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Journal articles on the topic 'Vaccine development'
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1
Alexander, NJ, and G. Bialy. "Contraceptive vaccine development." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 6, no. 3 (1994): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9940273.
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Recent advances in antigen definition and production have made the development of a contraceptive vaccine more attainable. Such a vaccine must evoke an immune response that blocks an indispensable step in the reproductive process. Vaccine research involves many approaches to fertility prevention. Vaccines are being developed that could interrupt fertility by inhibition of gonadotrophin release, the function of follicle-stimulating hormone or the effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG); alternatively, they may prevent fertilization by interfering with the transport of spermatozoa or with sperm-zona pellucida binding. The most advanced prototype is a vaccine based on antibodies to beta hCG. Such vaccines are being studied for clinical efficacy. Many hurdles remain in contraceptive vaccine development. Since the antigens are peptides or small proteins, the resultant immune response is usually moderate, and better adjuvants and delivery systems must be developed to enhance and maintain the immune response. Improvement of the mucosal immune response may be necessary for vaccines incorporating sperm antigens. Research on vaccines that control fertility has resulted in a fascinating base of scientific knowledge that, it is hoped, can be converted into products that will allow another option for individuals who wish to control their fertility.
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Aljohani, Salwa, Waleed M. Hussein, Istvan Toth, and Pavla Simerska. "Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 7 (October 3, 2019): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666190702153612.
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Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.
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Mastroeni,, Pietro, and Nathalie Ménager. "Development of acquired immunity to Salmonella." Journal of Medical Microbiology 52, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05173-0.
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) causes human typhoid fever, a serious and widespread disease in developing countries. Other Salmonella serovars are associated with food-borne infections. The recent emergence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella strains highlights the need for better preventive measures, including vaccination. The available vaccines against Salmonella infection do not confer optimal protection. The design of new Salmonella vaccines must be based on the identification of suitable virulence genes and on knowledge of the immunological mechanisms of resistance to the disease. Control and clearance of a vaccine strain rely on the phagocyte oxidative burst, reactive nitrogen intermediates, inflammatory cytokines and CD4+ TCR-αβ+ T cells and are controlled by genes including NRAMP1 and MHC class II. Vaccine-induced resistance to reinfection requires the presence of Th1-type immunological memory and anti-Salmonella antibodies. The interaction between T and B cells is essential for the development of resistance following vaccination. The identification of immunodeficiencies that render individuals more susceptible to salmonellosis must be taken into consideration when designing and testing live attenuated Salmonella vaccines. An ideal live Salmonella vaccine should therefore be safe, regardless of the immunological status of the vaccinee, but still immunogenic.
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Deng, Sheng-Qun, Xian Yang, Yong Wei, Jia-Ting Chen, Xiao-Jun Wang, and Hong-Juan Peng. "A Review on Dengue Vaccine Development." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010063.
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Dengue virus (DENV) has become a global health threat with about half of the world’s population at risk of infection. Although the disease caused by DENV is self-limiting in the first infection, the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect increases the mortality in the second infection with a heterotypic virus. Since there is no specific efficient medicine in treatment, it is urgent to develop vaccines to prevent infection and disease progression. Currently, only a live attenuated vaccine, chimeric yellow fever 17D—tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV), has been licensed for clinical use in some countries, and many candidate vaccines are still under research and development. This review discusses the progress, strengths, and weaknesses of the five types of vaccines including live attenuated vaccine, inactivated virus vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, viral vectored vaccine, and DNA vaccine.
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kheirollahpour, Mehdi, Mohsen Mehrabi, Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi, Mohsen Mohammadi, and Alireza Masoudi. "Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 8, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738507666191024162042.
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In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple administrations of the vaccines. To overcome the mentioned problems, nanotechnology has recently been incorporated into vaccine development. Nanotechnology increasingly plays an important role in vaccine development nanocarrier-based delivery systems that offer an opportunity to increase the cellular and humoral immune responses. The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations allows not only enhanced immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also targeted delivery and slow release. Over the past decade, nanoscale size materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, inorganic nanoparticles and emulsions have gained attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. This advantage is attributable to the nanoscale particle size, which facilitates uptake by Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs), then leading to efficient antigen recognition and presentation. Modifying the surfaces of nanoparticles with different targeting moieties permits the delivery of antigens to specific receptors on the cell surface, thereby stimulating selective and specific immune responses. This review provides an overview of recent advances in nanovaccinology.
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Titanji, Vincent P. K. "New approaches to vaccines for endemic and pandemic diseases of Africa with particular focus on building local competencies in Cameroon." Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Sciences 17, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jcas.v17i1.6.
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Vaccines have been recognized as major and effective tools for the control and eventual elimination of infectious diseases and cancer. This brief review examines vaccine classification and development pipeline as well as recent innovations driving the vaccine development process. Using COVID-19 as an example recent innovation in vaccine development are highlighted. The review ends with a call for intensified efforts to build vaccine production capacity in Cameroon and other other African countries.
Les vaccins ont été reconnus comme des outils majeurs et efficaces pour le contrôle et l’élimination éventuelle des maladies infectieuses et du cancer. Cette brève revue examine la classification et le pipeline de développement de vaccins ainsi que les innovations récentes à l’origine du processus de développement de vaccins. En utilisant COVID-19 comme exemple, les innovations récentes dans le développement de vaccins sont mises en évidence. La revue se termine par un appel à intensifier les efforts pour renforcer les capacités de production de vaccins au Cameroun et dans d’autres pays africains.
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Vergati, Matteo, Chiara Intrivici, Ngar-Yee Huen, Jeffrey Schlom, and Kwong Y. Tsang. "Strategies for Cancer Vaccine Development." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/596432.
