Academic literature on the topic 'Vaccination of children – South Africa – Hammanskraal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Vaccination of children – South Africa – Hammanskraal"
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MAHOMED, S., M. ARCHARY, P. MUTEVEDZI, Y. MAHABEER, P. GOVENDER, G. NTSHOE, W. KUHN, et al. "An isolated outbreak of diphtheria in South Africa, 2015." Epidemiology and Infection 145, no. 10 (May 8, 2017): 2100–2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817000851.
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SUMMARYAn outbreak of respiratory diphtheria occurred in two health districts in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa in 2015. A multidisciplinary outbreak response team was involved in the investigation and management of the outbreak. Fifteen cases of diphtheria were identified, with ages ranging from 4 to 41 years. Of the 12 cases that were under the age of 18 years, 9 (75%) were not fully immunized for diphtheria. The case fatality was 27%. Ninety-three household contacts, 981 school or work contacts and 595 healthcare worker contacts were identified and given prophylaxis against Corynebacterium diphtheriae infection. A targeted vaccination campaign for children aged 6–15 years was carried out at schools in the two districts. The outbreak highlighted the need to improve diphtheria vaccination coverage in the province and to investigate the feasibility of offering diphtheria vaccines to healthcare workers.
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Ndwandwe, Duduzile, Chukwudi A. Nnaji, and Charles S. Wiysonge. "The Magnitude and Determinants of Missed Opportunities for Childhood Vaccination in South Africa." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040705.
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Missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) may be among the factors responsible for suboptimal vaccination coverage in South Africa. However, the magnitude and determinants of MOV in the country are not known. Thus, this study seeks to assess the prevalence and determinants of MOV in the country. South Africa is sub-divided into nine administrative provinces. We used nationally representative data from the 2016 South African Demographic and Health Survey. We considered MOV to have occurred if a child aged 12–23 months old had not taken all scheduled basic vaccine doses despite having any of the following contacts with health services: delivery in a health facility; postnatal clinic visit; receipt of vitamin A; and any child-related treatment at a health facility. Multilevel logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with MOV. The national prevalence of MOV among children aged 12–23 months was 40.1%. Children whose mothers attended facility-based antenatal care were considerably less likely to experience MOV than those whose mothers did not attend antenatal care: odds ratio (OR) 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19 to 0.88. Conversely, the independent predictor of an increased MOV among children was residence in either the Gauteng province (OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.29 to 6.81) or Mpumalanga province (OR 2.32, 95%CI 1.04 to 5.18); compared to residence in the Free State province. Our findings suggest a high burden of MOV among children in South Africa and that MOV may be associated with individual and contextual factors. The findings also underscore the need for further exploration of the contextual factors contributing to MOV in South Africa.
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Meiring, Susan, Gregory Hussey, Prakash Jeena, Salim Parker, and Anne Von Gottberg. "Recommendations for the use of meningococcal vaccines in South Africa." Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases 32, no. 3 (October 1, 2017): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v32i3.43.
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Background: Although meningococcal disease (MD) incidence in South Africa is low, Neisseria meningitidis (NM) causes severe disease that is often life-threatening and can cause long-term disabilities. A quadrivalent protein-conjugated meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) is available, and provides protection against 75% of disease causing serogroups in South Africa. Recommendations: We advise vaccination of persons at high risk of meningococcal disease including those with complement deficiency and asplenia; laboratory personnel from reference laboratories who work with NM; and travellers to Saudi Arabia. The need for routine vaccine against meningococcal disease in South Africa is controversial given the current burden of disease. However, due to the high morbidity/mortality of MD we recommend that clinicians consider vaccination of healthy infants and children; HIV-infected persons with a CD4 count 25%; students attending college /university /military academies; and miners.Conclusion: Protein-conjugated meningococcal vaccine is preferable to the polysaccharide vaccine given the ability of the protein-conjugated meningococcal vaccine to induce immune memory, allow for booster responses and eliminate carriage of the organism in the person vaccinated.
