increased the risk of GBS and anti-NMDARe.
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Li, Zhuofan, Yiwen Zhao, Yibo Li, and Xinyuan Chen. "Adjuvantation of Influenza Vaccines to Induce Cross-Protective Immunity." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020075.
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Influenza poses a huge threat to global public health. Influenza vaccines are the most effective and cost-effective means to control influenza. Current influenza vaccines mainly induce neutralizing antibodies against highly variable globular head of hemagglutinin and lack cross-protection. Vaccine adjuvants have been approved to enhance seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy in the elderly and spare influenza vaccine doses. Clinical studies found that MF59 and AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccines could induce cross-protective immunity against non-vaccine viral strains. In addition to MF59 and AS03 adjuvants, experimental adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists, saponin-based adjuvants, cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants, and physical adjuvants, are also able to broaden influenza vaccine-induced immune responses against non-vaccine strains. This review focuses on introducing the various types of adjuvants capable of assisting current influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity in preclinical and clinical studies. Mechanisms of licensed MF59 and AS03 adjuvants to induce cross-protective immunity are also introduced. Vaccine adjuvants hold a great promise to adjuvant influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity.
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Gavaruzzi, Teresa, Marta Caserotti, Irene Leo, Alessandra Tasso, Leonardo Speri, Antonio Ferro, Elena Fretti, Anna Sannino, Enrico Rubaltelli, and Lorella Lotto. "The Role of Emotional Competences in Parents’ Vaccine Hesitancy." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030298.
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The role of parents’ emotional competencies on vaccine hesitancy and decision making has been seldom examined. Two studies investigated the relationship between parents’ attitudes towards childhood vaccines and self-reported behavior (Study 1) and between parents’ emotional competence and attitudes towards vaccines (Study 2). In Study 1, predictors of temporal, partial, or complete vaccine refusal (having voluntarily postponed/forgone some/all vaccines) were examined in 2778 parents. In Study 2, psychological predictors of the attitude towards vaccines were examined in 593 parents, using the Profile of Emotional Competence and the valence of mental images spontaneously associated with the term “vaccine”. In Study 1, attitudes were aggregated in three independent factors (concerns about vaccine safety; diseases prevented by vaccines; and naturalistic views) that independently predicted vaccine refusal. In Study 2, a significant mediational analysis showed a positive indirect effect of intrapersonal emotional competences on attitudes towards vaccines, through mental images associated with the word “vaccine”. Parents’ intrapersonal emotional competences affected all dimensions of attitudes towards vaccines, suggesting that being able to manage, identify, and recognize one’s own emotions is central to vaccine acceptance. These findings suggest that intervention strategies, rather than stressing the pro-social benefits of vaccinating, should focus on aspects related to one’s own emotions.
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Su, Zhaohui, Dean McDonnell, Xiaoshan Li, Bindi Bennett, Sabina Šegalo, Jaffar Abbas, Ali Cheshmehzangi, and Yu-Tao Xiang. "COVID-19 Vaccine Donations—Vaccine Empathy or Vaccine Diplomacy? A Narrative Literature Review." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091024.
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Introduction: Vaccine inequality inflames the COVID-19 pandemic. Ensuring equitable immunization, vaccine empathy is needed to boost vaccine donations among capable countries. However, damaging narratives built around vaccine donations such as “vaccine diplomacy” could undermine nations’ willingness to donate their vaccines, which, in turn, further exacerbate global vaccine inequality. However, while discussions on vaccine diplomacy are on the rise, there is limited research related to vaccine diplomacy, especially in terms of its characteristics and effects on vaccine distribution vis-à-vis vaccine empathy. Thus, to bridge the research gap, this study aims to examine the defining attributes of vaccine diplomacy and its potential effects on COVID-19 immunization, particularly in light of vaccine empathy. Methods: A narrative review was conducted to shed light on vaccine diplomacy’s defining attributes and effects in the context of COVID-19 vaccine distribution and dissemination. Databases such as PubMed and Medline were utilized for literature search. Additionally, to ensure up-to-date insights are included in the review, validated reports and reverse tracing of eligible articles’ reference lists in Google Scholar have also been conducted to locate relevant records. Results: Vaccine empathy is an individual or a nation’s capability to sympathize with other individuals or nations’ vaccine wants and needs, whereas vaccine diplomacy is a nation’s vaccine efforts that aim to build mutually beneficial relationships with other nations ultimately. Our findings show that while both vaccine empathy and vaccine diplomacy have their strengths and weaknesses, they all have great potential to improve vaccine equality, particularly amid fast-developing and ever-evolving global health crises such as COVID-19. Furthermore, analyses show that, compared to vaccine empathy, vaccine diplomacy might be a more sustainable solution to improve vaccine donations mainly because of its deeper and stronger roots in multilateral collaboration and cooperation. Conclusion: Similar to penicillin, automated external defibrillators, or safety belts amid a roaring global health disaster, COVID-19 vaccines are, essentially, life-saving consumer health products that should be available to those who need them. Though man-made and complicated, vaccine inequality is nonetheless a solvable issue—gaps in vaccine distribution and dissemination can be effectively addressed by timely vaccine donations. Overall, our study underscores the instrumental and indispensable role of vaccine diplomacy in addressing the vaccine inequality issue amid the COVID-19 pandemic and its potentials for making even greater contributions in forging global solidarity amid international health emergencies. Future research could investigate approaches that could further inspire and improve vaccine donations among capable nations at a global scale to advance vaccine equity further.