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Treating cancer with vaccines has been a challenging field of investigation since the 1950s. Over the years, the lack of effective active immunotherapies has led to the development of numerous novel strategies. However, the use of therapeutic cancer vaccines may be on the verge of becoming an effective modality. Recent phase II/III clinical trials have achieved hopeful results in terms of overall survival. Yet despite these encouraging successes, in general, very little is known about the basic immunological mechanisms involved in vaccine immunotherapy. Gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the specific immune responses (i.e., cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CD4 T helper cells, T regulatory cells, cells of innate immunity, tumor escape mechanisms) elicited by each of the various vaccine platforms should be a concern of cancer vaccine clinical trials, along with clinical benefits. This review focuses on current strategies employed by recent clinical trials of therapeutic cancer vaccines and analyzes them both clinically and immunologically.
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Gottlieb, Sami L., Ann E. Jerse, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Carolyn Deal, and Birgitte K. Giersing. "Advancing vaccine development for gonorrhoea and the Global STI Vaccine Roadmap." Sexual Health 16, no. 5 (2019): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh19060.
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Efforts to develop vaccines against Neisseria gonorrhoeae have become increasingly important, given the rising threat of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recent data suggest vaccines for gonorrhoea are biologically feasible; in particular, epidemiological evidence shows that vaccines against a closely related pathogen, serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines, may reduce gonorrhoea incidence. Vaccine candidates using several approaches are currently in preclinical development, including meningococcal and gonococcal OMV vaccines, a lipooligosaccharide epitope and purified protein subunit vaccines. The Global STI Vaccine Roadmap provides action steps to build on this technical momentum and advance gonococcal vaccine development. Better quantifying the magnitude of gonorrhoea-associated disease burden, for outcomes like infertility, and modelling the predicted role of gonococcal vaccines in addressing AMR will be essential for building a full public health value proposition, which can justify investment and help with decision making about future vaccine policy and programs. Efforts are underway to gain consensus on gonorrhoea vaccine target populations, implementation strategies and other preferred product characteristics that would make these vaccines suitable for use in low- and middle-income, as well as high-income, contexts. Addressing these epidemiological, programmatic and policy considerations in parallel to advancing research and development, including direct assessment of the ability of meningococcal B OMV vaccines to prevent gonorrhoea, can help bring about the development of viable gonococcal vaccines.
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Desi Irawati, Adinda, and Hotimah Masdan Salim. "Dengue Vaccine Development at the Dengue virus serotypes." International Islamic Medical Journal 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/iimj.v1i1.1360.
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Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus (DENV1-4) and is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. However, in 2015, official data from the member countries, WHO reported more than 3.2 million cases, including 10,200 severe dengue cases and 1181 deaths. The protein encoded by the genome of dengue virus. Major structural and non structural proteins making up the genome of dengue. From genomic data several studies found that mechanism of vaccine that can use in dengue virus. Several vaccines was establish in the world for example Live attenuated Vaccine, Chimera Vaccine, Subunit Vaccine, DNA vaccines DENV, Activated DENV Vaccine - Whole Virus Particles, Activated DENV Vaccine - Recombinant Subunit DENV, and DENV Vaccine 5.
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Iyasu Angani, Dereja. "Veterinary vaccine development: The helical project." Insights in Veterinary Science 4, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 042–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ivs.1001025.
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Vaccine production process have been fuzzy journey to the public and, in some degrees, to those in the setting. By clearly showing the lengthy and challenging journey of vaccine development process, thereby suggesting the economic and health implication of improper use of veterinary vaccines, the paper tries to add the attention given to infection prevention. Starting from the foundations, the types and requirements of veterinary vaccines are described. The paper concludes with current research and regulatory quos in the topic.
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Yagovkin, E. A., G. G. Onishchenko, A. Yu Popova, E. B. Ezhlova, A. A. Melnikova, M. Yu Soloviev, E. V. Kovalev, et al. "Condition and Prospects of Development of Vaccines for Specific Prevention of Enterovirus (Nonpolio) Infection." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-4-74-82.
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This review summarizes the material on the development of vaccines against (nonpolio) enterovirus infection in Russia and abroad. Described the developed vaccine types, their characteristics and the results of clinical and epidemiological trials, created in China inactivated vaccines. I’is considered the possibility of creating a mucosal vaccines and vaccinal prevention strategies.
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MORRISON, W. I., and D. J. McKEEVER. "Current status of vaccine development againstTheileriaparasites." Parasitology 133, S2 (October 2006): S169—S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182006001867.
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The tick-borne protozoan parasitesTheileria parvaandTheileria annulatacause economically important diseases of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Because of shortcomings in disease control measures based on therapy and tick control, there is a demand for effective vaccines against these diseases. Vaccines using live parasites have been available for over two decades, but despite their undoubted efficacy they have not been used on a large scale. Lack of infrastructure for vaccine production and distribution, as well as concerns about the introduction of vaccine parasite strains into local tick populations have curtailed the use of these vaccines. More recently, research has focused on the development of subunit vaccines. Studies of immune responses to different stages of the parasites have yielded immunological probes that have been used to identify candidate vaccine antigens. Immunisation of cattle with antigens expressed in the sporozoite, schizont or merozoite stages has resulted in varying degrees of protection against challenge. Although the levels of protection achieved have not been sufficient to allow exploitation for vaccination, there are clearly further lines of investigation, relating to both the choice of antigens and the antigen delivery systems employed, that need to be pursued to fully explore the potential of the candidate vaccines. Improved knowledge of the molecular biology and immunology of the parasites gained during the course of these studies has also opened up opportunities to refine and improve the quality of live vaccines.
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Grohmann, Gary. "Regulatory issues in pandemic influenza vaccine development." Microbiology Australia 27, no. 4 (2006): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma06172.
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The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is responsible for the licensing of vaccines used in Australia. This includes pre-market evaluation aspects (such as assessing the quality, efficacy and safety of vaccines) and post-market aspects (such as batch release testing and the monitoring of adverse reactions). For inter-pandemic and pandemic influenza vaccines, TGA is also involved in the selection of appropriate vaccine viruses and the calibration and supply of reagents for the production of influenza vaccines. Together with industry, TGA has a responsibility to ensure that all regulatory and good manufacturing requirements (GMP) are met to ensure vaccine safety and efficacy.