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Motaze, Nkengafac Villyen, Ijeoma Edoka, Charles S. Wiysonge, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, and Amy K. Winter. "Rubella Vaccine Introduction in the South African Public Vaccination Schedule: Mathematical Modelling for Decision Making." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030383.
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Background: age structured mathematical models have been used to evaluate the impact of rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) introduction into existing measles vaccination programs in several countries. South Africa has a well-established measles vaccination program and is considering RCV introduction. This study aimed to provide a comparison of different scenarios and their relative costs within the context of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) reduction or elimination. Methods: we used a previously published age-structured deterministic discrete time rubella transmission model. We obtained estimates of vaccine costs from the South African medicines price registry and the World Health Organization. We simulated RCV introduction and extracted estimates of rubella incidence, CRS incidence and effective reproductive number over 30 years. Results: compared to scenarios without mass campaigns, scenarios including mass campaigns resulted in more rapid elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Routine vaccination at 12 months of age coupled with vaccination of nine-year-old children was associated with the lowest RCV cost per CRS case averted for a similar percentage CRS reduction. Conclusion: At 80% RCV coverage, all vaccine introduction scenarios would achieve rubella and CRS elimination in South Africa. Any RCV introduction strategy should consider a combination of routine vaccination in the primary immunization series and additional vaccination of older children.
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Groome, Michelle J., Jacqueline E. Tate, Marion Arnold, Milind Chitnis, Sharon Cox, Corné de Vos, Mari Kirsten, et al. "Evaluation of Intussusception After Oral Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccination in South Africa." Clinical Infectious Diseases 70, no. 8 (May 24, 2019): 1606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz431.
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Abstract Background Postlicensure studies have shown an association between rotavirus vaccination and intussusception. We assessed the risk of intussusception associated with Rotarix (RV1) administration, at 6 and 14 weeks of age, in an upper-middle-income country, South Africa. Methods Active prospective surveillance for intussusception was conducted in 8 hospitals from September 2013 through December 2017. Retrospective case enrollment was done at 1 hospital from July 2012 through August 2013. Demographic characteristics, symptom onset, and rotavirus vaccine status were ascertained. Using the self-controlled case-series method, we estimated age-adjusted incidence rate ratios within 1–7, 8–21, and 1–21 days of rotavirus vaccination in children aged 28–275 days at onset of symptoms. In addition, age-matched controls were enrolled for a subset of cases (n = 169), and a secondary analysis was performed. Results Three hundred forty-six cases were included in the case-series analysis. Post–dose 1, there were zero intussusception cases within 1–7 days, and 5 cases within 8–21 days of vaccination. Post–dose 2, 15 cases occurred within 1–7 days, and 18 cases within 8–21 days of vaccination. There was no increased risk of intussusception 1–7 days after dose 1 (no cases observed) or dose 2 (relative incidence [RI], 1.71 [95% confidence interval {CI} .83–3.01]). Similarly, there was no increased risk 8–21 days after the first (RI, 4.01 [95% CI, .87–10.56]) or second dose (RI, .96 [95% CI, .52–1.60]). Results were similar for the case-control analysis. Conclusions The risk of intussusception in the 21 days after the first or second dose of RV1 was not higher than the background risk among South Africa infants. Clinical Trials Registration South African National Clinical Trial Register (DOH-27-0913-4183).
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Chandrakantan, A. J. V. "PROCLAIMING THE CRUCIFIED CHRIST IN A BROKEN WORLD: An Asian Perspective." Mission Studies 17, no. 1 (2000): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338300x00082.
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AbstractThis article originally delivered as a keynote address at the IAMS Tenth International Conference in Hammanskraal, South Africa, is a passionate call to attend to the atrocities being committed against Tamils in the "broken world" of contemporary Sri Lanka. As the author puts it: "Disbelief and forgetfulness are the weapons of those who are opposed to humanity therefore to God. Forgetfulness is the antidote to truth and truthfulness of memory. Looking at this indescribable suffering of the innocent I have often felt that we all live in a world that has become unresponsive to the cries of the poor and under privileged. Such an attitude calls for solidarity among the victims and the oppressed. We also live in a world where a common agenda seems to unite all those who have chosen to be the enemies of humanity. It is our duty to fight this mute silence of the world with the power of the WORD. We should allow the word of Truth about the poor and innocent about voiceless women, men and children, to seek refuge and self-exile. Let us speak this word to the powers that be. All that we carry with us now is the memory of our life and that of the death of our fellow Tamils."