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Cheng, Liqin, Yan Wang, and Juan Du. "Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: An Updated Review." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 16, 2020): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030391.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, which were introduced in many countries in the past decade, have shown promising results in decreasing HPV infection and related diseases, such as warts and precancerous lesions. In this review, we present the updated information about current HPV vaccines, focusing on vaccine coverage and efficacy. In addition, pan-gender vaccination and current clinical trials are also discussed. Currently, more efforts should be put into increasing the vaccine’s coverage, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Provision of education on HPV and vaccination is one of the most important methods to achieve this. Vaccines that target HPV types not included in current vaccines are the next stage in vaccine development. In the future, all HPV-related cancers, such as head and neck cancer, and anal cancer, should be tracked and evaluated, especially in countries that have introduced pan-gender vaccination programs. Therapeutic vaccines, in combination with other cancer treatments, should continue to be investigated.
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Chatterjee, Rahul, Mrinmoy Ghosh, Susrita Sahoo, Santwana Padhi, Namrata Misra, Visakha Raina, Mrutyunjay Suar, and Young-Ok Son. "Next-Generation Bioinformatics Approaches and Resources for Coronavirus Vaccine Discovery and Development—A Perspective Review." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080812.
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COVID-19 is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To fight this pandemic, which has caused a massive death toll around the globe, researchers are putting efforts into developing an effective vaccine against the pathogen. As genome sequencing projects for several coronavirus strains have been completed, a detailed investigation of the functions of the proteins and their 3D structures has gained increasing attention. These high throughput data are a valuable resource for accelerating the emerging field of immuno-informatics, which is primarily aimed toward the identification of potential antigenic epitopes in viral proteins that can be targeted for the development of a vaccine construct eliciting a high immune response. Bioinformatics platforms and various computational tools and databases are also essential for the identification of promising vaccine targets making the best use of genomic resources, for further experimental validation. The present review focuses on the various stages of the vaccine development process and the vaccines available for COVID-19. Additionally, recent advances in genomic platforms and publicly available bioinformatics resources in coronavirus vaccine discovery together with related immunoinformatics databases and advances in technology are discussed.
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Dános, Valér, and Csaba Szabó. "The development of science is uninterrupted." Belügyi Szemle 69, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz.spec.2021.1.9.
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Both Pfizer-BioNTech’s and Moderna’s corona virus vaccines have been developed on the basis of the mRNA-mediated therapy, discovered by Katalin Karikó, Hungarian-born professor and senior vice president of BioNTech and her co discover, Drew Weissman, professor of the University of Pennsylvania. The greatest scientific achievement of Katalin Karikó’s research work over more than two decades is the elaboration of the mRNA-mediated method for therapeutic application. For Professor Karikó the special milestone was the moment when the first vaccine for COVID-19 was created based on this technology. Her breakthrough discovery has a potent scientific importance in vaccine research, as people are all around the world are hoping for the end of pandemic and lockdown restrictions with arrival of vaccines, wishing that life could finally return to normality. However, we have to remark that several questions emerge concerning the mechanism of action of this new type of vaccines, their side or long-term effects, as well as the duration of immunity or the risk of reinfection. These questions lead to uncertainty in connection with vaccination, therefore clear answers needed. In the fight against the virus, beside healthcare workers, military and police personnel belong to the category of highest risk of infection, therefore, it is crucial to achieve as high vaccination rates in their ranks as possible. To reach this goal, it is important to have authentic information about the vaccine and the indicators of the immune response. As, the unknown always creates fear and uncertainty we intend to put an end to such fears with the help of this interview with Katalin Karikó and to support hesitant colleagues’ decision-making process to get themselves vaccinated. We asked Professor Katalin Karikó about vaccine research, the wide area of application of the mRNA-mediated therapy, about skepticism concerning vaccination and about her personal connections to police forces and to scientific research in the field of law enforcement. She was interviewed by Valér Dános and Csaba Szabó.