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Jones, T. R., and S. L. Hoffman. "Malaria vaccine development." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 3 (July 1994): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.3.303.
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The malaria parasite life cycle presents several targets for attack, but these different parts of the life cycle are susceptible to different types of host immune response. For example, the sporozoite is most sensitive to immune antibody, while liver stage parasites can be eliminated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Attachment of merozoites to erythrocytes, on the other hand, can be blocked by antibody. Convincing experimental evidence shows that completely protective immunity to malaria can be induced. The challenge now is to design recombinant or synthetic vaccines that induce the right types of immune responses to specific life cycle stages. This requires the identification and characterization of B- and T-lymphocyte epitopes expressed by the parasite or by parasitized host cells. These epitopes must be incorporated into a delivery system that maximizes the interaction between the vaccine epitopes and the host immune system. Many epitopes from several parts of the life cycle are already characterized; development of multivalent vaccines, that is, vaccines which contain immunogens from more than one part of the life cycle, is a promising area for research efforts.
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D’Amico, Carmine, Flavia Fontana, Ruoyu Cheng, and Hélder A. Santos. "Development of vaccine formulations: past, present, and future." Drug Delivery and Translational Research 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 353–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-021-00924-7.
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AbstractThe current situation, heavily influenced by the ongoing pandemic, puts vaccines back into the spotlight. However, the conventional and traditional vaccines present disadvantages, particularly related to immunogenicity, stability, and storage of the final product. Often, such products require the maintenance of a “cold chain,” impacting the costs, the availability, and the distribution of vaccines. Here, after a recall of the mode of action of vaccines and the types of vaccines currently available, we analyze the past, present, and future of vaccine formulation. The past focuses on conventional formulations, the present discusses the use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery and as adjuvants, while the future presents microneedle patches as alternative formulation and administration route. Finally, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of injectable solutions, nanovaccines, and microneedles in terms of efficacy, stability, and patient-friendly design. Graphical abstract Different approaches to vaccine formulation development, the conventional vaccine formulations from the past, the current development of lipid nanoparticles as vaccines, and the near future microneedles formulations are discussed in this review.
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Junaidi, Katerine, Dewi Wahyu Fitrina, Fenty Anggrainy, and Deddy Herman. "Overview of COVID-19 Vaccine Development Strategy." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 6, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v6i3.473.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 20019 (COVID19) pandemic which first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Currently, a vaccine is urgently needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccine candidates are under development and some are in the final stage of clinical trials. The COVID-19 vaccination aims to reduce morbidity and mortality rates, achieve herd immunity to prevent and protect the society, strengthen the health system, maintain productivity and minimize social and economic impacts. Before approval, vaccines have to undergo several clinical trials to ensure its safety profile, efficacy, duration of immune system resistance, and adverse effect. Various strategies have been used in the development of vaccines including viral vector vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, subunit protein¸and virus-like particle vaccine. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages.
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Voss, Gerald, Danilo Casimiro, Olivier Neyrolles, Ann Williams, Stefan H. E. Kaufmann, Helen McShane, Mark Hatherill, and Helen A. Fletcher. "Progress and challenges in TB vaccine development." F1000Research 7 (February 16, 2018): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.13588.1.
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The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine can provide decades of protection against tuberculosis (TB) disease, and although imperfect, BCG is proof that vaccine mediated protection against TB is a possibility. A new TB vaccine is, therefore, an inevitability; the question is how long will it take us to get there? We have made substantial progress in the development of vaccine platforms, in the identification of antigens and of immune correlates of risk of TB disease. We have also standardized animal models to enable head-to-head comparison and selection of candidate TB vaccines for further development. To extend our understanding of the safety and immunogenicity of TB vaccines we have performed experimental medicine studies to explore route of administration and have begun to develop controlled human infection models. Driven by a desire to reduce the length and cost of human efficacy trials we have applied novel approaches to later stage clinical development, exploring alternative clinical endpoints to prevention of disease outcomes. Here, global leaders in TB vaccine development discuss the progress made and the challenges that remain. What emerges is that, despite scientific progress, few vaccine candidates have entered clinical trials in the last 5 years and few vaccines in clinical trials have progressed to efficacy trials. Crucially, we have undervalued the knowledge gained from our “failed” trials and fostered a culture of risk aversion that has limited new funding for clinical TB vaccine development. The unintended consequence of this abundance of caution is lack of diversity of new TB vaccine candidates and stagnation of the clinical pipeline. We have a variety of new vaccine platform technologies, mycobacterial antigens and animal and human models. However, we will not encourage progression of vaccine candidates into clinical trials unless we evaluate and embrace risk in pursuit of vaccine development.
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Aziz-Andersen, Kaiser Jay. "Vaccinology: Design, Development and Approvals." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2 (March 15, 2022): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2.5349.
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The goal of vaccine design and development is to manufacture and consistently produce a vaccine that is safe and effective. The vaccine discovery starts with design input in terms of identification of etiologic agent, immunogenicity, adjuvant, basic scientific concepts, non-clinical and clinical studies, and finally vaccine licensure (FDA approvals). The administering regimens are studied in clinical research laboratory and study materials are tested in suitable bench testing and biological models projecting vaccine candidate’s prophylactic immune response that is safe and effective. The vaccine manufacturing process requires critical quality control points (CQCPs) monitoring in order to maintain the steriochemical and immunological characteristics of the vaccine molecules and enable production of the vaccine in increasingly dosage quantities for ultimate human use. These aspects of vaccine development are well integrated into the total vaccinology life cycle (TVLC) regulatory requirements. The ultimate regulatory safety and efficacy requirements of the vaccine are proven through phases of clinical trials (class I, II, and III studies). The final process for human use to produce safe vaccine is part of pivotal clinical trials and data under the US FDA’s premarket approval process for full-scale production and availability of safe vaccines for clinical use.