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Ewang, Bestina Forkwa, Mathias Esum Eyong, Samuel Nambile Cumber, Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai, Brenda Mbouamba Yankam, Cho Sabastine Anye, Jacintha Rebang Achu, et al. "Vaccination Coverage Under the Expanded Program on Immunization in South West Cameroon." International Journal of Maternal and Child Health and AIDS (IJMA) 9, no. 2 (July 9, 2020): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijma.308.
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Background: Inadequate vaccination coverage with increased risk of vaccine preventable disease outbreaks remain a problem in Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the vaccination coverage levels under the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in a health area and to identify factors that affect vaccination coverage in view of providing valuable data for disease prevention.
Methods: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in August 2017 in the Mbonge health area, Southwest Cameroon. Clustered sampling technique was used to select study communities and a purposive sampling design was used to select households. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from consenting caregivers of children aged 9–23 months. Vaccination coverage was assessed by consulting the vaccination cards and parents’ recall. In households with more than one child aged 9-23months, the youngest was chosen.
Results: Overall, 300 caregivers were enrolled into the study. The average vaccination coverage for the past three years (2014-2016) was 34.0%. Two hundred and fifty-five (85%) children had vaccination cards. Amongst the children, 143 (47.7%) had taken all vaccines as recommended while 30 (10%) had not received a single dose. Factors significantly associated with incomplete vaccination status included: occupation (being a farmer) (p-value=0.011), marital status (married) (p-value=0.048), caregiver’s utilization of health facility (p-value=0.003), low levels of mothers’ utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services (p-value=0.000), and low knowledge on vaccination (p-value=0.000).
Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Adequate vaccination coverage can be attained through good sensitization and health education for primary caregivers. Targeting families living far away from vaccination centers, using appropriate communication and vaccination strategies may improve vaccination coverage in the Mbonge Health Area of South West Region, Cameroon.
Key words: • Assessment • Vaccination Coverage Expanded Program on Immunization • Mbonge Health Area • Cameroon • EPI
Copyright © 2020 Ewang et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in this journal, is properly cited.
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Chopra, M. "Brief report. Vaccination coverage is higher in children living in areas with community health workers in rural South Africa." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 43, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/43.6.372.
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Kleynhans, Jackie, Stefano Tempia, Kayoko Shioda, Anne von Gottberg, Daniel M. Weinberger, and Cheryl Cohen. "Estimated impact of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumonia mortality in South Africa, 1999 through 2016: An ecological modelling study." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): e1003537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003537.
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Background Data on the national-level impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction on mortality are lacking from Africa. PCV was introduced in South Africa in 2009. We estimated the impact of PCV introduction on all-cause pneumonia mortality in South Africa, while controlling for changes in mortality due to other interventions. Methods and findings We used national death registration data in South Africa from 1999 to 2016 to assess the impact of PCV introduction on all-cause pneumonia mortality in all ages, with the exclusion of infants aged <1 month. We created a composite (synthetic) control using Bayesian variable selection of nondiarrheal, nonpneumonia, and nonpneumococcal deaths to estimate the number of expected all-cause pneumonia deaths in the absence of PCV introduction post 2009. We compared all-cause pneumonia deaths from the death registry to the expected deaths in 2012 to 2016. We also estimated the number of prevented deaths during 2009 to 2016. Of the 9,324,638 deaths reported in South Africa from 1999 to 2016, 12·6% were pneumonia-related. Compared to number of deaths expected, we estimated a 33% (95% credible interval (CrI) 26% to 43%), 23% (95%CrI 17% to 29%), 25% (95%CrI 19% to 32%), and 23% (95%CrI 11% to 32%) reduction in pneumonia mortality in children aged 1 to 11 months, 1 to 4 years, 5 to 7 years, and 8 to 18 years in 2012 to 2016, respectively. In total, an estimated 18,422 (95%CrI 12,388 to 26,978) pneumonia-related deaths were prevented from 2009 to 2016 in children aged <19 years. No declines were estimated observed among adults following PCV introduction. This study was mainly limited by coding errors in original data that could have led to a lower impact estimate, and unmeasured factors could also have confounded estimates. Conclusions This study found that the introduction of PCV was associated with substantial reduction in all-cause pneumonia deaths in children aged 1 month to <19 years. The model predicted an effect of PCV in age groups who were eligible for vaccination (1 months to 4 years), and an indirect effect in those too old (8 to 18 years) to be vaccinated. These findings support sustaining pneumococcal vaccination to reduce pneumonia-related mortality in children.