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Piltch-Loeb, Rachael, and Ralph DiClemente. "The Vaccine Uptake Continuum: Applying Social Science Theory to Shift Vaccine Hesitancy." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010076.
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Vaccines are the optimal public health strategy to prevent disease, but the growing anti-vaccine movement has focused renewed attention on the need to persuade people to increase vaccine uptake. This commentary draws on social and behavioral science theory and proposes a vaccine uptake continuum comprised of five factors: (1) awareness of the health threat; (2) availability of the vaccine; (3) accessibility of the vaccine; (4) affordability of the vaccine; and (5) acceptability of the vaccine to effectively approach this rising challenge.
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Bauwens, Jorgen, Luis-Henri Saenz, Annina Reusser, Nino Künzli, and Jan Bonhoeffer. "Safety of Co-Administration Versus Separate Administration of the Same Vaccines in Children: A Systematic Literature Review." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010012.
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The growing number of available vaccines that can be potentially co-administered makes the assessment of the safety of vaccine co-administration increasingly relevant but complex. We aimed to synthesize the available scientific evidence on the safety of vaccine co-administrations in children by performing a systematic literature review of studies assessing the safety of vaccine co-administrations in children between 1999 and 2019, in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Fifty studies compared co-administered vaccines versus the same vaccines administered separately. The most frequently studied vaccines included quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate (MenACWY) vaccine, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis (DTaP) or tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccines, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate (DTaP-HepB-IPV/Hib) vaccine, measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, and pneumococcal conjugate 7-valent (PCV7) or 13-valent (PCV13) vaccines. Of this, 16% (n = 8) of the studies reported significantly more adverse events following immunization (AEFI) while in 10% (n = 5) significantly fewer adverse events were found in the co-administration groups. Statistically significant differences between co-administration and separate administration were found for 16 adverse events, for 11 different vaccine co-administrations. In general, studies briefly described safety and one-third of studies lacked any statistical assessment of AEFI. Overall, the evidence on the safety of vaccine co-administrations compared to separate vaccine administrations is inconclusive and there is a paucity of large post-licensure studies addressing this issue.
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Pasco, Samuel T., and Juan Anguita. "Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development." Cells 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 2109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9092109.
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Vaccine design traditionally focuses on inducing adaptive immune responses against a sole target pathogen. Considering that many microbes evade innate immune mechanisms to initiate infection, and in light of the discovery of epigenetically mediated innate immune training, the paradigm of vaccine design has the potential to change. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. This review will explore BCG-induced trained immunity, including the required pathways to establish this phenotype. Additionally, potential methods to improve or expand BCG trained immunity effects through alternative vaccine delivery and formulation methods will be discussed. Finally, advances in new anti-Mtb vaccines, other antimicrobial uses for BCG, and “innate memory-based vaccines” will be examined.
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Chandrasekar, Shaswath S., Yashdeep Phanse, Rachel E. Hildebrand, Mostafa Hanafy, Chia-Wei Wu, Chungyi H. Hansen, Jorge E. Osorio, M. Suresh, and Adel M. Talaat. "Localized and Systemic Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Following Mucosal Immunization." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020132.
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The rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the USA and worldwide necessitates the development of multiple vaccines to combat the COVID-19 global pandemic. Previously, we showed that a particulate adjuvant system, quil-A-loaded chitosan (QAC) nanoparticles, can elicit robust immunity combined with plasmid vaccines when used against avian coronavirus. Here, we report on the immune responses elicited by mucosal homologous plasmid and a heterologous immunization strategy using a plasmid vaccine and a Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens. Only the heterologous intranasal immunization strategy elicited neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage of mice, suggesting a protective vaccine. The same prime/boost strategy led to the induction of type 1 and type 17 T-cell responses and polyfunctional T-cells expressing multiple type 1 cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-2) in the lungs and spleens of vaccinated mice. In contrast, the plasmid homologous vaccine strategy led to the induction of local mono and polyfunctional T-cells secreting IFN-γ. Outcomes of this study support the potential of QAC-nano vaccines to elicit significant mucosal immune responses against respiratory coronaviruses.