Keywords: vaccine design and development, etiologic agent, immunogenicity
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Siagian, Ria Christine, and Jorge Emilio Osorio. "Novel approaches to vaccine development in lower-middle income countries." International Journal of Health Governance 23, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-03-2018-0011.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify, analyze and describe the novel approaches that affect vaccine development in lower-middle income countries (LMICs).Design/methodology/approachThe vaccine market in LMICs currently focuses on traditional Expanded Program for Immunization vaccines instead of new ones. Unlike the successful introduction of those traditional vaccines, the introduction of new vaccines appears to be very slow, mainly due to financial issues. This paper systematically reviews a set of published papers on vaccine development and analyzes them against a specific region-setting framework.FindingsPublic–private partnership alone could not ensure long-term vaccine sustainability. Several factors that encourage domestic vaccine development were identified. The findings demonstrate that the regulatory approach of hybrid collaboration and market opportunity strategies can be a major breakthrough for domestic vaccine development in LMICs.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is required to include qualitative and quantitative methods for policy analysis, as all of the discussion in this research focused on literature reviews. The authors did not discuss how strategic decisions are affected from a political perspective and this needs to be specified in future research. Think tanks, considerably and fundamentally, affect policy ideas and decisions. However, important breakthroughs continue to be made at the same time.Social implicationsThe development of vaccines in LMICs is expected to be a mechanism to overcome the inadequate access to vaccines in those countries, as solving this problem requires tackling issues from both the supply and demand sides.Originality/valueThis is a literature review that creates recommendation and approaches for domestic vaccine development in LMICs. This review aims to encourage LMICs to produce their own vaccines for sustainability of the vaccine access through vaccine development lifecycle, instead of expecting donor that provides funding and vaccines (vaccine access) in certain period of time. Donor is not always the solution for the problem, since vaccine development requires finance to function infrastructure. There are many efforts in revoking this, including World Health Organization through several reports; however, this effort still has many doubts. Therefore, the article would like to try to see this as a viable solution from the policy perspectives, with several examples to make recommendations more practical.
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Yoshikawa, Tomoki. "Vaccine Development for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome." Viruses 13, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040627.
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), which is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a tick-borne emerging zoonosis with a high case-fatality rate. At present, there is no approved SFTS vaccine, although the development of a vaccine would be one of the best strategies for preventing SFTS. This article focused on studies aimed at establishing small animal models of SFTS that are indispensable for evaluating vaccine candidates, developing these vaccine candidates, and establishing more practical animal models for evaluation. Innate immune-deficient mouse models, a hamster model, an immunocompetent ferret model and a cat model have been developed for SFTS. Several vaccine candidates for SFTS have been developed, and their efficacy has been confirmed using these animal models. The candidates consist of live-attenuated virus-based, viral vector-based, or DNA-based vaccines. SFTS vaccines are expected to be used for humans and companion dogs and cats. Hence for practical use, the vaccine candidates should be evaluated for efficacy using not only nonhuman primates but also dogs and cats. There is no practical nonhuman primate model of SFTS; however, the cat model is available to evaluate the efficacy of these candidate SFTS vaccines on domesticated animals.
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SHEARER, ADRIENNE E. H., and KALMIA E. KNIEL. "High Hydrostatic Pressure for Development of Vaccines." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 1500–1508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.7.1500.
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Disease management in the food industry is complex and includes use of good hygienic practices, antimicrobials, and immunization. Vaccines are available against many, but not all, disease agents affecting animals reared for human food. Fewer vaccines are currently licensed and widely available for human foodborne pathogens. Increased resistance to antimicrobials provides additional impetus to develop new vaccines. In addition to the need for new vaccines, new methods of vaccine production are desired. Some current methods of vaccine production can involve use of hazardous chemicals, provide inconsistent results, or present risk to vaccine recipients with certain allergies. The efficacy of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) for inactivation of a variety of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms has been well established, and some of these microorganisms have been demonstrated to retain immunogenic properties, suggesting HHP may have application for the development of vaccines. Studies on the effect of HHP on infectivity and immunogenicity of various viruses, a protozoan parasite, and one bacterial species are presented. Control of several of these pathogens is important for animal health and economic stability in several sectors of the food industry. The research to date on the potential for vaccine development by HHP is presented.
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&NA;. "Vaccine development." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1183 (April 1999): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199911830-00009.
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Woodland, David L. "Vaccine Development." Viral Immunology 30, no. 3 (April 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2017.29017.dlw.
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Leroux-Roels, Geert, Paolo Bonanni, Terapong Tantawichien, and Fred Zepp. "Vaccine development." Perspectives in Vaccinology 1, no. 1 (August 2011): 115–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pervac.2011.05.005.
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Takahashi, Michiaki. "VACCINE DEVELOPMENT." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 10, no. 3 (September 1996): 469–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(05)70309-3.
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Duerr, A., J. N. Wasserheit, and L. Corey. "HIV Vaccines: New Frontiers in Vaccine Development." Clinical Infectious Diseases 43, no. 4 (August 15, 2006): 500–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/505979.
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Handman, Emanuela. "Leishmaniasis: Current Status of Vaccine Development." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.2.229-243.2001.
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SUMMARY Leishmaniae are obligatory intracellular protozoa in mononuclear phagocytes. They cause a spectrum of diseases, ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin lesions to fatal visceral disease. Worldwide, there are 2 million new cases each year and 1/10 of the world's population is at risk of infection. To date, there are no vaccines against leishmaniasis and control measures rely on chemotherapy to alleviate disease and on vector control to reduce transmission. However, a major vaccine development program aimed initially at cutaneous leishmaniasis is under way. Studies in animal models and humans are evaluating the potential of genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, as well as a variety of recombinant antigens or the DNA encoding them. The program also focuses on new adjuvants, including cytokines, and delivery systems to target the T helper type 1 immune responses required for the elimination of this intracellular organism. The availability, in the near future, of the DNA sequences of the human and Leishmania genomes will extend the vaccine program. New vaccine candidates such as parasite virulence factors will be identified. Host susceptibility genes will be mapped to allow the vaccine to be targeted to the population most in need of protection.