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Wolter, Nicole, Cheryl Cohen, Stefano Tempia, Sibongile Walaza, Fahima Moosa, Mignon du Plessis, Meredith L. McMorrow, et al. "Epidemiology of Pertussis in Individuals of All Ages Hospitalized With Respiratory Illness in South Africa, January 2013—December 2018." Clinical Infectious Diseases 73, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): e745-e753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab089.
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Abstract Background Policy recommendations on pertussis vaccination need to be guided by data, which are limited from low- and middle-income countries. We aimed to describe the epidemiology of pertussis in South Africa, a country with high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and routine pertussis vaccination for 6 decades including the acellular vaccine since 2009. Methods Hospitalized patients of all ages were enrolled at 5 sentinel sites as part of a pneumonia surveillance program from January 2013 through December 2018. Nasopharyngeal specimens and induced sputum were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Bordetella pertussis. In addition, demographic and clinical information were collected. Incidence rates were calculated for 2013–2016, and multivariable logistic regression performed to identify factors associated with pertussis. Results Over the 6-year period 19 429 individuals were enrolled, of which 239 (1.2%) tested positive for B. pertussis. Detection rate was highest in infants aged <6 months (2.8%, 155/5524). Mean annual incidence was 17 cases per 100 000 population, with the highest incidence in children <1 year of age (228 per 100 000). Age-adjusted incidence was 65.9 per 100 000 in HIV-infected individuals compared to 8.5 per 100 000 in HIV-uninfected individuals (risk ratio 30.4, 95% confidence interval: 23.0–40.2). Ten individuals (4.2%) with pertussis died; of which 7 were infants aged <6 months and 3 were immunocompromised adults. Conclusions Pertussis continues to be a significant cause of illness and hospitalization in South Africa, despite routine vaccination. The highest burden of disease and death occurred in infants; however, HIV-infected adults were also identified as an important group at risk of B. pertussis infection.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vaccination of children – South Africa – Hammanskraal"
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Snyders, Frans Johannes. "Determining the feasibility of using mobile phones to strengthen the information management of preventative health care in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85564.
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Thesis (MEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa’s health sector has not yet shown enough improvement to reach the Millennium Development Goals related to health. One of the problem areas is the low infant and child vaccination coverage in certain areas of South Africa. The use of mobile phones in health care (mHealth) has the potential to strengthen the primary health care system through improved information management. A mobile health solution for vaccination (MHSV) can be used to improve information management of vaccinations, which in turn can improve vaccination coverage. However, the feasibility of implementing such an MHSV in the South African context is unknown. This study therefore investigates the feasibility of using mobile phones to improve information management for child vaccinations in South Africa. Feasibility is determined by using a feasibility framework together with business model development. The feasibility framework, which is informed by a literature study, surveys and a case study, determines the feasibility of an MHSV in terms of human factors, technical feasibility, information management, policies and ethics, and economics. It is found that an MHSV is feasible in South Africa, although certain areas pose challenges that will have to be considered. Complementing the feasibility framework, business models are developed to suggest possible ways in which an MHSV can be deployed in South Africa. These models build on the results from the feasibility framework and are developed using Osterwalder’s business model canvas. The effect of the National Health Insurance (NHI) on these business models is also examined. In order to validate the feasibility framework and business models, interviews were held with experts in