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Dutcher, Giselle, and Mehmet Bilen. "Therapeutic Vaccines for Genitourinary Malignancies." Vaccines 6, no. 3 (August 12, 2018): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030055.
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The field of genitourinary malignancies has been a showcase for therapeutic cancer vaccine success since the application of intravesicular Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for bladder cancer in the 1970s and enjoyed a renaissance in 2010 with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of sipuleucel-T for prostate cancer. Several vaccine strategies have emerged, such as autologous or allogeneic whole-tumor vaccines, DNA vaccines, use of viral vectors, and peptides as immunostimulatory adjuvants. Despite impressive early trials, vaccine monotherapy has achieved limited success in the clinical world; however, combinations of vaccine and immune checkpoint inhibition or vaccine and cytokine stimulation are expected to move the field forward. This article reviews pivotal trials of cancer vaccines in prostate, renal, and bladder cancer and ongoing trials combining vaccines with other immune therapy agents.
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Olivieri, Bianca, Corrado Betterle, and Giovanna Zanoni. "Vaccinations and Autoimmune Diseases." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080815.
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Vaccines represent one of the most effective measures of public health medicine, saving countless lives and preventing lifelong disabilities. Vaccines are extremely safe, however, no vaccine is completely free from risks and adverse events can occur following vaccination. An adverse event following immunization (AEFI) may be a true adverse reaction caused by the vaccine or an event that temporally occurred after immunization but is not caused by it. Among the adverse reactions to vaccines, one of the most feared is the triggering of autoimmune diseases, which are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. Currently, no mechanisms have been demonstrated that could explain the correlation between vaccination and the development of autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, epidemiological studies do not support the hypothesis that vaccines cause systemic autoimmune diseases. The only confirmed associations, although very rare, are those between the flu vaccine and Guillain-Barré syndrome, especially with old vaccine preparations, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and thrombocytopenia. Due to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, new types of vaccines have been developed and are now available. Close vaccine safety-surveillance is currently underway for these new vaccines.
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Al-Qahtani, Wedad Saeed, and Fatmah Ahmed Alsafhi. "A Commentary on Realities of Developing COVID-19 Vaccines Discussed through the Global Health Safety Perspective." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030274.
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SARS-CoV-2 (or simply COVID-19) remains to be a global pandemic issue affecting millions, thus urging the world’s scientific community to develop efficient vaccine and design adequate measures of disease control. Currently, the most economically viable solution to infections and viruses is vaccination, despite the possible concerns about side effects from implementing quickly developed vaccine. The current commentary intends to explain the health and safety related to COVID-19 vaccines via a prism of global health safety. Scientists across the globe, along with companies from both public and private sectors, have predictably arranged cooperative programs to learn about COVID-19, along with taking simultaneous steps on devising vaccine and preparing effective treatments plans. Presently, several clinical trials to approve the efficiency of proposed vaccine solutions have been made successfully. Global health safety concerns on vaccine’s efficiency such as high costs of production, provision of vaccine to developing countries, and its influence on the global economy are addressed. This commentary reflects on current efforts related to the development of vaccine against COVID-19, which currently affects the global health status and economy. In addition, the commentary aims at addressing potential risks related to the development of COVID-19 vaccine from the global health safety perspective.
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Abdelwahab, Sayed F., Usama H. Issa, and Hossam M. Ashour. "A Novel Vaccine Selection Decision-Making Model (VSDMM) for COVID-19." Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070718.
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Selecting a vaccine for fighting a pandemic is one of the serious issues in healthcare. Novel decision models for vaccine selection need to be developed. In this study, a novel vaccine selection decision-making model (VSDMM) was proposed and developed, based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique, which assesses many alternatives (vaccines) using multi-criteria to support decision making. To feed data to the VSDMM, six coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccines were selected in a case study to highlight the applicability of the proposed model. Each vaccine was compared to the others with respect to six criteria and all criteria were compared to calculate the relative weights. The proposed criteria include (1) vaccine availability; (2) vaccine formula; (3) vaccine efficacy; (4) vaccine-related side effects; (5) cost savings, and (6) host-related factors. Using the selected criteria, experts responded to questions and currently available COVID-19 vaccines were ranked according to their weight in the model. A sensitivity analysis was introduced to assess the model robustness and the impacts of changing criteria weights on the results. The VSDMM is flexible in terms of its ability to accept more vaccine alternatives and/or more criteria. It could also be applied to other current or future pandemics/epidemics in the world. In conclusion, this is the first report to propose a VSDMM for selecting the most suitable vaccines in pandemic/epidemic situations or any other situations in which vaccine selection and usage may be deemed necessary.