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Castanha, Priscila M. S., and Ernesto T. A. Marques. "A Glimmer of Hope: Recent Updates and Future Challenges in Zika Vaccine Development." Viruses 12, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12121371.
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The emergence and rapid spread of Zika virus (ZIKV) on a global scale as well as the establishment of a causal link between Zika infection and congenital syndrome and neurological disorders triggered unprecedented efforts towards the development of a safe and effective Zika vaccine. Multiple vaccine platforms, including purified inactivated virus, nucleic acid vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and viral-vectored vaccines, have advanced to human clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the field of Zika vaccine development and the challenges for future clinical efficacy trials. We provide a brief overview on Zika vaccine platforms in the pipeline before summarizing the vaccine candidates in clinical trials, with a focus on recent, promising results from vaccine candidates that completed phase I trials. Despite low levels of transmission during recent years, ZIKV has become endemic in the Americas and the potential of large Zika outbreaks remains real. It is important for vaccine developers to continue developing their Zika vaccines, so that a potential vaccine is ready for deployment and clinical efficacy trials when the next ZIKV outbreak occurs.
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Chow, Stephanie, Jonathan S. Berek, and Oliver Dorigo. "Development of Therapeutic Vaccines for Ovarian Cancer." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (November 5, 2020): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040657.
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Ovarian cancer remains the deadliest of all gynecologic malignancies. Our expanding knowledge of ovarian cancer immunology has allowed the development of therapies that generate systemic anti-tumor immune responses. Current immunotherapeutic strategies include immune checkpoint blockade, cellular therapies, and cancer vaccines. Vaccine-based therapies are designed to induce both adaptive and innate immune responses directed against ovarian cancer associated antigens. Tumor-specific effector cells, in particular cytotoxic T cells, are activated to recognize and eliminate ovarian cancer cells. Vaccines for ovarian cancer have been studied in various clinical trials over the last three decades. Despite evidence of vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses, the majority of vaccines have not shown significant anti-tumor efficacy. Recently, improved vaccine development using dendritic cells or synthetic platforms for antigen presentation have shown promising clinical benefits in patients with ovarian cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of therapeutic vaccine development in ovarian cancer, discuss proposed mechanisms of action, and summarize the current clinical experience.
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Mason, Andrew N., and Ahmed Elkassabgi. "Evidence of Abnormal Trading on COVID-19 Pfizer Vaccine Development Information." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 7 (July 6, 2022): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15070299.
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The 2019 COVID-19 pandemic led to an economic slowdown worldwide and shook the investment world. Pharmaceutical investments were influenced by the anticipation of COVID-19 vaccine developments. Our study examines the real-time impact of public announcements concerning COVID-19 vaccine developments on stock returns and volatilities for Pfizer, Moderna, and the S&P 500. Market Return and Information Event methodology were used to analyze stock activities immediately before important public COVID-19 vaccine development announcements related to Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. This methodology was employed for vaccine news announcements between 2 January 2020 and 4 March 2022. Stock returns and volatility were analyzed with time-series regression analysis. Findings demonstrated that increased trade volatilities occurred immediately prior to COVID-19 vaccine development news was made public. Specifically, Pfizer stock returns were significantly higher (above the mean) immediately before positive COVID-19 vaccine development information was made public. Also, increased volume volatility was observed for Pfizer, Moderna, and the S&P 500 index stocks immediately before positive vaccine development information concerning Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were made public. These findings suggest that the vaccine information may have been leaked before being made public. If so, the findings may indicate that investors were taking advantage of insider information while trying to mitigate the appearance that they engaged in insider trading.
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Knowles, Jamie, Jacob Lohr, and J. Yarnall. "Development of Vaccine Preferences among Parents of Newborns." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13, no. 03 (January 17, 2018): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1620266.
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Objective Vaccine hesitancy and refusal and the resulting outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases continue to be an issue today. Most of contemporary research on these issues has focused on underlying characteristics of non-vaccinators and ambivalent parents; however, few studies have looked into how or when vaccine preferences develop. In this study, we sought to explore when parental preferences for vaccines develop in relation to a pregnancy. We also examined self-reported influences on vaccine decision making. Methods We recruited and administered a short survey to parents at the North Carolina Women's Hospital in Chapel Hill, NC, following the birth of their child from February to April 2015. Results A total of 166 parents (55%) completed the entire survey. Seventy-two percent of surveyed parents reported deciding on their vaccine preferences for their newborn before conception. Parents who were older, Caucasian, married, and had attained higher levels of education were significantly more likely to develop preconception vaccine preferences. The presence of partner conversations in the past and the desire for more information on vaccines were also significant predictors of preconception vaccine preference development. After logistic regression adjustment, only education level and past vaccine conversations remained significant. The most common influences for vaccine decision making were family, friends, and medical staff and organizations. Conclusion Our study documents that a majority of parents establish vaccine decision making and preferences before conception. Notable influences from friends, family, and medical sources are part of the process. These findings suggest that vaccine information and interventions currently are given too late in the vaccine preference decision-making process.
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Romano, Maria, Flavia Squeglia, Eliza Kramarska, Giovanni Barra, Han-Gyu Choi, Hwa-Jung Kim, Alessia Ruggiero, and Rita Berisio. "A Structural View at Vaccine Development against M. tuberculosis." Cells 12, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12020317.
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Tuberculosis (TB) is still the leading global cause of death from an infectious bacterial agent. Limiting tuberculosis epidemic spread is therefore an urgent global public health priority. As stated by the WHO, to stop the spread of the disease we need a new vaccine, with better coverage than the current Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccine. This vaccine was first used in 1921 and, since then, there are still no new licensed tuberculosis vaccines. However, there is extremely active research in the field, with a steep acceleration in the past decades, due to the advance of technologies and more rational vaccine design strategies. This review aims to gather latest updates in vaccine development in the various clinical phases and to underline the contribution of Structural Vaccinology (SV) to the development of safer and effective antigens. In particular, SV and the development of vaccine adjuvants is making the use of subunit vaccines, which are the safest albeit the less antigenic ones, an achievable goal. Indeed, subunit vaccines overcome safety concerns but need to be rationally re-engineered to enhance their immunostimulating effects. The larger availability of antigen structural information as well as a better understanding of the complex host immune response to TB infection is a strong premise for a further acceleration of TB vaccine development.