health care and mobile phone solutions. These interviews show that the research is valid and that the feasibility framework and business models can be generalised to the wider field of mHealth solutions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se gesondheidsektor het nog nie genoeg verbetering getoon om die gesondheidsverwante Millenium Ontwikkelingsdoelwitte te bereik nie. Een van die probleemareas is die besondere lae inentingsdekking van babas en kinders in sekere gebiede van Suid-Afrika. Die gebruik van selfone vir gesondheidsorg hou die potensiaal in om die primêre gesondheidsorgstelsel te versterk deur inligtingsbestuur te verbeter. ’n Inentingsoplossing wat gebruik maak van selfone, bekend as ‘n “mobile health solution for vaccination” (MHSV), kan inligtingsbestuur van inentings verbeter, wat hoër inentingsdekking tot gevolg kan hê. Die haalbaarheid van die implementering van so ’n MHSV in die konteks van Suid-Afrika is egter onbekend. Hierdie studie ondersoek dus die haalbaarheid daarvan om selfone te gebruik vir beter inligtingsbestuur van kinder-inenting in Suid-Afrika. Haalbaarheid word vasgestel deur ’n haalbaarheidsraamwerk en die ontwikkeling van besigheidsmodelle te gebruik. Die haalbaarheidsraamwerk, wat toegelig word deur ’n literatuurstudie, vraelyste en ’n gevallestudie, bepaal die haalbaarheid van ’n MHSV in terme van menslike faktore, tegniese haalbaarheid, inligtingbestuur, beleid en etiek, en ekonomie. Daar word gevind dat ’n MHSV haalbaar is in Suid-Afrika, alhoewel sekere areas uitdagings inhou. Die haalbaarheidsraamwerk word aangevul deur die ontwikkeling van besigheidsmodelle wat moontlike maniere voorstel waarop ’n MHSV in Suid-Afrika ontplooi kan word. Hierdie modelle word geskoei op die resultate van die haalbaarheidsraamwerk en word ontwikkel met behulp van Osterwalder se besigheidsmodelskema (“business model canvas”). Die effek van die nasionale gesondheidversekering op hierdie modelle word ook ondersoek. Onderhoude met kundiges in die veld van selfoonoplossings vir gesondheidsorg word gebruik om die haalbaarheidsraamwerk en die besigheidsmodelle te valideer. Die onderhoude toon dat die navorsing geldig is en dat die haalbaarheidsraamwerk en besigheidsmodelle veralgemeen kan word na die wyer veld van selfoonoplossings vir gesondheidsorg.
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Mogotsi, Charmaine Koketso. "Measles immunization coverage and dropout rate on children between 6 months and 14 years in the City of Tshwane, Hammanskraal." Diss., 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27555.
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Measles is a highly contagious virus that can affect the entire population if an effective
immunisation programme is not in place. This study was aimed at determining the
measles immunisation coverage and the dropout rate among children aged between 6
months and 14 years and at assessing factors associated with caregivers’ knowledge
and perception of, and attitude towards the measles immunisation programme. Between
14 May 2018 and 31 July 2018, a descriptive, cross-sectional study design was
conducted using simple random sampling to sample 381 caregivers of children at nine
public health facilities at Tshwane Sub-district 2, Hammanskraal town. Data were
collected by means of a structured questionnaire and observational checklist, and
analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.0. Overall, the measles immunization coverage
was 95.8% (365/381) and the MCV1-MCV2 dropout rate was 4.1%. The association
between educational level and employment status (correlation coefficient=0.157**,
p=0.0002), measles knowledge (correlation coefficient=-0.244**, p=0.000),
immunization importance (correlation coefficient=-0.194**, p=0.000) and measles
vaccine schedule (correlation coefficient=-0.138**, p=0.007) were found to be significant
at p<0.05. The findings in this study revealed that caregivers’ positive attitude towards, and knowledge of measles immunisation programme resulted in high measles
immunisation coverage and low dropout rate. It is recommended that continuous
positive immunisation education about the benefits and importance be emphasized in
order to increase immunisation uptake.Health Studies
M. P. H.
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Mthiyane, Thandiwe Nondumiso. "Factors associated with vaccination status in children under 5 years of age in two communities in South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22309.