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Gust, Ian, and Rodney Carbis. "From discovery to commercialisation of vaccines." Microbiology Australia 31, no. 2 (2010): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma10057.
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Having spent the first 25 years of my [IG] working life involved in research on vaccine development and delivery and then a decade in industry, working for and with, companies that actually made vaccines, I am reminded of the observation, attributed to Charles Dickens: "When I was 14, I thought my Father was the stupidest person on earth. When I was 21, I was amazed at how much he had learnt in the past 7 years." Exposure to the harsh realities of product development challenged my academic preconceptions, gave me a greater insight into the nature and complexity of the development process and a greater respect for the skills of those involved.
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Guzmán-Martínez, Oscar, Kathia Guardado, Elsa Ladrón de Guevara, Saturnino Navarro, Crescencio Hernández, Roberto Zenteno-Cuevas, and Hilda Montero. "IgG Antibodies Generation and Side Effects Caused by Ad5-nCoV Vaccine (CanSino Biologics) and BNT162b2 Vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech) among Mexican Population." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090999.
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SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly generated a pandemic. Vaccines are currently being rolled out to control the viral spread and prevent deaths. Emergency vaccines, using new platforms, have been approved. Their effectiveness, safety and immunogenicity in different populations are not fully known. This study aimed to discover the immunogenicity of the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) BNT162b2 and adenovirus vector Ad5-nCoV vaccines through IgG antibody generation against subunit 1 of protein S (S1 IgG) and assess the side effects of the vaccines. A total of 115 vaccinated people were included, 61 of whom received the BNT162b2 vaccine, while 54 received Ad5-nCoV. Measurements of S1 IgG antibodies were carried out using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The BNT162b2 vaccine generated S1 IgG antibodies in 80.3% of the participants after the first dose. The number of seropositive participants increased to 98.36% with the administration of the second dose. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine generated S1 IgG antibodies in 88.89% of those vaccinated. Women generated more antibodies when administered either vaccine. There were no serious adverse effects from vaccination. In conclusion, not all participants had detectable S1 IgG antibodies. The Ad5-nCoV vaccine presented the most seronegative cases. The studied vaccines were shown to be safe.
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Toh, Zheng Quan, Chau Quang, Joseph A. Tooma, Suzanne M. Garland, Kim Mulholland, and Paul V. Licciardi. "Australia’s Role in Pneumococcal and Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Evaluation in Asia-Pacific." Vaccines 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080921.
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Australian researchers have made substantial contributions to the field of vaccinology over many decades. Two examples of this contribution relate to pneumococcal vaccines and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, with a focus on improving access to these vaccines in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs). Many LLMICs considering introducing one or both of these vaccines into their National Immunisation Programs face significant barriers such as cost, logistics associated with vaccine delivery. These countries also often lack the resources and expertise to undertake the necessary studies to evaluate vaccine performance. This review summarizes the role of Australia in the development and/or evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines and the HPV vaccine, including the use of alternative vaccine strategies among countries situated in the Asia-Pacific region. The outcomes of these research programs have had significant global health impacts, highlighting the importance of these vaccines in preventing pneumococcal disease as well as HPV-associated diseases.
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Sayedahmed, Ekramy E., Ahmed Elkashif, Marwa Alhashimi, Suryaprakash Sambhara, and Suresh K. Mittal. "Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccine Platforms for Developing the Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040574.
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Ever since the discovery of vaccines, many deadly diseases have been contained worldwide, ultimately culminating in the eradication of smallpox and polio, which represented significant medical achievements in human health. However, this does not account for the threat influenza poses on public health. The currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines primarily confer excellent strain-specific protection. In addition to the seasonal influenza viruses, the emergence and spread of avian influenza pandemic viruses such as H5N1, H7N9, H7N7, and H9N2 to humans have highlighted the urgent need to adopt a new global preparedness for an influenza pandemic. It is vital to explore new strategies for the development of effective vaccines for pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses. The new vaccine approaches should provide durable and broad protection with the capability of large-scale vaccine production within a short time. The adenoviral (Ad) vector-based vaccine platform offers a robust egg-independent production system for manufacturing large numbers of influenza vaccines inexpensively in a short timeframe. In this review, we discuss the progress in the development of Ad vector-based influenza vaccines and their potential in designing a universal influenza vaccine.