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R, Fatima, Bilolikar AK, Reddy SG, and Banerjee J. "An integrative review on development of COVID vaccine." Journal of Medical and Scientific Research 8, S1 (December 1, 2020): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17727/jmsr.2020/8s1-15.
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The world is in dire need of safe, effective coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine strategies. Since its emergence in November 2019, it has spread to 188 countries and 25 territories around the globe, despite elaborate efforts by World Health Organization (WHO) and governments to contain the infection, primarily owing to the highly infectious nature of this virus. Present article reviews various aspects in process of vaccine designing, vaccine platforms and current efforts and progress of COVID-19 vaccine candidates. The founding of the COVID-19 vaccines global access (COVAX) facility by Gavi, the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations (CEPI) and the WHO is an attempt to garner resources and unite higher- and lower-income countries for the coordinated, rapid, transparent and equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. Keywords: vaccine strategies; COVAX; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2
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Schrager, Lewis K., Rebecca C. Harris, and Johan Vekemans. "Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review." F1000Research 7 (November 1, 2018): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16521.1.
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Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.
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Schrager, Lewis K., Rebecca C. Harris, and Johan Vekemans. "Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review." F1000Research 7 (February 24, 2019): 1732. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16521.2.
Full textAbstract:
Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.
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Tiwari, Kunal, Rahul Saxena, and Dr Sarika Saxena. "MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES ADOPTED AGAINST SARS-COV-2 IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 6 (October 1, 2021): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i06.028.
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In this review, we attempted to highlight the uniqueness and difference among vaccines. Vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to diseases and protect us from Covid 19. The term vaccine applies to all biological preparations produced by the living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease and the techniques used for the development of vaccines were reverse vaccinology, structural vaccinology, synthetic biology, and vaccine adjuvants. Besides these mRNA vaccines, we will also highlight the Protein subunit vaccines, which include separated proteins from viral or bacterial diseases, vaccines improve the immune system's "memorization" of the pathogen by imitating a milder form of disease, might provide a viable alternative to the mRNA-based coronavirus vaccines and discuss their advantages and disadvantages over the mRNA-based vaccines.
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Masomian, Malihe, Zuleeza Ahmad, Lai Ti Gew, and Chit Laa Poh. "Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010132.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major pathogen causing pneumonia with over 2 million deaths annually, especially in young children and the elderly. To date, at least 98 different pneumococcal capsular serotypes have been identified. Currently, the vaccines for prevention of S. pneumoniae infections are the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccine (PPV23) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10 and PCV13). These vaccines only cover some pneumococcal serotypes and are unable to protect against non-vaccine serotypes and unencapsulated S. pneumoniae. This has led to a rapid increase in antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotypes. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, effective, and affordable pneumococcal vaccines, which could cover a wide range of serotypes. This review discusses the new approaches to develop effective vaccines with broad serotype coverage as well as recent development of promising pneumococcal vaccines in clinical trials. New vaccine candidates are the inactivated whole-cell vaccine strain (Δpep27ΔcomD mutant) constructed by mutations of specific genes and several protein-based S. pneumoniae vaccines using conserved pneumococcal antigens, such as lipoprotein and surface-exposed protein (PspA). Among the vaccines in Phase 3 clinical trials are the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCV-15 (V114) and 20vPnC. The inactivated whole-cell and several protein-based vaccines are either in Phase 1 or 2 trials. Furthermore, the recent progress of nanoparticles that play important roles as delivery systems and adjuvants to improve the performance, as well as the immunogenicity of the nanovaccines, are reviewed.
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Kaiser, Jaclyn A., and Alan D. T. Barrett. "Twenty Years of Progress Toward West Nile Virus Vaccine Development." Viruses 11, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11090823.
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Although West Nile virus (WNV) has been a prominent mosquito-transmitted infection in North America for twenty years, no human vaccine has been licensed. With a cumulative number of 24,714 neurological disease cases and 2314 deaths in the U.S. since 1999, plus a large outbreak in Europe in 2018 involving over 2000 human cases in 15 countries, a vaccine is essential to prevent continued morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Currently, four veterinary vaccines are licensed, and six vaccines have progressed into clinical trials in humans. All four veterinary vaccines require multiple primary doses and annual boosters, but for a human vaccine to be protective and cost effective in the most vulnerable older age population, it is ideal that the vaccine be strongly immunogenic with only a single dose and without subsequent annual boosters. Of six human vaccine candidates, the two live, attenuated vaccines were the only ones that elicited strong immunity after a single dose. As none of these candidates have yet progressed beyond phase II clinical trials, development of new candidate vaccines and improvement of vaccination strategies remains an important area of research.
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Saralahti, Anni K., Meri I. E. Uusi-Mäkelä, Mirja T. Niskanen, and Mika Rämet. "Integrating fish models in tuberculosis vaccine development." Disease Models & Mechanisms 13, no. 8 (August 1, 2020): dmm045716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.045716.
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ABSTRACTTuberculosis is a chronic infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that results in over 1.5 million deaths worldwide each year. Currently, there is only one vaccine against tuberculosis, the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Despite widespread vaccination programmes, over 10 million new M. tuberculosis infections are diagnosed yearly, with almost half a million cases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Novel vaccination strategies concentrate mainly on replacing BCG or boosting its efficacy and depend on animal models that accurately recapitulate the human disease. However, efforts to produce new vaccines against an M. tuberculosis infection have encountered several challenges, including the complexity of M. tuberculosis pathogenesis and limited knowledge of the protective immune responses. The preclinical evaluation of novel tuberculosis vaccine candidates is also hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model that could accurately predict the protective effect of vaccines in humans. Here, we review the role of zebrafish (Danio rerio) and other fish models in the development of novel vaccines against tuberculosis and discuss how these models complement the more traditional mammalian models of tuberculosis.