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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Epidemiology in the field of Epidemiology & Biostatistics
November 2016Background The vaccination coverage estimates reported for South Africa by WHO are below the 90% target indicating that many children in South Africa remain unvaccinated. Data on proportion of children with delayed vaccination and factors leading to missed and delayed vaccination are limited in this setting. The aim of this study was to describe the vaccination coverage and assess factors associated with missed and delayed vaccination in South Africa. Methods and material A secondary data analysis which used data from two Healthcare Utilisation Surveys was conducted in Soweto, Johannesburg in 2012 and in Edendale, Pietermaritzburg in 2013. The analysis was restricted to children aged less than 5 years who had immunisation cards/ vaccine histories. Vaccination coverage and proportion of children with delayed vaccination were calculated for each vaccine dose recommended during the first year of life as described in the South Africa Expanded Programme on Immunisation. Pearson’s Chi square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare vaccination coverage across sites. Factors association with delayed and missed third doses of the Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis vaccine (DTP3) were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results Vaccination coverage was high (above 90%) for most vaccines except for the third dose of the pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV3) and the second dose of rotavirus vaccine, which had coverage of 80.3% and 85.4% respectively. In Edendale, the coverage for all vaccines appeared to be lower than in Soweto. Vaccination coverage in Soweto ranged from 83.4% to 99.4% and 66.9% to 95.9% in Edendale. In Soweto, DTP3 coverage decreased significantly from 2008 to 2012 (p<0.0001). The highest DTP3 coverage in Soweto was in children aged 48-59 months (98.4%, p<0.0001). In Edendale there was no significant trend observed in coverage by age group or year. A higher proportion of delayed DTP3 vaccination was observed among children aged 12-23 months in Soweto (36.7%, p=0.007) and among children aged 36-47 months in Edendale (42.3%, p<0.0001). Delays were more common in children born in 2010 (47.2%, p<0.0001). Factors associated with missed vaccination after controlling for other factors were child’s age below 12 months (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2-5.9) compared to children age 12-23 months, two or more children aged less than 5 years of age in a household (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.5) compared to one child and household monthly income less than R500 (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.03-8.0) compared to a monthly income of more than R2000. Factors associated with delayed vaccination after adjusting for other factors included being born in 2010 (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.3) or 2011 (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.8) compared to being born in 2008 and a low level of education for the primary caregiver, where caregivers who completed secondary education was associated with lower odds of delayed vaccination (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.9) compared with caregivers who had only primary education. Discussion Although most vaccines had high coverage, there were substantial delays in receipt of some vaccines. This difference suggests that both coverage and timely vaccination may be useful as an indicator for immunisation programme performance. Efforts to increase vaccination coverage and timeliness should take into account caregiver’s level of education, number of children aged less 5 years in a household, household income and child’s age to improve child health. Vulnerable groups identified in this study should be targeted with improved vaccination services to enhance uptake and timeliness of vaccination.
MT2017
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Ndirangu, James Ng'Ang'a. "Determinants of vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 months in rural KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/6950.
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To evaluate the impact of maternal HIV-infection on routine childhood immunization
coverage, comparison was made on the immunization status of children born to HIV-infected
and HIV-uninfected women in rural KwaZulu Natal. The study population was all children
enrolled in the routine demographic surveillance system as at 31st December 2005 (n=18,171)
in Africa Centre Demographic Surveillance Area. Sampling of subjects was done based on
the dates of birth that were between the period 1st Jan 2004 and 31st December 2005
(n=2,020). This was further divided based on maternal HIV status namely; 236 HIV (+), 777
HIV (-) and 1,007 HIV (unknown). The main outcome measure was the percent of complete
routine childhood immunizations recommended by the WHO as assessed from the Road-to-
Health cards or maternal recall during household interviews. For all vaccines, children born to
HIV-infected mothers had lower immunization coverage than children born to HIV-negative
mothers (78.21% vs. 86.52%). The children of mothers who were HIV-infected were 31-55%
(P-value <0.020) less likely to be immunized compared to children of mothers who were HIVuninfected.