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Malito, Enrico. "Structure-based Vaccine Development (Structural Vaccinology)." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093024.
Full textAbstract:
Structural biology is playing an increasingly important role in vaccine development, as it can facilitate the rational design of vaccines by allowing an atomic-level control of their antigenic and immunogenic properties. Several cases are now available that demonstrate the potential of structure-based methods for vaccine development. Here, I will present an overview of the insights we gained at Novartis Vaccines from studying two protein antigens of the recently approved vaccine against serogroup B meningococcus (MenB), and their impact for vaccine design and development. MenB causes severe sepsis and invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), particularly affecting young children and adolescents. In 2013, the first genome-derived vaccine, which targets MenB (4CMenB), was approved for use in Europe, and it is expected to become widely implemented in Europe beginning in 2014. The vaccine contains 3 previously unknown recombinant proteins discovered by genome mining. For one of the antigens, Factor H Binding Protein (FHBP), we recently generated a broadly protective chimera by a structure-based approach that consisted in grafting multiple immunodominant regions onto a single scaffold. Also, co-crystal structures of FHBP with Fabs from monoclonal antibodies provided insights into the molecular bases of the immune recognition and bactericidal activity. The structure of a second antigen, Neisserial adhesin A (NadA), a member of the Trimeric Autotransporter Adhesins (TAA), revealed a novel fold, while epitope mapping by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry showed that in addition to being the receptor-binding domain, the head domain of NadA is also the target of a bactericidal monoclonal antibody. Overall, the structural information on the MenB antigens presented here provides important details on the pathogenesis and vaccine-induced immunity against meningococcus, and especially informs the engineering of improved immunogens by structure-based design.
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Sayers, Samantha, Guerlain Ulysse, Zuoshuang Xiang, and Yongqun He. "Vaxjo: A Web-Based Vaccine Adjuvant Database and Its Application for Analysis of Vaccine Adjuvants and Their Uses in Vaccine Development." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/831486.
Full textAbstract:
Vaccine adjuvants are compounds that enhance host immune responses to co-administered antigens in vaccines. Vaxjo is a web-based central database and analysis system that curates, stores, and analyzes vaccine adjuvants and their usages in vaccine development. Basic information of a vaccine adjuvant stored in Vaxjo includes adjuvant name, components, structure, appearance, storage, preparation, function, safety, and vaccines that use this adjuvant. Reliable references are curated and cited. Bioinformatics scripts are developed and used to link vaccine adjuvants to different adjuvanted vaccines stored in the general VIOLIN vaccine database. Presently, 103 vaccine adjuvants have been curated in Vaxjo. Among these adjuvants, 98 have been used in 384 vaccines stored in VIOLIN against over 81 pathogens, cancers, or allergies. All these vaccine adjuvants are categorized and analyzed based on adjuvant types, pathogens used, and vaccine types. As a use case study of vaccine adjuvants in infectious disease vaccines, the adjuvants used inBrucellavaccines are specifically analyzed. A user-friendly web query and visualization interface is developed for interactive vaccine adjuvant search. To support data exchange, the information of vaccine adjuvants is stored in the Vaccine Ontology (VO) in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) format.
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Miller, Jacqueline M., Narcisa Mesaros, Marie Van Der Wielen, and Yaela Baine. "Conjugate Meningococcal Vaccines Development: GSK Biologicals Experience." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/846756.
Full textAbstract:
Meningococcal diseases are serious threats to global health, and new vaccines specifically tailored to meet the age-related needs of various geographical areas are required. This paper focuses on the meningococcal conjugate vaccines developed by GSK Biologicals. Two combined conjugate vaccines were developed to help protect infants and young children in countries where the incidence of meningococcal serogroup C or serogroup C and Y disease is important: Hib-MenC-TT vaccine, which offers protection againstHaemophilus influenzaetype b andNeisseria meningitidisserogroup C diseases, is approved in several countries; and Hib-MenCY-TT vaccine, which addsN. meningitidisserogroup Y antigen, is currently in the final stages of development. Additionally, a tetravalent conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) designed to help protect against four meningococcal serogroups is presently being evaluated for global use in all age groups. All of these vaccines were shown to be highly immunogenic and to have clinically acceptable safety profiles.
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Rodrigues, Margarida Q., Paula M. Alves, and António Roldão. "Functionalizing Ferritin Nanoparticles for Vaccine Development." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (October 5, 2021): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101621.
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In the last decade, the interest in ferritin-based vaccines has been increasing due to their safety and immunogenicity. Candidates against a wide range of pathogens are now on Phase I clinical trials namely for influenza, Epstein-Barr, and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Manufacturing challenges related to particle heterogeneity, improper folding of fused antigens, and antigen interference with intersubunit interactions still need to be overcome. In addition, protocols need to be standardized so that the production bioprocess becomes reproducible, allowing ferritin-based therapeutics to become readily available. In this review, the building blocks that enable the formulation of ferritin-based vaccines at an experimental stage, including design, production, and purification are presented. Novel bioengineering strategies of functionalizing ferritin nanoparticles based on modular assembly, allowing the challenges associated with genetic fusion to be circumvented, are discussed. Distinct up/down-stream approaches to produce ferritin-based vaccines and their impact on production yield and vaccine efficacy are compared. Finally, ferritin nanoparticles currently used in vaccine development and clinical trials are summarized.
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Strizova, Zuzana, Jitka Smetanova, Jirina Bartunkova, and Tomas Milota. "Principles and Challenges in anti-COVID-19 Vaccine Development." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 182, no. 4 (2021): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514225.
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The number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-infected patients keeps rising in most of the European countries despite the pandemic precaution measures. The current antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches are only supportive, have limited efficacy, and the prevention in reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus is the best hope for public health. It is presumed that an effective vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection could mobilize the innate and adaptive immune responses and provide a protection against severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease. As the race for the effective and safe vaccine has begun, different strategies were introduced. To date, viral vector-based vaccines, genetic vaccines, attenuated vaccines, and protein-based vaccines are the major vaccine types tested in the clinical trials. Over 80 clinical trials have been initiated; however, only 18 vaccines have reached the clinical phase II/III or III, and 4 vaccine candidates are under consideration or have been approved for the use so far. In addition, the protective effect of the off-target vaccines, such as <i>Bacillus</i> Calmette-Guérin and measles vaccine, is being explored in randomized prospective clinical trials with SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this review, we discuss the most promising anti-COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials and different vaccination strategies in order to provide more clarity into the ongoing clinical trials.
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Jazayeri and Poh. "Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines Targeting Conserved Viral Proteins." Vaccines 7, no. 4 (November 1, 2019): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7040169.
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Vaccination is still the most efficient way to prevent an infection with influenza viruses. Nevertheless, existing commercial vaccines face serious limitations such as availability during epidemic outbreaks and their efficacy. Existing seasonal influenza vaccines mostly induce antibody responses to the surface proteins of influenza viruses, which frequently change due to antigenic shift and or drift, thus allowing influenza viruses to avoid neutralizing antibodies. Hence, influenza vaccines need a yearly formulation to protect against new seasonal viruses. A broadly protective or universal influenza vaccine must induce effective humoral as well as cellular immunity against conserved influenza antigens, offer good protection against influenza pandemics, be safe, and have a fast production platform. Nanotechnology has great potential to improve vaccine delivery, immunogenicity, and host immune responses. As new strains of human epidemic influenza virus strains could originate from poultry and swine viruses, development of a new universal influenza vaccine will require the immune responses to be directed against viruses from different hosts. This review discusses how the new vaccine platforms and nanoparticles can be beneficial in the development of a broadly protective, universal influenza vaccine.
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Zhu, Wandi, Chunhong Dong, Lai Wei, and Bao-Zhong Wang. "Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010068.
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Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have considered two important strategies to develop novel influenza vaccines with improved immunogenicity and broader protective efficacy. One is applying fewer variable viral antigens, such as the haemagglutinin stalk domain. The other is including adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Adjuvants are promising and helpful boosters to promote more rapid and stronger immune responses with a dose-sparing effect. However, few adjuvants are currently licensed for human influenza vaccines, although many potential candidates are in different trials. While many advantages have been observed using adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying viral infection and vaccination-induced immune responses will help to develop new adjuvant candidates. In this review, we summarize the works related to adjuvants in influenza vaccine research that have been used in our studies and other laboratories. The review will provide perspectives for the utilization of adjuvants in developing next-generation and universal influenza vaccines.
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Zhu, Wandi, Chunhong Dong, Lai Wei, and Bao-Zhong Wang. "Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010068.
Full textAbstract:
Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have considered two important strategies to develop novel influenza vaccines with improved immunogenicity and broader protective efficacy. One is applying fewer variable viral antigens, such as the haemagglutinin stalk domain. The other is including adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Adjuvants are promising and helpful boosters to promote more rapid and stronger immune responses with a dose-sparing effect. However, few adjuvants are currently licensed for human influenza vaccines, although many potential candidates are in different trials. While many advantages have been observed using adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying viral infection and vaccination-induced immune responses will help to develop new adjuvant candidates. In this review, we summarize the works related to adjuvants in influenza vaccine research that have been used in our studies and other laboratories. The review will provide perspectives for the utilization of adjuvants in developing next-generation and universal influenza vaccines.
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Sheibak, V. M., and M. V. Haretskaya. "DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES FOR SARS-COV-2." Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2022-20-1-5-12.
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Background. Currently, an active search for effective vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus continues. Purpose. To analyze the literature and assess the status of active vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Material and methods. We analyzed Russian and English language literature sources on the problem of finding an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Results. Structural proteins of the coronavirus have been analyzed as basic compounds for the development of vaccines. It was found that protein S is an ideal structure for creating vaccines that effectively induce the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies and provide the formation of immunity. Information about current trends in vaccine development has been obtained. Conclusions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate, which leads to the emergence of new highly contagious strains such as Delta, Omicron. In this regard, more research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, or to continue developing the new ones.
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Madsen, Anders, and Rebecca Jane Cox. "Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030361.
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Current influenza vaccines offer suboptimal protection and depend on annual reformulation and yearly administration. Vaccine technology has rapidly advanced during the last decade, facilitating development of next-generation influenza vaccines that can target a broader range of influenza viruses. The development and licensure of a universal influenza vaccine could provide a game changing option for the control of influenza by protecting against all influenza A and B viruses. Here we review important findings and considerations regarding the development of universal influenza vaccines and what we can learn from this moving forward with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.
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Bernasconi, Valentina, Karin Norling, Marta Bally, Fredrik Höök, and Nils Y. Lycke. "Mucosal Vaccine Development Based on Liposome Technology." Journal of Immunology Research 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5482087.
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Immune protection against infectious diseases is most effective if located at the portal of entry of the pathogen. Hence, there is an increasing demand for vaccine formulations that can induce strong protective immunity following oral, respiratory, or genital tract administration. At present, only few mucosal vaccines are found on the market, but recent technological advancements and a better understanding of the principles that govern priming of mucosal immune responses have contributed to a more optimistic view on the future of mucosal vaccines. Compared to live attenuated vaccines, subcomponent vaccines, most often protein-based, are considered safer, more stable, and less complicated to manufacture, but they require the addition of nontoxic and clinically safe adjuvants to be effective. In addition, another limiting factor is the large antigen dose that usually is required for mucosal vaccines. Therefore, the combination of mucosal adjuvants with the recent progress in nanoparticle technology provides an attractive solution to these problems. In particular, the liposome technology is ideal for combining protein antigen and adjuvant into an effective mucosal vaccine. Here, we describe and discuss recent progress in nanoparticle formulations using various types of liposomes that convey strong promise for the successful development of the next generation of mucosal vaccines.