We conclude that maternal HIV-infection is associated with childhood under immunisation.
VCT health workers should encourage HIV-infected mothers to complete childhood
immunization. Improving access to immunization services could benefit vulnerable
populations such as children born to HIV-infected mothers.
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Chonco, Nomfundo Prudence Hedwig. "Factors influencing the uptake of the revised expanded immunisation programme at Umlazi township, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1327.
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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Technology in Nursing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015Brief background: The Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI) is one of the most powerful and cost-effective public health programmes to improve child survival. In South Africa the programme remained fragmented because of the system of apartheid until 1995 when the national EPI was formed through the unification of all immunisation services in the country. Since then there have been significant advances in immunisation service delivery in South Africa. Amongst the revisions that were made in 2009 was the change of the EPI schedule. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to investigate the factors that influence the uptake of the revised EPI for children between the ages of 6 to 12 years at Umlazi Township, KwaZulu-Natal in order to improve immunisation coverage. Methodology A descriptive quantitative design was used to conduct the study. A total of ten primary health care clinics were included in the study. Data was collected from child caregivers and health care workers using self-directed questionnaires. Results: It was worth noting that although the results of the study revealed that the EPI coverage for children between the ages 6 to 12 years remained low in Umlazi Township, however, the programme was well-implemented. Several factors that influenced the uptake of the immunisations were identified and these factors could be used to strengthen the EPI programme in Umlazi. Factors that had a negative influence on the uptake of immunisations were also identified and these factors could be used to develop strategies address the challenges.
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Nyathi, Emmanuel Mzwakhe. "Evaluation of immunization coverage among 0 to 24 month old children in Dzimauli Village, Vhembe District, South South." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/294.
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Milondzo, Tracy. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding human papillomavirus vaccination, among caregivers of girls attending private schools in South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3420.
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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2020The South African government provides human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to public school girls for free. The study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices towards HPV vaccination, of caregivers of girls aged ≥9 years in grade 4 to 7 attending private schools in South Africa. Objectives included determining levels of knowledge; describing attitudes; describing practices; and investigating levels of knowledge and attitudes of caregivers associated with HPV vaccination coverage in these girls. Turfloop Research Ethics Committee granted ethical clearance. A link to an online survey (Survey Monkey®, USA) was circulated to caregivers via an email to school principals and a Facebook advert. Epi InfoTM was used for data analysis. While 76.5% of caregivers had good knowledge about cervical cancer and HPV vaccination, 45.3% had positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination and 19.4% of the girls were vaccinated. Caregivers with good knowledge were 3.6 (95% CI: 1.6-8.0; p<0.005) times more likely to have vaccinated their daughters/wards, while caregivers with a positive attitude were 5.2 (95% CI: 2.9-9.2; p<0.05) times more likely. The low HPV vaccination uptake is concerning. Results suggest that a positive attitude towards HPV vaccination is a strong predictor of its uptake.
University of Limpopo, Anova Health Institute and National Research Foundation (NRF)
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Rohith, Suvishka. "A comparative study of the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of post graduate homoeopathy and post basic nursing students with regard to the adverse effects of vaccination in children." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1684.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2014.Aim of the study The study aimed to identify the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions amongst post graduate homoeopathy students and post basic primary health care nurses serving in a primary health care setting regarding adverse effects associated with childhood vaccinations. Methodology In this qualitative study 18 participants were selected through purposive sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant. The interviews were recorded and analysed conceptually. Results The findings of this study revealed that all of the PHC nursing participants were in favour of the childhood immunisation schedule of South Africa, contrary to the homoeopathic participants where the majority of participants were not in favour of the childhood immunisation schedule. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions varied amongst the homoeopathic participants in contrast to the PHC nursing participants where there was a much more unified stance and cohesive outcome with regard to their attitudes and perceptions.
M
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Pillay, Shamla. "A descriptive study into the cold chain management of childhood vaccines by nurses in primary health care clinics in the uMgungundlovu District." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1249.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction
This research was a descriptive study into the cold chain management of childhood vaccines by nurses in Primary Health Care Clinics in the uMgungundlovu District. It is imperative for health professionals to follow the procedures and policies set out by the immunisation and health manuals by of the World Health Organization. The success of any childhood vaccination programme depends on how well nurses and health professionals are able to adhere to the laws, regulations and procedures. There is also a need for clinics and health institutions to be flexible enough to deal with certain constraints so that the vaccination programmes are not interrupted for extended periods of time but rather run efficiently and benefit the intended population. As a result pandemics are easily avoided and a healthy generation of children will bring about a better society.
Methodology
The study was carried out in two phases i.e. an observational study and a self-administered questionnaire. In the first phase, the observational study was carried out at 14 different clinics in the uMgungundlovu District. In the second phase, the cold chain management of vaccines by nurses was explored by means of a self-administered questionnaire.
Results
The key findings of the observational study include that on most occasions policy was not being implemented. Furthermore there were no contingency plans to deal with equipment and electricity issues, no monitoring and evaluation systems, poor recording keeping, poor management of the cold box, access to stock and the actual management of the cold chain for vaccines.
The self-administered questionnaire was completed by 276 nurses via a simple random sample from the different clinics. The most salient aspects of the research in this phase of the study revealed that education and experience of the nurses are crucial to the sustainability of the childhood immunisation programme. Not surprisingly, some of the findings were similar to that of the observational study. Issues surrounding equipment and electricity, monitoring and evaluation systems, poor recording keeping, poor access to stock and ordering of stock were prevalent in this phase of the research as well.
Conclusion
Recommendations have been made for ongoing communication between the Department of Health, the District Office of Health and clinics so that the short and long term problems identified are solved.
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Calder, Catherine Mary. "Perceptions of girl children's parents regarding HPV vaccine roll-out programme at schools in Tshwane District." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27159.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the girl children’s parents perceptions regarding the papillomavirus vaccine roll-out programme at schools in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province. The researcher used a qualitative exploratory research design to address the research objective of the study as the qualitative method enables the researcher to explore and describe the study phenomenon. Data were collected from 12 parents of girl children who received the papillomavirus vaccine at one of the schools in Soshanguve township, which is one of the biggest townships in the Tshwane District. Data was analysed manually using content analysis.
The following four superordinate themes emerged from data analysis: a) Communication of the programme, b) Motivation for allowing their children to be immunized. c) Response to immunisation, d) Suggested ways of enhancing the programme. These themes were discussed in relation to existing literature. Recommendations were made based on the findings to enhance the papillomavirus vaccination programme and for future research.Health Studies
M.A. (Nursing Science)
Conference papers on the topic "Vaccination of children – South Africa – Hammanskraal"
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Widyaningsih, Vitri, and Bhisma Murti. "Antenatal Care and Provision of Basic Immunization in Children Aged 12-23 Months: Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.125.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Background: Among the leading causes of global child morbidity and mortality are vaccine-preventable diseases, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). A complete basic immunization for children contains one BCG, three DPT-HB-Hib immunizations, four polio immunizations, and one measles immunizations. Antenatal care visit contributes an important to complete the basic immunization. This study aimed to estimate the effect of antenatal care on the completeness of basic immunization in children aged 12-23 months in Africa using meta-analysis. Subjects and Method: A meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to examine the effect of antenatal care on the basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months. Published articles in 2015-2020 were collected from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used “immunization coverage” OR “vaccination coverage” OR “complete immunization” OR “complete vaccination” OR “full immunization” OR “full vaccination” AND children OR “child immunization” OR “child immunization coverage” NOT “incomplete immunization” OR “incomplete vaccination”. The inclusion criteria were full text, in English language, and using cross-sectional study design. The selected articles were analyzed by Revman 5.3. Results:6 studies from Senegal, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa showed that antenatal care increased basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months (aOR=1.19; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.36; p<0.001) with I2 = 95%). Conclusion: Antenatal care increases basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months. Keywords: basic immunization, antenatal care, children aged 12-23 months Correspondence: Farida. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutarmi 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: faridariza9232@gmail.com. Mobile: 085654415292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.125